For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, December 17, 2025 USDL-25-1582
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2025
From December 2024 to March 2025, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector
establishments were 7.4 million, a decrease of 354,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and
contracting private-sector establishments were 7.2 million, a decrease of 258,000 jobs from the
previous quarter. (See tables A and 1.)
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| |
| Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| |
| Data in this release contain annual revisions in accordance with standard procedures. These |
| revisions include the previous four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years |
| of seasonally adjusted data. |
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The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross Job Gains
In the first quarter of 2025, gross job gains represented 5.6 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and
the addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled
5.9 million jobs in the first quarter of 2025. Opening establishments accounted for 1.6 million of the
jobs gained in the first quarter of 2025. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Gross Job Losses
In the first quarter of 2025, gross job losses represented 5.4 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at
closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 5.9 million jobs in the first quarter of 2025. In
the first quarter of 2025, closing establishments lost 1.4 million jobs. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Establishment Births and Deaths
In the first quarter of 2025, there were 328,000 establishment births which accounted for 1.0 million
jobs. Data for establishment deaths are available through the second quarter of 2024, when 931,000 jobs
were lost at 333,000 establishments. (See Technical Note and table 8.)
Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
Category | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec. | Mar.
| 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | 2025
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 7,748 | 7,639 | 7,665 | 7,802 | 7,448
At expanding establishments...... | 6,217 | 6,078 | 6,101 | 6,142 | 5,859
At opening establishments........ | 1,531 | 1,561 | 1,564 | 1,660 | 1,589
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 7,183 | 7,716 | 7,607 | 7,496 | 7,238
At contracting establishments.... | 5,775 | 6,183 | 6,065 | 5,964 | 5,850
At closing establishments........ | 1,408 | 1,533 | 1,542 | 1,532 | 1,388
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 565 | -77 | 58 | 306 | 210
| | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.6
At expanding establishments...... | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.4
At opening establishments........ | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 5.5 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.4
At contracting establishments.... | 4.4 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.4
At closing establishments........ | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.0
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 0.4 | -0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2
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(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross
job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.
Firm Size
In the first quarter of 2025, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment gain of 88,000. Firms
with 50 to 249 employees had a net employment decline of 22,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a
net employment increase of 267,000. (See tables 4 and 5.)
Industries
Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 7 out of the 13 industry sectors in the first quarter of
2025. The service-providing industries experienced a net job gain of 169,000. The goods-producing
industries had a net job increase of 41,000. (See table 3.)
States
Gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in 32 states and Puerto Rico in the first quarter of 2025.
(See tables 6 and 7.)
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| |
| Federal Government Shutdown |
| |
| Publication of first quarter 2025 data was delayed by more than 6 weeks because of a lapse in |
| federal appropriations. Collection of first quarter Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages |
| data - which Business Employment Dynamics data is based upon - had been completed in accordance |
| with our normal schedule prior to the federal government shutdown. |
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For More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm.
This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2025 are scheduled to be released on
Thursday, February 26, 2026, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative
program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business
Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program websites shown in the table.
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad
and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 9.5
million private-sector employer reports out of 12.2 million total reports of employment and wages
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2025. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data.
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2025.
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................................12.2
Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
Private households......................................................... 0.2
Zero employment............................................................ 2.2
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 9.5
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
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| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 631,000 establish-
| submitted by 12.2 | ministrative records| ments
| million establish- | submitted by 9.5 |
| ments in first qu- | million private-sec-|
| arter of 2025 | tor establishments |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
| age, including all | ing government, pri-| jobs:
| employers subject | vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud-
| to state and feder-| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| ral UI Laws | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment,
| | | including railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually the 3rd Fri-
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| day after the end of
| ter | | the week including
| | | the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and to ann-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ually realign sample-
| data | directly summarizes | based estimates to pop-
| | gross job gains and | ulation counts (bench-
| | losses | marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national levels by
| at the county, met-| and contractions at | industry
| ropolitan statisti-| the national level |
| cal area (MSA), st-| by NAICS super- |
| ate, and national | sectors, 3-digit |
| levels by detailed | NAICS, and by size |
| industry | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data with greater |
| | industry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA levels |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal federal
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew |--www.bls.gov/bdm |--www.bls.gov/ces
web sites | | |
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Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry, and firms are used in the
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the
economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally
adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference
between gross job gains and gross job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either
not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of
death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels.
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net
growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or establishments that had
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since
openings include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former
is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year,
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change.
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and
closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately
published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists.
