For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) USDL-16-2129
Wednesday, November 9, 2016
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FIRST QUARTER 2016
From December 2015 to March 2016, gross job gains from opening
and expanding private sector establishments were 7.0 million,
a decrease of 866,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses
from closing and contracting private sector establishments were 6.8
million, a decrease of 59,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
(See tables A, 1, and 3.)
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of
gross job losses yielded a net employment gain of 194,000 jobs in
the private sector during the first quarter of 2016.
(See tables A, 1, and 3.)
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of
increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses
in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private business units from the third
month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains
are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses
are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the
loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of
gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change
in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| Data in this release incorporate annual revisions to the BED series. |
| Annual revisions are published each year with the release of first |
| quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not |
| seasonally adjusted data and five years of seasonally adjusted data. |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the
establishment level by industry subsector and for the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as
gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 5.8 million in
the first quarter of 2016, a decrease of 597,000 jobs from the
previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, and 3.)
Opening establishments accounted for 1.2 million jobs gained in the
first quarter of 2016, a decrease of 269,000 jobs from the previous
quarter. (See tables A, 1, and 3.)
Contracting establishments lost 5.6 million jobs in the first quarter
of 2016, an increase of 44,000 jobs from the prior quarter.
(See tables A, 1, and 3.)
In the first quarter of 2016, closing establishments lost 1.2 million
jobs, a decrease of 103,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
(See tables A, 1, and 3.)
Gross job gains represented 5.8 percent of private sector employment
in the first quarter of 2016, while gross job losses represented 5.7
percent of private sector employment. (See tables A, 2, and 3.)
In the first quarter of 2016, the number of establishment births
(a subset of the openings data, see the Technical Note for more
information) decreased by 26,000 to 220,000 establishments. These
new establishments accounted for 734,000 jobs, a decrease of 161,000
jobs from the previous quarter. (See table 8.)
Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are
available through the second quarter of 2015, when 735,000 jobs were
lost at 213,000 establishments. In the prior quarter, 690,000 jobs
were lost at 206,000 establishments. (See table 8.)
During the first quarter of 2016, gross job gains exceeded gross job
losses in 6 of 13 industries. The sectors with the largest net job
increases in the first quarter of 2016 were leisure and hospitality
(+109,000), and retail trade (+98,000). The net job increase in the
leisure and hospitality sector was the result of 1.2 million gross job
gains and 1.1 million gross job losses. The retail trade sector
encountered 948,000 gross job gains along with 850,000 gross job
losses. The sectors with the largest net job decreases in the first
quarter of 2016 were professional and business services (-118,000)
and transportation and warehousing (-64,000). The net job decrease in
the professional and business services sector was the result of 1.2
million gross job gains and 1.4 million gross job losses. The
transportation and warehousing sector experienced 229,000 gross job
gains along with 293,000 gross job losses. (See table 3.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
Category 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2015 2015 2015 2015 2016
Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains................ 7,036 7,588 7,338 7,843 6,977
At expanding establishments... 5,727 6,244 5,972 6,375 5,778
At opening establishments..... 1,309 1,344 1,366 1,468 1,199
Gross job losses............... 6,799 6,773 6,911 6,842 6,783
At contracting establishments. 5,600 5,573 5,698 5,573 5,617
At closing establishments..... 1,199 1,200 1,213 1,269 1,166
Net employment change(1)....... 237 815 427 1,001 194
Rates (percent)
Gross job gains................ 6.0 6.4 6.3 6.6 5.8
At expanding establishments... 4.9 5.3 5.1 5.4 4.8
At opening establishments..... 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0
Gross job losses............... 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7
At contracting establishments. 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7
At closing establishments..... 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0
Net employment change(1)....... .2 .7 .5 .8 .1
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total
gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical
Note for further information.
In the first quarter of 2016, firms with 1-49 employees had a net
employment gain of 175,000. Firms with 50-249 employees had a net
employment gain of 57,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net
employment loss of 8,000. (See tables 4 and 5.)
Of the 2.3 million net jobs created over the last four quarters, firms
with 1-49 employees contributed 37 percent of net job growth, while
firms with 50-249 employees contributed 17 percent, and firms with 250
or more employees contributed 46 percent. (See tables 4 and 5.)
In the first quarter of 2016, gross job gains exceeded gross job
losses in 34 states and the Virgin Islands. North Dakota has
experienced gross job losses in excess of gross job gains for
the past five quarters. Other states with gross job losses
greater than gross job gains in the first quarter of 2016 include,
but are not limited to, Alaska, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas,
and Wyoming. Washington had the largest net employment gain this
quarter with 39,276 net jobs, the result of 187,946 gross job gains
and 148,670 gross job losses. Alaska had the highest rate of gross job
gains as a percent of employment at 9.4 percent, above the U.S. rate
of 5.8 percent, as well as the highest rate of gross job losses as a
percent of employment at 9.7 percent, above the U.S. rate of 5.7
percent. Hawaii and Michigan had the lowest rates of gross job
losses as a percent of employment at 4.9 percent.
