For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) USDL-15-2204
Wednesday, November 18, 2015
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FIRST QUARTER 2015
From December 2014 to March 2015, gross job gains from opening and
expanding private sector establishments were 6.9 million, a decrease
of 711,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from
closing and contracting private sector establishments were 6.7 million,
an increase of 158,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
(See tables A, 1, and 3.)
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of
gross job losses yielded a net employment gain of 226,000 jobs in the
private sector during the first quarter of 2015.
(See tables A, 1, and 3.)
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of
increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses
in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private business units from the third
month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains
are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses
are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the
loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of
gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change
in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| Data in this release incorporate annual revisions to the BED series. |
| Annual revisions are published each year with the release of first |
| quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not |
| seasonally adjusted data and five years of seasonally adjusted data. |
| |
| Additionally, all historical BED series back to third quarter 1992 |
| have been revised for both seasonally adjusted and not seasonally |
| adjusted series, to incorporate an administrative scope change. These |
| revisions are primarily due to the reclassification of a number of |
| establishments from private households (NAICS 814110) to services for |
| the elderly and persons with disabilities (NAICS 624120). Private |
| households are not within the scope of BED and, as a result, those |
| establishments impacted by this industry reclassification are now |
| within scope. |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the
establishment level by industry subsector and for the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as
gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 5.7 million in
the first quarter of 2015, a decrease of 613,000 jobs from the
previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, and 3.)
Opening establishments accounted for 1.3 million jobs gained in the
first quarter of 2015, a decrease of 98,000 jobs from the previous
quarter. (See tables A, 1, and 3.)
Contracting establishments lost 5.6 million jobs in the first quarter
of 2015. This was an increase of 236,000 jobs from the prior quarter.
(See tables A, 1, and 3.)
In the first quarter of 2015, closing establishments lost 1.2 million
jobs, a decrease of 78,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
(See tables A, 1, and 3.)
Gross job gains represented 5.9 percent of private sector employment
in the first quarter of 2015, while gross job losses represented 5.7
percent of private sector employment. (See tables A, 2, and 3.)
In the first quarter of 2015, the number of establishment births
(a subset of the openings data, see the Technical Note for more
information) increased by 10,000 to 233,000 establishments. These
new establishments accounted for 806,000 jobs, a decrease of 34,000
jobs from the previous quarter. (See table 8.)
Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are
available through the second quarter of 2014, when 717,000 jobs were
lost at 205,000 establishments. In the prior quarter, 630,000 jobs
were lost at 189,000 establishments. (See table 8.)
During the first quarter of 2015, gross job gains exceeded gross job
losses in most industry sectors except the natural resources and mining
sector, manufacturing sector, transportation and warehousing sector,
information sector, and the professional and business services sector.
The service-providing sector, with 5.6 million gross job gains and
5.4 million gross job losses, experienced a net increase of 203,000
jobs. The goods-producing sector experienced a net increase of 23,000
jobs, the result of 1.3 million gross job gains and 1.3 million gross
job losses. The manufacturing sector, a subset of the goods-producing
sector, experienced no net employment change over the quarter.
(See table 3.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
Category 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2014 2014 2014 2014 2015
Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains................ 6,927 7,467 7,235 7,658 6,947
At expanding establishments... 5,664 6,128 5,905 6,279 5,666
At opening establishments..... 1,263 1,339 1,330 1,379 1,281
Gross job losses............... 6,504 6,584 6,710 6,563 6,721
At contracting establishments. 5,360 5,362 5,523 5,322 5,558
At closing establishments..... 1,144 1,222 1,187 1,241 1,163
Net employment change(1)....... 423 883 525 1,095 226
Rates (percent)
Gross job gains................ 6.1 6.5 6.3 6.6 5.9
At expanding establishments... 5.0 5.3 5.1 5.4 4.8
At opening establishments..... 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses............... 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7
At contracting establishments. 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.7
At closing establishments..... 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0
Net employment change(1)....... .4 .7 .5 .9 .2
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total
gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical
Note for further information.
In the first quarter of 2015, firms with 1-49 employees had a net
employment gain of 185,000. Firms with 50-249 employees had a net
employment gain of 78,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net
employment loss of 25,000. (See table 4 and 5.)
Of the 2.6 million net jobs created over the last year, firms with 1-49
employees contributed 33 percent of net job growth, while firms with
50-249 employees contributed 21 percent, and firms with 250 or more
employees contributed 46 percent. (See table 4 and 5.)
In the first quarter of 2015, gross job gains exceeded gross job losses
in 31 states and the District of Columbia. California experienced
938,495 gross job gains and 853,530 gross job losses resulting in a net
employment gain of 84,965. This is the largest net employment gain of
any state this quarter. Florida had the second largest net employment
gain this quarter with 48,326 net jobs, the result of 433,403 gross job
gains and 385,077 gross job losses. (See table 6.) Alaska had the
highest rate of gross job gains as a percent of employment at 10.4
percent, above the U.S. rate of 5.9 percent. Hawaii had the lowest rate
of gross job losses as a percent of employment at 4.8 percent, below
the U.S. rate of 5.7 percent. (See table 7.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is
available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data on
the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time
series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked
questions on firm size data. Additional information about the Business
Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this
release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2015 are scheduled |
| to be released on Wednesday, January 27, 2016 at 10:00 a.m. (EST). |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW). The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required
to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by
unemployment insurance (UI) laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to
the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). These UI reports are
supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative
data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total
employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and
losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark for the Current
Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and
Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input
to the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures -- QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.)
Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program
web sites shown in the table below.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 588,000 establish-
| submitted by 9.5 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 7.6 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing: agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed;
| | | including: railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -First Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| State, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors,3-digit |
| | NAICS, and by size |
| | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SESAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of 7.6 million private sector employer reports out
of 9.5 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2015. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110), and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data. As an illustration,
the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of
establishments excluded from the national gross job gains and gross job losses
data in the first quarter 2015:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the
national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.5
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.2
Zero employment.......................................1.3
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.1
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data.............................................7.6
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers are used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in
the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the
current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the
first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or
units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero
employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in
the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with
positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary
shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may
be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent
closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three
quarters for the publication of death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous
quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and
firms change their employment levels. Units with no change in employment
count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job
gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments
that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive
employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive
quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths
are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal
database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third
month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing
zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment
births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings
and closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment
that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening
as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be
a closing. Since openings include seasonal and other re-openings and
closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values
for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and closings.
However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently
seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in
which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches estab-
lishments' unique SESA identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the States,
which relates records with different SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SESA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SESAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 4-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change
in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter
in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current
year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes
once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual
data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are
available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring
annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor
relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate
restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of
the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains
and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross
job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is
equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally
adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contrac-
ting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector,
which is not separately published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first qua-
rter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adj-
usted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment
by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county e
mployment and wages and an annual bulletin: Employment and Wages Annual
Averages, are available upon request from the Division of Administrative
Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department
of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567;
(http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2005 March 475 7,779 6,222 1,557 7,304 5,828 1,476
June 516 7,753 6,183 1,570 7,237 5,802 1,435
September 736 8,023 6,412 1,611 7,287 5,813 1,474
December 467 7,812 6,239 1,573 7,345 5,960 1,385
2006 March 896 7,880 6,383 1,497 6,984 5,661 1,323
June 342 7,766 6,228 1,538 7,424 6,026 1,398
September 92 7,545 6,076 1,469 7,453 6,067 1,386
December 431 7,770 6,226 1,544 7,339 5,964 1,375
2007 March 584 7,815 6,331 1,484 7,231 5,894 1,337
June 132 7,647 6,205 1,442 7,515 6,084 1,431
September -209 7,376 5,870 1,506 7,585 6,190 1,395
December 268 7,687 6,181 1,506 7,419 6,040 1,379
2008 March -199 7,320 5,860 1,460 7,519 6,111 1,408
June -593 7,281 5,833 1,448 7,874 6,363 1,511
September -913 6,944 5,535 1,409 7,857 6,436 1,421
December -1,838 6,738 5,345 1,393 8,576 7,056 1,520
2009 March -2,680 5,918 4,675 1,243 8,598 7,142 1,456
June -1,667 6,425 5,080 1,345 8,092 6,674 1,418
September -849 6,399 5,139 1,260 7,248 5,854 1,394
December -264 6,665 5,308 1,357 6,929 5,605 1,324
2010 March -247 6,325 5,108 1,217 6,572 5,324 1,248
June 698 6,995 5,674 1,321 6,297 5,090 1,207
September 237 6,741 5,438 1,303 6,504 5,231 1,273
December 566 7,052 5,639 1,413 6,486 5,219 1,267
2011 March 315 6,521 5,304 1,217 6,206 5,026 1,180
June 595 6,976 5,633 1,343 6,381 5,113 1,268
September 833 7,198 5,804 1,394 6,365 5,174 1,191
December 350 6,878 5,515 1,363 6,528 5,271 1,257
2012 March 933 7,059 5,729 1,330 6,126 5,003 1,123
June 618 7,057 5,733 1,324 6,439 5,270 1,169
September 255 6,886 5,573 1,313 6,631 5,433 1,198
December 708 7,122 5,762 1,360 6,414 5,221 1,193
2013 March 544 6,913 5,685 1,228 6,369 5,191 1,178
June 666 7,160 5,839 1,321 6,494 5,284 1,210
September 473 7,051 5,710 1,341 6,578 5,430 1,148
December 728 7,279 5,944 1,335 6,551 5,343 1,208
2014 March 423 6,927 5,664 1,263 6,504 5,360 1,144
June 883 7,467 6,128 1,339 6,584 5,362 1,222
September 525 7,235 5,905 1,330 6,710 5,523 1,187
December 1,095 7,658 6,279 1,379 6,563 5,322 1,241
2015 March 226 6,947 5,666 1,281 6,721 5,558 1,163
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2005 March .5 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
June .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
September .8 7.3 5.8 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3
December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2
2006 March .8 7.0 5.7 1.3 6.2 5.0 1.2
June .4 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2
September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .4 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March .5 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.4 5.2 1.2
June .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3
September -.2 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2008 March -.1 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
June -.5 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.9 5.6 1.3
September -.9 6.1 4.9 1.2 7.0 5.7 1.3
December -1.7 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.7 6.3 1.4
2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3
June -1.5 6.0 4.7 1.3 7.5 6.2 1.3
September -.8 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.8 5.5 1.3
December -.3 6.3 5.0 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3
2010 March -.2 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.2 5.0 1.2
June .7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.1 4.9 1.2
December .5 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.1 4.9 1.2
2011 March .2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1
June .5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2
September .8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1
December .4 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.0 4.8 1.2
2012 March .8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.6 1.0
June .5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1
December .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2013 March .5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1
June .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
September .5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2014 March .4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
June .7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
September .5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December .9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2015 March .2 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage
of the previous and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar.
