For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Wednesday, February 1, 2012 USDL-12-0160
Technical information: (202) 691-5700 * ep-info@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/emp
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS--2010-20
Industries and occupations related to health care, personal care and
social assistance, and construction are projected to have the fastest
job growth between 2010 and 2020, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
reported today. Total employment is projected to grow by 14.3 percent
over the decade, resulting in 20.5 million new jobs. Despite rapid
projected growth, construction is not expected to regain all of the
jobs lost during the 2007-09 recession.
The 2010-20 projections incorporate a new BLS system that depicts
education, training, and related work experience typically needed for
occupations. In occupations in which a master’s degree is typically
needed for entry, employment is expected to grow by 21.7 percent, faster
than the growth rate for any other education category. In occupations in
which apprenticeship is the typical on-the-job training, employment is
expected to grow by 22.5 percent, faster than for any other on-the-job
training category.
This news release focuses on five areas: labor force and the macroeconomy,
industry employment, occupational employment, education and training, and
replacement needs.
Labor force and the macroeconomy
-- Slower population growth and a decreasing overall labor force
participation rate are expected to lead to slower civilian labor force
growth from 2010 to 2020: 0.7 percent annually, compared with 0.8
percent for 2000-10, and 1.3 percent for 1990-2000. The projected 0.7
percent growth rate will lead to a civilian labor force increase of
10.5 million by 2020. (See table 1.)
-- The baby-boom generation moves entirely into the 55-years-and-older
age group by 2020, increasing that age group’s share of the labor force
from 19.5 percent in 2010 to 25.2 percent in 2020. The "prime-age" working
group (ages 25 to 54) is projected to drop to 63.7 percent of the 2020
labor force. The 16- to 24-year-old age group is projected to account for
11.2 percent of the labor force in 2020. (See table 1.)
-- By 2020, the number of Hispanics in the labor force is projected
to grow by 7.7 million, or 34.0 percent, and their share of the labor
force is expected to increase from 14.8 percent in 2010 to 18.6
percent in 2020. The labor force shares for Asians and blacks are
projected to be 5.7 and 12.0 percent, respectively, up slightly from
4.7 and 11.6 percent in 2010. (See table 1.)
-- Gross domestic product (GDP) is projected to grow by 3.0 percent
annually, consistent with slow labor force growth, the assumption of a
full-employment economy in 2020, and labor productivity growth of 2.0
percent annually.
Industry employment
-- Nonagriculture wage and salary employment, which accounts for
more than 9 in 10 jobs in the economy, is projected to expand to
150.2 million by 2020, up from 130.4 million in 2010. (See table 2.)
-- The health care and social assistance sector is projected to gain
the most jobs (5.6 million), followed by professional and business
services (3.8 million), and construction (1.8 million). Despite rapid
growth in the construction sector, employment in 2020 is not expected
to reach its pre-recessionary annual average peak of 7.7 million in 2006.
(See table 2.)
-- About 5.0 million new jobs--25 percent of all new jobs--are
expected in the three detailed industries projected to add the most
jobs: construction, retail trade, and offices of health practitioners.
Seven of the 20 industries gaining the most jobs are in the health
care and social assistance sector, and five are in the professional
and business services sector. (See table 3.)
-- The 20 detailed industries projected to lose the largest numbers
of jobs are primarily in the manufacturing sector (11 industries) and
the federal government (3 industries). The largest job losses are
projected for the Postal Service (-182,000), federal non-defense
government (-122,000), and apparel knitting mills (-92,000).
(See table 4.)
Occupational employment
-- Of the 22 major occupational groups, employment in healthcare
support occupations is expected to grow most rapidly (34.5 percent),
followed by personal care and services occupations (26.8 percent), and
healthcare practitioners and technical occupations (25.9 percent).
However, the office and administrative support occupations group, with
projected slower than average growth of 10.3 percent, is expected to
add the largest number of new jobs (2.3 million). (See table 5.)
-- The four detailed occupations expected to add the most employment
are registered nurses (712,000), retail salespersons (707,000), home
health aides (706,000), and personal care aides (607,000). All have large
employment in 2010 and are expected to grow faster than the average of
14.3 percent. (See table 6.)
-- One-third of the projected fastest growing occupations are
related to health care, reflecting expected increases in demand as the
population ages and the health care and social assistance industry
grows. (See table 7.)
-- More than one-fourth of the projected fastest growing occupations
are related to construction. Employment in most of these occupations,
still at low levels in 2010 because of the 2007-09 recession, will
recover along with the construction industry. But employment in most
construction occupations is not expected to reach pre-recession
levels. (See table 7.)