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the
dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these
complications.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records,
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/);
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2015 March 216 7,046 5,733 1,313 6,830 5,626 1,204
June 849 7,580 6,235 1,345 6,731 5,540 1,191
September 475 7,344 5,983 1,361 6,869 5,657 1,212
December 944 7,817 6,360 1,457 6,873 5,607 1,266
2016 March 249 7,163 5,875 1,288 6,914 5,706 1,208
June 318 7,443 6,070 1,373 7,125 5,820 1,305
September 748 7,710 6,250 1,460 6,962 5,718 1,244
December 308 7,413 6,007 1,406 7,105 5,806 1,299
2017 March 651 7,434 6,090 1,344 6,783 5,599 1,184
June 526 7,639 6,265 1,374 7,113 5,844 1,269
September -39 7,321 5,975 1,346 7,360 6,065 1,295
December 883 7,772 6,344 1,428 6,889 5,593 1,296
2018 March 683 7,494 6,135 1,359 6,811 5,616 1,195
June 498 7,688 6,286 1,402 7,190 5,907 1,283
September 86 7,485 6,113 1,372 7,399 6,083 1,316
December 723 7,719 6,283 1,436 6,996 5,665 1,331
2019 March 472 7,453 6,088 1,365 6,981 5,727 1,254
June 259 7,654 6,267 1,387 7,395 6,039 1,356
September 72 7,385 6,011 1,374 7,313 6,049 1,264
December 762 7,838 6,350 1,488 7,076 5,748 1,328
2020 March -861 7,034 5,713 1,321 7,895 6,415 1,480
June -14,479 5,731 4,439 1,292 20,210 17,291 2,919
September 4,023 10,853 8,805 2,048 6,830 5,462 1,368
December 2,022 8,785 7,098 1,687 6,763 5,413 1,350
2021 March 1,772 8,328 6,784 1,544 6,556 5,405 1,151
June 998 8,204 6,650 1,554 7,206 5,948 1,258
September 1,487 8,868 7,184 1,684 7,381 5,932 1,449
December 2,885 9,563 7,706 1,857 6,678 5,340 1,338
2022 March 1,561 8,558 6,977 1,581 6,997 5,576 1,421
June 389 8,341 6,616 1,725 7,952 6,433 1,519
September 1,362 8,845 7,184 1,661 7,483 5,984 1,499
December 488 8,107 6,448 1,659 7,619 6,104 1,515
2023 March 1,026 8,182 6,612 1,570 7,156 5,720 1,436
June 358 8,132 6,524 1,608 7,774 6,308 1,466
September -54 7,699 6,113 1,586 7,753 6,231 1,522
December 393 7,884 6,247 1,637 7,491 5,990 1,501
2024 March 565 7,748 6,217 1,531 7,183 5,775 1,408
June -77 7,639 6,078 1,561 7,716 6,183 1,533
September 58 7,665 6,101 1,564 7,607 6,065 1,542
December 306 7,802 6,142 1,660 7,496 5,964 1,532
2025 March 210 7,448 5,859 1,589 7,238 5,850 1,388
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
December 0.7 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2019 March 0.3 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.5 4.5 1.0
2020 March -0.8 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.3 5.1 1.2
June -12.0 4.8 3.7 1.1 16.8 14.4 2.4
September 3.5 9.4 7.6 1.8 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 1.7 7.4 6.0 1.4 5.7 4.6 1.1
2021 March 1.5 7.0 5.7 1.3 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.9 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.9 4.9 1.0
September 1.3 7.3 5.9 1.4 6.0 4.8 1.2
December 2.3 7.7 6.2 1.5 5.4 4.3 1.1
2022 March 1.2 6.7 5.5 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June 0.3 6.5 5.2 1.3 6.2 5.0 1.2
September 1.0 6.9 5.6 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 0.4 6.3 5.0 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2
2023 March 0.8 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.0 5.9 4.7 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2
December 0.3 6.0 4.8 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2024 March 0.4 5.9 4.7 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1
June -0.1 5.8 4.6 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2
September 0.0 5.8 4.6 1.2 5.8 4.6 1.2
December 0.2 5.9 4.6 1.3 5.7 4.5 1.2
2025 March 0.2 5.6 4.4 1.2 5.4 4.4 1.0
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2024 2024 2024 2024 2025 2024 2024 2024 2024 2025
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 7,748 7,639 7,665 7,802 7,448 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.6
At expanding establishments 6,217 6,078 6,101 6,142 5,859 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.4
At opening establishments 1,531 1,561 1,564 1,660 1,589 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2
Gross job losses 7,183 7,716 7,607 7,496 7,238 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.4
At contracting establishments 5,775 6,183 6,065 5,964 5,850 4.4 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4
At closing establishments 1,408 1,533 1,542 1,532 1,388 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0
Net employment change 565 -77 58 306 210 0.4 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,389 1,260 1,242 1,258 1,282 6.1 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.6