2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 6,927 7,467 7,235 7,658 6,947 6.1 6.5 6.3 6.6 5.9
At expanding establishments 5,664 6,128 5,905 6,279 5,666 5.0 5.3 5.1 5.4 4.8
At opening establishments 1,263 1,339 1,330 1,379 1,281 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses 6,504 6,584 6,710 6,563 6,721 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7
At contracting establishments 5,360 5,362 5,523 5,322 5,558 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.7
At closing establishments 1,144 1,222 1,187 1,241 1,163 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0
Net employment change 423 883 525 1,095 226 .4 .7 .5 .9 .2
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,370 1,421 1,357 1,393 1,321 6.8 7.0 6.7 6.8 6.4
At expanding establishments 1,171 1,216 1,157 1,195 1,136 5.8 6.0 5.7 5.8 5.5
At opening establishments 199 205 200 198 185 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9
Gross job losses 1,216 1,253 1,236 1,269 1,298 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.2 6.3
At contracting establishments 1,022 1,046 1,047 1,070 1,113 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.4
At closing establishments 194 207 189 199 185 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0 .9
Net employment change 154 168 121 124 23 .7 .8 .7 .6 .1
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 290 284 286 280 284 14.1 13.8 13.8 13.4 13.5
At expanding establishments 253 249 248 243 250 12.3 12.1 12.0 11.6 11.9
At opening establishments 37 35 38 37 34 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6
Gross job losses 255 275 253 285 297 12.4 13.3 12.3 13.7 14.2
At contracting establishments 221 237 220 250 264 10.7 11.5 10.7 12.0 12.6
At closing establishments 34 38 33 35 33 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.6
Net employment change 35 9 33 -5 -13 1.7 .5 1.5 -.3 -.7
Construction
Gross job gains 680 698 663 669 652 11.4 11.5 10.8 10.8 10.3
At expanding establishments 555 565 541 546 533 9.3 9.3 8.8 8.8 8.4
At opening establishments 125 133 122 123 119 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.9
Gross job losses 590 606 589 606 616 9.9 10.0 9.6 9.7 9.8
At contracting establishments 471 485 476 485 503 7.9 8.0 7.8 7.8 8.0
At closing establishments 119 121 113 121 113 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.8
Net employment change 90 92 74 63 36 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 .5
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 400 439 408 444 385 3.3 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.2
At expanding establishments 363 402 368 406 353 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.3 2.9
At opening establishments 37 37 40 38 32 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
Gross job losses 371 372 394 378 385 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1
At contracting establishments 330 324 351 335 346 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.8
At closing establishments 41 48 43 43 39 .3 .4 .4 .4 .3
Net employment change 29 67 14 66 0 .3 .5 .0 .5 .1
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 5,557 6,046 5,878 6,265 5,626 5.9 6.4 6.2 6.5 5.8
At expanding establishments 4,493 4,912 4,748 5,084 4,530 4.8 5.2 5.0 5.3 4.7
At opening establishments 1,064 1,134 1,130 1,181 1,096 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses 5,288 5,331 5,474 5,294 5,423 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.6
At contracting establishments 4,338 4,316 4,476 4,252 4,445 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.6
At closing establishments 950 1,015 998 1,042 978 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0
Net employment change 269 715 404 971 203 .3 .7 .5 1.0 .2
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 275 286 278 293 262 4.7 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.5
At expanding establishments 227 240 231 243 218 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1 3.7
At opening establishments 48 46 47 50 44 .8 .8 .8 .9 .8
Gross job losses 253 250 255 247 256 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.4
At contracting establishments 197 192 200 192 204 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.5