-- Production occupations and office and administrative support
occupations dominate the list of detailed occupations with the largest
projected employment declines. However, farmers, ranchers, and other
agricultural managers top the list, with a projected loss of 96,100
jobs. (See table 8.)
Education and training
-- Occupations that typically need some type of postsecondary
education for entry are projected to grow the fastest during the
2010-20 decade. Occupations classified as needing a master’s degree
are projected to grow by 21.7 percent, followed by doctoral or
professional degree occupations at 19.9 percent, and associate’s
degree occupations at 18.0 percent. (See table 9.)
-- In terms of typical on-the-job training, occupations that
typically require apprenticeships are projected to grow the fastest
(22.5 percent). (See table 9.)
-- Of the 30 detailed occupations projected to have the fastest
employment growth, 17 typically need some type of postsecondary
education for entry into the occupation. (See table 7.)
-- Two-thirds of the 30 occupations projected to have the largest
number of new jobs typically require less than a postsecondary
education, no related work experience, and short- or moderate-term on-
the-job training. (See table 6.)
-- Only 3 of the 30 detailed occupations projected to have the
largest employment declines are classified as needing postsecondary
education for entry. (See table 8.)
Replacement needs
-- Over the 2010-20 decade, 54.8 million total job openings are expected.
(See table 9.) While growth will lead to many openings, more than
half--61.6 percent--will come from the need to replace workers who
retire or otherwise permanently leave an occupation.
-- In 4 out of 5 occupations, openings due to replacement needs exceed
the number due to growth. Replacement needs are expected in every
occupation, even in those that are declining.
-- More than two-thirds of all job openings are expected to be in
occupations that typically do not need postsecondary education for
entry. (See table 9.)
-- Eighteen of the 30 occupations with the largest number of
projected total job openings are classified as typically needing less
than a postsecondary education and needing short-term on-the-job
training. (See table 10.)
Interpreting the projections in light of the 2007-09 recession and recovery
The BLS projections are built on the assumption of a full employment
economy in 2020. The 2007-09 recession represented a sharp downturn in
the economy--and the economy, especially the labor market, has been
slow to recover. As a result, the 2010-20 projections reach a robust
2020 target year largely because the 2010 base year began from a
relatively low point. Rapid growth rates for some measures reflect
recovery from the recession and, with some important exceptions,
growth beyond recovery.
A note about labor shortages and surpluses in the context of long-term
economic projections
Users of these data should not assume that the difference between the
projected increase in the labor force and the projected increase in
employment implies a labor shortage or surplus. The BLS projections
assume labor market equilibrium, that is, one in which labor supply
meets labor demand except for some degree of frictional unemployment.
In addition, the employment and labor force measures use different
concepts. Employment is a count of jobs, and one person may hold more
than one job. Labor force is a count of people, and a person is
counted only once regardless of how many jobs he or she holds. For a
discussion of the basic projections methodology, see "Overview of
projections to 2020," Dixie Sommers and James C. Franklin, January
2012 issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
More information
The BLS projections are used by high school students and their
teachers and parents, college students, career changers, and career
development and guidance specialists. The projections are the
foundation of the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook, the nation’s most
widely used career information resource. The projections also are
used by state workforce agencies to prepare state and area projections
that, together with the national projections, are widely used by
policymakers and education and training officials to make decisions
about education and training policy, funding, and program offerings.
In addition, other federal agencies, researchers, and academics use
the projections to understand trends in the economy and labor market.
The projections are updated every two years.
More detailed information on the 2010-20 projections appears in five
articles in the January 2012 issue of the Monthly Labor Review,
published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
The Monthly Labor Review is available online at
www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/mlrhome.htm.
The 2012-13 edition of the Occupational Outlook Handbook will feature
the 2010-20 projections in assessing job outlook, work activities,
wages, education and training requirements, and more for detailed
occupations in 341 profiles. The updated Handbook will be available
online in late March 2012, at www.bls.gov/ooh. A graphic representation
of the highlights of the projections appears in the Winter 2011-12
issue of the Occupational Outlook Quarterly, available online at
www.bls.gov/ooq.
Tables with detailed, comprehensive statistics used in preparing the
projections are available online at www.bls.gov/emp/tables.htm, and
projections methodology are accessible at
www.bls.gov/emp/ep_projections_methods.htm.
Information from this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200;
Federal Relay Services: 1 (800) 877-8339.
