For release 10:00 a.m. EST USDL-11-1646
Thursday, November 17, 2011
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FIRST QUARTER 2011
From December 2010 to March 2011 the number of gross job gains from
opening and expanding private sector establishments was 6.3 million,
a decrease of 671,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the same period,
gross job losses from closing and contracting private sector
establishments fell to 6.1 million, the lowest level since this
series began in September 1992.
Firms of all sizes experienced a decrease in gross job gains in the
first quarter of 2011. Firms with less than 250 employees had the
largest contribution to employment growth.
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of
increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses
in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private business units from the third
month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains
are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses
are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the
loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of
gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change
in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.)
The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the
establishment level by industry subsector and for the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as
gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| Changes to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| Data in this release incorporate annual revisions to the BED |
| series. Annual revisions are published each year with the release|
| of first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four |
| quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally|
| adjusted data. |
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Job gains at expanding establishments fell to 5.2 million in first
quarter 2011, a decrease from the previous quarter’s gain of 5.6
million.
Opening establishments gained 1.1 million jobs in first quarter 2011, a
decrease from the previous quarter when opening establishments created
1.4 million jobs. This is the smallest number of jobs gained at opening
establishments since the series began in September 1992.
Contracting establishments lost 5 million jobs in the first quarter of
2011. This is the smallest number of jobs lost at contracting
establishments since the series began in September 1992.
In the first quarter of 2011, closing establishments lost 1.1 million
jobs, a decline from the previous quarter. This is the smallest number
of jobs lost at closing establishments since the series began in
September 1992. (See tables 1 and 3.)
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of
gross job losses yielded a net change of 252,000 jobs in the private
sector during the first quarter of 2011. (See table 1.)
Gross job gains represented 5.9 percent of private sector employment in
first quarter 2011, while gross job losses represented 5.7 percent of
private sector employment. (See table 2.)
In first quarter 2011, the number of establishment births (a subset of
the openings data, see the Technical Note for more information) fell by
17,000 to 183,000. These new establishments accounted for 660,000 jobs,
a decrease of 132,000 from the previous quarter. This is the smallest
number of jobs gained at establishment births since the series began in
September 1992.
Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are
available through June 2010, when 652,000 jobs were lost at 185,000
establishments. This represents the lowest number of jobs lost at
establishment deaths since the series began in third quarter 1992. (See
table 8.)
From December 2010 to March 2011, gross job gains exceeded gross job
losses in all industry sectors except construction, information,
financial activities, retail trade, and transportation and warehousing.
This is the fifteenth consecutive quarter of net losses for the
information sector. Manufacturing experienced its fourth consecutive
quarter of net employment gains. The leisure and hospitality sector as
well as the professional and business services had the largest positive
rates of net employment change at 0.5 percent. (See table 3.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
Category 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2010 2010 2010 2010 2011
Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains................ 6,246 6,969 6,685 7,009 6,338
At expanding establishments... 5,084 5,687 5,427 5,631 5,230
At opening establishments..... 1,162 1,282 1,258 1,378 1,108
Gross job losses............... 6,500 6,248 6,480 6,427 6,086
At contracting establishments. 5,299 5,086 5,255 5,199 4,969
At closing establishments..... 1,201 1,162 1,125 1,228 1,117
Net employment change(1)....... -254 721 205 582 252
Rates (percent)
Gross job gains................ 5.9 6.6 6.3 6.6 5.9
At expanding establishments... 4.8 5.4 5.1 5.3 4.9
At opening establishments..... 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0
Gross job losses............... 6.1 5.9 6.2 6.1 5.7
At contracting establishments. 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.7
At closing establishments..... 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0
Net employment change(1)....... -.2 .7 .1 .5 .2
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total
gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical
Note for further information.
Gross job gains declined in all three major firm size classes compared
to the previous quarter. Firms with 250 or more employees experienced
the largest drop in gross job gains. Firms with less than 250 employees
comprised 72 percent of the total net change in employment. (See tables
4 and 5.)
In the first quarter of 2011, gross job gains exceeded gross job losses
in 35 states and the District of Columbia. Texas had the largest net
employment change of 63,921 jobs, followed by Michigan with 27,251 jobs.
(See table 6.) The District of Columbia experienced the largest rate of
net employment change at 1.8 percent, followed by North Dakota at 1.6
percent. (See table 7.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are
available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data
on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by
firm size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted
time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains
and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked
questions on firm-size data. Additional information about the Business
Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this
release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2011 are scheduled |
| to be released on Wednesday, February 1, 2012 at 10:00 a.m. (EST). |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment
insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file
quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI
laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by
the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the BLS
establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to pro-
duce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitu-
dinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses
of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.
(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.)
