For release 10:00 a.m. EST USDL-12-2261
Friday, November 16, 2012
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FIRST QUARTER 2012
From December 2011 to March 2012 gross job gains from opening and
expanding private sector establishments were 6.9 million, an increase
of 26,000 from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from
closing and contracting private sector establishments were 6.1 million,
a decrease of 399,000 from the previous quarter.
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number
of gross job losses yielded a net employment change of 814,000 jobs
in the private sector during the first quarter of 2012.
(See table 1.)
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of
increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses
in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private business units from the third
month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains
are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses
are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the
loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of
gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change
in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.)
The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the
establishment level by industry subsector and for the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as
gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
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| Changes to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| Data in this release incorporate annual revisions to the BED |
| series. Annual revisions are published each year with the release|
| of first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four |
| quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years of |
| seasonally adjusted data. |
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Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 5.7 million in
first quarter 2012, an increase of 149,000 from the previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.2 million jobs gained in first
quarter 2012, a decrease of 123,000 from the previous quarter.
Contracting establishments lost 4.9 million jobs in first quarter
2012. This is a decrease of 303,000 from the prior quarter.
In first quarter 2012, closing establishments lost 1.2 million jobs,
a decrease of 96,000 from the previous quarter. (See tables 1 and 3.)
Gross job gains represented 6.3 percent of private sector employment
in first quarter 2012, while gross job losses represented 5.6 percent
of private sector employment. (See table 2.)
In first quarter 2012, the number of establishment births (a subset of
the openings data, see the Technical Note for more information) fell by
9,000 to 193,000. These new establishments accounted for 748,000 jobs,
a decrease of 54,000 from the previous quarter. (See table 8.)
Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are
available through second quarter 2011, when 677,000 jobs were lost at
190,000 establishments. These figures represent an increase from the
prior quarter when 610,000 jobs were lost at 184,000 establishments.
During first quarter 2012, gross job gains exceeded gross job losses
in all industry sectors except information, and transportation and
warehousing. Manufacturing experienced its eighth consecutive quarter
of net employment gains. The leisure and hospitality industry
experienced a net employment gain of 250,000 jobs, representing the
largest net employment gain in that industry since the series began
in 1992. (See table 3.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
Category 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2011 2011 2011 2011 2012
Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains................ 6,437 6,942 7,136 6,909 6,935
At expanding establishments... 5,272 5,646 5,776 5,557 5,706
At opening establishments..... 1,165 1,296 1,360 1,352 1,229
Gross job losses............... 6,145 6,339 6,342 6,520 6,121
At contracting establishments. 5,010 5,111 5,194 5,238 4,935
At closing establishments..... 1,135 1,228 1,148 1,282 1,186
Net employment change(1)....... 292 603 794 389 814
Rates (percent)
Gross job gains................ 6.0 6.5 6.7 6.3 6.3
At expanding establishments... 4.9 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2
At opening establishments..... 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses............... 5.8 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.6
At contracting establishments. 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.5
At closing establishments..... 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1
Net employment change(1)....... .2 .6 .8 .3 .7
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total
gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical
Note for further information.
Gross job losses declined in all three major firm size classes compared
to the previous quarter. Firms with 1-49 employees and firms with
50-249 employees experienced their lowest level of gross job losses
since the series began. Firms with 1-49 employees accounted for 44
percent of the total net change in employment for first quarter 2012.
(See tables 4 and 5.)
In the first quarter of 2012, gross job gains exceeded gross job losses
in 48 states and the District of Columbia. Texas had the largest net
employment gain of 90,354 jobs, followed by California with 82,314 jobs
and New York with 63,717 jobs. (See table 6.) Alabama, Kansas,
Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and the District
of Columbia had both a rate of gross job gains at or above the U.S
average of 6.3 percent, and a rate of gross job losses that was the
same or below the national rate of 5.6 percent. (See table 7.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are
available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data
on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by
firm size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted
time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains
and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked
questions on firm-size data. Additional information about the Business
Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this
release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2012 are scheduled |
| to be released on Tuesday, January 29, 2013 at 10:00 a.m. (EST). |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment
insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file
quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI
laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by
the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the BLS
establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to pro-
duce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitu-
dinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses
of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.
(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.)
In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establish-
ments.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures--QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program Web sites shown in the table.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 486,000 establish-
| submitted by 9.2 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 6.8 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment, in-
| | | cluding railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually first Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| state, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors and by size |
| | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include data |
| | with greater in- |
| | dustry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of 6.8 million private sector employer reports out
of 9.2 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2012. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands (49,972 units rounded to 0.0 million) also are excluded from
the national data. As an illustration,the table below shows, in millions of
establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the gross job
gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2012:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the
national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.2
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.8
Zero employment.......................................1.3
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.0
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data.............................................6.8
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm-level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third month employment in the current quarter, following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the pre-
vious quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current
quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the
first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or
units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero
employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in
the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with
positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary
shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may
be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent
closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three
quarters for the publication of death statistics.
