For release: 10:00 A.M. EST USDL 10-1602
Thursday, November 18, 2010
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FIRST QUARTER 2010
From December 2009 to March 2010 the number of gross job gains from
opening and expanding private sector establishments decreased to 6.1
million, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over
this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting private
sector establishments were 6.4 million. Job losses have steadily
decreased from a recent high of 8.5 million in December 2008 to
their lowest level since this series began in September 1992.
Firms with 100 to 999 employees experienced net job gains in first
quarter 2010, while firms with 1 to 99 employees and 1,000 or more
employees experienced net job losses.
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of
increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses
in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private business units from the third
month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job
gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at
existing units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross
job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing
units and the loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between
the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is
the net change in employment. (See the Technical Note for more
information.)
The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the
establishment level by major industry sector and for the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as
gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Revision of Historical Business Employment Dynamics Series |
| |
| The release of first quarter 2010 Business Employment Dynamics data |
| incorporates annual revisions for 2009 and historical corrections |
| resulting from the publication of national 3-digit NAICS data. |
| Seasonally adjusted and non-seasonally adjusted data have both |
| been revised. |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contracting establishments lost 5.2 million jobs in the first
quarter of 2010. This is the smallest number of jobs lost at contracting
establishments since June 1993.
First quarter job gains at expanding establishments fell to 5.0
million. The drop reversed an upward trend in the series that
began in March 2009.
From December 2009 to March 2010 closing establishments lost 1.2
million jobs, a decrease from the previous quarter’s loss of 1.3
million.
Opening establishments gained 1.1 million jobs, also a decrease
from the previous quarter when opening establishments created 1.3
million jobs. (See tables 1 and 3.)
In first quarter 2010 there were 172,000 establishment births
(a subset of the openings data, see the Technical Note for more
information); these new establishments added 661,000 jobs.
Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are
available through June 2009, when 831,000 jobs were lost at
226,000 establishments. (See table 7.)
The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the
number of gross jobs lost yielded a net change of -311,000 jobs in
the private sector for first quarter 2010. (See table 1.)
Gross job gains represented 5.8 percent of private sector
employment in first quarter 2010, while gross job losses represented
6.1 percent of private sector employment. (See table 2.)
The education and health services sector was the only sector
that had a net increase in employment in first quarter 2010.
Gross job gains in the service-providing sectors fell from
5,349,000 in December 2009 to 4,844,000 in March 2010. The
construction sector continues to experience the highest net losses
as a percent of total employment. From December 2009 to March
2010, the rate of gross job gains decreased slightly from 10.9
to 10.7 percent, while the rate of gross job losses showed a
larger decline from 13.6 to 13.1 percent. (See table 3.)
The share of total gross job gains at firms with 1 to 249 employees
increased from 72.0 percent to 74.2 percent. The share of gross job losses
decreased at firms with 50 or more employees and increased at firms
with 1 to 49 employees. (See table 4.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
Category 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2009 2009 2009 2009 2010
Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains................ 5,783 6,421 6,341 6,662 6,110
At expanding establishments... 4,611 5,117 5,124 5,326 4,996
At opening establishments..... 1,172 1,304 1,217 1,336 1,114
Gross job losses............... 8,524 8,025 7,241 6,890 6,421
At contracting establishments. 7,109 6,644 5,883 5,598 5,231
At closing establishments..... 1,415 1,381 1,358 1,292 1,190
Net employment change(1).......-2,741 -1,604 -900 -228 -311
Rates (percent)
Gross job gains................ 5.3 6.0 5.9 6.4 5.8
At expanding establishments... 4.2 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.7
At opening establishments..... 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1
Gross job losses............... 7.8 7.5 6.9 6.5 6.1
At contracting establishments. 6.5 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.0
At closing establishments..... 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1
Net employment change(1)....... -2.5 -1.5 -1.0 -.1 -.3
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total
gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical
Note for further information.
In first quarter 2010, fifteen states, the District of Columbia,
and the Virgin Islands experienced a positive net change in employment,
an increase from eight states in the prior quarter. Texas had the
largest net gain in employment, which can be attributed to a sharp
decline in gross job losses from 484,059 in December 2009 to 434,114
in March 2010. New York and New Jersey experienced their lowest
levels of gross job losses for the series in first quarter 2010 at
390,777 and 193,790, respectively. However, both states experienced
net employment losses of about 17,500 due to declines in gross job
gains. (See table 5.) From December 2009 to March 2010, gross job
losses as a percent of total employment decreased or remained unchanged
at 48 states, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands.
Connecticut and South Dakota were the only states to show
increases. (See table 6.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are
available online at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. This information
includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross
job losses by firm size, the not seasonally adjusted data and other
seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm
size, and frequently asked questions on firm-size data. Additional
information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be
found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by
e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
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| The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2010 are |
| scheduled to be released on Tuesday, February 1, 2011 at 10:00 a.m. |
| (EST). |
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Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment
insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file
quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI
laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by
the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the BLS
establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to pro-
duce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitu-
dinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses
of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.