At closing establishments 56 58 55 55 52 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .9
Net employment change 22 36 23 46 6 .3 .6 .5 .8 .1
Retail trade
Gross job gains 882 975 904 952 908 5.8 6.3 5.8 6.2 5.9
At expanding establishments 760 839 773 829 787 5.0 5.4 5.0 5.4 5.1
At opening establishments 122 136 131 123 121 .8 .9 .8 .8 .8
Gross job losses 885 836 911 842 873 5.8 5.4 5.9 5.4 5.6
At contracting establishments 781 721 800 728 763 5.1 4.7 5.2 4.7 4.9
At closing establishments 104 115 111 114 110 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7
Net employment change -3 139 -7 110 35 .0 .9 -.1 .8 .3
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 236 248 251 330 228 5.4 5.6 5.7 7.3 5.0
At expanding establishments 201 212 217 297 197 4.6 4.8 4.9 6.6 4.3
At opening establishments 35 36 34 33 31 .8 .8 .8 .7 .7
Gross job losses 245 207 211 205 272 5.6 4.8 4.8 4.6 6.0
At contracting establishments 210 173 175 170 242 4.8 4.0 4.0 3.8 5.3
At closing establishments 35 34 36 35 30 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7
Net employment change -9 41 40 125 -44 -.2 .8 .9 2.7 -1.0
Utilities
Gross job gains 14 12 12 14 13 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.4
At expanding establishments 12 11 11 12 12 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2
At opening establishments 2 1 1 2 1 .4 .2 .2 .4 .2
Gross job losses 12 14 12 12 11 2.2 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.0
At contracting establishments 11 12 10 10 10 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.8
At closing establishments 1 2 2 2 1 .2 .4 .4 .4 .2
Net employment change 2 -2 0 2 2 .4 -.4 .0 .4 .4
Information
Gross job gains 124 142 140 145 124 4.5 5.1 5.1 5.3 4.5
At expanding establishments 102 119 117 119 107 3.7 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.9
At opening establishments 22 23 23 26 17 .8 .8 .8 1.0 .6
Gross job losses 129 133 140 136 128 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.0 4.7
At contracting establishments 109 109 119 110 104 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.0 3.8
At closing establishments 20 24 21 26 24 .7 .9 .8 1.0 .9
Net employment change -5 9 0 9 -4 -.2 .2 -.1 .3 -.2
Financial activities
Gross job gains 329 376 361 384 341 4.4 4.9 4.7 5.0 4.3
At expanding establishments 264 306 289 302 275 3.5 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.5
At opening establishments 65 70 72 82 66 .9 .9 .9 1.1 .8
Gross job losses 344 337 345 344 330 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.2
At contracting establishments 270 262 271 263 257 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3
At closing establishments 74 75 74 81 73 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9
Net employment change -15 39 16 40 11 -.1 .5 .2 .6 .1
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,275 1,447 1,395 1,570 1,253 6.7 7.6 7.3 8.1 6.5
At expanding establishments 1,045 1,191 1,142 1,292 1,025 5.5 6.3 6.0 6.7 5.3
At opening establishments 230 256 253 278 228 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2
Gross job losses 1,271 1,251 1,263 1,277 1,320 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.8
At contracting establishments 1,029 992 1,007 1,002 1,085 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.6
At closing establishments 242 259 256 275 235 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2
Net employment change 4 196 132 293 -67 -.1 1.0 .7 1.5 -.3
Education and health services
Gross job gains 841 892 934 930 855 4.1 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.1
At expanding establishments 702 736 770 765 706 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.4
At opening establishments 139 156 164 165 149 .7 .8 .8 .8 .7
Gross job losses 787 838 792 778 818 3.8 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.9
At contracting establishments 642 672 637 619 642 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.1
At closing establishments 145 166 155 159 176 .7 .8 .8 .8 .8
Net employment change 54 54 142 152 37 .3 .3 .6 .7 .2
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,207 1,283 1,214 1,257 1,235 8.3 8.8 8.3 8.5 8.3
At expanding establishments 946 1,005 953 981 964 6.5 6.9 6.5 6.6 6.5
At opening establishments 261 278 261 276 271 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8