All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third
month of each quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their em-
ployment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates
of total employment, but not for levels of gross employment job gains and
gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments
that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive
employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive
quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths
are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal
database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month
of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero
employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births
and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and
closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that
is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well,
and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing.
Since openings include seasonal, and other, re-openings and closings include
temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and
deaths must be less than those openings and closings. However, because some
BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as
the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally
adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches esta-
blishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states,
which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size-
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm's employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms' sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change
in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter
in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current
year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes
once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual
data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are
available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring
annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor
relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate
restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of
the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains
and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross
job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is
equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally
adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contract-
ing units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are cal-
culated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including
the unclassified sector, which is not published separately.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting
units for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia are seasonally
adjusted at the total private level only. The sum of the state series for
opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units will not necessarily be
equal to the national total private series because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of these series.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter
data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted
data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly
and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry.
News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon
request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212;
telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2002 March -10 8,071 6,298 1,773 8,081 6,434 1,647
June -30 7,868 6,145 1,723 7,898 6,274 1,624
September -151 7,630 6,039 1,591 7,781 6,248 1,533
December -241 7,483 5,938 1,545 7,724 6,185 1,539
2003 March -393 7,467 5,928 1,539 7,860 6,307 1,553
June -90 7,398 5,929 1,469 7,488 6,030 1,458
September 204 7,392 5,923 1,469 7,188 5,828 1,360
December 297 7,521 6,005 1,516 7,224 5,800 1,424
2004 March 470 7,715 6,204 1,511 7,245 5,795 1,450
June 644 7,754 6,235 1,519 7,110 5,639 1,471
September 206 7,633 6,060 1,573 7,427 5,888 1,539
December 757 7,844 6,243 1,601 7,087 5,663 1,424
2005 March 384 7,620 6,131 1,489 7,236 5,801 1,435
June 593 7,774 6,231 1,543 7,181 5,776 1,405
September 677 7,965 6,387 1,578 7,288 5,844 1,444
December 494 7,807 6,252 1,555 7,313 5,948 1,365
2006 March 874 7,797 6,354 1,443 6,923 5,636 1,287
June 371 7,758 6,246 1,512 7,387 6,015 1,372
September 52 7,499 6,061 1,438 7,447 6,097 1,350
December 455 7,740 6,223 1,517 7,285 5,941 1,344
2007 March 549 7,727 6,297 1,430 7,178 5,881 1,297
June 149 7,632 6,222 1,410 7,483 6,079 1,404
September -252 7,318 5,847 1,471 7,570 6,215 1,355
December 299 7,658 6,196 1,462 7,359 6,012 1,347
2008 March -227 7,233 5,826 1,407 7,460 6,095 1,365
June -575 7,257 5,851 1,406 7,832 6,354 1,478
September -968 6,879 5,515 1,364 7,847 6,462 1,385
December -1,793 6,712 5,360 1,352 8,505 7,022 1,483
2009 March -2,706 5,834 4,648 1,186 8,540 7,122 1,418
June -1,656 6,395 5,093 1,302 8,051 6,669 1,382
September -899 6,335 5,119 1,216 7,234 5,874 1,360
December -217 6,651 5,325 1,326 6,868 5,583 1,285
2010 March -266 6,245 5,078 1,167 6,511 5,308 1,203
June 722 6,972 5,690 1,282 6,250 5,087 1,163
September 187 6,669 5,416 1,253 6,482 5,253 1,229
December 609 7,027 5,651 1,376 6,418 5,193 1,225
2011 March 292 6,437 5,272 1,165 6,145 5,010 1,135
June 603 6,942 5,646 1,296 6,339 5,111 1,228
September 794 7,136 5,776 1,360 6,342 5,194 1,148
December 389 6,909 5,557 1,352 6,520 5,238 1,282
2012 March 814 6,935 5,706 1,229 6,121 4,935 1,186
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2002 March .0 7.5 5.9 1.6 7.5 6.0 1.5
June .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5
September -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4
December -.3 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.2 5.8 1.4
2003 March -.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5
June .0 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.0 5.6 1.4
September .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4
September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3
2005 March .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
June .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3
September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2
2006 March .9 7.0 5.7 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March .5 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.3 5.2 1.1
June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2
December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2008 March -.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
June -.6 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3
September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2
December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3
2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3
June -1.5 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3
September -.9 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.8 5.5 1.3
December -.1 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2010 March -.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .1 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.2 5.0 1.2
December .5 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.1 4.9 1.2
2011 March .2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1
June .6 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1
December .3 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.0 4.8 1.2
2012 March .7 6.3 5.2 1.1 5.6 4.5 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage
of the previous and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar.