Table 1. Civilian labor force, by age, sex, race, and ethnicity, 1990, 2000, 2010, and projected 2020
(In thousands)
Age, sex, race, and ethnicity Levels Change Percent change Percent distribution Annual growth rate
(percent)
1990 2000 2010 2020 1990- 2000- 2010- 1990- 2000- 2010- 1990 2000 2010 2020 1990- 2000- 2010-
2000 10 20 2000 10 20 2000 10 20
Total, 16 years and old 125,840 142,583 153,889 164,360 16,743 11,306 10,471 13.3 7.9 6.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.3 0.8 0.7
Age, years:
16 to 24 22,492 22,520 20,934 18,330 28 -1,586 -2,604 0.1 -7.0 -12.4 17.9 15.8 13.6 11.2 0.0 -0.7 -1.3
25 to 54 88,322 101,394 102,940 104,619 13,072 1,546 1,679 14.8 1.5 1.6 70.2 71.1 66.9 63.7 1.4 0.2 0.2
55 and older 15,026 18,669 30,014 41,411 3,643 11,345 11,397 24.2 60.8 38.0 11.9 13.1 19.5 25.2 2.2 4.9 3.3
Sex:
Men 69,011 76,280 81,985 87,128 7,269 5,705 5,143 10.5 7.5 6.3 54.8 53.5 53.3 53.0 1.0 0.7 0.6
Women 56,829 66,303 71,904 77,232 9,474 5,601 5,328 16.7 8.4 7.4 45.2 46.5 46.7 47.0 1.6 0.8 0.7
Race:
White 107,447 118,545 125,084 130,516 11,098 6,539 5,432 10.3 5.5 4.3 85.4 83.1 81.3 79.4 1.0 0.5 0.4
Black 13,740 16,397 17,862 19,676 2,657 1,465 1,814 19.3 8.9 10.2 10.9 11.5 11.6 12.0 1.8 0.9 1.0
Asian 4,653 6,270 7,248 9,430 1,617 978 2,182 34.8 15.6 30.1 3.7 4.4 4.7 5.7 3.0 1.5 2.7
All other groups¹ - 1,371 3,694 4,738 - 2,323 1,044 - - 28.3 - 1.0 2.4 2.9 - - 2.5
Ethnicity:
Hispanic origin 10,720 16,689 22,748 30,493 5,969 6,059 7,745 55.7 36.3 34.0 8.5 11.7 14.8 18.6 4.5 3.1 3.0
Other than Hispanic 115,120 125,894 131,141 133,867 10,774 5,247 2,726 9.4 4.2 2.1 91.5 88.3 85.2 81.4 0.9 0.4 0.2
White non-Hispanic 97,818 102,729 103,947 102,371 4,911 1,218 -1,576 5.0 1.2 -1.5 77.7 72.0 67.5 62.3 0.5 0.1 -0.2
Age of baby boomers 26 to 36 to 46 to 56 to
44 54 64 74
1 The "all other groups" category includes (1) those classified as being of multiple racial origin and (2) the race categories of (2a) American Indian and Alaska
Native and (2b) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders. Dash indicates no data collected for category.Details may not sum to total because of rounding.
Table 2. Employment by major industry sector, 2000, 2010, and projected 2020
(In thousands)
Industry Sector Employment Change Percent Distribution Annual Growth
Rate (percent)
2000 2010 2020 2000- 2010- 2000 2010 2020 2000- 2010-
10 20 10 20
Total(1) 146,236.0 143,068.2 163,537.1 -3,167.8 20,468.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 -0.2 1.3
Nonagriculture wage and salary(2) 132,425.0 130,435.6 150,176.8 -1,989.4 19,741.2 90.6 91.2 91.8 -0.2 1.4
Goods-producing, excluding agriculture 24,569.7 17,705.5 19,496.8 -6,864.2 1,791.3 16.8 12.4 11.9 -3.2 1.0
Mining 520.4 655.9 680.7 135.5 24.8 0.4 0.5 0.4 2.3 0.4
Construction 6,786.4 5,525.6 7,365.1 -1,260.8 1,839.5 4.6 3.9 4.5 -2.0 2.9
Manufacturing 17,262.9 11,524.0 11,450.9 -5,738.9 -73.1 11.8 8.1 7.0 -4.0 -0.1
Services-providing 107,855.3 112,730.1 130,680.1 4,874.8 17,950.0 73.8 78.8 79.9 0.4 1.5
Utilities 601.3 551.8 516.1 -49.5 -35.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 -0.9 -0.7
