For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) USDL-13-2347
Tuesday, December 10, 2013
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FIRST QUARTER 2013
From December 2012 to March 2013 gross job losses from closing and
contracting private sector establishments were 6.3 million, a decrease
of 115,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. Due to an administrative change in the
education and health services industry sector, gross job gains are not
comparable to data from previous quarters. (See box note on page 1.)
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of
increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses
in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private business units from the third
month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains
are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses
are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the
loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of
gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change
in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Administrative Change Affecting Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data|
| |
|First quarter 2013 data were affected by an administrative change to the|
|count of establishments in the education and health services industry. A|
|review of the administrative data from which the BED data are derived |
|revealed that certain establishments that provide non-medical, home- |
|based services for the elderly and persons with disabilities had been |
|misclassified in the private households industry (NAICS 814110), which |
|is out of scope for the BED. These establishments are now in scope and |
|are classified in services for the elderly and persons with disabilities|
|(NAICS 624120.) This non-economic industry code change artificially |
|inflates the data for gross job gains, openings, births, and the net |
|employment change for the following data series: national total private,|
|state total private, the education and health services sector, and firm |
|size class. |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 5.6 million in
first quarter 2013, a decrease of 146,000 jobs from the previous
quarter.
Openings in first quarter 2013 cannot be compared to the previous
quarter. (See box note on page 1.)
Contracting establishments lost 5.1 million jobs in first quarter
2013. This is a decrease of 63,000 jobs from the prior quarter.
In the first quarter of 2013, closing establishments lost 1.2 million
jobs, a decrease of 52,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
(See tables 1 and 3.)
Gross job losses represented 5.6 percent of private sector employment.
(See table 2.)
Gross job gains cannot be compared to the previous quarter.
(See box note on page 1.)
Establishment births cannot be compared to the previous quarter.
(See box note on page 1.)
Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are
available through second quarter 2012, when 666,000 jobs were lost
at 184,000 establishments. These figures represent increases from
the prior quarter when 605,000 jobs were lost at 181,000
establishments.
During the first quarter of 2013, gross job gains exceeded gross job
losses in all industry sectors except transportation and warehousing,
utilities, and information. These three industries also experienced a
net employment loss after being positive last quarter. The
transportation and warehousing sector had gross job gains of 207,000
and gross job losses of 236,000, which resulted in a net employment
loss of 29,000 jobs. This is the largest net loss since March 2010.
(See table 3.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
Category 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2012 2012 2012 2012 2013
Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains................ 6,946 7,027 6,847 7,110 7,200
At expanding establishments... 5,702 5,738 5,552 5,769 5,623
At opening establishments..... 1,244 1,289 1,295 1,341 1,577
Gross job losses............... 6,099 6,414 6,614 6,401 6,286
At contracting establishments. 4,995 5,259 5,436 5,199 5,136
At closing establishments..... 1,104 1,155 1,178 1,202 1,150
Net employment change(1)....... 847 613 233 709 914
Rates (percent)
Gross job gains................ 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.4
At expanding establishments... 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0
At opening establishments..... 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4
Gross job losses............... 5.6 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.6
At contracting establishments. 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.6
At closing establishments..... 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0
Net employment change(1)....... .7 .5 .2 .6 .8
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total
gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical
Note for further information.
In the first quarter of 2013, gross job gains exceeded gross job
losses in 46 states and the District of Columbia. Alaska had the
highest rate of gross job gains as a percent of employment at 10.7
percent, well above the U.S. total gross job gains rate of 6.4 percent.
Hawaii had the lowest rate of gross job losses as a percent of employment
at 4.8 percent, below the U.S. rate of 5.6 percent. (See tables 6 and 7.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are
available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data
on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by
firm size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted
time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains
and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked
questions on firm size data. Additional information about the Business
Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this
release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2013 are scheduled
to be released on Wednesday, January 29, 2014 at 10:00 a.m. (EST).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Changes to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| |
|Data in this release incorporate annual revisions to the BED series. |
|Annual revisions are published each year with the release of first |
|quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not |
|seasonally adjusted data and five years of seasonally adjusted data. |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW). The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required
to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by
unemployment insurance (UI) laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to
the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). These UI reports are
supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative
data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total
employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and
losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark for the Current
Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and
Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input
to the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures -- QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.)
Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program
web sites shown in the table below.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 486,000 establish-
| submitted by 9.2 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 7.3 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing: agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed;
| | | including: railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -7 months after the| -8 months after the | -First Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| State, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors,3-digit |
| | NAICS, and by size |
| | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SESAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of 7.3 million private sector employer reports out
of 9.2 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2013. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110), and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands (49,972 units rounded to 0.0 million) also are excluded from
the national data. As an illustration, the table below shows, in millions of
establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the national gross
job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2013:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the
national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.2
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.2
Zero employment.......................................1.3
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.1
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data.............................................7.3
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers are used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in
the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the
current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the
first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or
units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero
employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in
the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with
positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary
shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may
be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent
closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three
quarters for the publication of death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous
quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and
firms change their employment levels. Units with no change in employment
count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job
gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments
that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive
employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive
quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths
are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal
database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third
month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing
zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment
births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings
and closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment
that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening
as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be
a closing. Since openings include seasonal and other re-openings and
closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values
for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and closings.
However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently
seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in
which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches estab-
lishments' unique SESA identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the States,
which relates records with different SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SESA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SESAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 4-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change
in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter
in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current
year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes
once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual
data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are
available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring
annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor
relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate
restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of
the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains
and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross
job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is
equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally
adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contrac-
ting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector,
which is not separately published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first qua-
rter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adj-
usted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment
by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county e
mployment and wages and an annual bulletin: Employment and Wages Annual
Averages, are available upon request from the Division of Administrative
Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department
of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567;
(http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2003 March -393 7,467 5,928 1,539 7,860 6,307 1,553
June -90 7,398 5,929 1,469 7,488 6,030 1,458
September 204 7,392 5,923 1,469 7,188 5,828 1,360
December 297 7,521 6,005 1,516 7,224 5,800 1,424
2004 March 470 7,715 6,204 1,511 7,245 5,795 1,450
June 644 7,754 6,235 1,519 7,110 5,639 1,471
September 206 7,633 6,060 1,573 7,427 5,888 1,539
December 757 7,844 6,243 1,601 7,087 5,663 1,424
2005 March 384 7,620 6,131 1,489 7,236 5,801 1,435
June 593 7,774 6,231 1,543 7,181 5,776 1,405
September 677 7,965 6,387 1,578 7,288 5,844 1,444
December 494 7,807 6,252 1,555 7,313 5,948 1,365
2006 March 874 7,797 6,354 1,443 6,923 5,636 1,287
June 371 7,758 6,246 1,512 7,387 6,015 1,372
September 52 7,499 6,061 1,438 7,447 6,097 1,350
December 455 7,740 6,223 1,517 7,285 5,941 1,344
2007 March 549 7,727 6,297 1,430 7,178 5,881 1,297
June 149 7,632 6,222 1,410 7,483 6,079 1,404
September -252 7,318 5,847 1,471 7,570 6,215 1,355
December 299 7,658 6,196 1,462 7,359 6,012 1,347
2008 March -225 7,246 5,834 1,412 7,471 6,102 1,369
June -578 7,254 5,846 1,408 7,832 6,352 1,480
September -944 6,886 5,523 1,363 7,830 6,448 1,382
December -1,809 6,706 5,354 1,352 8,515 7,034 1,481
2009 March -2,710 5,844 4,655 1,189 8,554 7,132 1,422
June -1,659 6,391 5,088 1,303 8,050 6,667 1,383
September -880 6,340 5,125 1,215 7,220 5,863 1,357
December -229 6,640 5,316 1,324 6,869 5,589 1,280
2010 March -262 6,256 5,086 1,170 6,518 5,313 1,205
June 715 6,966 5,684 1,282 6,251 5,086 1,165
September 210 6,675 5,423 1,252 6,465 5,240 1,225
December 591 7,015 5,642 1,373 6,424 5,202 1,222
2011 March 296 6,448 5,278 1,170 6,152 5,015 1,137
June 602 6,940 5,642 1,298 6,338 5,108 1,230
September 819 7,144 5,785 1,359 6,325 5,181 1,144
December 368 6,896 5,549 1,347 6,528 5,250 1,278
2012 March 847 6,946 5,702 1,244 6,099 4,995 1,104
June 613 7,027 5,738 1,289 6,414 5,259 1,155
September 233 6,847 5,552 1,295 6,614 5,436 1,178
December 709 7,110 5,769 1,341 6,401 5,199 1,202
2013 March 914 7,200 5,623 1,577 6,286 5,136 1,150
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2003 March -.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5
June .0 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.0 5.6 1.4
September .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4
September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3
2005 March .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
June .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3
September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2
2006 March .9 7.0 5.7 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March .5 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.3 5.2 1.1
June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2
December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2008 March -.3 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.6 5.4 1.2
June -.6 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3
September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2
December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3
2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3
June -1.6 5.9 4.7 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3
September -.9 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.8 5.5 1.3
December -.2 6.3 5.0 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2010 March -.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.1 4.9 1.2
December .6 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.0 4.9 1.1
2011 March .2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1
June .6 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1
December .3 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.0 4.8 1.2
2012 March .7 6.3 5.2 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June .5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September .2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1
December .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2013 March .8 6.4 5.0 1.4 5.6 4.6 1.0
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage
of the previous and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar.