2011 2011 2011 2011 2012 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 6,437 6,942 7,136 6,909 6,935 6.0 6.5 6.7 6.3 6.3
At expanding establishments 5,272 5,646 5,776 5,557 5,706 4.9 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2
At opening establishments 1,165 1,296 1,360 1,352 1,229 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses 6,145 6,339 6,342 6,520 6,121 5.8 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.6
At contracting establishments 5,010 5,111 5,194 5,238 4,935 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.5
At closing establishments 1,135 1,228 1,148 1,282 1,186 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1
Net employment change 292 603 794 389 814 .2 .6 .8 .3 .7
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,318 1,413 1,461 1,363 1,386 7.0 7.5 7.6 7.0 7.1
At expanding establishments 1,118 1,194 1,233 1,144 1,184 5.9 6.3 6.4 5.9 6.1
At opening establishments 200 219 228 219 202 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0
Gross job losses 1,287 1,275 1,271 1,356 1,241 6.8 6.7 6.6 7.0 6.4
At contracting establishments 1,064 1,041 1,061 1,121 1,027 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.8 5.3
At closing establishments 223 234 210 235 214 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1
Net employment change 31 138 190 7 145 .2 .8 1.0 .0 .7
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 264 285 306 298 288 14.3 15.4 16.2 15.4 14.5
At expanding establishments 227 245 262 253 250 12.3 13.2 13.9 13.1 12.6
At opening establishments 37 40 44 45 38 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.9
Gross job losses 264 260 242 270 258 14.3 14.1 12.9 13.9 13.0
At contracting establishments 229 216 211 235 221 12.4 11.7 11.2 12.1 11.1
At closing establishments 35 44 31 35 37 1.9 2.4 1.7 1.8 1.9
Net employment change 0 25 64 28 30 .0 1.3 3.3 1.5 1.5
Construction
Gross job gains 625 669 691 632 662 11.4 12.3 12.6 11.4 11.9
At expanding establishments 498 529 549 498 538 9.1 9.7 10.0 9.0 9.7
At opening establishments 127 140 142 134 124 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2
Gross job losses 649 634 619 659 616 11.9 11.6 11.3 11.9 11.1
At contracting establishments 506 495 489 513 487 9.3 9.1 8.9 9.3 8.8
At closing establishments 143 139 130 146 129 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.3
Net employment change -24 35 72 -27 46 -.5 .7 1.3 -.5 .8
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 429 459 464 433 436 3.7 3.9 4.0 3.6 3.6
At expanding establishments 393 420 422 393 396 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.3
At opening establishments 36 39 42 40 40 .3 .3 .4 .3 .3
Gross job losses 374 381 410 427 367 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.1
At contracting establishments 329 330 361 373 319 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.2 2.7
At closing establishments 45 51 49 54 48 .4 .4 .4 .5 .4
Net employment change 55 78 54 6 69 .5 .7 .5 -.1 .5
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 5,119 5,529 5,675 5,546 5,549 5.8 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.1
At expanding establishments 4,154 4,452 4,543 4,413 4,522 4.7 5.0 5.1 4.9 5.0
At opening establishments 965 1,077 1,132 1,133 1,027 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1
Gross job losses 4,858 5,064 5,071 5,164 4,880 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.4
At contracting establishments 3,946 4,070 4,133 4,117 3,908 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.3
At closing establishments 912 994 938 1,047 972 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1
Net employment change 261 465 604 382 669 .3 .5 .6 .4 .7
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 263 286 288 276 282 4.8 5.1 5.2 4.9 5.1
At expanding establishments 216 234 232 223 234 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.2
At opening establishments 47 52 56 53 48 .9 .9 1.0 .9 .9
Gross job losses 246 244 255 250 244 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.3
At contracting establishments 188 186 202 191 186 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.3
At closing establishments 58 58 53 59 58 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0
Net employment change 17 42 33 26 38 .3 .7 .6 .4 .8