(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.)
In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establish-
ments.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures--QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program Web sites shown in the table.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 410,000 establish-
| submitted by 9.0 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 6.7 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment, in-
| | | cluding railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -7 months after the| -8 months after the | -Usually first Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| state, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors and by size |
| | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include data |
| | with greater in- |
| | dustry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of 6.7 million private sector employer reports out
of 9.0 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2010. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration,
the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establish-
ments excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the
first quarter of 2010:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the
national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.0
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.7
Zero employment.......................................1.3
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.0
(less than 50,000)
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data.............................................6.7
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm-level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third month employment in the current quarter, following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the pre-
vious quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current
quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the
first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or
units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero
employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in
the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with
positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary
shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may
be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent
closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three
quarters for the publication of death statistics.
All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third
month of each quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their em-
ployment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates
of total employment, but not for levels of gross employment job gains and
gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments
that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive
employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive
quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths
are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal
database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month
of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero
employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births
and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and
closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that
is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well,
and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing.
Since openings include seasonal, and other, re-openings and closings include
temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and
deaths must be less than those openings and closings. However, because some
BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as
the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally
adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches esta-
blishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states,
which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size-
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm's employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms' sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change
in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter
in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current
year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes
once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual
data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are
available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring
annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor
relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate
restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of
the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains
and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross
job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is
equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally
adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contract-
ing units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are cal-
culated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including
the unclassified sector, which is not published separately.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting
units for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia are seasonally
adjusted at the total private level only. The sum of the state series for
opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units will not necessarily be
equal to the national total private series because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of these series.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter
data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted
data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly
and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry.