2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 6,946 7,027 6,847 7,110 7,200 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.4
At expanding establishments 5,702 5,738 5,552 5,769 5,623 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0
At opening establishments 1,244 1,289 1,295 1,341 1,577 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4
Gross job losses 6,099 6,414 6,614 6,401 6,286 5.6 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.6
At contracting establishments 4,995 5,259 5,436 5,199 5,136 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.6
At closing establishments 1,104 1,155 1,178 1,202 1,150 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0
Net employment change 847 613 233 709 914 .7 .5 .2 .6 .8
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,402 1,396 1,338 1,359 1,345 7.3 7.2 6.9 7.0 6.8
At expanding establishments 1,194 1,188 1,129 1,147 1,151 6.2 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.8
At opening establishments 208 208 209 212 194 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0
Gross job losses 1,254 1,302 1,301 1,315 1,224 6.5 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.2
At contracting establishments 1,043 1,087 1,090 1,097 1,020 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.2
At closing establishments 211 215 211 218 204 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0
Net employment change 148 94 37 44 121 .8 .5 .2 .3 .6
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 293 300 277 279 277 14.8 15.1 14.0 14.0 13.7
At expanding establishments 253 259 236 238 238 12.8 13.0 11.9 11.9 11.8
At opening establishments 40 41 41 41 39 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9
Gross job losses 266 293 276 288 250 13.4 14.8 13.9 14.4 12.4
At contracting establishments 228 252 240 250 214 11.5 12.7 12.1 12.5 10.6
At closing establishments 38 41 36 38 36 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.8
Net employment change 27 7 1 -9 27 1.4 .3 .1 -.4 1.3
Construction
Gross job gains 675 641 648 667 674 12.2 11.5 11.6 11.9 11.7
At expanding establishments 544 512 516 534 553 9.8 9.2 9.2 9.5 9.6
At opening establishments 131 129 132 133 121 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.1
Gross job losses 622 639 614 604 600 11.2 11.4 11.0 10.7 10.5
At contracting establishments 490 510 484 474 476 8.8 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.3
At closing establishments 132 129 130 130 124 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2
Net employment change 53 2 34 63 74 1.0 .1 .6 1.2 1.2
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 434 455 413 413 394 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.3
At expanding establishments 397 417 377 375 360 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.0
At opening establishments 37 38 36 38 34 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
Gross job losses 366 370 411 423 374 3.0 3.1 3.5 3.5 3.2
At contracting establishments 325 325 366 373 330 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.1 2.8
At closing establishments 41 45 45 50 44 .3 .4 .4 .4 .4
Net employment change 68 85 2 -10 20 .7 .7 .0 -.1 .1
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 5,544 5,631 5,509 5,751 5,855 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.4
At expanding establishments 4,508 4,550 4,423 4,622 4,472 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.1 4.9
At opening establishments 1,036 1,081 1,086 1,129 1,383 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.5
Gross job losses 4,845 5,112 5,313 5,086 5,062 5.4 5.6 5.9 5.6 5.5
At contracting establishments 3,952 4,172 4,346 4,102 4,116 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.5 4.5
At closing establishments 893 940 967 984 946 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0
Net employment change 699 519 196 665 793 .8 .6 .2 .7 .9
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 285 287 267 280 273 5.1 5.1 4.7 4.9 4.8
At expanding establishments 234 236 217 227 227 4.2 4.2 3.8 4.0 4.0
At opening establishments 51 51 50 53 46 .9 .9 .9 .9 .8
Gross job losses 244 252 262 257 251 4.3 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.4
At contracting establishments 188 195 208 200 194 3.3 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.4