At expanding establishments 1,171 1,062 1,026 1,044 1,069 5.1 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.7
At opening establishments 218 198 216 214 213 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9
Gross job losses 1,247 1,333 1,316 1,319 1,241 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.5
At contracting establishments 1,037 1,107 1,089 1,099 1,043 4.5 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.6
At closing establishments 210 226 227 220 198 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9
Net employment change 142 -73 -74 -61 41 0.7 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 0.1
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 236 219 225 197 214 12.7 11.9 12.4 10.8 11.7
At expanding establishments 207 192 193 169 184 11.1 10.4 10.6 9.3 10.1
At opening establishments 29 27 32 28 30 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.6
Gross job losses 229 211 207 248 227 12.3 11.4 11.4 13.6 12.4
At contracting establishments 198 183 178 219 199 10.6 9.9 9.8 12.0 10.9
At closing establishments 31 28 29 29 28 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5
Net employment change 7 8 18 -51 -13 0.4 0.5 1.0 -2.8 -0.7
Construction
Gross job gains 740 642 643 678 699 9.0 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.4
At expanding establishments 598 517 507 539 560 7.3 6.3 6.3 6.6 6.7
At opening establishments 142 125 136 139 139 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7
Gross job losses 603 689 656 633 608 7.4 8.4 8.1 7.8 7.4
At contracting establishments 475 548 517 497 486 5.8 6.7 6.4 6.1 5.9
At closing establishments 128 141 139 136 122 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5
Net employment change 137 -47 -13 45 91 1.6 -0.6 -0.1 0.5 1.0
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 413 399 374 383 369 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9
At expanding establishments 366 353 326 336 325 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6
At opening establishments 47 46 48 47 44 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3
Gross job losses 415 433 453 438 406 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.2
At contracting establishments 364 376 394 383 358 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.8
At closing establishments 51 57 59 55 48 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4
Net employment change -2 -34 -79 -55 -37 0.1 -0.1 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 6,359 6,379 6,423 6,544 6,166 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.5
At expanding establishments 5,046 5,016 5,075 5,098 4,790 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.3
At opening establishments 1,313 1,363 1,348 1,446 1,376 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2
Gross job losses 5,936 6,383 6,291 6,177 5,997 5.4 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5
At contracting establishments 4,738 5,076 4,976 4,865 4,807 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4
At closing establishments 1,198 1,307 1,315 1,312 1,190 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Net employment change 423 -4 132 367 169 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 268 261 258 251 255 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
At expanding establishments 217 210 208 199 207 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4
At opening establishments 51 51 50 52 48 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8
Gross job losses 256 270 265 264 254 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.2
At contracting establishments 198 210 204 206 200 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3
At closing establishments 58 60 61 58 54 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9
Net employment change 12 -9 -7 -13 1 0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 0.0
Retail trade
Gross job gains 836 810 813 745 841 5.4 5.2 5.2 4.8 5.4
At expanding establishments 718 692 697 633 731 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.7
At opening establishments 118 118 116 112 110 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
Gross job losses 734 875 858 879 707 4.7 5.6 5.5 5.7 4.6
At contracting establishments 623 749 744 750 602 4.0 4.8 4.8 4.9 3.9
At closing establishments 111 126 114 129 105 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7
Net employment change 102 -65 -45 -134 134 0.7 -0.4 -0.3 -0.9 0.8
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 281 295 353 477 342 4.3 4.6 5.4 7.3 5.1