(See table 6 and 7.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is
available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data on
the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time
series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked
questions on firm size data. Additional information about the Business
Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this
release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2016 are scheduled |
| to be released on Wednesday, January 25, 2017 at 10:00 a.m. (EST). |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW). The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required
to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by
unemployment insurance (UI) laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to
the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by
two additional BLS data collections to render administrative data into
economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and form the
basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total
employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and
losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark for the Current
Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and
Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input
to the Bureau of Economic Analysis Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures -- QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.)
Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program
web sites shown in the table below.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 623,000 establish-
| submitted by 9.6 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 7.7 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing: agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed;
| | | including: railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -First Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| State, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors,3-digit |
| | NAICS, and by size |
| | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of 7.7 million private sector employer reports out
of 9.6 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2016. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110), and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data. As an illustration,
the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of
establishments excluded from the national gross job gains and gross job losses
data in the first quarter 2016:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the
national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.6
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.2
Zero employment.......................................1.3
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.1
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data.............................................7.7
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers are used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in
the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the
current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the
first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or
units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero
employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in
the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with
positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary
shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may
be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent
closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three
quarters for the publication of death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous
quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and
firms change their employment levels. Units with no change in employment
count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job
gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments
that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive
employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive
quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths
are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal
database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third
month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing
zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment
births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings
and closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment
that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening
as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be
a closing. Since openings include seasonal and other re-openings and
closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values
for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and closings.
However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently
seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in
which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches estab-
lishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the States,
which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 4-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change
in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter
in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current
year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes
once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual
data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are
available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring
annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor
relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate
restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of
the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains
and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross
job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is
equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally
adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contrac-
ting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector,
which is not separately published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first qua-
rter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adj-
usted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment
by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county e
mployment and wages and an annual bulletin: Employment and Wages Annual
Averages, are available upon request from the Division of Administrative
Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department
of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567;
(http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2006 March 896 7,880 6,383 1,497 6,984 5,661 1,323
June 342 7,766 6,228 1,538 7,424 6,026 1,398
September 92 7,545 6,076 1,469 7,453 6,067 1,386
December 431 7,770 6,226 1,544 7,339 5,964 1,375
2007 March 584 7,815 6,331 1,484 7,231 5,894 1,337
June 132 7,647 6,205 1,442 7,515 6,084 1,431
September -209 7,376 5,870 1,506 7,585 6,190 1,395
December 268 7,687 6,181 1,506 7,419 6,040 1,379
2008 March -199 7,320 5,860 1,460 7,519 6,111 1,408
June -593 7,281 5,833 1,448 7,874 6,363 1,511
September -913 6,944 5,535 1,409 7,857 6,436 1,421
December -1,838 6,738 5,345 1,393 8,576 7,056 1,520
2009 March -2,680 5,918 4,675 1,243 8,598 7,142 1,456
June -1,667 6,425 5,080 1,345 8,092 6,674 1,418
September -849 6,399 5,139 1,260 7,248 5,854 1,394
December -264 6,665 5,308 1,357 6,929 5,605 1,324
2010 March -247 6,325 5,108 1,217 6,572 5,324 1,248
June 698 6,995 5,674 1,321 6,297 5,090 1,207
September 237 6,741 5,438 1,303 6,504 5,231 1,273
December 566 7,052 5,639 1,413 6,486 5,219 1,267
2011 March 334 6,540 5,322 1,218 6,206 5,025 1,181
June 582 6,966 5,625 1,341 6,384 5,115 1,269
September 841 7,205 5,810 1,395 6,364 5,172 1,192
December 335 6,865 5,503 1,362 6,530 5,273 1,257
2012 March 954 7,080 5,751 1,329 6,126 5,002 1,124
June 603 7,048 5,721 1,327 6,445 5,272 1,173
September 271 6,898 5,581 1,317 6,627 5,429 1,198
December 688 7,103 5,744 1,359 6,415 5,224 1,191
2013 March 565 6,933 5,704 1,229 6,368 5,190 1,178
June 661 7,154 5,832 1,322 6,493 5,284 1,209
September 487 7,060 5,719 1,341 6,573 5,428 1,145
December 712 7,261 5,927 1,334 6,549 5,344 1,205
2014 March 447 6,947 5,681 1,266 6,500 5,357 1,143
June 870 7,456 6,116 1,340 6,586 5,364 1,222
September 540 7,243 5,912 1,331 6,703 5,517 1,186
December 1,071 7,634 6,260 1,374 6,563 5,324 1,239
2015 March 237 7,036 5,727 1,309 6,799 5,600 1,199
June 815 7,588 6,244 1,344 6,773 5,573 1,200
September 427 7,338 5,972 1,366 6,911 5,698 1,213
December 1,001 7,843 6,375 1,468 6,842 5,573 1,269
2016 March 194 6,977 5,778 1,199 6,783 5,617 1,166
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2006 March .8 7.0 5.7 1.3 6.2 5.0 1.2
June .4 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2
September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .4 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March .5 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.4 5.2 1.2
June .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3
September -.2 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2008 March -.1 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
June -.5 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.9 5.6 1.3
September -.9 6.1 4.9 1.2 7.0 5.7 1.3
December -1.7 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.7 6.3 1.4
2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3
June -1.5 6.0 4.7 1.3 7.5 6.2 1.3
September -.8 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.8 5.5 1.3
December -.3 6.3 5.0 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3
2010 March -.2 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.2 5.0 1.2
June .7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.1 4.9 1.2
December .5 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.1 4.9 1.2
2011 March .3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1
June .5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2
September .8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1
December .4 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.0 4.8 1.2
2012 March .8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.6 1.0
June .5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1
December .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2013 March .5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1
June .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
September .5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2014 March .4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
June .7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
September .5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December .9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2015 March .2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June .7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
September .5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December .8 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2016 March .1 5.8 4.8 1.0 5.7 4.7 1.0
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage
of the previous and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2015 2015 2015 2015 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2016
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 7,036 7,588 7,338 7,843 6,977 6.0 6.4 6.3 6.6 5.8
At expanding establishments 5,727 6,244 5,972 6,375 5,778 4.9 5.3 5.1 5.4 4.8
At opening establishments 1,309 1,344 1,366 1,468 1,199 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0
Gross job losses 6,799 6,773 6,911 6,842 6,783 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7
At contracting establishments 5,600 5,573 5,698 5,573 5,617 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7