At closing establishments 56 57 54 57 57 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Net employment change 41 35 5 23 22 .8 .7 .0 .4 .4
Retail trade
Gross job gains 899 896 848 921 895 6.0 6.0 5.6 6.2 6.0
At expanding establishments 773 760 708 788 777 5.2 5.1 4.7 5.3 5.2
At opening establishments 126 136 140 133 118 .8 .9 .9 .9 .8
Gross job losses 845 819 875 829 874 5.7 5.5 5.8 5.6 5.8
At contracting establishments 740 716 764 710 768 5.0 4.8 5.1 4.8 5.1
At closing establishments 105 103 111 119 106 .7 .7 .7 .8 .7
Net employment change 54 77 -27 92 21 .3 .5 -.2 .6 .2
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 213 220 221 263 207 5.1 5.3 5.3 6.3 4.9
At expanding establishments 181 187 189 231 177 4.3 4.5 4.5 5.5 4.2
At opening establishments 32 33 32 32 30 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7
Gross job losses 215 201 208 211 236 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.5
At contracting establishments 184 168 174 173 205 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.8
At closing establishments 31 33 34 38 31 .7 .8 .8 .9 .7
Net employment change -2 19 13 52 -29 .0 .5 .3 1.3 -.6
Utilities
Gross job gains 12 11 12 14 10 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.6 1.8
At expanding establishments 11 10 10 12 9 2.0 1.8 1.8 2.2 1.6
At opening establishments 1 1 2 2 1 .2 .2 .4 .4 .2
Gross job losses 11 13 13 12 11 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.0
At contracting establishments 10 12 12 11 10 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.8
At closing establishments 1 1 1 1 1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2
Net employment change 1 -2 -1 2 -1 .2 -.4 -.2 .4 -.2
Information
Gross job gains 114 123 129 141 114 4.2 4.6 4.8 5.2 4.2
At expanding establishments 95 105 108 116 97 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.6
At opening establishments 19 18 21 25 17 .7 .7 .8 .9 .6
Gross job losses 113 126 140 121 119 4.2 4.7 5.2 4.5 4.4
At contracting establishments 95 104 118 96 99 3.5 3.9 4.4 3.6 3.7
At closing establishments 18 22 22 25 20 .7 .8 .8 .9 .7
Net employment change 1 -3 -11 20 -5 .0 -.1 -.4 .7 -.2
Financial activities
Gross job gains 341 360 354 376 346 4.6 4.8 4.7 5.0 4.5
At expanding establishments 275 291 285 293 282 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.7
At opening establishments 66 69 69 83 64 .9 .9 .9 1.1 .8
Gross job losses 319 330 333 326 325 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3
At contracting establishments 245 255 262 251 250 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.3
At closing establishments 74 75 71 75 75 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0 1.0
Net employment change 22 30 21 50 21 .3 .4 .3 .7 .2
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,280 1,362 1,325 1,403 1,255 7.3 7.6 7.4 7.8 6.9
At expanding establishments 1,039 1,111 1,080 1,132 1,035 5.9 6.2 6.0 6.3 5.7
At opening establishments 241 251 245 271 220 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.2
Gross job losses 1,148 1,215 1,256 1,229 1,179 6.5 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.4
At contracting establishments 925 959 1,003 977 940 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.1
At closing establishments 223 256 253 252 239 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3
Net employment change 132 147 69 174 76 .8 .8 .4 1.0 .5
Education and health services
Gross job gains 821 799 840 836 1,200 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.3 6.0
At expanding establishments 701 677 708 701 681 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.4
At opening establishments 120 122 132 135 519 .6 .6 .7 .7 2.6
Gross job losses 697 768 746 717 743 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.7
At contracting establishments 579 644 618 590 600 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0
At closing establishments 118 124 128 127 143 .6 .6 .7 .6 .7
Net employment change 124 31 94 119 457 .6 .2 .4 .7 2.3
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,238 1,212 1,162 1,176 1,202 9.1 8.8 8.5 8.5 8.5
At expanding establishments 971 935 891 904 958 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.8
At opening establishments 267 277 271 272 244 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7