In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establish-
ments.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures--QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program Web sites shown in the table.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 440,000 establish-
| submitted by 9.1 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 6.7 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment, in-
| | | cluding railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually first Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| state, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors and by size |
| | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include data |
| | with greater in- |
| | dustry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of 6.7 million private sector employer reports out
of 9.1 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2011. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration,
the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establish-
ments excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the
first quarter of 2011:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the
national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.1
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.7
Zero employment.......................................1.3
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.1
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data.............................................6.7
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm-level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third month employment in the current quarter, following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the pre-
vious quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current
quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the
first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or
units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero
employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in
the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with
positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary
shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may
be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent
closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three
quarters for the publication of death statistics.
All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third
month of each quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their em-
ployment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates
of total employment, but not for levels of gross employment job gains and
gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments
that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive
employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive
quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths
are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal
database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month
of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero
employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births
and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and
closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that
is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well,
and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing.
Since openings include seasonal, and other, re-openings and closings include
temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and
deaths must be less than those openings and closings. However, because some
BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as
the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally
adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches esta-
blishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states,
which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size-
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm's employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms' sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change
in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter
in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current
year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes
once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual
data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are
available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring
annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor
relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate
restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of
the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains
and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross
job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is
equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally
adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contract-
ing units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are cal-
culated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including
the unclassified sector, which is not published separately.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting
units for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia are seasonally
adjusted at the total private level only. The sum of the state series for
opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units will not necessarily be
equal to the national total private series because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of these series.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter
data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted
data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly
and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry.
News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon
request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212;
telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2001 March -119 8,491 6,728 1,763 8,610 6,717 1,893
June -780 7,991 6,302 1,689 8,771 7,036 1,735
September -1,148 7,630 5,945 1,685 8,778 6,990 1,788
December -1,009 7,547 5,912 1,635 8,556 6,870 1,686
2002 March -10 8,071 6,298 1,773 8,081 6,434 1,647
June -30 7,868 6,145 1,723 7,898 6,274 1,624
September -151 7,630 6,039 1,591 7,781 6,248 1,533
December -241 7,483 5,938 1,545 7,724 6,185 1,539
2003 March -393 7,467 5,928 1,539 7,860 6,307 1,553
June -90 7,398 5,929 1,469 7,488 6,030 1,458
September 204 7,392 5,923 1,469 7,188 5,828 1,360
December 297 7,521 6,005 1,516 7,224 5,800 1,424
2004 March 470 7,715 6,204 1,511 7,245 5,795 1,450
June 644 7,754 6,235 1,519 7,110 5,639 1,471
September 206 7,633 6,060 1,573 7,427 5,888 1,539
December 757 7,844 6,243 1,601 7,087 5,663 1,424
2005 March 384 7,620 6,131 1,489 7,236 5,801 1,435
June 593 7,774 6,231 1,543 7,181 5,776 1,405
September 677 7,965 6,387 1,578 7,288 5,844 1,444
December 494 7,807 6,252 1,555 7,313 5,948 1,365
2006 March 874 7,797 6,354 1,443 6,923 5,636 1,287
June 371 7,758 6,246 1,512 7,387 6,015 1,372
September 52 7,499 6,061 1,438 7,447 6,097 1,350
December 455 7,740 6,223 1,517 7,285 5,941 1,344
2007 March 555 7,723 6,303 1,420 7,168 5,871 1,297
June 155 7,630 6,222 1,408 7,475 6,073 1,402
September -240 7,333 5,858 1,475 7,573 6,219 1,354
December 274 7,642 6,178 1,464 7,368 6,016 1,352
2008 March -215 7,234 5,831 1,403 7,449 6,086 1,363
June -574 7,255 5,851 1,404 7,829 6,351 1,478
September -955 6,893 5,526 1,367 7,848 6,467 1,381
December -1,819 6,698 5,342 1,356 8,517 7,030 1,487
2009 March -2,696 5,830 4,651 1,179 8,526 7,109 1,417
June -1,653 6,395 5,091 1,304 8,048 6,661 1,387
September -893 6,345 5,127 1,218 7,238 5,881 1,357
December -238 6,634 5,306 1,328 6,872 5,586 1,286
2010 March -254 6,246 5,084 1,162 6,500 5,299 1,201
June 721 6,969 5,687 1,282 6,248 5,086 1,162
September 205 6,685 5,427 1,258 6,480 5,255 1,225
December 582 7,009 5,631 1,378 6,427 5,199 1,228
2011 March 252 6,338 5,230 1,108 6,086 4,969 1,117
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2001 March -.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7
June -.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
September -1.1 6.9 5.4 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
December -1.0 7.0 5.5 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
2002 March .0 7.5 5.9 1.6 7.5 6.0 1.5
June .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5
September -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4
December -.3 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.2 5.8 1.4
2003 March -.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5
June .0 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.0 5.6 1.4
September .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4
September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3
2005 March .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
June .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3
September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2
2006 March .9 7.0 5.7 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March .4 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.3 5.2 1.1
June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2
December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2008 March -.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
June -.6 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3
September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2
December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3
2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3
June -1.5 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3
September -.9 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3
December -.2 6.3 5.0 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2010 March -.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .1 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.2 5.0 1.2
December .5 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.1 4.9 1.2
2011 March .2 5.9 4.9 1.0 5.7 4.7 1.0
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage
of the previous and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar.