At closing establishments 1,199 1,200 1,213 1,269 1,166 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0
Net employment change 237 815 427 1,001 194 .2 .7 .5 .8 .1
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,340 1,395 1,292 1,368 1,292 6.4 6.7 6.2 6.6 6.1
At expanding establishments 1,144 1,200 1,104 1,162 1,119 5.5 5.8 5.3 5.6 5.3
At opening establishments 196 195 188 206 173 .9 .9 .9 1.0 .8
Gross job losses 1,312 1,337 1,312 1,316 1,282 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.2
At contracting establishments 1,120 1,142 1,117 1,120 1,099 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3
At closing establishments 192 195 195 196 183 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9
Net employment change 28 58 -20 52 10 .1 .3 -.1 .3 -.1
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 284 266 246 248 254 13.6 13.1 12.5 12.8 13.1
At expanding establishments 249 232 212 214 223 11.9 11.4 10.8 11.0 11.5
At opening establishments 35 34 34 34 31 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.6
Gross job losses 299 333 288 301 272 14.3 16.4 14.6 15.5 14.1
At contracting establishments 264 297 252 266 239 12.6 14.6 12.8 13.7 12.4
At closing establishments 35 36 36 35 33 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7
Net employment change -15 -67 -42 -53 -18 -.7 -3.3 -2.1 -2.7 -1.0
Construction
Gross job gains 666 697 652 705 661 10.5 11.0 10.1 10.8 10.0
At expanding establishments 539 572 534 574 550 8.5 9.0 8.3 8.8 8.3
At opening establishments 127 125 118 131 111 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.7
Gross job losses 623 602 606 589 607 9.8 9.4 9.5 9.1 9.1
At contracting establishments 507 486 492 474 499 8.0 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.5
At closing establishments 116 116 114 115 108 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6
Net employment change 43 95 46 116 54 .7 1.6 .6 1.7 .9
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 390 432 394 415 377 3.2 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.1
At expanding establishments 356 396 358 374 346 2.9 3.2 2.9 3.0 2.8
At opening establishments 34 36 36 41 31 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
Gross job losses 390 402 418 426 403 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.2
At contracting establishments 349 359 373 380 361 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.9
At closing establishments 41 43 45 46 42 .3 .3 .4 .4 .3
Net employment change 0 30 -24 -11 -26 .1 .3 -.2 -.2 -.1
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 5,696 6,193 6,046 6,475 5,685 5.9 6.4 6.2 6.6 5.7
At expanding establishments 4,583 5,044 4,868 5,213 4,659 4.7 5.2 5.0 5.3 4.7
At opening establishments 1,113 1,149 1,178 1,262 1,026 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0
Gross job losses 5,487 5,436 5,599 5,526 5,501 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.6
At contracting establishments 4,480 4,431 4,581 4,453 4,518 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.6
At closing establishments 1,007 1,005 1,018 1,073 983 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0
Net employment change 209 757 447 949 184 .3 .8 .5 1.0 .1
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 265 286 271 294 256 4.5 4.9 4.6 4.9 4.4
At expanding establishments 219 240 225 244 216 3.7 4.1 3.8 4.1 3.7
At opening establishments 46 46 46 50 40 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7
Gross job losses 260 263 264 268 265 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5
At contracting establishments 207 208 209 209 208 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5
At closing establishments 53 55 55 59 57 .9 .9 .9 1.0 1.0
Net employment change 5 23 7 26 -9 .1 .5 .1 .4 -.1
Retail trade
Gross job gains 920 998 928 925 948 5.9 6.3 5.8 5.9 6.0
At expanding establishments 793 867 795 798 833 5.1 5.5 5.0 5.1 5.3
At opening establishments 127 131 133 127 115 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7
Gross job losses 879 837 937 921 850 5.6 5.3 5.9 5.8 5.4
At contracting establishments 766 724 823 789 747 4.9 4.6 5.2 5.0 4.7
At closing establishments 113 113 114 132 103 .7 .7 .7 .8 .7
Net employment change 41 161 -9 4 98 .3 1.0 -.1 .1 .6
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 235 262 268 343 229 5.1 5.7 5.8 7.3 4.8
At expanding establishments 202 226 230 305 200 4.4 4.9 5.0 6.5 4.2
At opening establishments 33 36 38 38 29 .7 .8 .8 .8 .6
Gross job losses 274 229 227 227 293 6.0 5.0 4.9 4.8 6.1
At contracting establishments 243 197 191 188 258 5.3 4.3 4.1 4.0 5.4
At closing establishments 31 32 36 39 35 .7 .7 .8 .8 .7
Net employment change -39 33 41 116 -64 -.9 .7 .9 2.5 -1.3
Utilities
Gross job gains 13 13 13 12 9 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 1.6
At expanding establishments 12 12 11 11 8 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.4
At opening establishments 1 1 2 1 1 .2 .2 .4 .2 .2
Gross job losses 12 13 13 11 10 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.0 1.8
At contracting establishments 11 11 12 10 9 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.6
At closing establishments 1 2 1 1 1 .2 .4 .2 .2 .2
Net employment change 1 0 0 1 -1 .2 .0 .0 .2 -.2
Information
Gross job gains 127 151 145 162 135 4.7 5.5 5.3 5.9 4.9
At expanding establishments 109 129 121 135 116 4.0 4.7 4.4 4.9 4.2
At opening establishments 18 22 24 27 19 .7 .8 .9 1.0 .7
Gross job losses 129 131 145 140 138 4.7 4.7 5.2 5.0 5.0
At contracting establishments 105 108 122 112 110 3.8 3.9 4.4 4.0 4.0
At closing establishments 24 23 23 28 28 .9 .8 .8 1.0 1.0
Net employment change -2 20 0 22 -3 .0 .8 .1 .9 -.1
Financial activities
Gross job gains 348 388 370 394 344 4.5 4.9 4.7 5.0 4.3
At expanding establishments 278 316 299 307 278 3.6 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.5
At opening establishments 70 72 71 87 66 .9 .9 .9 1.1 .8