News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon
request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212;
telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2000 March 827 8,849 6,960 1,889 8,022 6,342 1,680
June 503 8,479 6,794 1,685 7,976 6,373 1,603
September 324 8,525 6,756 1,769 8,201 6,479 1,722
December 251 8,351 6,673 1,678 8,100 6,444 1,656
2001 March -119 8,491 6,728 1,763 8,610 6,717 1,893
June -780 7,991 6,302 1,689 8,771 7,036 1,735
September -1,148 7,630 5,945 1,685 8,778 6,990 1,788
December -1,009 7,547 5,912 1,635 8,556 6,870 1,686
2002 March -10 8,071 6,298 1,773 8,081 6,434 1,647
June -30 7,868 6,145 1,723 7,898 6,274 1,624
September -151 7,630 6,039 1,591 7,781 6,248 1,533
December -241 7,483 5,938 1,545 7,724 6,185 1,539
2003 March -393 7,467 5,928 1,539 7,860 6,307 1,553
June -90 7,398 5,929 1,469 7,488 6,030 1,458
September 204 7,392 5,923 1,469 7,188 5,828 1,360
December 297 7,521 6,005 1,516 7,224 5,800 1,424
2004 March 470 7,715 6,204 1,511 7,245 5,795 1,450
June 644 7,754 6,235 1,519 7,110 5,639 1,471
September 206 7,633 6,060 1,573 7,427 5,888 1,539
December 757 7,844 6,243 1,601 7,087 5,663 1,424
2005 March 384 7,620 6,131 1,489 7,236 5,801 1,435
June 593 7,774 6,231 1,543 7,181 5,776 1,405
September 677 7,965 6,387 1,578 7,288 5,844 1,444
December 494 7,807 6,252 1,555 7,313 5,948 1,365
2006 March 806 7,726 6,293 1,433 6,920 5,635 1,285
June 424 7,789 6,273 1,516 7,365 5,998 1,367
September 45 7,495 6,057 1,438 7,450 6,098 1,352
December 462 7,765 6,241 1,524 7,303 5,954 1,349
2007 March 491 7,657 6,243 1,414 7,166 5,870 1,296
June 207 7,661 6,250 1,411 7,454 6,056 1,398
September -249 7,328 5,855 1,473 7,577 6,223 1,354
December 286 7,670 6,197 1,473 7,384 6,028 1,356
2008 March -275 7,172 5,778 1,394 7,447 6,083 1,364
June -520 7,285 5,878 1,407 7,805 6,332 1,473
September -966 6,888 5,521 1,367 7,854 6,469 1,385
December -1,814 6,720 5,357 1,363 8,534 7,041 1,493
2009 March -2,741 5,783 4,611 1,172 8,524 7,109 1,415
June -1,604 6,421 5,117 1,304 8,025 6,644 1,381
September -900 6,341 5,124 1,217 7,241 5,883 1,358
December -228 6,662 5,326 1,336 6,890 5,598 1,292
2010 March -311 6,110 4,996 1,114 6,421 5,231 1,190
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2000 March .8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5
June .4 7.7 6.2 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
September .2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6
December .2 7.5 6.0 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
2001 March -.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7
June -.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
September -1.1 6.9 5.4 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
December -1.0 7.0 5.5 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
2002 March .0 7.5 5.9 1.6 7.5 6.0 1.5
June .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5
September -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4
December -.3 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.2 5.8 1.4
2003 March -.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5
June .0 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.0 5.6 1.4
September .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4
September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3
2005 March .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
June .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3
September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2
2006 March .8 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .4 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March .4 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.3 5.2 1.1
June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2
December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2008 March -.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
June -.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3
September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2
December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3
2009 March -2.5 5.3 4.2 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3
June -1.5 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3
September -1.0 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.9 5.6 1.3
December -.1 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2010 March -.3 5.8 4.7 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage
of the previous and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3: Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
March June Sept. Dec. March March June Sept. Dec. March
2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 5,783 6,421 6,341 6,662 6,110 5.3 6.0 5.9 6.4 5.8
At expanding establishments 4,611 5,117 5,124 5,326 4,996 4.2 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.7
At opening establishments 1,172 1,304 1,217 1,336 1,114 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1
Gross job losses 8,524 8,025 7,241 6,890 6,421 7.8 7.5 6.9 6.5 6.1
At contracting establishments 7,109 6,644 5,883 5,598 5,231 6.5 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.0
At closing establishments 1,415 1,381 1,358 1,292 1,190 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1
Net employment change -2,741 -1,604 -900 -228 -311 -2.5 -1.5 -1.0 -.1 -.3
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,090 1,273 1,343 1,313 1,266 5.2 6.4 7.0 6.9 6.7
At expanding establishments 893 1,052 1,136 1,080 1,072 4.3 5.3 5.9 5.7 5.7
At opening establishments 197 221 207 233 194 .9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0
Gross job losses 2,309 2,147 1,675 1,590 1,459 11.0 10.8 8.7 8.4 7.8
At contracting establishments 2,006 1,848 1,385 1,321 1,204 9.6 9.3 7.2 7.0 6.4
At closing establishments 303 299 290 269 255 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4
Net employment change -1,219 -874 -332 -277 -193 -5.8 -4.4 -1.7 -1.5 -1.1