At expanding establishments 238 250 299 425 220 3.6 3.9 4.6 6.5 3.3
At opening establishments 43 45 54 52 122 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.8
Gross job losses 451 337 296 281 428 6.9 5.3 4.6 4.3 6.5
At contracting establishments 405 287 245 228 384 6.2 4.5 3.8 3.5 5.8
At closing establishments 46 50 51 53 44 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Net employment change -170 -42 57 196 -86 -2.6 -0.7 0.8 3.0 -1.4
Utilities
Gross job gains 15 16 15 18 16 2.5 2.7 2.5 3.0 2.6
At expanding establishments 13 13 13 15 14 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.3
At opening establishments 2 3 2 3 2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3
Gross job losses 13 16 13 13 13 2.2 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.1
At contracting establishments 11 14 11 11 11 1.9 2.4 1.9 1.9 1.8
At closing establishments 2 2 2 2 2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Net employment change 2 0 2 5 3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.8 0.5
Information
Gross job gains 151 134 143 139 123 5.2 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.2
At expanding establishments 123 103 111 107 96 4.2 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.3
At opening establishments 28 31 32 32 27 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9
Gross job losses 141 174 152 166 156 4.8 6.0 5.3 5.7 5.5
At contracting establishments 112 137 118 128 128 3.8 4.7 4.1 4.4 4.5
At closing establishments 29 37 34 38 28 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0
Net employment change 10 -40 -9 -27 -33 0.4 -1.4 -0.4 -0.9 -1.3
Financial activities
Gross job gains 375 401 398 391 371 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.2
At expanding establishments 290 306 305 282 289 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.3
At opening establishments 85 95 93 109 82 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 0.9
Gross job losses 391 389 402 392 367 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.2
At contracting establishments 292 282 304 287 269 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.1
At closing establishments 99 107 98 105 98 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1
Net employment change -16 12 -4 -1 4 -0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,421 1,466 1,473 1,434 1,340 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.0
At expanding establishments 1,116 1,132 1,148 1,089 1,051 5.0 5.0 5.1 4.8 4.7
At opening establishments 305 334 325 345 289 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3
Gross job losses 1,375 1,513 1,488 1,536 1,359 6.1 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.1
At contracting establishments 1,067 1,192 1,141 1,186 1,055 4.7 5.3 5.1 5.3 4.7
At closing establishments 308 321 347 350 304 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.4
Net employment change 46 -47 -15 -102 -19 0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.6 -0.1
Education and health services
Gross job gains 1,234 1,232 1,247 1,247 1,169 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.5
At expanding establishments 993 978 1,012 966 933 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.6
At opening establishments 241 254 235 281 236 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.9
Gross job losses 928 1,063 1,001 1,044 983 3.7 4.2 3.9 4.1 3.8
At contracting establishments 718 817 773 797 771 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.0
At closing establishments 210 246 228 247 212 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8
Net employment change 306 169 246 203 186 1.3 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.7
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,394 1,378 1,344 1,476 1,302 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.8 7.7
At expanding establishments 1,079 1,071 1,025 1,141 1,000 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.8 5.9
At opening establishments 315 307 319 335 302 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.8
Gross job losses 1,312 1,404 1,474 1,262 1,400 7.8 8.4 8.9 7.5 8.3
At contracting establishments 1,074 1,144 1,192 1,027 1,148 6.4 6.8 7.2 6.1 6.8
At closing establishments 238 260 282 235 252 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.5
Net employment change 82 -26 -130 214 -98 0.5 -0.2 -0.8 1.3 -0.6
Other services
Gross job gains 326 329 319 308 302 7.3 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.8
At expanding establishments 250 251 246 231 232 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.2 5.2