Gross job losses 334 332 349 353 333 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.5 4.2
At contracting establishments 259 259 273 270 258 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3
At closing establishments 75 73 76 83 75 1.0 .9 1.0 1.1 .9
Net employment change 14 56 21 41 11 .2 .7 .2 .5 .1
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,285 1,450 1,417 1,600 1,237 6.6 7.5 7.2 8.1 6.3
At expanding establishments 1,045 1,184 1,143 1,292 1,026 5.4 6.1 5.8 6.5 5.2
At opening establishments 240 266 274 308 211 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.1
Gross job losses 1,339 1,313 1,315 1,311 1,355 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.8
At contracting establishments 1,097 1,049 1,054 1,037 1,111 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.6
At closing establishments 242 264 261 274 244 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2
Net employment change -54 137 102 289 -118 -.2 .7 .5 1.5 -.5
Education and health services
Gross job gains 872 940 970 1,006 878 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.8 4.1
At expanding establishments 715 781 806 824 726 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.4
At opening establishments 157 159 164 182 152 .8 .8 .8 .9 .7
Gross job losses 830 815 827 801 813 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8
At contracting establishments 646 656 659 635 658 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1
At closing establishments 184 159 168 166 155 .9 .8 .8 .8 .7
Net employment change 42 125 143 205 65 .2 .6 .7 1.0 .3
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,261 1,316 1,270 1,344 1,247 8.4 8.8 8.4 8.8 8.0
At expanding establishments 975 1,034 994 1,048 1,013 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.9 6.5
At opening establishments 286 282 276 296 234 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.5
Gross job losses 1,127 1,205 1,211 1,184 1,138 7.6 8.0 8.0 7.8 7.4
At contracting establishments 924 999 1,009 977 939 6.2 6.6 6.7 6.4 6.1
At closing establishments 203 206 202 207 199 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3
Net employment change 134 111 59 160 109 .8 .8 .4 1.0 .6
Other services
Gross job gains 282 304 284 294 272 7.1 7.6 7.0 7.2 6.7
At expanding establishments 220 240 227 232 219 5.5 6.0 5.6 5.7 5.4
At opening establishments 62 64 57 62 53 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.3
Gross job losses 270 268 282 273 266 6.8 6.6 6.9 6.8 6.5
At contracting establishments 212 210 220 213 207 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.1
At closing establishments 58 58 62 60 59 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4
Net employment change 12 36 2 21 6 .3 1.0 .1 .4 .2
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change(2,3) gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2006 March 782 6,460 5,678 312 3,538 3,226 211 1,216 1,005 259 1,706 1,447
June 369 6,329 5,960 111 3,425 3,314 102 1,179 1,077 156 1,725 1,569
September 86 6,120 6,034 -5 3,334 3,339 48 1,133 1,085 43 1,653 1,610
December 446 6,388 5,942 137 3,406 3,269 80 1,153 1,073 229 1,829 1,600
2007 March 478 6,333 5,855 173 3,445 3,272 98 1,158 1,060 207 1,730 1,523
June 163 6,239 6,076 -33 3,330 3,363 99 1,171 1,072 97 1,738 1,641
September -215 5,920 6,135 -116 3,263 3,379 -34 1,079 1,113 -65 1,578 1,643
December 270 6,251 5,981 10 3,317 3,307 56 1,139 1,083 204 1,795 1,591
2008 March -274 5,831 6,105 -152 3,235 3,387 -11 1,079 1,090 -111 1,517 1,628
June -548 5,850 6,398 -287 3,174 3,461 -44 1,090 1,134 -217 1,586 1,803
September -956 5,532 6,488 -343 3,051 3,394 -140 1,020 1,160 -473 1,461 1,934
December -1,886 5,338 7,224 -689 2,910 3,599 -375 947 1,322 -822 1,481 2,303
2009 March -2,638 4,617 7,255 -983 2,721 3,704 -616 810 1,426 -1,039 1,086 2,125
June -1,763 5,169 6,932 -474 2,946 3,420 -281 950 1,231 -1,008 1,273 2,281
September -906 5,164 6,070 -372 2,826 3,198 -110 932 1,042 -424 1,406 1,830
December -317 5,403 5,720 -159 2,940 3,099 -45 962 1,007 -113 1,501 1,614
2010 March -234 5,115 5,349 -195 2,863 3,058 -2 914 916 -37 1,338 1,375
June 664 5,805 5,141 235 3,093 2,858 204 1,071 867 225 1,641 1,416
September 226 5,525 5,299 26 2,946 2,920 87 998 911 113 1,581 1,468
December 502 5,781 5,279 92 3,051 2,959 92 1,034 942 318 1,696 1,378
2011 March 340 5,375 5,035 99 2,983 2,884 122 971 849 119 1,421 1,302
June 537 5,746 5,209 190 3,073 2,883 169 1,063 894 178 1,610 1,432
September 852 5,974 5,122 272 3,137 2,865 171 1,066 895 409 1,771 1,362
December 297 5,585 5,288 45 2,970 2,925 44 981 937 208 1,634 1,426
2012 March 975 5,903 4,928 397 3,178 2,781 221 1,055 834 357 1,670 1,313
June 605 5,828 5,223 170 3,039 2,869 160 1,076 916 275 1,713 1,438
September 245 5,595 5,350 57 2,965 2,908 55 1,007 952 133 1,623 1,490
December 623 5,767 5,144 174 3,019 2,845 90 1,011 921 359 1,737 1,378
2013 March 593 5,741 5,148 230 3,082 2,852 156 1,026 870 207 1,633 1,426
June 642 5,909 5,267 219 3,084 2,865 138 1,075 937 285 1,750 1,465
September 458 5,764 5,306 210 3,056 2,846 62 1,018 956 186 1,690 1,504
December 632 5,881 5,249 126 3,021 2,895 100 1,031 931 406 1,829 1,423
2014 March 469 5,663 5,194 260 3,084 2,824 154 1,033 879 55 1,546 1,491
June 878 6,140 5,262 293 3,177 2,884 218 1,125 907 367 1,838 1,471
September 516 5,858 5,342 168 3,052 2,884 102 1,059 957 246 1,747 1,501
December 969 6,154 5,185 218 3,107 2,889 151 1,083 932 600 1,964 1,364
2015 March 244 5,662 5,418 191 3,106 2,915 81 1,022 941 -28 1,534 1,562
June 823 6,253 5,430 312 3,197 2,885 191 1,136 945 320 1,920 1,600
September 397 5,898 5,501 114 3,040 2,926 58 1,038 980 225 1,820 1,595
December 882 6,258 5,376 247 3,179 2,932 98 1,075 977 537 2,004 1,467
2016 March 224 5,624 5,400 175 3,020 2,845 57 1,002 945 -8 1,602 1,610
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
(3) Net change totals for firm-level data shown differ from the establishment-level data
due to independent seasonal adjustment of the series.