2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 6,246 6,969 6,685 7,009 6,338 5.9 6.6 6.3 6.6 5.9
At expanding establishments 5,084 5,687 5,427 5,631 5,230 4.8 5.4 5.1 5.3 4.9
At opening establishments 1,162 1,282 1,258 1,378 1,108 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0
Gross job losses 6,500 6,248 6,480 6,427 6,086 6.1 5.9 6.2 6.1 5.7
At contracting establishments 5,299 5,086 5,255 5,199 4,969 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.7
At closing establishments 1,201 1,162 1,225 1,228 1,117 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0
Net employment change -254 721 205 582 252 -.2 .7 .1 .5 .2
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,300 1,468 1,378 1,364 1,296 6.9 7.8 7.3 7.2 6.9
At expanding establishments 1,095 1,238 1,162 1,138 1,107 5.8 6.6 6.2 6.0 5.9
At opening establishments 205 230 216 226 189 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0
Gross job losses 1,471 1,319 1,331 1,406 1,268 7.9 7.0 7.1 7.5 6.8
At contracting establishments 1,214 1,088 1,092 1,160 1,049 6.5 5.8 5.8 6.2 5.6
At closing establishments 257 231 239 246 219 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2
Net employment change -171 149 47 -42 28 -1.0 .8 .2 -.3 .1
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 277 305 270 284 261 15.8 17.1 14.9 15.6 14.2
At expanding establishments 240 263 234 240 225 13.7 14.7 12.9 13.2 12.2
At opening establishments 37 42 36 44 36 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.4 2.0
Gross job losses 273 239 267 278 260 15.5 13.4 14.7 15.2 14.1
At contracting establishments 234 205 230 241 225 13.3 11.5 12.7 13.2 12.2
At closing establishments 39 34 37 37 35 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9
Net employment change 4 66 3 6 1 .3 3.7 .2 .4 .1
Construction
Gross job gains 609 681 658 638 613 11.0 12.4 11.9 11.6 11.3
At expanding establishments 477 533 518 499 493 8.6 9.7 9.4 9.1 9.1
At opening establishments 132 148 140 139 120 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.2
Gross job losses 735 681 658 697 638 13.2 12.4 12.0 12.8 11.8
At contracting establishments 575 535 510 541 499 10.3 9.7 9.3 9.9 9.2
At closing establishments 160 146 148 156 139 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.6
Net employment change -126 0 0 -59 -25 -2.2 .0 -.1 -1.2 -.5
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 414 482 450 442 422 3.6 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.6
At expanding establishments 378 442 410 399 389 3.3 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.3
At opening establishments 36 40 40 43 33 .3 .3 .3 .4 .3
Gross job losses 463 399 406 431 370 4.0 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.2
At contracting establishments 405 348 352 378 325 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.8
At closing establishments 58 51 54 53 45 .5 .4 .5 .5 .4
Net employment change -49 83 44 11 52 -.4 .8 .3 .1 .4
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 4,946 5,501 5,307 5,645 5,042 5.7 6.3 6.1 6.4 5.7
At expanding establishments 3,989 4,449 4,265 4,493 4,123 4.6 5.1 4.9 5.1 4.7
At opening establishments 957 1,052 1,042 1,152 919 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0
Gross job losses 5,029 4,929 5,149 5,021 4,818 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.7 5.5
At contracting establishments 4,085 3,998 4,163 4,039 3,920 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.5
At closing establishments 944 931 986 982 898 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0
Net employment change -83 572 158 624 224 -.1 .6 .2 .7 .2
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 253 282 268 281 258 4.6 5.1 4.9 5.2 4.7
At expanding establishments 203 231 218 223 214 3.7 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.9
At opening establishments 50 51 50 58 44 .9 .9 .9 1.1 .8
Gross job losses 274 250 259 253 246 5.0 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.4
At contracting establishments 214 192 200 197 189 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.4
At closing establishments 60 58 59 56 57 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0
Net employment change -21 32 9 28 12 -.4 .5 .1 .6 .3
Retail trade