At opening establishments 76 78 73 77 70 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.6
Gross job losses 302 313 312 311 300 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.7
At contracting establishments 230 236 236 237 229 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.1
At closing establishments 72 77 76 74 71 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6
Net employment change 24 16 7 -3 2 0.5 0.4 0.1 -0.1 0.1
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2015 March 226 5,677 5,451 168 3,098 2,930 75 1,025 950 -17 1,554 1,571
June 846 6,243 5,397 323 3,196 2,873 187 1,128 941 336 1,919 1,583
September 456 5,914 5,458 148 3,057 2,909 79 1,047 968 229 1,810 1,581
December 830 6,245 5,415 227 3,172 2,945 90 1,074 984 513 1,999 1,486
2016 March 254 5,754 5,500 191 3,114 2,923 59 1,022 963 4 1,618 1,614
June 331 6,048 5,717 74 3,123 3,049 114 1,101 987 143 1,824 1,681
September 752 6,266 5,514 192 3,160 2,968 102 1,089 987 458 2,017 1,559
December 245 5,886 5,641 71 3,065 2,994 37 1,026 989 137 1,795 1,658
2017 March 662 6,007 5,345 346 3,236 2,890 191 1,085 894 125 1,686 1,561
June 570 6,216 5,646 145 3,161 3,016 151 1,127 976 274 1,928 1,654
September -90 5,826 5,916 -100 2,999 3,099 -44 1,013 1,057 54 1,814 1,760
December 804 6,185 5,381 235 3,184 2,949 142 1,082 940 427 1,919 1,492
2018 March 729 6,072 5,343 297 3,210 2,913 164 1,071 907 268 1,791 1,523
June 515 6,214 5,699 134 3,194 3,060 162 1,135 973 219 1,885 1,666
September 24 5,967 5,943 -83 3,027 3,110 -34 1,025 1,059 141 1,915 1,774
December 663 6,087 5,424 198 3,171 2,973 138 1,076 938 327 1,840 1,513
2019 March 536 5,998 5,462 254 3,191 2,937 151 1,064 913 131 1,743 1,612
June 269 6,157 5,888 64 3,161 3,097 104 1,121 1,017 101 1,875 1,774
September 13 5,865 5,852 4 3,050 3,046 -30 1,017 1,047 39 1,798 1,759
December 660 6,206 5,546 195 3,180 2,985 94 1,065 971 371 1,961 1,590
2020 March -707 5,590 6,297 -382 3,023 3,405 -104 968 1,072 -221 1,599 1,820
June -15,021 4,510 19,531 -4,666 2,561 7,227 -2,793 581 3,374 -7,562 1,368 8,930
September 4,039 9,434 5,395 1,530 4,489 2,959 543 1,423 880 1,966 3,522 1,556
December 1,871 7,079 5,208 488 3,480 2,992 343 1,188 845 1,040 2,411 1,371
2021 March 1,792 6,871 5,079 960 3,636 2,676 221 1,101 880 611 2,134 1,523
June 1,030 6,656 5,626 744 3,529 2,785 218 1,143 925 68 1,984 1,916
September 1,439 7,152 5,713 410 3,532 3,122 257 1,197 940 772 2,423 1,651
December 2,756 7,660 4,904 896 3,761 2,865 465 1,304 839 1,395 2,595 1,200
2022 March 1,619 6,966 5,347 299 3,384 3,085 271 1,163 892 1,049 2,419 1,370
June 346 6,594 6,248 194 3,357 3,163 143 1,154 1,011 9 2,083 2,074
September 1,391 7,111 5,720 86 3,325 3,239 260 1,236 976 1,045 2,550 1,505
December 480 6,303 5,823 188 3,298 3,110 153 1,128 975 139 1,877 1,738
2023 March 1,124 6,618 5,494 348 3,393 3,045 291 1,198 907 485 2,027 1,542
June 320 6,455 6,135 36 3,257 3,221 140 1,169 1,029 144 2,029 1,885
September -111 6,035 6,146 -109 3,101 3,210 6 1,055 1,049 -8 1,879 1,887
December 350 6,142 5,792 245 3,272 3,027 113 1,104 991 -8 1,766 1,774
2024 March 644 6,188 5,544 123 3,180 3,057 120 1,094 974 401 1,914 1,513
June -125 5,981 6,106 -177 3,070 3,247 69 1,096 1,027 -17 1,815 1,832
September 38 6,057 6,019 -96 3,130 3,226 -31 1,033 1,064 165 1,894 1,729
December 250 6,079 5,829 140 3,195 3,055 118 1,097 979 -8 1,787 1,795
2025 March 333 5,923 5,590 88 3,113 3,025 -22 991 1,013 267 1,819 1,552
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2024 2024 2024 2024 2025 2024 2024 2024 2024 2025
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 6,188 5,981 6,057 6,079 5,923 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.4
At expanding firms 5,189 5,018 5,050 4,970 4,927 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7
At opening firms 999 963 1,007 1,109 996 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7
Gross job losses 5,544 6,106 6,019 5,829 5,590 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.2
At contracting firms 4,577 5,062 4,992 4,851 4,649 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.5
At closing firms 967 1,044 1,027 978 941 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7
Net employment change 644 -125 38 250 333 0.5 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,180 3,070 3,130 3,195 3,113 8.9 8.6 8.8 9.0 8.8
At expanding firms 2,217 2,146 2,160 2,158 2,152 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.1
At opening firms 963 924 970 1,037 961 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.7
Gross job losses 3,057 3,247 3,226 3,055 3,025 8.6 9.2 9.1 8.6 8.6
At contracting firms 2,125 2,258 2,235 2,125 2,113 6.0 6.4 6.3 6.0 6.0