NOTE: See http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for additional firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2015 2015 2015 2015 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2016
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 5,662 6,253 5,898 6,258 5,624 4.8 5.3 5.0 5.3 4.7
At expanding firms 4,727 5,344 5,010 5,295 4,790 4.0 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.0
At opening firms 935 909 888 963 834 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7
Gross job losses 5,418 5,430 5,501 5,376 5,400 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.5
At contracting firms 4,566 4,604 4,675 4,528 4,579 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.8
At closing firms 852 826 826 848 821 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7
Net employment change 244 823 397 882 224 .2 .7 .3 .8 .2
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,106 3,197 3,040 3,179 3,020 9.4 9.6 9.2 9.5 9.0
At expanding firms 2,208 2,333 2,191 2,265 2,218 6.7 7.0 6.6 6.8 6.6
At opening firms 898 864 849 914 802 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.4
Gross job losses 2,915 2,885 2,926 2,932 2,845 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.4
At contracting firms 2,106 2,094 2,139 2,123 2,057 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.1
At closing firms 809 791 787 809 788 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3
Net employment change 191 312 114 247 175 .6 .9 .4 .7 .6
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,022 1,136 1,038 1,075 1,002 4.8 5.3 4.8 5.0 4.6
At expanding firms 989 1,100 1,002 1,041 974 4.6 5.1 4.6 4.8 4.5
At opening firms 33 36 36 34 28 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1
Gross job losses 941 945 980 977 945 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.3
At contracting firms 905 917 952 943 917 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.2
At closing firms 36 28 28 34 28 .2 .1 .1 .2 .1
Net employment change 81 191 58 98 57 .4 .9 .3 .4 .3
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,534 1,920 1,820 2,004 1,602 2.4 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.5
At expanding firms 1,530 1,911 1,817 1,989 1,598 2.4 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.5
At opening firms 4 9 3 15 4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Gross job losses 1,562 1,600 1,595 1,467 1,610 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.5
At contracting firms 1,555 1,593 1,584 1,462 1,605 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.5
At closing firms 7 7 11 5 5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Net employment change -28 320 225 537 -8 -.1 .5 .4 .8 .0
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2015 2015 2015 2015 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2016
United States(1)... 7,036,000 7,588,000 7,338,000 7,843,000 6,977,000 6,799,000 6,773,000 6,911,000 6,842,000 6,783,000
Alabama..... 85,899 90,133 88,622 96,646 89,239 84,181 81,852 84,726 81,804 84,673
Alaska..... 26,765 27,285 23,091 24,329 23,755 23,861 28,028 26,099 26,571 24,612
Arizona..... 130,121 132,220 150,812 154,720 136,475 125,986 125,669 120,509 123,146 130,066
Arkansas..... 52,685 58,092 59,893 62,679 53,819 56,348 52,024 51,688 52,402 53,379
California..... 962,485 951,854 961,980 1,075,178 921,636 858,122 897,274 820,337 929,638 889,698
Colorado..... 142,267 146,462 146,856 147,332 140,016 129,124 134,781 134,443 134,691 130,052
Connecticut..... 68,321 80,963 72,563 77,156 74,339 73,135 71,007 83,562 70,694 70,865
Delaware..... 21,238 28,096 22,774 27,199 24,510 26,679 21,080 22,653 23,117 24,200
District of Columbia 28,374 30,607 30,577 31,569 26,719 26,080 29,130 27,128 23,562 28,186
Florida..... 438,045 481,297 484,767 510,696 439,847 387,219 412,153 410,423 412,905 410,669
Georgia..... 217,351 233,055 228,996 247,757 218,517 201,453 202,981 209,021 202,861 199,712
Hawaii..... 26,105 25,566 26,318 30,040 25,200 23,833 24,889 23,717 23,183 25,729
Idaho..... 49,100 41,357 43,304 43,766 46,359 38,384 39,922 38,689 38,441 35,558
Illinois..... 293,135 309,300 277,259 321,551 271,116 286,571 261,161 291,760 283,941 274,351
Indiana..... 136,795 145,914 140,328 158,633 141,057 135,472 131,964 136,850 126,844 136,213
Iowa..... 77,878 77,698 73,876 77,648 77,795 70,698 77,854 77,550 73,121 69,140
Kansas..... 63,354 66,593 63,692 70,502 64,980 65,009 65,334 64,622 62,764 66,896
Kentucky..... 84,531 97,979 94,081 103,547 88,881 92,965 84,291 87,585 83,693 90,733
Louisiana..... 99,807 103,590 99,727 106,451 96,609 110,517 109,135 100,776 103,367 105,846