Gross job gains 804 897 799 893 805 5.6 6.1 5.5 6.2 5.5
At expanding establishments 689 765 671 763 698 4.8 5.2 4.6 5.3 4.8
At opening establishments 115 132 128 130 107 .8 .9 .9 .9 .7
Gross job losses 810 776 890 812 814 5.6 5.3 6.1 5.6 5.6
At contracting establishments 694 671 778 692 704 4.8 4.6 5.3 4.8 4.8
At closing establishments 116 105 112 120 110 .8 .7 .8 .8 .8
Net employment change -6 121 -91 81 -9 .0 .8 -.6 .6 -.1
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 188 219 216 253 204 4.7 5.6 5.4 6.3 5.1
At expanding establishments 159 184 183 217 173 4.0 4.7 4.6 5.4 4.3
At opening establishments 29 35 33 36 31 .7 .9 .8 .9 .8
Gross job losses 223 191 196 193 223 5.7 4.9 4.9 4.8 5.5
At contracting establishments 189 157 159 160 190 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.7
At closing establishments 34 34 37 33 33 .9 .9 .9 .8 .8
Net employment change -35 28 20 60 -19 -1.0 .7 .5 1.5 -.4
Utilities
Gross job gains 9 11 10 12 11 1.6 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.0
At expanding establishments 8 10 9 10 10 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.8
At opening establishments 1 1 1 2 1 .2 .2 .2 .4 .2
Gross job losses 10 13 12 11 9 1.8 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.7
At contracting establishments 9 12 11 10 8 1.6 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.5
At closing establishments 1 1 1 1 1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2
Net employment change -1 -2 -2 1 2 -.2 -.4 -.4 .2 .3
Information
Gross job gains 107 126 134 127 111 3.9 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.1
At expanding establishments 90 106 114 104 95 3.3 3.9 4.2 3.9 3.5
At opening establishments 17 20 20 23 16 .6 .7 .7 .9 .6
Gross job losses 132 130 137 138 130 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.1 4.8
At contracting establishments 112 110 115 114 110 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1
At closing establishments 20 20 22 24 20 .7 .7 .8 .9 .7
Net employment change -25 -4 -3 -11 -19 -.9 -.2 -.1 -.3 -.7
Financial activities
Gross job gains 335 345 350 369 317 4.5 4.7 4.7 5.0 4.3
At expanding establishments 269 273 277 282 257 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.5
At opening establishments 66 72 73 87 60 .9 1.0 1.0 1.2 .8
Gross job losses 371 373 370 346 334 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.5
At contracting establishments 282 288 275 263 255 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.4
At closing establishments 89 85 95 83 79 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1
Net employment change -36 -28 -20 23 -17 -.5 -.3 -.3 .3 -.2
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,162 1,357 1,285 1,387 1,219 7.0 8.1 7.6 8.2 7.1
At expanding establishments 943 1,102 1,042 1,116 1,013 5.7 6.6 6.2 6.6 5.9
At opening establishments 219 255 243 271 206 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.2
Gross job losses 1,148 1,150 1,189 1,176 1,134 6.9 7.0 7.1 6.9 6.6
At contracting establishments 914 892 937 918 907 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.3
At closing establishments 234 258 252 258 227 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.3
Net employment change 14 207 96 211 85 .1 1.1 .5 1.3 .5
Education and health services
Gross job gains 748 780 798 842 733 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.5 3.8
At expanding establishments 629 662 668 697 630 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.3
At opening establishments 119 118 130 145 103 .6 .6 .7 .8 .5
Gross job losses 719 716 731 704 668 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.6
At contracting establishments 601 599 600 580 558 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0
At closing establishments 118 117 131 124 110 .6 .6 .7 .7 .6
Net employment change 29 64 67 138 65 .2 .4 .4 .7 .2
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,026 1,155 1,111 1,131 1,037 7.9 8.9 8.5 8.6 7.9
At expanding establishments 793 892 864 862 814 6.1 6.9 6.6 6.6 6.2
At opening establishments 233 263 247 269 223 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.7
Gross job losses 1,046 1,053 1,069 1,100 985 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.4 7.4