Gross job losses 975 1,102 1,169 1,091 1,038 7.2 8.0 8.5 7.8 7.4
At contracting establishments 785 908 960 881 844 5.8 6.6 7.0 6.3 6.0
At closing establishments 190 194 209 210 194 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4
Net employment change 263 110 -7 85 164 1.9 .8 .0 .7 1.1
Other services
Gross job gains 279 290 275 269 272 7.4 7.6 7.2 7.0 7.1
At expanding establishments 220 230 218 209 218 5.8 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.7
At opening establishments 59 60 57 60 54 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4
Gross job losses 251 259 281 266 256 6.6 6.7 7.3 6.9 6.7
At contracting establishments 196 204 219 207 199 5.2 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.2
At closing establishments 55 55 62 59 57 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.5
Net employment change 28 31 -6 3 16 .8 .9 -.1 .1 .4
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change(2,3) gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2003 March -326 6,112 6,438 -135 3,257 3,392 -56 1,127 1,183 -135 1,728 1,863
June -137 6,108 6,245 112 3,346 3,234 -26 1,133 1,159 -223 1,629 1,852
September 193 6,162 5,969 120 3,327 3,207 21 1,127 1,106 52 1,708 1,656
December 310 6,218 5,908 146 3,340 3,194 32 1,128 1,096 132 1,750 1,618
2004 March 430 6,306 5,876 153 3,392 3,239 137 1,194 1,057 140 1,720 1,580
June 621 6,471 5,850 169 3,387 3,218 141 1,196 1,055 311 1,888 1,577
September 197 6,243 6,046 88 3,379 3,291 88 1,175 1,087 21 1,689 1,668
December 759 6,494 5,735 274 3,480 3,206 101 1,172 1,071 384 1,842 1,458
2005 March 368 6,320 5,952 66 3,416 3,350 97 1,161 1,064 205 1,743 1,538
June 570 6,435 5,865 243 3,476 3,233 146 1,198 1,052 181 1,761 1,580
September 701 6,672 5,971 218 3,510 3,292 85 1,195 1,110 398 1,967 1,569
December 506 6,406 5,900 169 3,462 3,293 45 1,140 1,095 292 1,804 1,512
2006 March 788 6,433 5,645 334 3,547 3,213 222 1,213 991 232 1,673 1,441
June 375 6,349 5,974 117 3,434 3,317 110 1,190 1,080 148 1,725 1,577
September 43 6,103 6,060 -14 3,329 3,343 27 1,127 1,100 30 1,647 1,617
December 447 6,375 5,928 117 3,393 3,276 74 1,147 1,073 256 1,835 1,579
2007 March 466 6,300 5,834 189 3,451 3,262 99 1,153 1,054 178 1,696 1,518
June 174 6,256 6,082 -31 3,337 3,368 108 1,180 1,072 97 1,739 1,642
September -269 5,891 6,160 -132 3,252 3,384 -53 1,073 1,126 -84 1,566 1,650
December 298 6,254 5,956 8 3,315 3,307 63 1,140 1,077 227 1,799 1,572
2008 March -290 5,806 6,096 -154 3,228 3,382 -14 1,073 1,087 -122 1,505 1,627
June -548 5,855 6,403 -284 3,179 3,463 -41 1,095 1,136 -223 1,581 1,804
September -999 5,498 6,497 -346 3,047 3,393 -151 1,015 1,166 -502 1,436 1,938
December -1,869 5,338 7,207 -695 2,907 3,602 -374 948 1,322 -800 1,483 2,283
2009 March -2,664 4,578 7,242 -983 2,715 3,698 -615 806 1,421 -1,066 1,057 2,123
June -1,764 5,170 6,934 -472 2,951 3,423 -277 954 1,231 -1,015 1,265 2,280
September -940 5,134 6,074 -374 2,821 3,195 -118 928 1,046 -448 1,385 1,833
December -289 5,405 5,694 -162 2,938 3,100 -43 964 1,007 -84 1,503 1,587
2010 March -240 5,093 5,333 -198 2,855 3,053 -3 909 912 -39 1,329 1,368
June 692 5,815 5,123 238 3,097 2,859 209 1,076 867 245 1,642 1,397
September 188 5,490 5,302 23 2,939 2,916 79 994 915 86 1,557 1,471
December 519 5,786 5,267 85 3,047 2,962 95 1,035 940 339 1,704 1,365
2011 March 313 5,334 5,021 93 2,968 2,875 118 963 845 102 1,403 1,301
June 548 5,758 5,210 196 3,078 2,882 176 1,069 893 176 1,611 1,435
September 823 5,943 5,120 259 3,123 2,864 161 1,061 900 403 1,759 1,356
December 321 5,612 5,291 39 2,967 2,928 45 987 942 237 1,658 1,421
2012 March 846 5,761 4,915 385 3,157 2,772 217 1,047 830 244 1,557 1,313
June 604 5,825 5,221 178 3,042 2,864 167 1,082 915 259 1,701 1,442
September 213 5,565 5,352 49 2,950 2,901 44 1,002 958 120 1,613 1,493
December 637 5,766 5,129 169 3,014 2,845 90 1,012 922 378 1,740 1,362
2013 March 1,198 6,302 5,104 281 3,098 2,817 156 1,021 865 761 2,183 1,422
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
(3) Net change totals for firm-level data shown differ from the establishment-level data
due to independent seasonal adjustment of the series.
NOTE: See http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for additional firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept Dec. Mar.