Gross job losses 1,080 1,169 1,235 1,146 1,112 7.5 8.0 8.4 7.7 7.4
At contracting establishments 883 964 1,024 932 916 6.1 6.6 7.0 6.3 6.1
At closing establishments 197 205 211 214 196 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3
Net employment change 127 114 -21 111 123 .8 .8 -.1 .8 .9
Other services
Gross job gains 282 305 286 284 276 7.2 7.7 7.2 7.2 7.0
At expanding establishments 224 241 228 226 218 5.7 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.5
At opening establishments 58 64 58 58 58 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5
Gross job losses 256 271 284 274 266 6.6 6.9 7.1 6.8 6.6
At contracting establishments 199 212 224 213 209 5.1 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.2
At closing establishments 57 59 60 61 57 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4
Net employment change 26 34 2 10 10 .6 .8 .1 .4 .4
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change(2,3) gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2005 March 416 6,418 6,002 58 3,424 3,366 90 1,175 1,085 268 1,819 1,551
June 518 6,383 5,865 217 3,456 3,239 126 1,180 1,054 175 1,747 1,572
September 767 6,699 5,932 228 3,517 3,289 110 1,199 1,089 429 1,983 1,554
December 513 6,408 5,895 195 3,470 3,275 55 1,147 1,092 263 1,791 1,528
2006 March 782 6,460 5,678 312 3,538 3,226 211 1,216 1,005 259 1,706 1,447
June 369 6,329 5,960 111 3,425 3,314 102 1,179 1,077 156 1,725 1,569
September 86 6,120 6,034 -5 3,334 3,339 48 1,133 1,085 43 1,653 1,610
December 446 6,388 5,942 137 3,406 3,269 80 1,153 1,073 229 1,829 1,600
2007 March 478 6,333 5,855 173 3,445 3,272 98 1,158 1,060 207 1,730 1,523
June 163 6,239 6,076 -33 3,330 3,363 99 1,171 1,072 97 1,738 1,641
September -215 5,920 6,135 -116 3,263 3,379 -34 1,079 1,113 -65 1,578 1,643
December 270 6,251 5,981 10 3,317 3,307 56 1,139 1,083 204 1,795 1,591
2008 March -274 5,831 6,105 -152 3,235 3,387 -11 1,079 1,090 -111 1,517 1,628
June -548 5,850 6,398 -287 3,174 3,461 -44 1,090 1,134 -217 1,586 1,803
September -956 5,532 6,488 -343 3,051 3,394 -140 1,020 1,160 -473 1,461 1,934
December -1,886 5,338 7,224 -689 2,910 3,599 -375 947 1,322 -822 1,481 2,303
2009 March -2,638 4,617 7,255 -983 2,721 3,704 -616 810 1,426 -1,039 1,086 2,125
June -1,763 5,169 6,932 -474 2,946 3,420 -281 950 1,231 -1,008 1,273 2,281
September -906 5,164 6,070 -372 2,826 3,198 -110 932 1,042 -424 1,406 1,830
December -317 5,403 5,720 -159 2,940 3,099 -45 962 1,007 -113 1,501 1,614
2010 March -234 5,115 5,349 -195 2,863 3,058 -2 914 916 -37 1,338 1,375
June 664 5,805 5,141 235 3,093 2,858 204 1,071 867 225 1,641 1,416
September 226 5,525 5,299 26 2,946 2,920 87 998 911 113 1,581 1,468
December 502 5,781 5,279 92 3,051 2,959 92 1,034 942 318 1,696 1,378
2011 March 327 5,358 5,031 98 2,978 2,880 121 969 848 108 1,411 1,303
June 547 5,757 5,210 193 3,076 2,883 173 1,065 892 181 1,616 1,435
September 841 5,965 5,124 266 3,132 2,866 170 1,065 895 405 1,768 1,363
December 311 5,592 5,281 43 2,970 2,927 45 982 937 223 1,640 1,417
2012 March 960 5,883 4,923 397 3,175 2,778 220 1,052 832 343 1,656 1,313
June 610 5,836 5,226 175 3,043 2,868 162 1,077 915 273 1,716 1,443
September 230 5,584 5,354 50 2,959 2,909 52 1,005 953 128 1,620 1,492
December 641 5,777 5,136 177 3,023 2,846 89 1,011 922 375 1,743 1,368
2013 March 576 5,719 5,143 229 3,077 2,848 155 1,024 869 192 1,618 1,426
June 650 5,922 5,272 224 3,088 2,864 141 1,078 937 285 1,756 1,471
September 449 5,757 5,308 207 3,054 2,847 60 1,016 956 182 1,687 1,505
December 649 5,892 5,243 125 3,023 2,898 102 1,033 931 422 1,836 1,414
2014 March 448 5,642 5,194 256 3,077 2,821 152 1,031 879 40 1,534 1,494
June 887 6,152 5,265 298 3,182 2,884 221 1,127 906 368 1,843 1,475
September 505 5,850 5,345 161 3,046 2,885 101 1,059 958 243 1,745 1,502
December 987 6,164 5,177 218 3,108 2,890 153 1,085 932 616 1,971 1,355
2015 March 238 5,607 5,369 185 3,064 2,879 78 1,013 935 -25 1,530 1,555
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
(3) Net change totals for firm-level data shown differ from the establishment-level data
due to independent seasonal adjustment of the series.
NOTE: See http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for additional firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar.