At contracting establishments 855 873 873 893 799 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.0
At closing establishments 191 180 196 207 186 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.4
Net employment change -20 102 42 31 52 -.2 .8 .3 .2 .5
Other services
Gross job gains 253 279 268 272 258 6.8 7.5 7.2 7.3 6.9
At expanding establishments 198 219 209 210 206 5.3 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.5
At opening establishments 55 60 59 62 52 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.4
Gross job losses 266 255 275 267 249 7.2 6.9 7.4 7.2 6.7
At contracting establishments 208 199 211 207 193 5.6 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.2
At closing establishments 58 56 64 60 56 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5
Net employment change -13 24 -7 5 9 -.4 .6 -.2 .1 .2
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change(2,3) gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2001 March 52 7,033 6,981 23 3,508 3,485 -87 1,277 1,364 116 2,248 2,132
June -843 6,432 7,275 -123 3,393 3,516 -180 1,223 1,403 -540 1,816 2,356
September -1,214 6,124 7,338 -271 3,333 3,604 -253 1,142 1,395 -690 1,649 2,339
December -1,041 6,146 7,187 -118 3,325 3,443 -200 1,138 1,338 -723 1,683 2,406
2002 March 70 6,602 6,532 54 3,402 3,348 -52 1,194 1,246 68 2,006 1,938
June -61 6,416 6,477 69 3,379 3,310 -7 1,191 1,198 -123 1,846 1,969
September -176 6,190 6,366 20 3,335 3,315 -46 1,144 1,190 -150 1,711 1,861
December -247 6,114 6,361 -3 3,299 3,302 -73 1,106 1,179 -171 1,709 1,880
2003 March -326 6,112 6,438 -135 3,257 3,392 -56 1,127 1,183 -135 1,728 1,863
June -137 6,108 6,245 112 3,346 3,234 -26 1,133 1,159 -223 1,629 1,852
September 193 6,162 5,969 120 3,327 3,207 21 1,127 1,106 52 1,708 1,656
December 310 6,218 5,908 146 3,340 3,194 32 1,128 1,096 132 1,750 1,618
2004 March 430 6,306 5,876 153 3,392 3,239 137 1,194 1,057 140 1,720 1,580
June 621 6,471 5,850 169 3,387 3,218 141 1,196 1,055 311 1,888 1,577
September 197 6,243 6,046 88 3,379 3,291 88 1,175 1,087 21 1,689 1,668
December 759 6,494 5,735 274 3,480 3,206 101 1,172 1,071 384 1,842 1,458
2005 March 368 6,320 5,952 66 3,416 3,350 97 1,161 1,064 205 1,743 1,538
June 570 6,435 5,865 243 3,476 3,233 146 1,198 1,052 181 1,761 1,580
September 701 6,672 5,971 218 3,510 3,292 85 1,195 1,110 398 1,967 1,569
December 506 6,406 5,900 169 3,462 3,293 45 1,140 1,095 292 1,804 1,512
2006 March 788 6,433 5,645 334 3,547 3,213 222 1,213 991 232 1,673 1,441
June 375 6,349 5,974 117 3,434 3,317 110 1,190 1,080 148 1,725 1,577
September 43 6,103 6,060 -14 3,329 3,343 27 1,127 1,100 30 1,647 1,617
December 447 6,375 5,928 117 3,393 3,276 74 1,147 1,073 256 1,835 1,579
2007 March 481 6,301 5,820 196 3,454 3,258 109 1,155 1,046 176 1,692 1,516
June 170 6,260 6,090 -28 3,340 3,368 106 1,181 1,075 92 1,739 1,647
September -252 5,907 6,159 -129 3,256 3,385 -53 1,075 1,128 -70 1,576 1,646
December 259 6,231 5,972 -10 3,304 3,314 51 1,133 1,082 218 1,794 1,576
2008 March -259 5,810 6,069 -132 3,240 3,372 0 1,076 1,076 -127 1,494 1,621
June -552 5,862 6,414 -282 3,181 3,463 -38 1,100 1,138 -232 1,581 1,813
September -1,016 5,499 6,515 -354 3,045 3,399 -161 1,015 1,176 -501 1,439 1,940
December -1,880 5,323 7,203 -706 2,898 3,604 -380 941 1,321 -794 1,484 2,278
2009 March -2,626 4,582 7,208 -962 2,725 3,687 -600 807 1,407 -1,064 1,050 2,114
June -1,776 5,176 6,952 -472 2,952 3,424 -276 958 1,234 -1,028 1,266 2,294
September -957 5,134 6,091 -382 2,818 3,200 -127 928 1,055 -448 1,388 1,836
December -310 5,389 5,699 -176 2,928 3,104 -52 957 1,009 -82 1,504 1,586
2010 March -213 5,096 5,309 -177 2,866 3,043 7 910 903 -43 1,320 1,363
June 686 5,819 5,133 236 3,096 2,860 211 1,080 869 239 1,643 1,404
September 175 5,493 5,318 14 2,935 2,921 72 995 923 89 1,563 1,474
December 502 5,769 5,267 74 3,036 2,962 87 1,029 942 341 1,704 1,363
2011 March 300 5,270 4,970 95 2,931 2,836 120 954 834 85 1,385 1,300
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
(3) Net change totals for firm-level data shown differ from the establishment-level data
due to independent seasonal adjustment of the series.
NOTE: See http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for additional firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar.