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 231 285 256 285 270 12.4 15.9 14.5 16.3 15.4
At expanding establishments 196 244 222 243 235 10.5 13.6 12.6 13.9 13.4
At opening establishments 35 41 34 42 35 1.9 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.0
Gross job losses 346 304 287 292 271 18.6 16.9 16.3 16.7 15.4
At contracting establishments 304 264 250 253 232 16.3 14.7 14.2 14.5 13.2
At closing establishments 42 40 37 39 39 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2
Net employment change -115 -19 -31 -7 -1 -6.2 -1.0 -1.8 -.4 .0
Construction
Gross job gains 566 620 614 615 591 8.7 10.2 10.5 10.9 10.7
At expanding establishments 438 481 481 470 466 6.7 7.9 8.2 8.3 8.4
At opening establishments 128 139 133 145 125 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.3
Gross job losses 1,001 946 814 773 728 15.4 15.5 13.9 13.6 13.1
At contracting establishments 806 761 634 606 570 12.4 12.5 10.8 10.7 10.3
At closing establishments 195 185 180 167 158 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.8
Net employment change -435 -326 -200 -158 -137 -6.7 -5.3 -3.4 -2.7 -2.4
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 293 368 473 413 405 2.4 3.0 4.0 3.6 3.5
At expanding establishments 259 327 433 367 371 2.1 2.7 3.7 3.2 3.2
At opening establishments 34 41 40 46 34 .3 .3 .3 .4 .3
Gross job losses 962 897 574 525 460 7.6 7.5 4.9 4.5 4.0
At contracting establishments 896 823 501 462 402 7.1 6.9 4.3 4.0 3.5
At closing establishments 66 74 73 63 58 .5 .6 .6 .5 .5
Net employment change -669 -529 -101 -112 -55 -5.2 -4.5 -.9 -.9 -.5
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 4,693 5,148 4,998 5,349 4,844 5.3 5.9 5.8 6.2 5.6
At expanding establishments 3,718 4,065 3,988 4,246 3,924 4.2 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.5
At opening establishments 975 1,083 1,010 1,103 920 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1
Gross job losses 6,215 5,878 5,566 5,300 4,962 7.1 6.7 6.4 6.2 5.8
At contracting establishments 5,103 4,796 4,498 4,277 4,027 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.7
At closing establishments 1,112 1,082 1,068 1,023 935 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Net employment change -1,522 -730 -568 49 -118 -1.8 -.8 -.6 .0 -.2
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 224 240 235 259 248 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.6
At expanding establishments 176 191 188 203 201 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.7
At opening establishments 48 49 47 56 47 .8 .9 .9 1.0 .9
Gross job losses 384 355 306 283 274 6.7 6.3 5.5 5.1 5.0
At contracting establishments 314 288 238 220 213 5.5 5.1 4.3 4.0 3.9
At closing establishments 70 67 68 63 61 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1
Net employment change -160 -115 -71 -24 -26 -2.8 -2.0 -1.2 -.4 -.4
Retail trade
Gross job gains 757 871 832 816 784 5.1 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.4
At expanding establishments 625 734 700 702 676 4.2 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.7
At opening establishments 132 137 132 114 108 .9 .9 .9 .8 .7
Gross job losses 1,030 931 940 936 805 6.9 6.4 6.5 6.5 5.6
At contracting establishments 845 791 800 808 690 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.6 4.8
At closing establishments 185 140 140 128 115 1.2 1.0 1.0 .9 .8
Net employment change -273 -60 -108 -120 -21 -1.8 -.5 -.8 -.8 -.2
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 176 186 188 220 183 4.2 4.6 4.7 5.5 4.7
At expanding establishments 145 152 159 187 157 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.7 4.0
At opening establishments 31 34 29 33 26 .7 .8 .7 .8 .7
Gross job losses 312 289 238 222 223 7.5 7.1 6.0 5.7 5.6
At contracting establishments 269 243 196 184 190 6.5 6.0 4.9 4.7 4.8
At closing establishments 43 46 42 38 33 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 .8
Net employment change -136 -103 -50 -2 -40 -3.3 -2.5 -1.3 -.2 -.9
Utilities
Gross job gains 12 12 12 11 9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.6
At expanding establishments 11 11 11 10 8 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.4
At opening establishments 1 1 1 1 1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2
Gross job losses 10 15 12 14 9 1.8 2.7 2.2 2.5 1.6
At contracting establishments 9 13 11 12 8 1.6 2.3 2.0 2.1 1.4
At closing establishments 1 2 1 2 1 .2 .4 .2 .4 .2
Net employment change 2 -3 0 -3 0 .4 -.5 .0 -.5 .0
Information
Gross job gains 114 111 113 123 106 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.4 3.8
At expanding establishments 91 91 95 97 89 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.2
At opening establishments 23 20 18 26 17 .8 .7 .6 .9 .6
Gross job losses 174 158 161 144 130 6.0 5.6 5.8 5.2 4.7
At contracting establishments 147 135 131 121 111 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.0
At closing establishments 27 23 30 23 19 .9 .8 1.1 .8 .7
Net employment change -60 -47 -48 -21 -24 -2.1 -1.7 -1.8 -.8 -.9
Financial activities
Gross job gains 337 341 327 356 326 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.8 4.3
At expanding establishments 264 265 254 267 263 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5
At opening establishments 73 76 73 89 63 .9 1.0 1.0 1.2 .8
Gross job losses 458 446 420 400 369 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.0
At contracting establishments 359 352 322 305 281 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.8
At closing establishments 99 94 98 95 88 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2
Net employment change -121 -105 -93 -44 -43 -1.6 -1.3 -1.2 -.6 -.7
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 989 1,144 1,152 1,368 1,125 5.8 6.9 7.1 8.3 6.8
At expanding establishments 779 903 929 1,100 920 4.6 5.4 5.7 6.7 5.6
At opening establishments 210 241 223 268 205 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.2