2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 5,642 6,152 5,850 6,164 5,607 4.9 5.4 5.1 5.3 4.8
At expanding firms 4,742 5,244 4,957 5,237 4,699 4.1 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.0
At opening firms 900 908 893 927 908 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8
Gross job losses 5,194 5,265 5,345 5,177 5,369 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.6
At contracting firms 4,361 4,422 4,522 4,320 4,536 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9
At closing firms 833 843 823 857 833 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7
Net employment change 448 887 505 987 238 .4 .9 .5 .9 .2
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,077 3,182 3,046 3,108 3,064 9.5 9.8 9.3 9.5 9.2
At expanding firms 2,212 2,312 2,197 2,224 2,192 6.8 7.1 6.7 6.8 6.6
At opening firms 865 870 849 884 872 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6
Gross job losses 2,821 2,884 2,885 2,890 2,879 8.7 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.7
At contracting firms 2,022 2,081 2,099 2,077 2,088 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3
At closing firms 799 803 786 813 791 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4
Net employment change 256 298 161 218 185 .8 .9 .5 .7 .5
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,031 1,127 1,059 1,085 1,013 4.9 5.4 5.0 5.1 4.7
At expanding firms 1,001 1,092 1,021 1,047 981 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.9 4.6
At opening firms 30 35 38 38 32 .1 .2 .2 .2 .1
Gross job losses 879 906 958 932 935 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.4
At contracting firms 849 877 928 893 900 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.2
At closing firms 30 29 30 39 35 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2
Net employment change 152 221 101 153 78 .7 1.1 .5 .7 .3
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,534 1,843 1,745 1,971 1,530 2.5 3.0 2.8 3.2 2.4
At expanding firms 1,529 1,840 1,739 1,966 1,526 2.5 3.0 2.8 3.2 2.4
At opening firms 5 3 6 5 4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Gross job losses 1,494 1,475 1,502 1,355 1,555 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.5
At contracting firms 1,490 1,464 1,495 1,350 1,548 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.5
At closing firms 4 11 7 5 7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Net employment change 40 368 243 616 -25 .1 .6 .4 1.0 -.1
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015
United States(1)... 6,927,000 7,467,000 7,235,000 7,658,000 6,947,000 6,504,000 6,584,000 6,710,000 6,563,000 6,721,000
Alabama..... 85,698 87,746 89,581 90,302 84,986 84,395 81,872 83,032 79,390 83,133
Alaska..... 27,354 27,551 24,009 26,664 26,843 24,525 27,833 26,244 26,187 23,647
Arizona..... 124,658 128,858 138,330 151,389 130,192 127,086 127,070 118,042 114,098 126,022
Arkansas..... 55,898 53,160 57,019 63,560 52,074 48,861 50,927 52,229 48,759 55,318
California..... 917,303 939,117 954,021 1,009,991 938,495 827,877 869,019 844,371 876,809 853,530
Colorado..... 135,917 146,328 148,683 145,332 142,474 117,137 122,865 125,853 124,926 128,469
Connecticut..... 72,194 79,627 73,610 76,473 67,827 70,952 68,925 74,256 73,361 71,870
Delaware..... 22,627 23,840 22,618 25,677 20,948 21,091 18,871 22,510 19,694 26,759
District of Columbia 28,420 30,683 27,765 26,915 27,023 25,936 27,717 26,903 26,143 26,418
Florida..... 427,774 479,125 492,703 485,325 433,403 383,006 414,368 406,674 408,151 385,077
Georgia..... 220,280 230,136 230,220 238,116 215,750 188,252 201,151 198,351 191,800 195,401
Hawaii..... 24,692 24,892 26,593 26,591 25,524 25,485 25,162 22,937 22,314 24,417
Idaho..... 44,752 41,009 39,677 42,898 49,556 38,251 42,367 38,998 37,619 37,971
Illinois..... 285,810 303,626 283,715 311,522 289,355 271,352 270,682 288,307 274,821 287,323
Indiana..... 131,474 147,131 134,604 159,935 135,251 138,884 124,978 132,690 126,976 135,133
Iowa..... 73,648 78,802 73,749 78,199 75,990 70,575 72,494 73,787 72,224 68,787
Kansas..... 63,844 67,807 63,377 69,883 63,109 61,647 62,668 63,716 59,565 65,217
Kentucky..... 91,787 92,151 92,384 101,092 83,966 88,769 83,722 82,408 81,418 91,550
Louisiana..... 108,230 105,912 107,909 110,344 98,762 93,859 103,557 94,961 94,750 107,998
Maine..... 33,132 38,521 33,320 35,278 31,952 34,896 32,346 34,763 35,410 34,311
Maryland..... 121,499 136,148 133,137 138,559 122,791 119,838 119,577 128,790 126,916 128,633
Massachusetts..... 158,166 183,732 167,961 178,386 153,727 148,501 153,143 159,654 153,746 160,532