2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 5,096 5,819 5,493 5,769 5,270 4.8 5.5 5.2 5.4 4.9
At expanding firms 4,209 4,897 4,606 4,792 4,414 4.0 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.1
At opening firms 887 922 887 977 856 .8 .9 .8 .9 .8
Gross job losses 5,309 5,133 5,318 5,267 4,970 5.1 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.7
At contracting firms 4,409 4,300 4,441 4,392 4,122 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.9
At closing firms 900 833 877 875 848 .9 .8 .8 .8 .8
Net employment change -213 686 175 502 300 -.3 .6 .2 .5 .2
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 2,866 3,096 2,935 3,036 2,931 9.2 10.0 9.4 9.8 9.5
At expanding firms 2,016 2,221 2,091 2,105 2,102 6.5 7.2 6.7 6.8 6.8
At opening firms 850 875 844 931 829 2.7 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.7
Gross job losses 3,043 2,860 2,921 2,962 2,836 9.8 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.1
At contracting firms 2,174 2,060 2,088 2,128 2,020 7.0 6.6 6.7 6.9 6.5
At closing firms 869 800 833 834 816 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.6
Net employment change -177 236 14 74 95 -.6 .8 .0 .2 .4
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 910 1,080 995 1,029 954 4.7 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.8
At expanding firms 880 1,041 961 990 930 4.5 5.4 4.9 5.1 4.7
At opening firms 30 39 34 39 24 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1
Gross job losses 903 869 923 942 834 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.8 4.2
At contracting firms 875 841 892 906 807 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.1
At closing firms 28 28 31 36 27 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1
Net employment change 7 211 72 87 120 .1 1.2 .3 .5 .6
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,320 1,643 1,563 1,704 1,385 2.4 3.0 2.8 3.1 2.5
At expanding firms 1,313 1,635 1,554 1,697 1,382 2.4 3.0 2.8 3.1 2.5
At opening firms 7 8 9 7 3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Gross job losses 1,363 1,404 1,474 1,363 1,300 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.3
At contracting firms 1,360 1,399 1,461 1,358 1,295 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.3
At closing firms 3 5 13 5 5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Net employment change -43 239 89 341 85 -.1 .5 .2 .7 .2
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011
United States1..... 6,246,000 6,969,000 6,685,000 7,009,000 6,338,000 6,500,000 6,248,000 6,480,000 6,427,000 6,086,000
Alabama..... 84,372 92,483 90,721 92,164 84,072 84,663 84,923 95,799 89,956 82,916
Alaska..... 25,441 26,360 23,161 24,908 24,319 23,791 21,840 23,448 25,197 21,293
Arizona..... 120,845 120,873 126,753 141,676 117,103 122,788 127,006 129,605 113,046 117,413
Arkansas..... 53,238 61,695 55,521 54,051 55,976 52,035 53,119 58,241 58,156 53,905
California..... 781,375 887,666 787,214 873,783 752,698 836,279 779,531 818,105 772,029 738,300
Colorado..... 118,409 133,255 124,225 131,018 122,688 122,968 125,126 124,036 120,092 114,405
Connecticut..... 67,780 85,104 72,370 74,302 67,774 81,766 67,794 67,158 72,484 69,284
Delaware..... 19,458 24,056 22,933 21,847 22,113 21,354 18,824 21,089 22,834 20,242
District of Columbia 23,622 26,497 25,326 27,846 29,987 21,281 23,479 29,528 24,781 21,458
Florida..... 374,097 424,764 419,552 453,057 372,940 378,742 404,928 426,977 414,993 356,280
Georgia..... 198,798 210,784 216,883 214,691 207,785 198,131 207,651 202,499 198,644 186,781
Hawaii..... 24,547 24,707 28,392 26,466 24,223 24,865 26,116 25,057 22,825 22,900
Idaho..... 36,137 36,328 39,571 40,703 35,498 38,800 39,903 35,155 37,844 36,790
Illinois..... 234,051 268,667 255,731 281,974 245,304 244,386 232,366 251,229 254,339 236,133
Indiana..... 131,409 145,993 140,288 145,415 135,804 128,057 131,148 131,096 132,742 114,665
Iowa..... 64,941 70,717 70,026 75,715 65,535 65,873 66,734 69,637 69,027 66,140
Kansas..... 56,274 63,016 61,756 70,900 59,010 61,646 60,147 63,668 60,144 60,071
Kentucky..... 79,350 87,264 83,568 93,215 80,921 84,151 79,926 81,672 81,135 83,668
Louisiana..... 96,637 104,674 103,355 106,043 102,355 97,000 98,255 99,701 101,389 90,149
Maine..... 31,237 37,147 35,628 34,798 30,806 34,986 35,323 34,417 35,991 32,856
Maryland..... 125,458 138,572 127,180 128,762 119,293 125,663 119,298 129,181 125,577 118,004
Massachusetts..... 155,323 162,965 157,323 156,253 136,195 145,522 139,146 153,793 152,159 139,626