Wholesale trade 5,933.5 5,456.1 6,200.2 -477.4 744.1 4.1 3.8 3.8 -0.8 1.3
Retail trade 15,279.8 14,413.7 16,182.2 -866.1 1,768.5 10.4 10.1 9.9 -0.6 1.2
Transportation and warehousing 4,410.3 4,183.3 5,036.2 -227.0 852.9 3.0 2.9 3.1 -0.5 1.9
Information 3,630.6 2,710.9 2,851.2 -919.7 140.3 2.5 1.9 1.7 -2.9 0.5
Financial activities 7,687.5 7,630.2 8,410.6 -57.3 780.4 5.3 5.3 5.1 -0.1 1.0
Professional and business services 16,666.1 16,688.0 20,497.0 21.9 3,809.0 11.4 11.7 12.5 0.0 2.1
Educational services 2,390.6 3,149.6 3,968.8 759.0 819.2 1.6 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.3
Health care and social assistance 12,718.3 16,414.5 22,053.9 3,696.2 5,639.4 8.7 11.5 13.5 2.6 3.0
Leisure and hospitality 11,861.6 13,019.6 14,362.3 1,158.0 1,342.7 8.1 9.1 8.8 0.9 1.0
Other services 5,885.7 6,031.3 6,850.7 145.6 819.4 4.0 4.2 4.2 0.2 1.3
Federal government 2,865.0 2,968.0 2,596.0 103.0 -372.0 2.0 2.1 1.6 0.4 -1.3
State and local government 17,925.0 19,513.1 21,154.8 1,588.1 1,641.7 12.3 13.6 12.9 0.9 0.8
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting(3) 2,396.2 2,135.5 2,005.3 -260.7 -130.2 1.6 1.5 1.2 -1.1 -0.6
Agriculture wage and salary 1,354.0 1,282.1 1,236.1 -71.9 -46.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 -0.5 -0.4
Agriculture self-employed and unpaid family
workers 1,042.2 853.4 769.3 -188.8 -84.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 -2.0 -1.0
Nonagriculture self-employed and unpaid
family workers(4,5) 9,313.7 8,943.8 9,720.6 -369.9 776.8 6.4 6.3 5.9 -0.4 0.8
Secondary wage and salary jobs in agriculture and
and private household industries 141.7 111.6 112.7 -30.1 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -2.4 0.1
Secondary jobs as a self-employed or unpaid
family worker(4,6) 1,959.4 1,441.7 1,521.7 -517.7 80.0 1.3 1.0 0.9 -3.0 0.5
1 Employment data for wage and salary workers are from the BLS Current Employment Statistics survey, which counts jobs, whereas
self-employed, unpaid family workers, and agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting are from the Current Population Survey
(household survey), which counts workers.
2 Includes wage and salary data from the Current Employment Statistics survey, except private households, which is from the Current
Population Survey. Logging workers are excluded.
3 Includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting data from the Current Population Survey, except logging, which is from
Current Employment Statistics survey. Government wage and salary workers are excluded.
4 Due to methodological changes, these data are not comparable to previously published numbers for these categories of secondary workers.
5 Workers who hold a secondary wage and salary job in agricultural production, forestry, fishing, and private household industries.
6 Wage and salary workers who hold a secondary job as a self-employed or unpaid family worker.
Table 3. The 20 industries with the largest projected wage and salary employment growth, 2010-20
(In thousands)
Industry Code(1) Industry Description Sector Employment Change Annual Growth
2010 2020 2010-20 Rate (percent)