Retail trade
Gross job gains 817 904 880 898 883 5.6 6.2 5.9 6.1 5.9
At expanding establishments 704 773 741 776 761 4.8 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.1
At opening establishments 113 131 139 122 122 .8 .9 .9 .8 .8
Gross job losses 818 779 866 821 845 5.6 5.3 5.8 5.6 5.7
At contracting establishments 706 659 757 695 738 4.8 4.5 5.1 4.7 5.0
At closing establishments 112 120 109 126 107 .8 .8 .7 .9 .7
Net employment change -1 125 14 77 38 .0 .9 .1 .5 .2
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 207 222 230 244 213 5.1 5.4 5.6 5.9 5.2
At expanding establishments 174 188 193 210 181 4.3 4.6 4.7 5.1 4.4
At opening establishments 33 34 37 34 32 .8 .8 .9 .8 .8
Gross job losses 224 198 197 203 219 5.5 4.9 4.8 4.9 5.2
At contracting establishments 191 161 164 166 185 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.4
At closing establishments 33 37 33 37 34 .8 .9 .8 .9 .8
Net employment change -17 24 33 41 -6 -.4 .5 .8 1.0 .0
Utilities
Gross job gains 11 12 11 12 11 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0
At expanding establishments 10 10 10 10 10 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
At opening establishments 1 2 1 2 1 .2 .4 .2 .4 .2
Gross job losses 9 13 12 12 10 1.7 2.4 2.2 2.2 1.8
At contracting establishments 8 12 11 11 8 1.5 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.4
At closing establishments 1 1 1 1 2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .4
Net employment change 2 -1 -1 0 1 .3 -.2 -.2 .0 .2
Information
Gross job gains 113 124 125 124 114 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.2
At expanding establishments 96 105 104 99 95 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.5
At opening establishments 17 19 21 25 19 .6 .7 .8 .9 .7
Gross job losses 129 128 122 136 115 4.8 4.8 4.5 5.1 4.3
At contracting establishments 109 102 103 102 93 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.5
At closing establishments 20 26 19 34 22 .7 1.0 .7 1.3 .8
Net employment change -16 -4 3 -12 -1 -.6 -.2 .2 -.5 -.1
Financial activities
Gross job gains 323 349 372 361 349 4.3 4.7 5.1 4.9 4.7
At expanding establishments 260 277 294 281 282 3.5 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.8
At opening establishments 63 72 78 80 67 .8 1.0 1.1 1.1 .9
Gross job losses 336 349 339 353 330 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.5
At contracting establishments 256 271 261 268 243 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.3
At closing establishments 80 78 78 85 87 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2
Net employment change -13 0 33 8 19 -.3 -.1 .5 .2 .2
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,229 1,316 1,380 1,354 1,301 7.2 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.3
At expanding establishments 1,010 1,066 1,116 1,081 1,068 5.9 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.0
At opening establishments 219 250 264 273 233 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.3
Gross job losses 1,141 1,217 1,167 1,255 1,174 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.2 6.7
At contracting establishments 909 952 925 983 911 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.6 5.2
At closing establishments 232 265 242 272 263 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.5
Net employment change 88 99 213 99 127 .5 .7 1.2 .6 .6
Education and health services
Gross job gains 768 786 853 811 812 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.2 4.2
At expanding establishments 643 663 714 676 697 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.6
At opening establishments 125 123 139 135 115 .7 .6 .7 .7 .6
Gross job losses 675 751 706 740 697 3.6 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.6
At contracting establishments 565 619 586 604 568 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.9
At closing establishments 110 132 120 136 129 .6 .7 .6 .7 .7
Net employment change 93 35 147 71 115 .5 .1 .7 .4 .6
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,059 1,178 1,186 1,115 1,214 8.0 8.9 8.9 8.3 9.0
At expanding establishments 822 905 916 842 960 6.2 6.8 6.9 6.3 7.1
At opening establishments 237 273 270 273 254 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9