Michigan..... 185,348 222,102 218,979 207,960 202,206 191,060 182,967 190,046 210,292 174,955
Minnesota..... 125,554 138,901 124,355 131,626 124,362 130,865 112,782 123,248 128,668 118,040
Mississippi..... 51,404 58,084 57,350 56,787 55,205 49,921 53,738 57,458 55,326 50,813
Missouri..... 124,514 131,264 127,425 124,515 121,999 129,766 129,031 123,553 121,858 120,177
Montana..... 26,138 26,982 27,124 27,445 24,767 27,803 26,508 24,974 27,711 24,719
Nebraska..... 40,452 44,693 43,221 42,938 40,591 41,259 40,169 41,996 42,817 39,689
Nevada..... 52,267 61,087 55,275 67,891 58,860 65,509 55,786 63,266 58,018 56,471
New Hampshire..... 34,777 36,737 33,633 36,059 31,746 35,982 33,135 33,968 34,213 31,830
New Jersey..... 177,185 223,605 188,804 203,235 184,843 196,575 190,581 204,259 198,023 192,772
New Mexico..... 38,503 40,815 39,762 40,742 35,917 38,639 40,938 41,048 37,689 35,305
New York..... 376,211 452,585 432,680 449,459 406,459 396,193 398,325 410,012 419,971 385,929
North Carolina..... 185,191 206,273 201,598 209,029 200,576 190,735 195,011 193,472 195,225 177,200
North Dakota..... 19,848 20,600 22,758 23,814 23,425 18,786 18,120 17,074 17,984 18,400
Ohio..... 222,723 251,456 244,556 261,771 232,288 231,507 216,693 223,292 250,797 223,563
Oklahoma..... 69,470 75,351 75,614 77,617 70,826 67,092 65,056 73,056 64,020 71,533
Oregon..... 89,239 88,864 95,437 94,944 90,375 88,209 86,397 83,701 91,838 84,986
Pennsylvania..... 255,595 280,308 267,898 281,481 256,426 250,760 240,856 253,938 260,162 244,149
Rhode Island..... 22,986 26,168 24,453 23,620 21,353 21,905 25,029 23,626 25,140 22,691
South Carolina..... 89,756 96,305 91,822 89,875 86,741 85,427 85,961 85,836 84,506 78,523
South Dakota..... 19,311 21,918 20,878 21,224 18,832 21,300 19,057 19,476 19,803 20,222
Tennessee..... 110,089 135,727 123,944 129,673 117,400 113,834 119,621 127,678 114,731 107,336
Texas..... 473,487 493,086 496,166 517,288 490,083 441,554 450,941 448,972 438,142 426,162
Utah..... 64,156 66,707 66,646 69,992 64,599 64,634 63,249 64,810 62,883 59,437
Vermont..... 15,849 18,449 18,660 19,203 15,293 17,651 18,681 16,375 16,981 16,751
Virginia..... 154,919 187,240 177,577 178,103 164,199 163,577 167,200 177,624 167,855 153,775
Washington..... 154,686 156,965 162,283 167,005 153,861 157,286 146,952 147,705 161,094 144,122
West Virginia..... 33,754 37,521 36,767 34,855 36,012 34,998 36,549 34,036 35,503 31,982
Wisconsin..... 127,777 135,914 133,367 137,774 126,841 127,653 120,414 124,554 130,173 121,831
Wyoming..... 17,669 17,758 20,415 19,076 16,725 18,417 18,073 16,520 18,428 17,656
Puerto Rico..... 38,518 36,360 41,677 45,491 35,682 44,195 44,179 41,118 36,861 41,248
Virgin Islands..... 2,705 2,044 2,419 2,369 2,104 1,912 2,746 1,830 1,803 1,947
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011
United States1..... 5.9 6.6 6.3 6.6 5.9 6.1 5.9 6.2 6.1 5.7
Alabama..... 5.8 6.4 6.3 6.3 5.8 5.9 5.8 6.6 6.2 5.8
Alaska..... 10.8 11.1 9.7 10.5 10.1 10.1 9.2 9.9 10.5 8.8
Arizona..... 6.2 6.2 6.5 7.2 5.9 6.3 6.4 6.6 5.7 5.9
Arkansas..... 5.8 6.6 6.0 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.7 6.2 6.3 5.8
California..... 6.7 7.5 6.7 7.4 6.3 7.2 6.7 6.9 6.6 6.2
Colorado..... 6.6 7.4 6.9 7.3 6.7 6.9 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.3
Connecticut..... 5.0 6.4 5.3 5.5 5.0 6.1 5.0 4.9 5.4 5.1
Delaware..... 5.8 7.1 6.7 6.4 6.4 6.3 5.6 6.2 6.7 6.0
District of Columbia.. 5.4 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.6 4.8 5.3 6.6 5.6 4.8
Florida..... 6.2 7.0 6.9 7.4 6.1 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.8 5.8
Georgia..... 6.4 6.9 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.0
Hawaii..... 5.3 5.3 6.1 5.7 5.1 5.3 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.8
Idaho..... 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.2 7.1 7.8 8.1 7.2 7.7 7.4
Illinois..... 5.0 5.7 5.5 6.0 5.2 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.0
Indiana..... 5.7 6.4 6.1 6.3 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 4.9
Iowa..... 5.5 5.9 5.8 6.3 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.5
Kansas..... 5.4 6.0 5.9 6.7 5.6 5.9 5.8 6.1 5.7 5.7
Kentucky..... 5.7 6.3 6.0 6.6 5.8 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.7 6.0
Louisiana..... 6.5 7.1 6.9 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.0
Maine..... 6.6 7.8 7.5 7.3 6.4 7.3 7.4 7.2 7.5 6.9
Maryland..... 6.4 7.1 6.5 6.6 6.1 6.4 6.1 6.6 6.3 6.0