2010-20
23 Construction Construction 5,525.6 7,365.1 1,839.5 2.9
44, 45 Retail trade Retail trade 14,413.7 16,182.2 1,768.5 1.2
6211, 6212,
6213 Offices of health practitioners Health care and social assistance 3,818.2 5,209.6 1,391.4 3.2
622 Hospitals Health care and social assistance 4,685.3 5,563.6 878.3 1.7
6216 Home health care services Health care and social assistance 1,080.6 1,952.4 871.8 6.1
722 Food services and drinking places Leisure and hospitality 9,351.8 10,212.2 860.4 0.9
6241 Individual and family services Health care and social assistance 1,215.0 2,066.4 851.4 5.5
623 Nursing and residential care facilities Health care and social assistance 3,129.0 3,951.0 822.0 2.4
42 Wholesale trade Wholesale trade 5,456.1 6,200.2 744.1 1.3
NA General Local government educational services
compensation State and local government 8,010.4 8,751.4 741.0 0.9
5415 Computer systems design and related services Professional and business services 1,441.5 2,112.8 671.3 3.9
5613 Employment services Professional and business services 2,716.7 3,348.0 631.3 2.1
5416 Management, scientific, and technical consulting
services Professional and business services 991.4 1,567.0 575.6 4.7
6112, 6113 Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and
professional schools Educational services 1,64.09 2,171.1 477.1 2.5
6214, 6215,
6219 Outpatient, laboratory, and other ambulatory care
services Health care and social assistaance 1,077.1 1,471.2 394.1 3.2
5413 Architectural, engineering, and related services Professional and business services 1,276.6 1,635.1 358.5 2.5
5617 Services to buildings and dwellings Professional and business services 1,742.5 2,044.8 302.3 1.6
484 Truck transportation Transportation and Warehousing 1,244.0 1,544.0 300.0 2.2
NA General State government educational services
compensation State and local government 2,377.1 2,661.7 284.6 1.1
6244 Child day care services Health care and social assistance 851.8 1,101.3 249.5 2.6
1 As defined by the 2007 North American Industrial Classification System codes (NAICS).
Table 4. The 20 industries with the largest projected wage and salary employment declines, 2010-20
(In thousands)
Industry Code(1) Industry Description Sector Employment Change Annual Growth
2010 2020 2010-20 Rate (percent)
2010-20
491 Postal Service Federal government 656.4 474.6 -181.8 -3.2
NA General Federal non-defense government compensation Federal government 1667.5 1545.7 -121.8 -0.8
3151 Apparel knitting mills Manufacturing 157.7 66.1 -91.6 -8.3
5111 Newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers Information 501.3 439.7 -61.6 -1.3
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing Manufacturing 266.0 210.3 -55.7 -2.3
NA General Federal defense government compensation Federal government 545.5 496.0 -49.5 -0.9
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing Manufacturing 161.6 117.5 -44.1 -3.1
3345 Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control
instruments manufacturing Manufacturing 406.0 363.2 -42.8 -1.1
111 Crop production Agriculture, forestry, fishing
and hunting 629.5 589.3 -40.2 -0.7
8123 Drycleaning and laundry services Other services 302.1 265.7 -36.4 -1.3
2211 Electric power generation, transmission and
distribution Utilities 396.9 361.4 -35.5 -0.9
NA State government enterprises State and local government 517.8 484.6 -33.2 -0.7
3344 Semiconductor and other electronic component
manufacturing Manufacturing 369.7 336.9 -32.8 -0.9
3342 Communications equipment manufacturing Manufacturing 118.0 85.7 -32.3 -3.1
323 Printing and related support activities Manufacturing 486.9 454.7 -32.2 -0.7
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills Manufacturing 237.8 206.1 -31.7 -1.4
512 Motion picture, video, and sound recording industries Information 372.0 347.0 -25.0 -0.7
3335 Metalworking machinery manufacturing Manufacturing 153.2 130.5 -22.7 -1.6
3251 Basic chemical manufacturing Manufacturing 142.4 121.6 -20.8 -1.6
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing Manufacturing 415.1 394.9 -20.2 -0.5
1 As defined by the 2007 North American Industrial Classification System codes (NAICS).
Table 5: Employment by major occupational group, 2010 and projected 2020, and median annual wage, May 2010
(In thousands)
2010 National Employment Matrix title and code Employment Change, 2010-20 Median annual
2010 2020 Number Percent wage, May 2010
00-0000 Total, All Occupations 143,068.2 163,537.1 20,468.9 14.3 $33,840
31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 4,190.0 5,633.7 1,443.7 34.5 24,760
39-0000 Personal Care and Service Occupations 4,994.7 6,331.4 1,336.6 26.8 20,640
29-0000 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations 7,799.3 9,819.0 2,019.7 25.9 58,490
21-0000 Community and Social Service Occupations 2,402.7 2,985.0 582.3 24.2 39,280
47-0000 Construction and Extraction Occupations 6,328.0 7,735.2 1,407.2 22.2 39,080
15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Occupations 3,542.8 4,321.1 778.3 22.0 73,720
13-0000 Business and Financial Operations Occupations 6,789.2 7,961.7 1,172.5 17.3 60,670
19-0000 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 1,228.8 1,419.6 190.8 15.5 58,530
25-0000 Education, Training, and Library Occupations 9,193.6 10,597.3 1,403.7 15.3 45,690
53-0000 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 9,004.8 10,333.4 1,328.7 14.8 28,400
49-0000 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 5,428.6 6,228.7 800.2 14.7 40,120
27-0000 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations 2,708.5 3,051.0 342.5 12.6 42,870
41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 14,915.6 16,784.7 1,869.1 12.5 24,370