Maine..... 32,850 41,166 33,041 43,068 40,502 35,213 32,465 35,925 35,516 34,636
Maryland..... 124,503 148,135 135,443 141,865 130,869 128,642 124,149 131,139 124,463 127,811
Massachusetts..... 160,226 190,435 163,806 176,932 158,738 162,195 152,071 167,776 156,781 152,250
Michigan..... 188,129 219,500 194,705 218,432 196,117 186,487 188,160 203,207 192,084 179,106
Minnesota..... 132,740 147,841 130,507 145,443 131,059 122,682 122,188 137,770 137,636 126,838
Mississippi..... 49,623 56,109 54,741 62,596 51,367 55,816 51,665 51,454 47,996 54,142
Missouri..... 127,847 138,899 131,354 145,011 131,177 123,610 120,074 126,763 121,021 124,222
Montana..... 33,608 29,199 27,896 31,491 29,163 26,295 30,976 28,117 26,762 26,815
Nebraska..... 48,819 47,378 48,003 49,121 47,050 45,063 45,058 45,106 44,211 44,379
Nevada..... 67,471 66,737 68,252 76,024 70,313 57,798 62,843 60,927 58,645 64,506
New Hampshire..... 31,887 37,480 33,637 37,269 33,406 31,444 33,098 35,115 31,119 32,615
New Jersey..... 195,834 235,851 211,844 227,731 198,701 207,687 200,704 205,236 197,598 198,223
New Mexico..... 40,800 42,444 40,870 43,231 39,261 41,264 42,909 40,917 42,850 39,633
New York..... 457,455 506,880 479,956 492,245 469,294 450,426 443,347 461,323 445,177 442,368
North Carolina..... 203,160 222,363 217,286 232,642 213,396 197,450 191,355 197,780 192,138 195,124
North Dakota..... 27,368 24,792 25,567 24,038 23,501 33,179 41,546 30,767 28,948 31,279
Ohio..... 250,181 274,703 249,218 274,448 251,839 252,247 238,268 255,390 236,802 234,642
Oklahoma..... 72,723 76,254 76,416 79,854 72,627 79,445 83,642 77,755 81,960 80,611
Oregon..... 103,630 103,432 105,022 106,625 106,558 85,815 91,533 96,128 93,530 88,983
Pennsylvania..... 241,860 279,002 266,576 288,170 271,355 265,309 248,103 266,221 258,949 264,903
Rhode Island..... 21,836 27,392 24,083 27,173 24,014 24,281 24,233 23,788 23,455 24,234
South Carolina..... 90,647 103,478 98,740 115,442 98,841 88,683 87,414 94,015 85,611 95,873
South Dakota..... 21,785 21,389 20,438 22,966 21,499 19,431 20,330 21,045 20,376 21,188
Tennessee..... 123,820 143,757 139,965 153,086 130,023 125,842 115,061 124,699 116,059 125,798
Texas..... 563,722 581,041 587,566 600,731 460,303 556,791 547,248 549,814 543,729 543,545
Utah..... 82,148 77,367 78,739 81,519 84,042 66,549 69,400 67,620 68,467 68,450
Vermont..... 17,664 18,641 17,668 18,140 16,825 17,133 17,605 19,407 16,671 17,717
Virginia..... 181,580 195,555 213,437 195,967 181,750 168,547 163,026 178,417 172,197 182,918
Washington..... 175,506 189,387 174,162 177,055 187,946 165,347 156,905 176,404 159,981 148,670
West Virginia..... 33,875 35,579 32,589 36,337 32,562 38,396 37,403 37,564 35,335 37,995
Wisconsin..... 132,058 137,249 133,980 145,150 136,563 123,100 126,130 134,844 126,012 126,353
Wyoming..... 20,008 17,129 17,885 19,048 16,868 19,776 23,841 19,549 19,747 19,826
Puerto Rico..... 36,260 38,624 40,437 42,057 38,292 43,466 41,723 42,986 38,537 40,072
Virgin Islands..... 1,567 1,774 1,643 1,979 1,549 1,585 1,870 1,980 1,451 1,469
The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2015 2015 2015 2015 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2016
United States(1)... 6.0 6.4 6.3 6.6 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7
Alabama..... 5.7 5.9 5.8 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.4
Alaska..... 10.4 10.6 9.1 9.6 9.4 9.3 10.9 10.3 10.5 9.7
Arizona..... 6.0 6.0 6.8 6.9 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.7
Arkansas..... 5.4 6.0 6.1 6.3 5.4 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3
California..... 7.0 6.9 6.9 7.6 6.5 6.2 6.5 5.9 6.7 6.3
Colorado..... 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.1
Connecticut..... 4.9 5.7 5.1 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.9 4.9 5.0
Delaware..... 5.8 7.7 6.1 7.3 6.5 7.3 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.4
District of Columbia.. 5.8 6.1 6.1 6.2 5.2 5.2 5.8 5.4 4.6 5.6
Florida..... 6.4 7.0 6.9 7.2 6.1 5.6 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8
Georgia..... 6.3 6.7 6.5 6.9 6.1 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.6
Hawaii..... 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.8 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.9
Idaho..... 9.0 7.6 7.8 7.9 8.2 7.1 7.2 7.0 6.9 6.3
Illinois..... 5.8 6.1 5.4 6.4 5.3 5.7 5.2 5.8 5.6 5.4
Indiana..... 5.4 5.7 5.5 6.2 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.3 4.9 5.3
Iowa..... 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.5 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.3