Gross job losses 1,002 1,098 1,112 1,106 964 7.5 8.3 8.3 8.2 7.1
At contracting establishments 812 903 906 886 775 6.1 6.8 6.8 6.6 5.7
At closing establishments 190 195 206 220 189 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4
Net employment change 57 80 74 9 250 .5 .6 .6 .1 1.9
Other services
Gross job gains 264 283 280 263 275 7.1 7.5 7.4 6.9 7.2
At expanding establishments 208 222 215 205 221 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.8
At opening establishments 56 61 65 58 54 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4
Gross job losses 253 261 270 262 250 6.7 6.9 7.1 6.9 6.6
At contracting establishments 196 199 212 205 194 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.4 5.1
At closing establishments 57 62 58 57 56 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5
Net employment change 11 22 10 1 25 .4 .6 .3 .0 .6
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change(2,3) gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2002 March 70 6,602 6,532 54 3,402 3,348 -52 1,194 1,246 68 2,006 1,938
June -61 6,416 6,477 69 3,379 3,310 -7 1,191 1,198 -123 1,846 1,969
September -176 6,190 6,366 20 3,335 3,315 -46 1,144 1,190 -150 1,711 1,861
December -247 6,114 6,361 -3 3,299 3,302 -73 1,106 1,179 -171 1,709 1,880
2003 March -326 6,112 6,438 -135 3,257 3,392 -56 1,127 1,183 -135 1,728 1,863
June -137 6,108 6,245 112 3,346 3,234 -26 1,133 1,159 -223 1,629 1,852
September 193 6,162 5,969 120 3,327 3,207 21 1,127 1,106 52 1,708 1,656
December 310 6,218 5,908 146 3,340 3,194 32 1,128 1,096 132 1,750 1,618
2004 March 430 6,306 5,876 153 3,392 3,239 137 1,194 1,057 140 1,720 1,580
June 621 6,471 5,850 169 3,387 3,218 141 1,196 1,055 311 1,888 1,577
September 197 6,243 6,046 88 3,379 3,291 88 1,175 1,087 21 1,689 1,668
December 759 6,494 5,735 274 3,480 3,206 101 1,172 1,071 384 1,842 1,458
2005 March 368 6,320 5,952 66 3,416 3,350 97 1,161 1,064 205 1,743 1,538
June 570 6,435 5,865 243 3,476 3,233 146 1,198 1,052 181 1,761 1,580
September 701 6,672 5,971 218 3,510 3,292 85 1,195 1,110 398 1,967 1,569
December 506 6,406 5,900 169 3,462 3,293 45 1,140 1,095 292 1,804 1,512
2006 March 788 6,433 5,645 334 3,547 3,213 222 1,213 991 232 1,673 1,441
June 375 6,349 5,974 117 3,434 3,317 110 1,190 1,080 148 1,725 1,577
September 43 6,103 6,060 -14 3,329 3,343 27 1,127 1,100 30 1,647 1,617
December 447 6,375 5,928 117 3,393 3,276 74 1,147 1,073 256 1,835 1,579
2007 March 466 6,300 5,834 189 3,451 3,262 99 1,153 1,054 178 1,696 1,518
June 174 6,256 6,082 -31 3,337 3,368 108 1,180 1,072 97 1,739 1,642
September -269 5,891 6,160 -132 3,252 3,384 -53 1,073 1,126 -84 1,566 1,650
December 298 6,254 5,956 8 3,315 3,307 63 1,140 1,077 227 1,799 1,572
2008 March -277 5,807 6,084 -138 3,238 3,376 -11 1,073 1,084 -128 1,496 1,624
June -547 5,861 6,408 -287 3,179 3,466 -37 1,098 1,135 -223 1,584 1,807
September -1,035 5,483 6,518 -359 3,039 3,398 -160 1,013 1,173 -516 1,431 1,947
December -1,850 5,341 7,191 -693 2,907 3,600 -370 946 1,316 -787 1,488 2,275
2009 March -2,643 4,582 7,225 -967 2,724 3,691 -611 806 1,417 -1,065 1,052 2,117
June -1,766 5,174 6,940 -475 2,949 3,424 -275 956 1,231 -1,016 1,269 2,285
September -979 5,119 6,098 -388 2,814 3,202 -127 927 1,054 -464 1,378 1,842
December -277 5,408 5,685 -161 2,937 3,098 -42 963 1,005 -74 1,508 1,582
2010 March -231 5,094 5,325 -185 2,863 3,048 -1 909 910 -45 1,322 1,367
June 689 5,818 5,129 233 3,094 2,861 211 1,079 868 245 1,645 1,400
September 157 5,478 5,321 11 2,933 2,922 71 992 921 75 1,553 1,478
December 534 5,789 5,255 86 3,045 2,959 99 1,035 936 349 1,709 1,360
2011 March 329 5,339 5,010 108 2,979 2,871 122 964 842 99 1,396 1,297
June 550 5,765 5,215 195 3,078 2,883 178 1,072 894 177 1,615 1,438
September 793 5,928 5,135 247 3,116 2,869 152 1,058 906 394 1,754 1,360
December 332 5,615 5,283 39 2,967 2,928 46 985 939 247 1,663 1,416
2012 March 830 5,748 4,918 362 3,119 2,757 216 1,046 830 252 1,583 1,331
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
(3) Net change totals for firm-level data shown differ from the establishment-level data
due to independent seasonal adjustment of the series.
NOTE: See http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for additional firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar.