37-0000 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 5,498.5 6,162.5 664.0 12.1 22,490
33-0000 Protective Service Occupations 3,302.5 3,667.0 364.5 11.0 36,660
23-0000 Legal Occupations 1,211.9 1,342.9 131.0 10.8 74,580
17-0000 Architecture and Engineering Occupations 2,433.4 2,686.2 252.8 10.4 70,610
43-0000 Office and Administrative Support Occupations 22,602.5 24,938.2 2,335.7 10.3 30,710
35-0000 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 11,150.3 12,242.8 1,092.5 9.8 18,770
11-0000 Management Occupations 8,776.1 9,391.9 615.8 7.0 91,440
51-0000 Production Occupations 8,594.4 8,951.2 356.8 4.2 30,330
45-0000 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations 972.1 952.6 -19.4 -2.0 19,630
Sources: Employment data - Employment Projections Program, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Wage data - Occupational
Employment Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 6. The 30 occupations with the largest projected employment growth, 2010-20
(In thousands)
Occupation Occupational group Employment Change Pre-employment During employment
2010 2020 Number Percent Typical education needed Work experience Typical on-the-job training(3)
for entry(1) in a related
occupation(2)
Registered nurses Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations 2,737.4 3,449.3 711.9 26.0 Associate's degree None None
Retail salespersons Sales and Related Occupations 4,261.6 4,968.4 706.8 16.6 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Home health aides Healthcare Support Occupations 1,017.7 1,723.9 706.3 69.4 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Personal care aides Personal Care and Service Occupations 861.0 1,468.0 607.0 70.5 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Office clerks, general Office and Administrative Support Occupations 2,950.7 3,440.2 489.5 16.6 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Combined food preparation and serving workers,
including fast food Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 2,682.1 3,080.1 398.0 14.8 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Customer service representatives Office and Administrative Support Occupations 2,187.3 2,525.6 338.4 15.5 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 1,604.8 1,934.9 330.1 20.6 High school diploma or
equivalent 1 to 5 years Short-term on-the-job training
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 2,068.2 2,387.3 319.1 15.4 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Postsecondary teachers Education, Training, and Library Occupations 1,756.0 2,061.7 305.7 17.4 Doctoral or professional
degree None None
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Healthcare Support Occupations 1,505.3 1,807.2 302.0 20.1 Postsecondary non-degree award None None
Childcare workers Personal Care and Service Occupations 1,282.3 1,544.3 262.0 20.4 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Office and Administrative Support Occupations 1,898.3 2,157.4 259.0 13.6 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Cashiers Sales and Related Occupations 3,362.6 3,612.8 250.2 7.4 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Elementary school teachers, except special education Education, Training, and Library Occupations 1,476.5 1,725.3 248.8 16.8 Bachelor's degree None Internship/residency
Receptionists and information clerks Office and Administrative Support Occupations 1,048.5 1,297.0 248.5 23.7 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance
cleaners Occupations 2,310.4 2,556.8 246.4 10.7 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance
Occupations 1,151.5 1,392.3 240.8 20.9 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing,
except technical and scientific products Sales and Related Occupations 1,430.0 1,653.4 223.4 15.6 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Construction laborers Construction and Extraction Occupations 998.8 1,211.2 212.4 21.3 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Medical secretaries Office and Administrative Support Occupations 508.7 718.9 210.2 41.3 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
First-line supervisors of office and administrative
support workers Office and Administrative Support Occupations 1,424.4 1,627.8 203.4 14.3 High school diploma or
equivalent 1 to 5 years None
Carpenters Construction and Extraction Occupations 1,001.7 1,197.6 196.0 19.6 High school diploma or
equivalent None Apprenticeship
Waiters and waitresses Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 2,260.3 2,456.2 195.9 8.7 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Security guards Protective Service Occupations 1,035.7 1,230.7 195.0 18.8 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Teacher assistants Education, Training, and Library Occupations 1,288.3 1,479.3 191.1 14.8 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Accountants and auditors Business and Financial Operations Occupations 1,216.9 1,407.6 190.7 15.7 Bachelor's degree None None
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations 752.3 920.8 168.5 22.4 Postsecondary non-degree award None None
Physicians and surgeons Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations 691.0 859.3 168.3 24.4 Doctoral or professional
degree None Internship/residency
Medical assistants Healthcare Support Occupations 527.6 690.4 162.9 30.9 High school diploma or
equival None Moderate-term on-the-job training
1 Represents the typical education level needed to enter the occupation.
2 Indicates if work experience in a related occupation is commonly considered necessary by employers for entry, or is a commonly accepted substitute for formal types of training.