Gross job losses 1,549 1,474 1,302 1,184 1,130 9.1 8.9 8.0 7.2 6.8
At contracting establishments 1,277 1,176 1,031 920 898 7.5 7.1 6.3 5.6 5.4
At closing establishments 272 298 271 264 232 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4
Net employment change -560 -330 -150 184 -5 -3.3 -2.0 -.9 1.1 .0
Education and health services
Gross job gains 752 773 769 825 730 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.5 3.9
At expanding establishments 643 649 650 685 619 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.3
At opening establishments 109 124 119 140 111 .6 .7 .6 .8 .6
Gross job losses 725 712 727 677 690 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.7
At contracting establishments 613 593 601 555 578 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.1
At closing establishments 112 119 126 122 112 .6 .7 .7 .7 .6
Net employment change 27 61 42 148 40 .1 .3 .1 .8 .2
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,028 1,122 1,047 1,032 1,000 7.8 8.6 8.0 7.9 7.7
At expanding establishments 778 852 796 783 783 5.9 6.5 6.1 6.0 6.0
At opening establishments 250 270 251 249 217 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7
Gross job losses 1,234 1,179 1,135 1,141 1,037 9.3 9.0 8.8 8.8 8.0
At contracting establishments 1,017 968 932 933 845 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.2 6.5
At closing establishments 217 211 203 208 192 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5
Net employment change -206 -57 -88 -109 -37 -1.5 -.4 -.8 -.9 -.3
Other services
Gross job gains 252 267 250 262 247 6.6 7.1 6.7 7.0 6.7
At expanding establishments 198 208 195 202 196 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.3
At opening establishments 54 59 55 60 51 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4
Gross job losses 310 292 293 272 263 8.1 7.7 7.8 7.3 7.1
At contracting establishments 246 230 229 211 205 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.7 5.5
At closing establishments 64 62 64 61 58 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6
Net employment change -58 -25 -43 -10 -16 -1.5 -.6 -1.1 -.3 -.4
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector percentage share (1) of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
3 months ended
March 2009 June 2009 Sept. 2009 Dec. 2009 March 2010
Firm size 1 - 4 employees
Gross job gains............... 18.5 17.1 16.8 17.4 17.1
Expanding firms............ 8.9 8.0 7.9 7.6 8.0
Opening firms.............. 60.8 59.2 61.2 62.9 61.5
Gross job losses.............. 15.0 14.5 16.2 16.6 18.2
Contracting firms.......... 7.0 6.7 7.3 7.9 8.6
Closing firms.............. 62.6 61.7 62.8 61.5 65.0
Firm size 5 - 9 employees
Gross job gains............... 13.4 12.4 12.1 11.7 12.3
Expanding firms............ 12.7 11.6 11.3 10.9 11.6
Opening firms.............. 16.3 16.0 15.8 15.3 16.2
Gross job losses.............. 10.9 10.6 11.2 11.9 12.6
Contracting firms.......... 10.1 9.8 10.4 11.1 12.0
Closing firms.............. 15.2 15.8 15.7 15.7 15.3
Firm size 10 - 19 employees
Gross job gains............... 13.1 12.7 12.1 11.6 12.4
Expanding firms............ 13.7 13.0 12.4 12.0 12.7
Opening firms.............. 10.8 11.0 10.4 9.8 10.6
Gross job losses.............. 11.3 10.9 11.4 12.1 12.5
Contracting firms.......... 11.6 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.1
Closing firms.............. 9.7 10.1 9.8 10.3 9.7
Firm size 20 - 49 employees
Gross job gains............... 14.7 14.7 13.9 13.6 14.4
Expanding firms............ 16.2 16.1 15.1 14.9 15.7
Opening firms.............. 7.7 8.4 7.8 7.3 7.6
Gross job losses.............. 14.1 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.2
Contracting firms.......... 15.2 14.2 14.8 15.2 15.8
Closing firms.............. 7.1 7.4 7.0 7.6 6.7
Firm size 50 - 99 employees
Gross job gains............... 8.8 9.1 8.8 8.5 8.8
Expanding firms............ 10.2 10.5 10.0 9.8 10.2
Opening firms.............. 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.2
Gross job losses.............. 9.4 8.5 8.4 8.7 8.4
Contracting firms.......... 10.5 9.5 9.6 9.9 9.7
Closing firms.............. 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.1
Firm size 100 - 249 employees
Gross job gains............... 8.9 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.2
Expanding firms............ 10.6 11.2 10.8 10.9 10.9
Opening firms.............. 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1
Gross job losses.............. 10.1 9.2 9.0 9.0 8.6
Contracting firms.......... 11.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.2
Closing firms.............. 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.5 .9
Firm size 250 - 499 employees
Gross job gains............... 5.1 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.5
Expanding firms............ 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.6
Opening firms.............. .2 .4 .4 .3 .4
Gross job losses.............. 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.4 4.9
Contracting firms.......... 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.4 5.9
Closing firms.............. .5 .6 .4 .5 .2
Firm size 500 - 999 employees
Gross job gains............... 4.0 4.4 4.8 4.4 4.6
Expanding firms............ 4.9 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.4
Opening firms.............. .2 .2 .1 .1 .2
Gross job losses.............. 5.0 5.2 4.7 4.6 4.1
Contracting firms.......... 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.4 4.9
Closing firms.............. .3 .3 .2 .2 .1
Firm size 1,000 or more employees
Gross job gains............... 13.5 14.5 16.6 18.2 15.7
Expanding firms............ 16.5 17.6 20.0 22.0 18.9
Opening firms.............. .2 .5 .0 .2 .2
Gross job losses.............. 18.1 22.0 19.8 17.7 16.5
Contracting firms.......... 21.1 25.6 23.5 21.1 19.9
Closing firms.............. .6 .1 .5 .1 .0
(1) Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class,
and rates may not sum to 100.0 due to rounding.