2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 5,761 5,825 5,565 5,766 6,302 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.6
At expanding firms 4,826 4,925 4,670 4,840 5,365 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.8
At opening firms 935 900 895 926 937 .9 .8 .8 .8 .8
Gross job losses 4,915 5,221 5,352 5,129 5,104 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.6
At contracting firms 4,087 4,393 4,515 4,282 4,251 3.7 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.8
At closing firms 828 828 837 847 853 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8
Net employment change 846 604 213 637 1,198 .8 .5 .1 .5 1.0
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,157 3,042 2,950 3,014 3,098 10.1 9.6 9.3 9.5 9.7
At expanding firms 2,257 2,185 2,099 2,124 2,194 7.2 6.9 6.6 6.7 6.9
At opening firms 900 857 851 890 904 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8
Gross job losses 2,772 2,864 2,901 2,845 2,817 8.8 9.0 9.1 8.9 8.8
At contracting firms 1,971 2,070 2,100 2,040 2,002 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.3
At closing firms 801 794 801 805 815 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Net employment change 385 178 49 169 281 1.3 .6 .2 .6 .9
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,047 1,082 1,002 1,012 1,021 5.2 5.3 5.0 5.0 4.9
At expanding firms 1,016 1,046 966 979 991 5.0 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.8
At opening firms 31 36 36 33 30 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1
Gross job losses 830 915 958 922 865 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.3
At contracting firms 806 887 929 888 833 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.1
At closing firms 24 28 29 34 32 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2
Net employment change 217 167 44 90 156 1.1 .8 .3 .4 .6
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,557 1,701 1,613 1,740 2,183 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.7
At expanding firms 1,553 1,694 1,605 1,737 2,180 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.7
At opening firms 4 7 8 3 3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Gross job losses 1,313 1,442 1,493 1,362 1,422 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.4
At contracting firms 1,310 1,436 1,486 1,354 1,416 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.4
At closing firms 3 6 7 8 6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
Net employment change 244 259 120 378 761 .4 .4 .3 .7 1.3
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower
than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment,
as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013
United States(1)... 6,946,000 7,027,000 6,847,000 7,110,000 7,200,000 6,099,000 6,414,000 6,614,000 6,401,000 6,286,000
Alabama..... 91,664 86,636 83,851 85,704 89,056 80,725 82,955 83,306 80,669 80,275
Alaska..... 26,693 27,530 22,445 24,240 26,662 22,241 23,495 25,672 25,260 23,917
Arizona..... 128,274 128,793 135,745 142,500 128,935 118,427 125,041 117,227 119,631 121,218
Arkansas..... 54,609 52,314 51,668 56,703 54,198 53,188 53,856 57,464 50,392 52,714
California..... 851,650 894,003 844,915 919,234 1,149,953 755,035 776,483 795,400 774,546 756,150
Colorado..... 125,624 136,640 131,864 134,421 135,946 114,020 118,410 123,134 117,054 120,012
Connecticut..... 76,984 75,561 72,837 75,395 70,949 67,975 68,910 75,227 71,198 72,020
Delaware..... 21,643 21,869 21,192 23,491 22,621 20,549 22,030 21,369 19,541 20,532
District of Columbia 28,382 27,380 27,410 31,906 27,106 21,358 25,248 28,636 25,818 25,558
Florida..... 415,877 431,131 457,853 455,616 425,622 362,860 395,664 423,743 399,755 383,394
Georgia..... 218,487 209,942 201,628 217,427 212,850 190,064 196,142 198,881 188,763 186,171
Hawaii..... 25,388 27,415 27,160 26,609 25,203 25,215 23,961 22,743 20,912 23,670
Idaho..... 38,298 40,455 41,233 40,125 41,579 38,801 37,818 35,434 36,684 36,854
Illinois..... 263,612 265,911 271,148 258,830 268,730 233,030 243,549 263,946 251,875 265,334
Indiana..... 151,917 141,219 138,626 143,227 136,368 121,368 132,146 133,678 130,952 130,034
Iowa..... 76,178 71,500 70,809 71,392 72,607 63,144 64,753 68,605 68,038 66,921
Kansas..... 70,479 64,309 60,448 67,871 61,140 56,328 61,195 64,860 58,658 59,438
Kentucky..... 90,342 88,382 83,055 93,554 84,328 80,583 80,246 85,735 80,606 84,243
Louisiana..... 116,182 103,796 101,975 107,395 104,541 100,163 105,425 102,711 91,414 94,234
Maine..... 34,973 38,534 32,673 34,238 32,143 34,820 33,537 35,673 36,486 34,202
Maryland..... 134,976 128,774 128,971 129,764 126,945 115,216 121,718 128,148 127,138 118,295