2011 2011 2011 2011 2012 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 5,339 5,765 5,928 5,615 5,748 5.0 5.4 5.5 5.2 5.2
At expanding firms 4,437 4,839 4,966 4,689 4,848 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.4
At opening firms 902 926 962 926 900 .8 .9 .9 .9 .8
Gross job losses 5,010 5,215 5,135 5,283 4,918 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.5
At contracting firms 4,153 4,324 4,307 4,399 4,081 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.7
At closing firms 857 891 828 884 837 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8
Net employment change 329 550 793 332 830 .3 .6 .7 .3 .7
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 2,979 3,078 3,116 2,967 3,119 9.6 9.8 9.9 9.4 9.8
At expanding firms 2,112 2,195 2,199 2,085 2,253 6.8 7.0 7.0 6.6 7.1
At opening firms 867 883 917 882 866 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7
Gross job losses 2,871 2,883 2,869 2,928 2,757 9.3 9.2 9.1 9.3 8.8
At contracting firms 2,044 2,029 2,072 2,086 1,953 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.2
At closing firms 827 854 797 842 804 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.6
Net employment change 108 195 247 39 362 .3 .6 .8 .1 1.0
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 964 1,072 1,058 985 1,046 4.9 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.1
At expanding firms 932 1,035 1,020 948 1,016 4.7 5.2 5.1 4.7 5.0
At opening firms 32 37 38 37 30 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1
Gross job losses 842 894 906 939 830 4.2 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.1
At contracting firms 816 866 879 906 803 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.0
At closing firms 26 28 27 33 27 .1 .1 .1 .2 .1
Net employment change 122 178 152 46 216 .7 .9 .8 .2 1.0
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,396 1,615 1,754 1,663 1,583 2.5 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.7
At expanding firms 1,393 1,609 1,747 1,656 1,579 2.5 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.7
At opening firms 3 6 7 7 4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Gross job losses 1,297 1,438 1,360 1,416 1,331 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.3
At contracting firms 1,293 1,429 1,356 1,407 1,325 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.3
At closing firms 4 9 4 9 6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Net employment change 99 177 394 247 252 .2 .4 .7 .4 .4
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2011 2011 2011 2011 2012 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012
United States1..... 6,437,000 6,942,000 7,136,000 6,909,000 6,935,000 6,145,000 6,339,000 6,342,000 6,520,000 6,121,000
Alabama..... 85,924 87,574 91,559 85,633 91,147 84,932 88,662 82,789 87,650 80,326
Alaska..... 24,179 26,784 24,812 23,440 26,381 21,199 23,540 23,195 26,155 21,997
Arizona..... 117,510 127,292 137,767 139,367 128,843 119,535 122,145 118,548 123,249 121,081
Arkansas..... 58,079 55,855 63,861 60,670 53,381 55,199 57,197 54,625 50,505 52,324
California..... 776,520 846,247 914,096 870,675 842,341 769,408 776,879 818,110 785,705 760,027
Colorado..... 122,947 131,680 131,330 128,255 125,797 116,340 114,477 115,453 122,714 115,062
Connecticut..... 68,488 77,763 73,986 73,072 77,422 69,293 67,802 69,679 71,692 68,197
Delaware..... 22,331 22,649 24,900 21,735 22,107 20,755 23,703 23,534 21,334 20,468
District of Columbia 32,800 28,275 26,457 26,595 29,723 22,065 26,730 24,172 24,771 20,338
Florida..... 392,911 430,098 443,009 439,908 414,219 374,321 397,725 392,137 413,449 365,900
Georgia..... 209,094 205,097 207,102 203,099 219,814 188,871 198,267 198,380 202,265 191,090
Hawaii..... 24,808 24,232 28,145 25,587 24,551 22,737 27,713 21,684 21,986 25,568
Idaho..... 35,130 37,475 41,371 37,097 38,404 37,029 37,313 34,042 37,811 38,352
Illinois..... 242,862 274,249 273,629 267,916 263,987 238,010 246,459 252,813 258,824 235,357
Indiana..... 137,470 136,497 149,786 143,961 150,073 119,790 128,921 128,437 134,950 121,345
Iowa..... 66,741 72,760 74,872 71,492 75,925 67,180 66,992 65,617 69,343 62,833
Kansas..... 60,074 63,223 66,046 65,220 72,837 61,411 61,712 61,132 61,690 57,228
Kentucky..... 84,333 87,112 90,120 87,855 91,719 84,120 81,250 79,336 82,301 81,151
Louisiana..... 103,553 98,184 111,331 102,234 109,747 92,592 104,009 91,783 97,984 98,510
Maine..... 32,310 37,250 36,545 33,221 34,867 34,030 35,339 32,781 35,125 34,497
Maryland..... 122,068 131,740 133,277 129,484 135,839 119,158 127,048 125,888 122,326 115,922
Massachusetts..... 144,483 162,202 171,807 148,370 154,973 141,519 143,127 147,245 150,490 138,173