Massachusetts..... 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.7 5.6 5.2
Michigan..... 5.9 7.0 6.9 6.5 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.9 6.5 5.4
Minnesota..... 5.8 6.4 5.7 6.0 5.6 6.0 5.2 5.7 5.8 5.4
Mississippi..... 6.2 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.6 6.0 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.0
Missouri..... 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.8 5.7 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.6
Montana..... 7.8 8.1 8.1 8.2 7.3 8.2 8.0 7.5 8.3 7.3
Nebraska..... 5.6 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.4
Nevada..... 5.4 6.4 5.8 7.1 6.1 6.8 5.8 6.6 6.1 5.9
New Hampshire..... 6.8 7.2 6.6 7.0 6.1 7.0 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.2
New Jersey..... 5.6 7.1 6.0 6.5 5.8 6.2 6.1 6.5 6.3 6.1
New Mexico..... 6.5 6.9 6.8 6.9 6.0 6.6 6.9 7.0 6.4 5.9
New York..... 5.5 6.6 6.3 6.5 5.8 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.5
North Carolina..... 6.0 6.6 6.5 6.7 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.2 5.6
North Dakota..... 7.0 7.2 7.8 8.0 7.7 6.5 6.3 5.8 6.1 6.1
Ohio..... 5.4 6.1 5.9 6.2 5.5 5.6 5.3 5.4 6.0 5.3
Oklahoma..... 6.1 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.0 5.8 5.6 6.3 5.5 6.1
Oregon..... 6.8 6.8 7.3 7.2 6.8 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.9 6.3
Pennsylvania..... 5.5 5.9 5.7 5.9 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.1
Rhode Island..... 5.9 6.8 6.4 6.1 5.5 5.7 6.5 6.1 6.5 5.9
South Carolina..... 6.4 6.8 6.5 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.5
South Dakota..... 6.1 7.0 6.6 6.7 5.9 6.8 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.4
Tennessee..... 5.2 6.4 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.9 5.3 5.0
Texas..... 5.7 5.9 5.9 6.1 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.0
Utah..... 6.8 7.1 7.1 7.4 6.7 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.6 6.2
Vermont..... 6.7 7.8 7.9 8.0 6.3 7.4 7.9 6.9 7.0 6.9
Virginia..... 5.5 6.6 6.2 6.3 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.3 5.9 5.4
Washington..... 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5 6.8 7.1 6.6 6.6 7.2 6.4
West Virginia..... 6.2 6.9 6.7 6.4 6.5 6.4 6.6 6.2 6.4 5.8
Wisconsin..... 5.8 6.1 6.0 6.2 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.4
Wyoming..... 8.6 8.7 10.0 9.3 8.0 9.0 8.9 8.1 8.9 8.5
Puerto Rico..... 5.7 5.4 6.2 6.8 5.3 6.6 6.6 6.1 5.6 6.1
Virgin Islands..... 8.7 6.6 7.9 7.5 6.6 6.2 8.9 5.9 5.7 6.1
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2001 March 206 3.3 203 3.2 1,187 1.1 1,303 1.2
June 204 3.2 204 3.2 1,146 1.0 1,226 1.1
September 204 3.2 207 3.3 1,151 1.1 1,219 1.1
December 194 3.1 200 3.2 1,109 1.0 1,142 1.1
2002 March 204 3.2 190 3.0 1,175 1.1 1,089 1.0
June 208 3.3 187 2.9 1,189 1.1 1,080 1.0
September 199 3.1 184 2.9 1,051 1.0 1,023 1.0
December 201 3.1 191 3.0 1,023 1.0 1,021 1.0
2003 March 193 3.0 186 2.9 1,004 .9 1,011 .9
June 191 3.0 186 2.9 964 .9 951 .9
September 193 3.0 179 2.8 954 .9 884 .8
December 200 3.1 180 2.8 998 .9 910 .9
2004 March 207 3.2 180 2.8 1,000 .9 917 .9
June 203 3.1 185 2.8 980 .9 909 .8
September 209 3.2 186 2.8 1,016 .9 953 .9
December 210 3.2 180 2.7 997 .9 894 .8
2005 March 209 3.1 185 2.8 944 .9 852 .8
June 216 3.2 180 2.7 951 .9 841 .8
September 221 3.3 186 2.8 996 .9 884 .8
December 221 3.3 186 2.8 979 .9 846 .8
2006 March 220 3.2 180 2.6 924 .8 748 .7
June 221 3.2 194 2.8 973 .9 841 .7
September 210 3.1 196 2.9 927 .8 836 .7
December 221 3.2 194 2.8 959 .8 804 .7
2007 March 214 3.1 193 2.8 896 .8 768 .7
June 206 3.0 202 2.9 883 .8 851 .7
September 216 3.1 203 2.9 944 .8 837 .7
December 208 3.0 207 3.0 903 .8 830 .7
2008 March 207 3.0 211 3.0 894 .8 810 .7
June 200 2.9 228 3.3 876 .8 934 .8
September 191 2.7 223 3.2 830 .7 881 .8
December 188 2.7 240 3.5 801 .7 953 .9
2009 March 172 2.5 235 3.4 701 .6 846 .8
June 177 2.6 226 3.3 741 .7 832 .8
September 169 2.5 215 3.2 694 .7 786 .7
December 182 2.7 200 3.0 713 .7 741 .7
2010 March 175 2.6 194 2.9 684 .7 664 .6
June 179 2.7 185 2.7 713 .7 652 .6
September 188 2.8 N/A N/A 743 .7 N/A N/A
December 200 2.9 N/A N/A 792 .7 N/A N/A
2011 March 183 2.7 N/A N/A 660 .6 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters
by definition. See the Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage
of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or
total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