At closing firms 932 989 991 930 912 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6
Net employment change 123 -177 -96 140 88 0.3 -0.6 -0.3 0.4 0.2
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,094 1,096 1,033 1,097 991 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.2
At expanding firms 1,061 1,065 1,000 1,060 960 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.1
At opening firms 33 31 33 37 31 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Gross job losses 974 1,027 1,064 979 1,013 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.2 4.4
At contracting firms 947 996 1,031 945 986 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.1 4.3
At closing firms 27 31 33 34 27 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Net employment change 120 69 -31 118 -22 0.5 0.3 -0.2 0.6 -0.2
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,914 1,815 1,894 1,787 1,819 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.4
At expanding firms 1,911 1,807 1,890 1,752 1,815 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.4
At opening firms 3 8 4 35 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gross job losses 1,513 1,832 1,729 1,795 1,552 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.1
At contracting firms 1,505 1,808 1,726 1,781 1,550 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.1
At closing firms 8 24 3 14 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net employment change 401 -17 165 -8 267 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2024 2024 2024 2024 2025 2024 2024 2024 2024 2025
United States(1).... 7,748,000 7,639,000 7,665,000 7,802,000 7,448,000 7,183,000 7,716,000 7,607,000 7,496,000 7,238,000
Alabama............. 101,248 96,032 99,198 98,916 92,217 95,836 94,915 101,412 92,228 95,520
Alaska.............. 27,099 26,110 20,305 26,004 25,748 21,504 24,382 24,477 24,030 21,061
Arizona............. 228,020 157,341 181,452 169,532 163,781 182,285 182,582 160,169 164,857 151,984
Arkansas............ 61,455 58,085 59,478 64,055 56,374 56,312 62,995 56,349 52,715 56,305
California.......... 935,079 956,316 982,911 1,037,801 932,658 882,911 1,072,979 959,690 985,054 952,704
Colorado............ 155,698 159,919 153,836 150,476 152,515 182,467 141,328 157,315 158,090 162,902
Connecticut......... 82,951 84,503 80,115 80,108 82,000 75,851 80,646 82,528 81,008 76,626
Delaware............ 25,441 23,919 28,053 24,969 24,351 20,470 26,592 26,106 25,605 21,986
District of Columbia 26,965 26,746 25,702 26,158 24,816 25,785 28,559 25,909 28,243 30,225
Florida............. 504,877 527,079 568,346 525,857 510,563 477,490 502,719 496,080 544,968 480,933
Georgia............. 254,350 244,654 240,635 252,707 231,169 239,028 239,107 255,502 224,795 238,711
Hawaii.............. 28,950 26,591 29,526 27,275 25,339 26,394 28,777 25,910 25,923 26,079
Idaho............... 58,054 54,724 52,244 60,204 54,147 59,710 52,888 54,916 49,934 54,943
Illinois............ 271,667 271,626 258,666 266,402 262,450 252,763 270,607 263,109 267,989 261,424
Indiana............. 146,930 144,820 148,778 151,200 148,910 140,894 152,463 148,390 141,890 144,300
Iowa................ 80,955 73,223 68,302 73,268 75,001 74,569 75,463 78,242 73,301 71,372
Kansas.............. 68,870 68,987 62,433 69,865 66,217 65,430 65,732 65,731 62,140 64,219
Kentucky............ 98,629 89,092 91,173 89,383 88,175 86,243 97,007 91,959 92,668 81,258
Louisiana........... 100,892 92,894 98,149 101,158 91,400 91,039 99,735 93,290 88,252 91,443
Maine............... 40,267 39,381 33,985 37,679 40,436 33,770 38,871 38,390 38,602 34,390
Maryland............ 134,111 156,151 131,460 133,596 132,241 122,383 132,501 135,166 131,199 128,205
Massachusetts....... 170,891 181,048 159,471 170,570 158,717 164,520 179,355 184,490 174,947 164,107
Michigan............ 210,196 216,912 202,834 205,581 200,702 198,922 208,716 222,703 224,680 202,820
Minnesota........... 152,743 145,116 127,706 137,436 129,481 130,563 132,339 147,566 129,174 139,190
Mississippi......... 55,402 53,426 58,102 58,948 53,782 53,966 58,904 53,671 57,777 57,475
Missouri............ 145,228 139,621 136,883 142,578 132,889 133,952 143,905 142,557 131,868 131,147
Montana............. 34,433 33,900 30,730 35,562 34,215 32,493 32,566 34,223 32,993 32,323
Nebraska............ 50,247 46,468 47,831 48,182 44,853 43,609 47,808 48,202 46,354 45,662
Nevada.............. 81,922 79,377 84,912 84,468 74,494 85,117 79,094 80,748 78,017 81,055
New Hampshire....... 39,032 37,142 33,643 38,202 39,329 35,235 36,309 40,272 35,438 37,279