Michigan..... 202,443 219,739 228,665 203,971 208,109 179,193 197,064 187,570 196,273 178,757
Minnesota..... 127,741 141,622 144,467 125,820 152,204 115,670 117,623 117,056 131,726 133,973
Mississippi..... 54,757 52,096 54,563 52,282 54,928 51,887 57,038 52,513 50,544 47,226
Missouri..... 123,787 129,437 128,571 134,687 133,117 121,152 122,632 123,306 125,738 119,773
Montana..... 25,018 27,397 28,750 28,553 27,783 24,739 25,750 24,191 26,686 26,305
Nebraska..... 40,834 42,526 42,922 43,876 44,064 40,172 40,558 39,735 40,167 38,030
Nevada..... 57,477 61,593 59,847 57,485 58,879 56,227 55,390 57,587 55,150 53,065
New Hampshire..... 32,574 35,572 35,820 35,844 34,876 32,263 33,955 33,688 33,640 32,250
New Jersey..... 187,770 220,012 206,286 208,879 204,354 202,468 194,831 201,210 199,863 187,241
New Mexico..... 35,937 40,332 41,197 37,929 41,334 36,478 39,305 38,765 40,581 35,306
New York..... 415,175 463,532 458,293 438,220 467,340 385,842 406,332 419,493 427,473 403,623
North Carolina..... 205,392 203,609 203,290 205,605 210,182 183,332 195,073 190,395 192,401 179,134
North Dakota..... 24,197 22,217 31,466 32,285 34,563 18,809 20,543 18,453 19,885 20,145
Ohio..... 236,651 257,740 262,885 255,010 257,935 230,370 228,857 227,149 239,343 222,736
Oklahoma..... 71,360 74,882 79,418 76,516 75,110 71,069 66,711 68,589 70,641 68,149
Oregon..... 91,972 88,299 101,905 93,674 92,985 86,064 85,658 79,591 92,363 87,056
Pennsylvania..... 257,694 276,842 267,145 278,996 287,205 243,665 249,142 267,068 249,261 246,934
Rhode Island..... 22,429 26,202 23,368 24,067 26,209 23,154 24,051 23,238 24,900 22,040
South Carolina..... 86,877 92,609 90,699 91,266 90,984 80,576 85,374 87,584 82,761 79,437
South Dakota..... 19,074 21,468 22,187 21,563 21,765 20,411 19,082 18,855 19,365 19,933
Tennessee..... 122,068 128,589 129,598 135,832 132,991 110,042 111,745 116,827 117,380 113,095
Texas..... 495,416 513,561 543,801 523,866 537,062 433,057 440,989 446,936 457,961 446,708
Utah..... 64,908 69,011 69,809 69,692 70,120 61,892 62,066 59,043 61,984 59,307
Vermont..... 16,088 18,558 18,899 20,232 17,597 17,089 18,271 18,672 16,430 17,256
Virginia..... 164,834 173,624 174,323 179,267 175,338 157,102 164,804 160,823 177,063 161,214
Washington..... 153,335 156,967 172,752 163,991 157,863 146,390 148,279 134,881 164,123 146,884
West Virginia..... 35,868 35,911 37,531 38,129 40,657 32,779 33,362 34,120 32,964 34,872
Wisconsin..... 128,300 134,150 134,241 127,238 136,446 124,456 121,110 121,924 130,485 120,565
Wyoming..... 16,873 18,008 20,337 20,004 18,242 17,723 18,269 15,490 17,496 18,379
Puerto Rico..... 37,509 38,424 44,263 45,535 41,000 40,949 42,219 38,359 38,101 41,093
Virgin Islands..... 2,207 1,885 1,861 1,929 1,558 2,026 2,539 2,225 1,891 1,996
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2011 2011 2011 2011 2012 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012
United States1..... 6.0 6.5 6.7 6.3 6.3 5.8 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.6
Alabama..... 5.9 6.1 6.3 5.9 6.3 5.9 6.2 5.7 6.0 5.5
Alaska..... 10.1 11.0 10.1 9.6 10.8 8.8 9.6 9.5 10.7 8.9
Arizona..... 5.9 6.4 6.9 6.9 6.3 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.2 6.0
Arkansas..... 6.3 6.0 6.8 6.5 5.6 5.9 6.2 5.9 5.4 5.5
California..... 6.5 7.1 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.2
Colorado..... 6.8 7.2 7.1 6.9 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.6 6.2
Connecticut..... 5.1 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.6 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.0
Delaware..... 6.5 6.6 7.3 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.9 6.8 6.2 5.9
District of Columbia.. 7.3 6.2 5.8 5.8 6.4 4.9 5.9 5.3 5.4 4.4
Florida..... 6.4 7.0 7.2 7.1 6.7 6.2 6.5 6.3 6.7 5.9
Georgia..... 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.5 7.0 6.1 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.0
Hawaii..... 5.2 5.2 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8 5.9 4.6 4.6 5.3
Idaho..... 7.1 7.6 8.3 7.4 7.7 7.5 7.6 6.9 7.6 7.7
Illinois..... 5.1 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.4 4.8
Indiana..... 5.9 5.8 6.3 6.1 6.2 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.0
Iowa..... 5.5 6.0 6.2 5.9 6.2 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.1
Kansas..... 5.7 6.0 6.2 6.1 6.8 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.3
Kentucky..... 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.1 6.4 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.6
Louisiana..... 6.9 6.5 7.4 6.7 7.1 6.2 6.9 6.1 6.5 6.5
Maine..... 6.7 7.8 7.6 6.8 7.2 7.1 7.3 6.9 7.3 7.1