Table 5. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
March June Sept. Dec. March March June Sept. Dec. March
2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010
United States1..... 5,783,000 6,421,000 6,341,000 6,662,000 6,110,000 8,524,000 8,025,000 7,241,000 6,890,000 6,421,000
Alabama..... 74,930 84,427 86,122 86,379 82,695 117,183 107,020 103,661 92,544 83,327
Alaska..... 23,204 25,541 22,773 24,288 25,078 25,481 25,071 24,951 25,288 23,147
Arizona..... 113,031 115,874 127,354 131,273 116,334 176,039 166,696 143,497 140,298 123,728
Arkansas..... 53,264 51,935 55,002 57,989 52,233 67,476 68,745 62,142 54,247 49,809
California..... 690,931 779,930 760,570 845,478 759,025 1,062,484 982,275 942,350 831,793 816,085
Colorado..... 109,610 120,243 117,376 122,327 117,669 161,005 152,052 138,028 132,705 124,210
Connecticut..... 62,583 71,988 70,301 70,946 66,227 92,159 87,054 80,384 77,470 81,300
Delaware..... 18,489 21,917 18,960 20,397 19,505 27,952 24,535 23,740 24,289 20,984
District of Columbia 26,365 24,915 23,127 26,592 23,480 27,652 27,823 26,867 24,332 21,514
Florida..... 358,171 391,465 404,628 440,522 362,571 508,029 493,113 484,765 448,286 370,546
Georgia..... 192,577 205,284 190,528 204,380 197,155 265,768 259,305 229,914 215,423 195,344
Hawaii..... 22,180 23,451 24,230 24,368 23,639 30,141 30,432 27,797 25,953 25,062
Idaho..... 35,379 38,283 39,554 38,431 35,560 54,869 48,675 38,929 40,220 38,578
Illinois..... 212,065 246,810 236,220 255,104 229,254 332,172 324,057 285,983 275,576 243,415
Indiana..... 115,299 129,098 143,632 134,249 129,707 186,633 177,927 142,079 135,204 125,181
Iowa..... 64,063 68,686 66,045 68,771 63,734 86,988 81,401 72,674 74,300 65,573
Kansas..... 54,342 58,666 57,332 62,377 55,897 78,133 80,690 67,642 67,646 61,303
Kentucky..... 74,310 81,454 84,435 89,347 77,786 110,419 103,021 90,271 86,416 83,376
Louisiana..... 95,342 92,714 98,620 100,019 95,060 116,203 122,894 112,255 103,173 94,395
Maine..... 30,418 37,139 36,365 35,430 30,442 42,403 39,573 36,687 37,779 34,497
Maryland..... 115,732 127,520 117,084 119,515 124,598 148,730 138,482 137,169 132,550 125,093
Massachusetts..... 122,170 154,078 147,604 145,704 145,413 180,949 169,339 160,301 160,961 143,996
Michigan..... 165,441 206,933 232,306 210,533 183,635 285,447 304,525 222,019 228,170 191,162
Minnesota..... 113,299 132,666 126,020 123,644 120,648 165,987 156,444 139,662 132,265 131,091
Mississippi..... 48,953 48,855 51,467 51,744 50,450 66,147 65,129 58,923 52,347 49,877
Missouri..... 122,348 123,254 124,865 122,278 123,242 163,212 157,408 143,070 132,033 129,143
Montana..... 24,485 27,363 25,345 27,841 25,855 36,272 29,118 27,383 29,098 27,670
Nebraska..... 38,671 39,998 39,640 40,153 39,893 50,261 47,980 42,323 46,789 40,899
Nevada..... 54,428 55,091 58,646 68,915 51,824 91,602 81,824 74,075 66,626 65,187
New Hampshire..... 30,515 35,768 33,238 33,650 34,318 41,235 40,800 36,849 36,107 35,737
New Jersey..... 168,478 212,882 187,286 196,657 176,313 234,802 229,390 217,472 210,510 193,790
New Mexico..... 36,766 39,134 39,429 37,662 37,821 52,545 50,040 42,791 42,496 37,739
New York..... 363,051 432,347 402,733 420,489 373,307 500,717 495,342 440,840 428,924 390,777
North Carolina..... 175,000 190,464 189,566 196,885 182,350 262,778 247,884 213,945 213,043 188,187
North Dakota..... 16,786 19,353 19,688 19,816 19,787 21,853 19,393 18,154 19,189 18,824
Ohio..... 204,363 233,452 236,910 234,522 219,390 319,756 319,866 262,345 255,910 228,984
Oklahoma..... 69,578 67,104 67,384 68,999 66,668 100,417 95,963 84,628 76,133 66,249
Oregon..... 78,635 87,457 87,415 89,357 87,342 126,159 107,811 94,954 96,934 87,279