New Jersey.......... 206,140 217,096 199,075 221,965 208,276 202,329 204,348 216,494 200,880 201,117
New Mexico.......... 43,626 41,712 43,123 41,732 40,523 41,590 43,866 42,477 40,727 39,440
New York............ 492,263 479,811 474,063 463,032 547,829 408,590 458,265 471,701 455,330 415,859
North Carolina...... 229,846 236,425 228,393 255,168 227,385 229,239 230,500 245,726 232,265 230,646
North Dakota........ 24,458 23,416 23,220 22,979 23,803 21,498 23,426 23,081 23,431 23,167
Ohio................ 264,899 251,418 245,676 258,047 250,334 229,995 256,505 258,836 244,140 237,068
Oklahoma............ 78,298 76,548 81,705 81,013 74,761 72,172 86,853 75,580 74,449 72,113
Oregon.............. 113,102 104,035 106,146 105,056 99,652 101,241 108,545 111,429 111,040 105,767
Pennsylvania........ 274,483 263,353 272,006 278,325 265,984 244,819 274,879 265,818 256,763 253,024
Rhode Island........ 29,619 28,361 27,098 31,924 29,048 24,695 29,011 27,874 27,324 26,008
South Carolina...... 123,985 117,273 119,009 124,330 117,725 119,862 114,953 112,351 113,949 107,863
South Dakota........ 24,303 22,982 22,346 25,432 23,881 22,392 23,722 22,236 22,697 25,012
Tennessee........... 164,645 156,457 159,677 156,103 152,502 143,603 161,441 162,778 175,306 146,100
Texas............... 650,343 645,705 673,111 698,310 610,808 605,198 628,691 631,503 611,785 614,624
Utah................ 99,812 93,852 98,207 99,094 96,433 91,018 99,969 90,040 92,157 88,877
Vermont............. 19,249 17,212 16,866 17,096 17,691 16,358 18,962 18,060 17,198 17,366
Virginia............ 193,698 190,287 194,280 194,563 187,135 177,528 191,174 191,383 183,824 174,551
Washington.......... 174,050 176,199 175,085 174,320 172,479 185,713 168,275 173,313 170,900 165,224
West Virginia....... 39,199 39,152 32,797 36,358 36,060 34,190 37,458 36,503 33,990 31,822
Wisconsin........... 145,284 135,653 129,123 135,299 128,770 125,936 142,702 138,664 132,726 124,907
Wyoming............. 18,050 17,580 18,886 19,063 17,407 18,160 18,900 17,974 17,817 18,842
Puerto Rico......... 39,902 41,736 41,377 32,899 47,009 35,146 37,314 38,652 41,286 40,521
Virgin Islands...... 1,606 1,245 1,162 1,238 1,239 1,338 1,436 1,862 2,534 1,735
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2024 2024 2024 2024 2025 2024 2024 2024 2024 2025
United States....... 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.4
Alabama............. 5.9 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.9 5.3 5.6
Alaska.............. 10.7 10.2 8.0 10.3 10.0 8.5 9.6 9.6 9.5 8.1
Arizona............. 8.2 5.6 6.4 6.1 5.8 6.5 6.5 5.7 5.9 5.3
Arkansas............ 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.1 5.2 5.7 5.2 4.8 5.1
California.......... 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.7 6.0 5.7 6.9 6.2 6.4 6.2
Colorado............ 6.4 6.6 6.3 6.2 6.2 7.4 5.8 6.4 6.5 6.8
Connecticut......... 5.8 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.2 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.3
Delaware............ 6.2 5.8 6.8 6.1 5.9 5.0 6.5 6.4 6.3 5.3
District of Columbia 5.1 5.1 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.4 5.0 5.5 5.8
Florida............. 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.8 5.7 6.2 5.5
Georgia............. 6.1 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.7 5.7 6.1 5.4 5.7
Hawaii.............. 5.6 5.2 5.7 5.3 4.9 5.1 5.6 5.0 5.0 5.0
Idaho............... 7.9 7.5 7.1 8.2 7.3 8.1 7.2 7.5 6.8 7.3
Illinois............ 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.8 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.0
Indiana............. 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.1 5.5 5.3 5.1 5.2
Iowa................ 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.5
Kansas.............. 5.9 5.9 5.3 5.9 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.2 5.4
Kentucky............ 5.9 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.8 5.4 5.5 4.8
Louisiana........... 6.3 5.8 6.1 6.2 5.6 5.6 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.6
Maine............... 7.4 7.2 6.2 7.0 7.4 6.3 7.1 7.1 7.1 6.3
Maryland............ 6.1 7.1 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.5 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.7
Massachusetts....... 5.3 5.7 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.6 5.8 5.5 5.1
Michigan............ 5.5 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.8 5.9 5.3
Minnesota........... 6.1 5.7 5.1 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.8 5.1 5.5
Mississippi......... 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.3 5.7 5.8 6.3 5.7 6.2 6.1