3 Indicates the typical on-the-job training needed to attain competency in the occupation.
NOTE: For more information about the education, work experience, and on-the-job training categories assigned to occupations, see www.bls.gov/emp/ep_education_training_system.htm
Table 7. The 30 occupations with the fastest projected employment growth, 2010-20
(In thousands)
Occupation Occupational group Employment Change Pre-employment During employment
2010 2020 Number Percent Typical education needed Work experience Typical on-the-job training(3)
for entry(1) in a related
occupation(2)
Personal care aides Personal Care and Service Occupations 861.0 1,468.0 607.0 70.5 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Home health aides Healthcare Support Occupations 1,017.7 1,723.9 706.3 69.4 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Biomedical engineers Architecture and Engineering Occupations 15.7 25.4 9.7 61.7 Bachelor's degree None None
Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and
tile and marble setters Construction and Extraction Occupations 29.4 47.0 17.6 60.1 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Helpers--carpenters Construction and Extraction Occupations 46.5 72.4 25.9 55.7 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Veterinary technologists and technicians Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
Occupations 80.2 121.9 41.7 52.0 Associate's degree None None
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers Construction and Extraction Occupations 19.1 28.4 9.3 48.6 High school diploma or
equivalent None Apprenticeship
Physical therapist assistants Healthcare Support Occupations 67.4 98.2 30.8 45.7 Associate's degree None None
Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters Construction and Extraction Occupations 57.9 84.2 26.3 45.4 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Meeting, convention, and event planners Business and Financial Operations Occupations 71.6 102.9 31.3 43.7 Bachelor's degree Less than 1 year None
Diagnostic medical sonographers Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
Occupations 53.7 77.1 23.4 43.5 Associate's degree None None
Occupational therapy assistants Healthcare Support Occupations 28.5 40.8 12.3 43.3 Associate's degree None None
Physical therapist aides Healthcare Support Occupations 47.0 67.3 20.3 43.1 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Glaziers Construction and Extraction Occupations 41.9 59.6 17.7 42.4 High school diploma or
equivalent None Apprenticeship
Interpreters and translators Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media
Occupations 58.4 83.1 24.6 42.2 Bachelor's degree None Long-term on-the-job training
Medical secretaries Office and Administrative Support Occupations 508.7 718.9 210.2 41.3 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Market research analysts and marketing specialists Business and Financial Operations Occupations 282.7 399.3 116.6 41.2 Bachelor's degree None None
Marriage and family therapists Community and Social Service Occupations 36.0 50.8 14.8 41.2 Master's degree None Internship/residency
Brickmasons and blockmasons Construction and Extraction Occupations 89.2 125.3 36.1 40.5 High school diploma or
equivalent None Apprenticeship
Physical therapists Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
Occupations 198.6 276.0 77.4 39.0 Doctoral or professional
degree None None
Dental hygienists Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
Occupations 181.8 250.3 68.5 37.7 Associate's degree None None
Bicycle repairers Installation, Maintenance, and Repair
Occupations 9.9 13.6 3.7 37.6 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Audiologists Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
Occupations 13.0 17.8 4.8 36.8 Doctoral or professional
degree None None
Health educators Community and Social Service Occupations 63.4 86.6 23.2 36.5 Bachelor's degree None None
Stonemasons Construction and Extraction Occupations 15.6 21.4 5.7 36.5 High school diploma or
equivalent None Apprenticeship
Cost estimators Business and Financial Operations Occupations 185.4 252.9 67.5 36.4 Bachelor's degree None None
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 100.0 136.5 36.4 36.4 Doctoral or professional
degree None None
Mental health counselors Community and Social Service Occupations 120.3 163.9 43.6 36.3 Master's degree None Internship/residency
Pile-driver operators Construction and Extraction Occupations 4.1 5.6 1.5 36.0 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Veterinarians Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
Occupations 61.4 83.4 22.0 35.9 Doctoral or professional
degree None None
1 Represents the typical education level needed to enter the occupation.
2 Indicates if work experience in a related occupation is commonly considered necessary by employers for entry, or is a commonly accepted substitute for formal types of training.
3 Indicates the typical on-the-job training needed to attain competency in the occupation.
NOTE: For more information about the education, work experience, and on-the-job training categories assigned to occupations, see www.bls.gov/emp/ep_education_training_system.htm.