Pennsylvania..... 224,409 256,071 255,221 267,074 249,634 315,422 306,124 286,693 274,524 248,312
Rhode Island..... 21,303 24,992 22,109 23,191 22,628 29,590 26,660 26,578 24,865 21,893
South Carolina..... 79,504 86,102 84,871 85,984 87,466 122,020 110,584 96,487 92,731 82,707
South Dakota..... 17,753 20,773 19,792 19,762 19,139 24,052 24,006 21,277 21,189 21,608
Tennessee..... 100,656 118,348 116,655 121,455 108,572 162,691 157,260 136,883 119,337 111,023
Texas..... 436,995 439,009 441,368 476,502 467,608 609,113 592,395 512,968 484,059 434,114
Utah..... 56,719 62,938 63,095 65,512 63,614 84,784 81,966 71,601 67,768 63,688
Vermont..... 15,185 17,600 16,606 19,496 15,542 21,607 20,181 17,421 18,017 17,756
Virginia..... 150,177 168,871 160,078 166,982 151,244 202,453 198,841 183,506 168,916 162,007
Washington..... 151,632 156,533 158,859 151,742 153,771 203,909 187,414 171,447 181,151 155,633
West Virginia..... 33,605 33,270 33,315 37,101 33,246 43,437 44,133 37,630 34,836 34,478
Wisconsin..... 110,692 125,603 122,694 130,553 125,693 173,335 158,994 141,594 138,015 129,422
Wyoming..... 18,202 16,081 17,008 16,108 17,159 26,468 25,196 18,099 18,573 18,274
Puerto Rico..... 37,391 37,741 41,636 45,647 38,617 56,275 51,493 44,872 41,169 44,755
Virgin Islands..... 1,673 1,711 1,931 2,361 2,632 2,633 2,610 2,190 1,899 1,897
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
March June Sept. Dec. March March June Sept. Dec. March
2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010
United States1..... 5.3 6.0 5.9 6.4 5.8 7.8 7.5 6.9 6.5 6.1
Alabama..... 4.9 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.8 7.7 7.3 7.1 6.4 5.8
Alaska..... 9.8 10.9 9.7 10.3 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.7 10.8 9.8
Arizona..... 5.4 5.7 6.4 6.7 5.9 8.5 8.3 7.2 7.1 6.3
Arkansas..... 5.6 5.6 6.0 6.3 5.7 7.1 7.3 6.7 5.9 5.4
California..... 5.6 6.5 6.4 7.2 6.5 8.7 8.2 8.0 7.1 7.0
Colorado..... 5.9 6.5 6.5 6.8 6.5 8.5 8.3 7.6 7.3 6.9
Connecticut..... 4.5 5.3 5.2 5.3 4.9 6.6 6.4 5.9 5.7 6.0
Delaware..... 5.3 6.3 5.5 6.0 5.8 7.9 7.2 7.0 7.2 6.3
District of Columbia.. 5.9 5.6 5.3 6.0 5.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.5 4.9
Florida..... 5.7 6.4 6.7 7.3 6.1 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.4 6.2
Georgia..... 6.0 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.4 8.3 8.3 7.4 7.0 6.4
Hawaii..... 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.1 6.3 6.5 5.9 5.5 5.4
Idaho..... 6.8 7.7 8.0 7.8 7.2 10.7 9.8 7.8 8.1 7.8
Illinois..... 4.4 5.1 5.0 5.5 4.9 6.8 6.8 6.1 5.9 5.3
Indiana..... 4.9 5.6 6.3 5.8 5.7 7.9 7.7 6.2 5.9 5.5
Iowa..... 5.2 5.7 5.5 5.8 5.4 7.1 6.8 6.1 6.2 5.5
Kansas..... 5.0 5.5 5.5 6.0 5.4 7.1 7.5 6.4 6.5 5.8
Kentucky..... 5.1 5.8 6.0 6.4 5.6 7.7 7.2 6.5 6.2 5.9
Louisiana..... 6.2 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.4 7.6 8.2 7.5 7.0 6.4
Maine..... 6.2 7.8 7.6 7.4 6.4 8.7 8.2 7.6 8.0 7.3
Maryland..... 5.7 6.4 5.9 6.1 6.4 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.4
Massachusetts..... 4.4 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.4 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.4
Michigan..... 5.0 6.5 7.4 6.7 5.9 8.7 9.5 7.1 7.2 6.1
Minnesota..... 5.1 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.6 7.4 7.1 6.4 6.1 6.1
Mississippi..... 5.7 5.8 6.2 6.3 6.1 7.7 7.8 7.1 6.4 6.0
Missouri..... 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.8 7.4 7.2 6.6 6.2 6.0
Montana..... 7.1 8.0 7.5 8.3 7.7 10.5 8.5 8.1 8.6 8.2
Nebraska..... 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.4 6.7 6.4 5.7 6.3 5.6
Nevada..... 5.3 5.5 6.0 7.2 5.4 8.9 8.3 7.6 6.9 6.7