Kansas..... 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.2 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.9
Kentucky..... 5.6 6.4 6.1 6.7 5.7 6.1 5.5 5.7 5.4 5.8
Louisiana..... 6.1 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.0 6.8 6.8 6.2 6.4 6.6
Maine..... 6.6 8.3 6.6 8.6 8.0 7.1 6.5 7.1 7.1 6.9
Maryland..... 6.0 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 6.2 5.9 6.2 5.9 6.0
Massachusetts..... 5.4 6.4 5.4 5.9 5.2 5.5 5.1 5.6 5.2 5.0
Michigan..... 5.3 6.1 5.4 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.3 4.9
Minnesota..... 5.6 6.1 5.4 6.1 5.4 5.1 5.1 5.8 5.7 5.2
Mississippi..... 5.7 6.5 6.2 7.1 5.7 6.4 5.9 5.9 5.4 6.1
Missouri..... 5.6 6.0 5.7 6.3 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.3
Montana..... 9.2 8.0 7.6 8.5 7.8 7.2 8.4 7.7 7.3 7.2
Nebraska..... 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5
Nevada..... 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.8 6.3 5.3 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.7
New Hampshire..... 5.8 6.8 6.1 6.7 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.4 5.6 5.8
New Jersey..... 6.0 7.1 6.3 6.7 5.9 6.3 6.0 6.2 5.9 5.9
New Mexico..... 6.5 6.8 6.5 7.0 6.2 6.7 6.9 6.6 6.9 6.3
New York..... 6.0 6.7 6.3 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.7 5.7
North Carolina..... 5.9 6.4 6.3 6.7 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.6
North Dakota..... 7.1 6.7 7.1 6.7 6.6 8.6 11.2 8.5 8.1 8.9
Ohio..... 5.5 6.0 5.5 6.0 5.4 5.6 5.2 5.6 5.1 5.1
Oklahoma..... 5.7 6.0 6.1 6.3 5.7 6.3 6.6 6.1 6.5 6.4
Oregon..... 7.0 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.2 5.8
Pennsylvania..... 4.9 5.6 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.3 5.1 5.2
Rhode Island..... 5.4 6.7 5.8 6.6 5.8 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.9
South Carolina..... 5.7 6.5 6.1 7.1 6.1 5.6 5.5 5.8 5.3 5.8
South Dakota..... 6.3 6.3 5.9 6.7 6.2 5.7 5.9 6.1 5.9 6.1
Tennessee..... 5.2 6.0 5.8 6.3 5.2 5.3 4.8 5.1 4.8 5.1
Texas..... 5.8 6.0 5.9 6.1 4.7 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5
Utah..... 7.4 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.3 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.9
Vermont..... 6.9 7.3 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.7 6.5 6.9
Virginia..... 6.1 6.5 7.1 6.4 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.8 5.6 5.9
Washington..... 6.9 7.3 6.7 6.8 7.1 6.4 6.1 6.8 6.2 5.6
West Virginia..... 6.0 6.4 5.8 6.6 5.9 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.9
Wisconsin..... 5.5 5.7 5.6 6.0 5.6 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.2 5.2
Wyoming..... 9.1 7.9 8.5 9.0 7.9 8.9 11.0 9.2 9.3 9.4
Puerto Rico..... 5.3 5.7 5.9 6.3 5.7 6.4 6.2 6.3 5.7 6.0
Virgin Islands..... 5.7 6.5 6.0 7.3 5.7 5.8 6.8 7.3 5.3 5.4
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2006 March 236 3.3 195 2.8 949 .8 767 .7
June 233 3.3 206 2.9 987 .9 850 .8
September 224 3.1 210 2.9 934 .8 843 .7
December 236 3.3 207 2.9 976 .9 812 .7
2007 March 232 3.2 205 2.8 918 .8 787 .7
June 225 3.1 215 3.0 898 .8 859 .8
September 233 3.2 216 3.0 952 .8 845 .7
December 228 3.1 218 3.0 922 .8 836 .7
2008 March 226 3.1 224 3.1 919 .8 832 .7
June 221 3.0 238 3.3 876 .8 913 .8
September 216 3.0 233 3.2 849 .8 881 .8
December 211 2.9 253 3.5 819 .7 951 .9
2009 March 197 2.7 247 3.4 738 .7 869 .8
June 201 2.8 238 3.3 767 .7 837 .8
September 192 2.7 227 3.2 725 .7 793 .7
December 202 2.8 218 3.1 728 .7 749 .7
2010 March 193 2.7 211 3.0 706 .7 687 .7
June 193 2.7 202 2.9 730 .7 665 .6
September 207 2.9 204 2.9 754 .7 701 .7
December 216 3.0 201 2.8 805 .8 700 .7
2011 March 204 2.9 200 2.8 715 .7 632 .6
June 210 2.9 205 2.9 767 .7 689 .6
September 206 2.9 196 2.7 794 .7 675 .6
December 214 3.0 198 2.8 800 .7 700 .6
2012 March 236 3.3 186 2.6 784 .7 614 .6
June 216 3.0 195 2.7 799 .7 676 .6
September 210 2.9 197 2.7 805 .7 693 .6
December 218 3.0 183 2.5 809 .7 673 .6
2013 March 204 2.8 192 2.6 745 .7 645 .6
June 222 3.0 215 2.9 790 .7 695 .6
September 219 2.9 195 2.6 822 .7 678 .6
December 216 2.9 187 2.5 806 .7 673 .6
2014 March 220 2.9 188 2.5 780 .7 629 .6
June 220 2.9 205 2.7 806 .7 718 .6
September 225 3.0 200 2.6 829 .7 705 .6
December 223 2.9 197 2.6 838 .7 709 .6
2015 March 234 3.1 206 2.7 813 .7 690 .6
June 234 3.1 213 2.8 839 .7 735 .6
September 242 3.1 N/A N/A 882 .7 N/A N/A
December 246 3.2 N/A N/A 895 .8 N/A N/A
2016 March 220 2.8 N/A N/A 734 .6 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters
by definition. See the Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage
of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or
total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