Missouri............ 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.2
Montana............. 8.1 7.9 7.2 8.4 8.0 7.6 7.6 8.0 7.8 7.5
Nebraska............ 5.9 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.2 5.1 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.3
Nevada.............. 6.0 5.8 6.2 6.1 5.4 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.9
New Hampshire....... 6.4 6.1 5.6 6.3 6.5 5.8 6.0 6.7 5.9 6.1
New Jersey.......... 5.5 5.9 5.4 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.8 5.5 5.4
New Mexico.......... 6.4 6.1 6.3 6.1 5.9 6.1 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.8
New York............ 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.7 6.6 5.0 5.5 5.8 5.5 5.0
North Carolina...... 5.5 5.6 5.5 6.1 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.5 5.5
North Dakota........ 6.9 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.0 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.5
Ohio................ 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.2 4.8 5.3 5.4 5.1 4.9
Oklahoma............ 5.8 5.7 6.1 6.0 5.5 5.3 6.4 5.5 5.5 5.3
Oregon.............. 6.6 6.0 6.3 6.2 5.8 5.9 6.3 6.6 6.6 6.2
Pennsylvania........ 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.6 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.7
Rhode Island........ 6.8 6.6 6.2 7.3 6.6 5.7 6.7 6.4 6.3 5.9
South Carolina...... 6.5 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.1 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.5
South Dakota........ 6.4 6.0 5.9 6.7 6.2 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.9 6.5
Tennessee........... 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.6 5.7 6.2 5.1
Texas............... 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.1
Utah................ 6.9 6.5 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.9 6.2 6.3 6.0
Vermont............. 7.5 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.9 6.3 7.4 7.1 6.7 6.8
Virginia............ 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.1
Washington.......... 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.7 6.2 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.5
West Virginia....... 7.1 7.0 5.9 6.5 6.4 6.1 6.7 6.6 6.1 5.7
Wisconsin........... 5.7 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.0 4.9 5.6 5.5 5.2 4.9
Wyoming............. 8.4 8.2 8.9 8.9 8.1 8.4 8.8 8.5 8.3 8.7
Puerto Rico......... 5.3 5.5 5.4 4.3 6.3 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.4 5.4
Virgin Islands...... 6.4 4.9 4.7 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.7 7.5 10.8 7.6
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2015 March 233 3.0 207 2.7 818 0.7 696 0.6
June 234 3.1 211 2.8 838 0.7 728 0.6
September 243 3.2 207 2.7 881 0.7 699 0.6
December 247 3.2 209 2.7 892 0.7 733 0.6
2016 March 236 3.0 204 2.6 789 0.7 671 0.6
June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 719 0.6
September 238 3.0 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6
December 238 3.0 217 2.8 865 0.7 729 0.6
2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 806 0.7 668 0.5
June 240 3.0 223 2.8 848 0.7 752 0.6
September 244 3.1 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6
December 246 3.1 216 2.7 849 0.7 731 0.6
2018 March 248 3.1 215 2.7 816 0.7 668 0.5
June 263 3.3 228 2.8 879 0.7 769 0.6
September 250 3.1 231 2.8 863 0.7 785 0.6
December 249 3.1 222 2.7 855 0.7 758 0.6
2019 March 260 3.2 220 2.7 814 0.6 700 0.6
June 258 3.1 240 2.9 846 0.7 801 0.6
September 251 3.0 230 2.8 847 0.7 763 0.6
December 269 3.2 235 2.8 903 0.7 783 0.6
2020 March 278 3.3 240 2.9 813 0.6 738 0.6
June 227 2.8 325 4.0 658 0.5 1,150 1.0
September 278 3.4 232 2.8 820 0.7 686 0.6
December 286 3.4 218 2.6 913 0.8 687 0.6
2021 March 308 3.6 210 2.5 837 0.7 609 0.5
June 350 4.1 226 2.6 979 0.8 663 0.5
September 359 4.1 244 2.8 1,025 0.8 732 0.6
December 380 4.3 254 2.9 1,116 0.9 777 0.6
2022 March 350 3.9 256 2.9 963 0.8 751 0.6
June 364 4.0 321 3.6 1,060 0.8 924 0.7
September 351 3.9 294 3.3 1,031 0.8 910 0.7
December 343 3.8 289 3.2 1,043 0.8 896 0.7
2023 March 329 3.6 291 3.2 945 0.7 818 0.6
June 332 3.6 293 3.2 1,012 0.8 887 0.7
September 319 3.5 295 3.2 980 0.7 925 0.7
December 327 3.5 322 3.5 1,019 0.8 920 0.7
2024 March 327 3.5 281 3.0 936 0.7 809 0.6
June 324 3.5 333 3.6 973 0.7 931 0.7
September 317 3.4 N/A N/A 974 0.7 N/A N/A
December 324 3.5 N/A N/A 1,006 0.8 N/A N/A
2025 March 328 3.5 N/A N/A 1,012 0.8 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the
Technical Note for more informations.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