New Hampshire..... 5.8 6.9 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.8 7.9 7.1 7.0 7.0
New Jersey..... 5.2 6.7 5.9 6.2 5.6 7.2 7.2 6.8 6.7 6.2
New Mexico..... 5.9 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.4 8.5 8.2 7.2 7.1 6.4
New York..... 5.1 6.3 5.9 6.1 5.5 7.1 7.2 6.4 6.3 5.7
North Carolina..... 5.4 6.1 6.1 6.4 5.9 8.2 7.8 6.9 6.9 6.1
North Dakota..... 5.8 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.6 6.8 6.4 6.7 6.5
Ohio..... 4.7 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.3 7.4 7.6 6.2 6.2 5.5
Oklahoma..... 5.7 5.6 5.8 6.0 5.8 8.2 8.1 7.3 6.6 5.8
Oregon..... 5.8 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.7 9.2 8.1 7.2 7.4 6.6
Pennsylvania..... 4.6 5.3 5.4 5.7 5.3 6.5 6.4 6.0 5.9 5.3
Rhode Island..... 5.4 6.4 5.7 6.1 5.9 7.5 6.8 6.9 6.5 5.6
South Carolina..... 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.3 8.3 7.7 6.9 6.6 5.9
South Dakota..... 5.5 6.6 6.2 6.3 6.1 7.4 7.6 6.7 6.7 6.8
Tennessee..... 4.5 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.1 7.3 7.2 6.4 5.6 5.2
Texas..... 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.8 5.7 7.2 7.1 6.2 5.8 5.3
Utah..... 5.8 6.5 6.6 6.9 6.8 8.6 8.5 7.6 7.2 6.8
Vermont..... 6.2 7.4 6.9 8.2 6.5 8.8 8.4 7.3 7.5 7.4
Virginia..... 5.1 5.9 5.6 5.9 5.4 7.0 6.9 6.5 5.9 5.8
Washington..... 6.5 6.9 7.1 6.7 6.9 8.8 8.2 7.6 8.1 7.0
West Virginia..... 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.8 6.0 7.7 7.9 6.8 6.4 6.3
Wisconsin..... 4.8 5.6 5.4 5.9 5.6 7.5 7.0 6.3 6.2 5.8
Wyoming..... 8.3 7.6 8.3 7.8 8.4 12.0 11.9 8.8 9.0 8.9
Puerto Rico..... 5.3 5.5 6.2 6.7 5.7 8.1 7.5 6.7 6.1 6.7
Virgin Islands..... 5.2 5.6 6.4 7.8 8.5 8.3 8.5 7.2 6.3 6.1
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2000 March 213 3.4 186 3.0 1,235 1.1 1,125 1.0
June 204 3.3 180 2.9 1,137 1.0 1,058 1.0
September 209 3.3 199 3.2 1,159 1.1 1,160 1.1
December 200 3.2 194 3.1 1,139 1.0 1,105 1.0
2001 March 206 3.3 203 3.2 1,187 1.1 1,303 1.2
June 204 3.2 204 3.2 1,146 1.0 1,226 1.1
September 204 3.2 207 3.3 1,151 1.1 1,219 1.1
December 194 3.1 200 3.2 1,109 1.0 1,142 1.1
2002 March 204 3.2 190 3.0 1,175 1.1 1,089 1.0
June 208 3.3 187 2.9 1,189 1.1 1,080 1.0
September 199 3.1 184 2.9 1,051 1.0 1,023 1.0
December 201 3.1 191 3.0 1,023 1.0 1,021 1.0
2003 March 193 3.0 186 2.9 1,004 .9 1,011 .9
June 191 3.0 186 2.9 964 .9 951 .9
September 193 3.0 179 2.8 954 .9 884 .8
December 200 3.1 180 2.8 998 .9 910 .9
2004 March 207 3.2 180 2.8 1,000 .9 917 .9
June 203 3.1 185 2.8 980 .9 909 .8
September 209 3.2 186 2.8 1,016 .9 953 .9
December 210 3.2 180 2.7 997 .9 894 .8
2005 March 209 3.1 185 2.8 944 .9 852 .8
June 216 3.2 180 2.7 951 .9 841 .8
September 221 3.3 186 2.8 996 .9 884 .8
December 221 3.3 186 2.8 979 .9 846 .8
2006 March 220 3.2 180 2.6 922 .8 743 .7
June 219 3.2 194 2.8 973 .9 843 .7
September 210 3.1 196 2.9 927 .8 837 .7
December 221 3.2 193 2.8 966 .9 809 .7
2007 March 214 3.1 193 2.8 891 .8 764 .7
June 204 2.9 201 2.9 883 .8 851 .7
September 218 3.1 203 2.9 945 .8 840 .7
December 209 3.0 207 3.0 906 .8 831 .7
2008 March 207 3.0 210 3.0 889 .8 809 .7
June 199 2.9 228 3.3 876 .8 936 .8
September 192 2.8 223 3.2 831 .7 882 .8
December 188 2.7 240 3.5 806 .7 952 .9
2009 March 172 2.5 235 3.4 696 .6 844 .8
June 176 2.6 226 3.3 740 .7 831 .8
September 169 2.5 N/A N/A 693 .7 N/A N/A
December 184 2.7 N/A N/A 716 .7 N/A N/A
2010 March 172 2.5 N/A N/A 661 .6 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters
by definition. See the Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage
of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or
total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