Maryland..... 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.7 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.1 5.8
Massachusetts..... 5.3 5.9 6.2 5.4 5.6 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.0
Michigan..... 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.1 6.2 5.6 6.1 5.7 6.0 5.4
Minnesota..... 5.8 6.3 6.4 5.5 6.8 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.8 6.0
Mississippi..... 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.8 6.3 6.1 5.6
Missouri..... 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.5
Montana..... 7.5 8.1 8.5 8.4 8.0 7.4 7.6 7.2 7.8 7.6
Nebraska..... 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.1
Nevada..... 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.7 5.5
New Hampshire..... 6.3 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.7 6.2 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.1
New Jersey..... 6.0 6.9 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.3 6.3 5.9
New Mexico..... 6.0 6.8 6.9 6.4 6.9 6.2 6.6 6.5 6.8 5.9
New York..... 6.0 6.6 6.5 6.1 6.6 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.0 5.7
North Carolina..... 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5 5.9 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.6
North Dakota..... 8.0 7.2 10.1 10.0 10.3 6.2 6.7 5.9 6.2 6.0
Ohio..... 5.6 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.2
Oklahoma..... 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7
Oregon..... 6.9 6.6 7.6 6.9 6.9 6.5 6.4 5.9 6.8 6.4
Pennsylvania..... 5.4 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.1 5.2 5.5 5.1 5.1
Rhode Island..... 5.8 6.7 6.0 6.2 6.7 6.0 6.2 5.9 6.4 5.6
South Carolina..... 6.1 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.6 5.9 6.0 5.6 5.4
South Dakota..... 6.0 6.7 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.1
Tennessee..... 5.6 5.9 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.1 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.1
Texas..... 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.0
Utah..... 6.8 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.1 6.5 6.4 6.1 6.3 6.0
Vermont..... 6.6 7.7 7.8 8.3 7.2 7.1 7.6 7.7 6.8 7.0
Virginia..... 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.4 5.8 5.6 6.1 5.6
Washington..... 6.8 7.0 7.6 7.2 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.0 7.1 6.3
West Virginia..... 6.4 6.5 6.7 6.8 7.2 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.8 6.1
Wisconsin..... 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.6 5.9 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.3
Wyoming..... 8.1 8.7 9.8 9.4 8.5 8.5 8.8 7.4 8.2 8.6
Puerto Rico..... 5.5 5.7 6.6 6.7 6.0 6.1 6.3 5.7 5.7 6.0
Virgin Islands..... 6.9 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.1 6.4 8.0 7.1 6.1 6.5
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2002 March 204 3.2 190 3.0 1,175 1.1 1,089 1.0
June 208 3.3 187 2.9 1,189 1.1 1,080 1.0
September 199 3.1 184 2.9 1,051 1.0 1,023 1.0
December 201 3.1 191 3.0 1,023 1.0 1,021 1.0
2003 March 193 3.0 186 2.9 1,004 .9 1,011 .9
June 191 3.0 186 2.9 964 .9 951 .9
September 193 3.0 179 2.8 954 .9 884 .8
December 200 3.1 180 2.8 998 .9 910 .9
2004 March 207 3.2 180 2.8 1,000 .9 917 .9
June 203 3.1 185 2.8 980 .9 909 .8
September 209 3.2 186 2.8 1,016 .9 953 .9
December 210 3.2 180 2.7 997 .9 894 .8
2005 March 209 3.1 185 2.8 944 .9 852 .8
June 216 3.2 180 2.7 951 .9 841 .8
September 221 3.3 186 2.8 996 .9 884 .8
December 221 3.3 186 2.8 979 .9 846 .8
2006 March 220 3.2 180 2.6 924 .8 748 .7
June 221 3.2 194 2.8 973 .9 841 .7
September 210 3.1 196 2.9 927 .8 836 .7
December 221 3.2 194 2.8 959 .8 804 .7
2007 March 214 3.1 193 2.8 897 .8 771 .7
June 206 3.0 202 2.9 884 .8 850 .7
September 216 3.1 203 2.9 941 .8 836 .7
December 208 3.0 206 2.9 902 .8 825 .7
2008 March 207 3.0 211 3.0 897 .8 813 .7
June 201 2.9 228 3.3 876 .8 934 .8
September 191 2.7 223 3.2 827 .7 880 .8
December 188 2.7 240 3.5 799 .7 947 .8
2009 March 172 2.5 236 3.4 703 .6 850 .8
June 177 2.6 227 3.3 742 .7 831 .8
September 169 2.5 215 3.2 692 .7 787 .7
December 183 2.7 200 3.0 712 .7 739 .7
2010 March 175 2.6 194 2.9 685 .7 667 .6
June 179 2.7 185 2.7 713 .7 650 .6
September 188 2.8 189 2.8 741 .7 694 .7
December 200 2.9 186 2.7 790 .7 689 .6
2011 March 189 2.8 184 2.7 695 .7 610 .6
June 192 2.8 190 2.8 748 .7 677 .6
September 198 2.9 N/A N/A 790 .7 N/A N/A
December 202 2.9 N/A N/A 802 .7 N/A N/A
2012 March 193 2.8 N/A N/A 748 .7 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters
by definition. See the Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage
of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or
total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