Massachusetts..... 154,949 164,755 149,438 151,216 175,505 137,152 137,124 155,111 148,085 138,023
Michigan..... 203,456 207,062 207,299 205,504 207,947 173,801 192,021 197,226 183,401 171,542
Minnesota..... 142,219 138,414 136,191 134,577 137,595 129,890 121,959 128,083 130,799 120,381
Mississippi..... 56,245 50,119 53,633 57,216 49,609 47,444 55,578 52,107 51,673 47,175
Missouri..... 129,293 133,660 127,233 138,250 142,864 117,792 134,163 128,691 122,509 122,171
Montana..... 27,526 28,856 27,400 29,068 28,651 26,029 26,533 25,705 27,260 26,427
Nebraska..... 44,158 43,558 42,551 44,816 45,864 38,129 39,222 41,491 39,881 40,939
Nevada..... 58,292 62,766 58,249 60,294 62,843 52,978 53,406 57,228 56,082 53,767
New Hampshire..... 34,728 37,456 34,114 34,580 33,735 32,426 33,920 36,227 34,128 32,155
New Jersey..... 203,715 209,311 197,518 203,835 202,206 190,411 189,291 202,355 198,718 187,276
New Mexico..... 41,135 40,507 38,580 44,250 37,762 35,763 41,590 39,230 37,406 39,187
New York..... 466,516 466,207 454,607 466,748 456,587 399,950 429,311 443,564 440,756 429,494
North Carolina..... 210,882 205,622 202,081 211,726 196,443 179,984 196,910 193,077 190,051 184,492
North Dakota..... 34,497 26,806 28,903 29,218 29,398 20,369 22,207 25,009 23,917 23,359
Ohio..... 260,540 253,914 241,581 263,759 256,737 224,267 229,793 250,160 238,558 244,972
Oklahoma..... 76,212 76,079 73,753 82,091 72,957 65,995 68,331 73,607 68,685 74,768
Oregon..... 94,240 94,439 97,220 95,654 99,441 87,988 89,229 86,297 91,054 84,487
Pennsylvania..... 290,187 264,855 264,397 265,032 268,272 246,817 266,763 266,195 252,649 262,407
Rhode Island..... 25,161 25,079 23,706 24,574 24,360 23,785 23,337 24,729 23,675 23,094
South Carolina..... 93,884 89,273 85,519 97,458 87,131 80,792 86,862 87,308 79,795 83,845
South Dakota..... 21,808 22,284 21,046 20,959 20,848 19,892 20,663 20,682 20,519 20,553
Tennessee..... 133,838 134,381 124,873 138,078 123,145 113,151 125,736 124,155 114,673 116,749
Texas..... 533,617 549,198 532,447 553,932 537,115 445,061 458,036 473,461 450,359 465,576
Utah..... 68,992 71,874 68,688 74,490 75,396 58,811 60,288 61,913 61,715 64,502
Vermont..... 17,953 18,231 17,200 18,800 17,248 17,360 17,602 17,307 17,530 16,860
Virginia..... 175,293 169,738 186,995 177,043 165,555 159,817 168,085 179,241 165,510 159,740
Washington..... 158,587 173,163 163,111 166,655 204,649 148,380 148,738 153,439 153,804 148,789
West Virginia..... 40,700 36,043 36,427 36,002 35,950 35,173 40,260 38,609 36,604 34,714
Wisconsin..... 136,346 133,444 125,268 131,552 125,586 118,700 120,808 127,601 122,830 120,242
Wyoming..... 18,401 17,401 18,081 20,277 18,617 18,588 19,123 18,364 17,704 18,333
Puerto Rico..... 41,120 46,152 42,434 46,915 38,510 40,496 38,353 43,922 40,722 43,762
Virgin Islands..... 1,688 1,843 1,512 1,981 1,570 2,070 4,106 2,173 1,599 1,819
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013
United States(1)..... 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.4 5.6 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.6
Alabama..... 6.3 5.9 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.4
Alaska..... 10.8 11.1 9.0 9.8 10.7 9.0 9.4 10.3 10.1 9.6
Arizona..... 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.9 6.2 5.9 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.9
Arkansas..... 5.7 5.5 5.5 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.7 6.1 5.3 5.5
California..... 7.0 7.2 6.8 7.4 9.0 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.2 5.9
Colorado..... 6.7 7.3 6.9 7.1 7.1 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.2
Connecticut..... 5.6 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.9 5.4 5.1 5.2
Delaware..... 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.8 6.5 6.0 6.4 6.2 5.7 5.9
District of Columbia.. 6.1 5.8 5.8 6.8 5.7 4.6 5.3 6.1 5.5 5.4
Florida..... 6.7 6.9 7.3 7.1 6.7 5.8 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.0
Georgia..... 6.9 6.6 6.4 6.8 6.6 6.0 6.1 6.2 5.9 5.7
Hawaii..... 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.3 4.8
Idaho..... 7.6 8.0 8.2 7.9 8.1 7.7 7.5 7.0 7.2 7.2
Illinois..... 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.5 4.8 5.0 5.4 5.2 5.5
Indiana..... 6.3 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3
Iowa..... 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.5 5.4
Kansas..... 6.6 6.0 5.6 6.3 5.6 5.3 5.7 6.1 5.4 5.5
Kentucky..... 6.3 6.1 5.7 6.5 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.9 5.5 5.8
Louisiana..... 7.5 6.7 6.6 7.0 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.7 5.9 6.1
Maine..... 7.2 7.9 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.2 6.9 7.3 7.5 7.0