Michigan..... 192,830 226,828 191,082 220,069 186,698 179,257 190,752 205,107 186,438 185,816
Minnesota..... 122,490 152,221 131,482 136,923 132,507 129,346 118,383 134,267 128,935 124,085
Mississippi..... 49,959 53,077 53,826 60,007 48,649 51,299 57,214 51,585 46,688 55,261
Missouri..... 125,153 134,758 126,076 142,699 127,642 123,829 119,955 126,568 116,469 122,952
Montana..... 26,277 29,415 28,903 30,556 33,180 28,551 27,569 28,921 28,910 25,995
Nebraska..... 45,549 47,397 47,321 49,553 48,584 44,322 46,101 45,012 43,949 45,229
Nevada..... 68,622 69,877 69,923 70,287 67,468 54,980 59,580 60,168 56,851 57,353
New Hampshire..... 31,408 36,969 32,002 37,142 31,642 32,117 32,986 34,272 32,733 31,333
New Jersey..... 195,106 226,392 206,388 227,119 192,871 206,882 194,451 207,112 203,873 199,775
New Mexico..... 39,379 41,136 40,583 44,135 40,119 39,962 38,390 38,037 37,593 40,337
New York..... 457,654 496,747 479,367 492,207 452,751 442,296 431,265 449,498 438,941 447,485
North Carolina..... 199,537 217,022 209,823 224,428 201,554 190,119 187,185 193,695 183,831 195,257
North Dakota..... 32,111 28,257 30,570 32,877 27,400 24,768 26,193 25,903 25,770 33,253
Ohio..... 253,252 270,847 248,416 274,778 245,199 243,553 234,718 249,027 233,006 251,495
Oklahoma..... 77,375 78,476 77,829 85,458 72,454 72,002 74,533 70,508 69,618 78,715
Oregon..... 100,704 100,630 102,126 103,676 102,857 88,088 91,958 88,464 92,473 84,267
Pennsylvania..... 256,602 274,608 256,883 278,808 241,865 245,303 242,062 254,015 242,138 260,288
Rhode Island..... 22,872 26,185 24,175 26,349 21,815 22,671 22,399 23,327 22,897 23,924
South Carolina..... 96,579 98,984 94,120 107,723 89,525 89,150 90,029 90,053 78,630 88,343
South Dakota..... 21,871 21,565 20,829 21,338 21,738 20,347 20,177 20,142 19,835 19,475
Tennessee..... 126,772 131,374 133,418 147,613 122,997 122,340 118,013 119,313 114,067 123,505
Texas..... 557,909 572,445 578,909 621,191 558,120 482,188 471,468 492,179 482,093 554,065
Utah..... 70,092 75,836 76,796 77,688 81,508 64,326 71,419 64,827 63,747 64,830
Vermont..... 17,159 18,472 17,342 18,971 17,292 17,155 17,352 18,337 16,952 17,199
Virginia..... 159,319 185,419 168,154 170,860 179,773 163,063 166,417 174,206 163,277 166,667
Washington..... 170,242 185,741 178,850 175,377 172,884 151,460 161,538 157,888 156,237 145,606
West Virginia..... 36,189 37,341 34,791 37,372 33,488 37,697 36,240 36,900 34,173 38,029
Wisconsin..... 124,841 138,897 129,875 136,603 129,845 122,129 119,812 132,569 123,187 121,215
Wyoming..... 18,520 19,079 18,166 20,323 19,818 17,537 17,967 18,418 17,717 19,749
Puerto Rico..... 36,520 37,710 37,973 43,614 35,793 44,627 42,541 40,793 33,418 43,227
Virgin Islands..... 1,375 1,669 1,778 1,721 1,497 1,643 1,704 1,522 1,519 1,618
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015
United States... 6.1 6.5 6.3 6.6 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7
Alabama..... 5.7 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.4
Alaska..... 10.8 10.8 9.5 10.6 10.4 9.7 11.0 10.4 10.4 9.2
Arizona..... 5.9 6.0 6.4 7.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.5 5.3 5.7
Arkansas..... 5.9 5.6 6.0 6.6 5.4 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.1 5.7
California..... 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.4 6.8 6.2 6.5 6.2 6.4 6.2
Colorado..... 6.8 7.2 7.3 7.0 6.9 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1
Connecticut..... 5.1 5.7 5.2 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.9 5.3 5.2 5.1
Delaware..... 6.3 6.6 6.3 7.0 5.7 5.9 5.2 6.2 5.4 7.3
District of Columbia.. 5.9 6.3 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.4
Florida..... 6.5 7.2 7.3 7.1 6.3 5.8 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.6
Georgia..... 6.6 6.9 6.8 6.9 6.2 5.6 6.0 5.9 5.5 5.6
Hawaii..... 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.2 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.5 4.4 4.8
Idaho..... 8.4 7.7 7.5 8.0 9.1 7.2 7.9 7.3 7.0 7.0
Illinois..... 5.8 6.2 5.7 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.5 5.7
Indiana..... 5.3 5.9 5.4 6.3 5.3 5.6 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.3
Iowa..... 5.8 6.1 5.8 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.4
Kansas..... 5.7 6.1 5.7 6.2 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.8
Kentucky..... 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.6 5.5 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.3 6.0
Louisiana..... 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.1 5.9 6.5 5.9 5.8 6.7
Maine..... 6.8 7.8 6.7 7.2 6.5 7.1 6.5 7.0 7.2 7.0
Maryland..... 6.0 6.6 6.5 6.7 5.9 5.8 5.8 6.3 6.2 6.2