Maryland..... 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.3 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.3 5.8
Massachusetts..... 5.6 5.9 5.3 5.4 6.2 4.9 4.9 5.6 5.3 4.9
Michigan..... 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.2 5.7 5.9 5.4 5.0
Minnesota..... 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.2
Mississippi..... 6.6 5.9 6.4 6.8 5.9 5.7 6.5 6.2 6.1 5.5
Missouri..... 6.0 6.1 5.9 6.4 6.5 5.4 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.5
Montana..... 8.0 8.3 7.9 8.3 8.1 7.5 7.6 7.3 7.8 7.4
Nebraska..... 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.9 6.0 5.1 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.4
Nevada..... 5.9 6.4 5.9 6.0 6.3 5.4 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.4
New Hampshire..... 6.6 7.1 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.9 6.4 6.1
New Jersey..... 6.4 6.5 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.0 5.9 6.3 6.2 5.8
New Mexico..... 6.9 6.7 6.4 7.4 6.2 6.0 6.9 6.6 6.2 6.5
New York..... 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.3 5.6 6.0 6.2 6.1 5.9
North Carolina..... 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.0 5.6 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.7
North Dakota..... 10.3 7.9 8.3 8.3 8.3 6.1 6.5 7.2 6.8 6.6
Ohio..... 6.0 5.8 5.6 6.1 5.9 5.2 5.3 5.7 5.5 5.6
Oklahoma..... 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.7 6.0 5.5 5.6 6.0 5.6 6.0
Oregon..... 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.0 7.2 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.6 6.1
Pennsylvania..... 5.9 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.5 5.4 5.1 5.3
Rhode Island..... 6.4 6.4 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.1 5.9 6.3 6.0 5.8
South Carolina..... 6.4 6.1 5.8 6.6 5.8 5.5 5.9 5.9 5.4 5.6
South Dakota..... 6.6 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.2
Tennessee..... 6.0 6.0 5.6 6.1 5.4 5.1 5.6 5.5 5.1 5.1
Texas..... 6.1 6.2 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.1
Utah..... 6.9 7.2 6.9 7.3 7.3 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.3
Vermont..... 7.3 7.4 7.0 7.6 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.0 7.1 6.7
Virginia..... 6.1 5.8 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.5
Washington..... 6.8 7.4 7.0 7.1 8.6 6.5 6.4 6.6 6.5 6.2
West Virginia..... 7.1 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.2 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.1
Wisconsin..... 6.0 5.8 5.4 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.2
Wyoming..... 8.6 8.2 8.6 9.5 8.7 8.6 9.0 8.7 8.4 8.5
Puerto Rico..... 6.1 6.8 6.2 6.8 5.6 6.0 5.6 6.3 5.9 6.4
Virgin Islands..... 5.5 6.2 5.3 7.0 5.6 6.8 13.9 7.7 5.6 6.5
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2003 March 193 3.0 186 2.9 1,004 .9 1,011 .9
June 191 3.0 186 2.9 964 .9 951 .9
September 193 3.0 179 2.8 954 .9 884 .8
December 200 3.1 180 2.8 998 .9 910 .9
2004 March 207 3.2 180 2.8 1,000 .9 917 .9
June 203 3.1 185 2.8 980 .9 909 .8
September 209 3.2 186 2.8 1,016 .9 953 .9
December 210 3.2 180 2.7 997 .9 894 .8
2005 March 209 3.1 185 2.8 944 .9 852 .8
June 216 3.2 180 2.7 951 .9 841 .8
September 221 3.3 186 2.8 996 .9 884 .8
December 221 3.3 186 2.8 979 .9 846 .8
2006 March 220 3.2 180 2.6 924 .8 748 .7
June 221 3.2 194 2.8 973 .9 841 .7
September 210 3.1 196 2.9 927 .8 836 .7
December 221 3.2 194 2.8 959 .8 804 .7
2007 March 214 3.1 193 2.8 897 .8 771 .7
June 206 3.0 202 2.9 884 .8 850 .7
September 216 3.1 203 2.9 941 .8 836 .7
December 208 3.0 206 2.9 902 .8 825 .7
2008 March 207 3.0 211 3.0 897 .8 813 .7
June 201 2.9 228 3.3 876 .8 934 .8
September 191 2.7 223 3.2 827 .7 880 .8
December 188 2.7 240 3.5 799 .7 947 .8
2009 March 172 2.5 236 3.4 703 .6 850 .8
June 177 2.6 227 3.3 742 .7 831 .8
September 169 2.5 215 3.2 692 .7 787 .7
December 183 2.7 200 3.0 712 .7 739 .7
2010 March 175 2.6 194 2.9 685 .7 667 .6
June 179 2.7 185 2.7 713 .7 650 .6
September 188 2.8 189 2.8 741 .7 694 .7
December 200 2.9 186 2.7 790 .7 689 .6
2011 March 189 2.8 184 2.7 695 .7 610 .6
June 192 2.8 190 2.8 748 .7 677 .6
September 198 2.9 187 2.7 790 .7 674 .6
December 202 2.9 191 2.8 802 .7 750 .7
2012 March 193 2.8 181 2.6 748 .7 605 .6
June 191 2.8 184 2.7 759 .7 666 .6
September 193 2.8 N/A N/A 789 .7 N/A N/A
December 192 2.8 N/A N/A 766 .7 N/A N/A
2013 March 578 8.0 N/A N/A 1,067 1.0 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters
by definition. See the Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage
of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or
total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