Massachusetts..... 5.5 6.3 5.7 6.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.2 5.4
Michigan..... 5.4 6.4 5.4 6.2 5.2 5.1 5.4 5.7 5.2 5.1
Minnesota..... 5.2 6.5 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.1 5.7 5.4 5.2
Mississippi..... 5.8 6.2 6.2 6.9 5.5 6.0 6.6 6.0 5.4 6.4
Missouri..... 5.6 6.0 5.7 6.3 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.7 5.1 5.4
Montana..... 7.3 8.2 8.1 8.5 9.1 8.0 7.7 8.1 8.0 7.2
Nebraska..... 5.8 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.1 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.6
Nevada..... 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.3 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.3
New Hampshire..... 5.9 6.9 5.9 6.9 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.0 5.7
New Jersey..... 6.0 7.0 6.3 6.9 5.8 6.3 5.9 6.4 6.2 6.0
New Mexico..... 6.5 6.8 6.6 7.2 6.4 6.5 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.5
New York..... 6.2 6.7 6.4 6.6 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.9
North Carolina..... 6.0 6.4 6.2 6.5 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.7
North Dakota..... 8.7 7.6 8.2 8.7 7.1 6.7 7.0 6.9 6.7 8.7
Ohio..... 5.6 6.1 5.5 6.1 5.4 5.5 5.2 5.5 5.1 5.6
Oklahoma..... 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.7 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.6 5.5 6.1
Oregon..... 7.0 6.9 7.0 7.1 6.9 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.3 5.7
Pennsylvania..... 5.2 5.6 5.2 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 5.1 4.9 5.2
Rhode Island..... 5.7 6.5 5.9 6.4 5.3 5.7 5.5 5.8 5.6 5.8
South Carolina..... 6.2 6.4 6.0 6.8 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.0 5.5
South Dakota..... 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7
Tennessee..... 5.5 5.7 5.7 6.2 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.8 5.2
Texas..... 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.4 5.8 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.7
Utah..... 6.5 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 6.0 6.7 6.0 5.8 5.9
Vermont..... 6.9 7.3 6.9 7.5 6.8 6.8 6.9 7.3 6.7 6.8
Virginia..... 5.4 6.2 5.6 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.5 5.6
Washington..... 6.9 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.7 6.0 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.6
West Virginia..... 6.5 6.6 6.2 6.6 6.0 6.7 6.4 6.5 6.0 6.7
Wisconsin..... 5.3 5.8 5.5 5.8 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.6 5.2 5.1
Wyoming..... 8.6 8.7 8.3 9.3 8.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.0 8.9
Puerto Rico..... 5.3 5.5 5.6 6.4 5.3 6.5 6.3 6.0 4.9 6.4
Virgin Islands..... 5.0 6.2 6.6 6.2 5.5 6.0 6.3 5.6 5.6 5.9
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2005 March 227 3.3 196 2.9 972 .9 877 .8
June 232 3.4 192 2.8 964 .9 845 .8
September 236 3.4 195 2.8 1,005 .9 885 .8
December 236 3.4 200 2.9 988 .9 850 .8
2006 March 236 3.3 195 2.8 949 .8 767 .7
June 233 3.3 206 2.9 987 .9 850 .8
September 224 3.1 210 2.9 934 .8 843 .7
December 236 3.3 207 2.9 976 .9 812 .7
2007 March 232 3.2 205 2.8 918 .8 787 .7
June 225 3.1 215 3.0 898 .8 859 .8
September 233 3.2 216 3.0 952 .8 845 .7
December 228 3.1 218 3.0 922 .8 836 .7
2008 March 226 3.1 224 3.1 919 .8 832 .7
June 221 3.0 238 3.3 876 .8 913 .8
September 216 3.0 233 3.2 849 .8 881 .8
December 211 2.9 253 3.5 819 .7 951 .9
2009 March 197 2.7 247 3.4 738 .7 869 .8
June 201 2.8 238 3.3 767 .7 837 .8
September 192 2.7 227 3.2 725 .7 793 .7
December 202 2.8 218 3.1 728 .7 749 .7
2010 March 193 2.7 211 3.0 706 .7 687 .7
June 193 2.7 202 2.9 730 .7 665 .6
September 207 2.9 204 2.9 754 .7 701 .7
December 216 3.0 201 2.8 805 .8 700 .7
2011 March 204 2.9 200 2.8 712 .7 631 .6
June 210 2.9 206 2.9 766 .7 690 .6
September 205 2.9 196 2.7 795 .7 677 .6
December 214 3.0 198 2.8 802 .7 699 .6
2012 March 237 3.3 187 2.6 783 .7 613 .6
June 216 3.0 195 2.7 799 .7 675 .6
September 211 2.9 196 2.7 808 .7 693 .6
December 218 3.0 183 2.5 810 .7 675 .6
2013 March 204 2.8 192 2.6 743 .7 644 .6
June 222 3.0 215 2.9 791 .7 695 .6
September 219 2.9 195 2.6 824 .7 681 .6
December 215 2.9 186 2.5 805 .7 672 .6
2014 March 220 2.9 189 2.5 779 .7 630 .6
June 220 2.9 205 2.7 805 .7 717 .6
September 225 3.0 N/A N/A 829 .7 N/A N/A
December 223 2.9 N/A N/A 840 .7 N/A N/A
2015 March 233 3.0 N/A N/A 806 .7 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters
by definition. See the Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage
of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or
total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