Table 8. The 30 occupations with the largest projected employment declines, 2010-20
(In thousands)
Occupation Occupational group Employment Change Pre-employment During employment
2010 2020 Number Percent Typical education needed Work experience in Typical on-the-job training(3)
for entry(1) a related
occupation(2)
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers Management Occupations 1,202.5 1,106.4 -96.1 -8.0 High school diploma or
equivalent More than 5 years None
Postal Service mail sorters, processors, and
processing machine operators Office and Administrative Support Occupations 142.0 73.0 -68.9 -48.5 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Sewing machine operators Production Occupations 163.2 121.1 -42.1 -25.8 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Postal Service mail carriers Office and Administrative Support Occupations 316.7 278.5 -38.1 -12.0 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Switchboard operators, including answering service Office and Administrative Support Occupations 142.5 109.3 -33.2 -23.3 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Postal Service clerks Office and Administrative Support Occupations 65.6 34.0 -31.6 -48.2 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Cooks, fast food Food Preparation and Serving Related
Occupations 530.4 511.4 -19.1 -3.6 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Miscellaneous agricultural workers Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations 746.4 727.3 -19.1 -2.6 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Data entry keyers Office and Administrative Support Occupations 234.7 218.8 -15.9 -6.8 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Word processors and typists Office and Administrative Support Occupations 115.3 102.1 -13.2 -11.5 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors,
and Related Workers Sales and Related Occupations 153.8 142.3 -11.5 -7.5 High school diploma
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Food Service Managers Management Occupations 320.6 310.0 -10.6 -3.3 High school diploma or
equivalent 1 to 5 years None
Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers Production Occupations 182.9 172.4 -10.4 -5.7 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
File Clerks Office and Administrative Support Occupations 185.0 176.2 -8.8 -4.8 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Prepress Technicians and Workers Production Occupations 50.8 42.8 -8.1 -15.9 Postsecondary non-degree award None None
Computer Operators Office and Administrative Support Occupations 86.4 78.9 -7.4 -8.6 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Postmasters and Mail Superintendents Management Occupations 24.5 17.7 -6.8 -27.8 High school diploma or
equivalent 1 to 5 years Moderate-term on-the-job training
Office Machine Operators, Except Computer Production Occupations 69.8 63.0 -6.8 -9.7 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials Office and Administrative Support Occupations 57.8 51.0 -6.8 -11.8 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Floral Designers Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media
Occupations 66.5 60.3 -6.2 -9.3 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators,
and Gaugers Production Occupations 44.2 38.0 -6.2 -14.0 High school diploma or
equivalent None Long-term on-the-job training
Loan Interviewers and Clerks Office and Administrative Support Occupations 182.5 176.8 -5.7 -3.1 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders Production Occupations 90.9 85.3 -5.5 -6.1 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Chemical Plant and System Operators Production Occupations 43.3 38.0 -5.3 -12.2 High school diploma or
equivalent None Long-term on-the-job training
Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine
Operators Production Occupations 58.7 54.2 -4.5 -7.7 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters,
Operators, and Tenders Production Occupations 22.5 18.4 -4.1 -18.2 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Reporters and Correspondents Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media
Occupations 51.9 48.0 -3.9 -7.5 Bachelor's degree None None
Semiconductor Processors Production Occupations 21.1 17.3 -3.8 -17.9 Associate's degree None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Textile Winding, Twisting, and Drawing Out Machine
Setters, Operators, and Tenders Production Occupations 29.0 25.4 -3.6 -12.4 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders Production Occupations 47.4 43.8 -3.5 -7.5 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
1 Represents the typical education level needed to enter the occupation.
2 Indicates if work experience in a related occupation is commonly considered necessary by employers for entry, or is a commonly accepted substitute for formal types of training.
3 Indicates the typical on-the-job training needed to attain competency in the occupation.
NOTE: For more information about the education, work experience, and on-the-job training categories assigned to occupations, see www.bls.gov/emp/ep_education_training_system.htm.
Table 9. Employment and total job openings by education, work experience, and on-the-job training
category, 2010 and projected 2020
(In thousands)
Education, work experience, and Employment Total job openings
on-the-job training Percent Change, 2010-20 due to growth and
Number distribution replacement needs,
2010-20(1)
2010 2020 2010 2020 Number Percent Number Percent
distribution
Typical education needed for entry(2)
Total, all occupations........... 143,068.2 163,537.1 100.0 100.0 20,468.9 14.3 54,787.4 100.0
Doctoral or professional degree....... 4,409.7 5,286.3 3.1 3.2 876.6 19.9 1,701.8 3.1
Master's degree....................... 1,986.0 2,417.2 1.4 1.5 431.2 21.7 903.9 1.6
Bachelor's degree..................... 22,171.1 25,827.2 15.5 15.8 3,656.1 16.5 8,562.4 15.6
Associate's degree.................... 7,994.6 9,434.6 5.6 5.8 1,440.0 18.0 2,941.0 5.4
Postsecondary non-degree award........ 6,524.0 7,624.9 4.6 4.7 1,100.9 16.9 2,389.6 4.4
Some college, no degree............... 811.6 953.8 0.6 0.6 142.2 17.5 362.0 0.7
High school diploma or equivalent..... 62,089.6 69,665.7 43.4 42.6 7,576.1 12.2 21,745.9 39.7
Less than high school................. 37,081.7 42,327.4 25.9 25.9 5,245.7 14.1 16,180.8 29.5
Work experience in a related occupation(3)
Total, all occupations........... 143,068.2 163,537.1 100.0 100.0 20,468.9 14.3 54,787.4 100.0
More than 5 years..................... 4,612.4 4,956.0 3.2 3.0 343.6 7.4 1,368.5 2.5
1 to 5 years.......................... 17,103.0 19,078.2 12.0 11.7 1,975.2 11.5 5,638.7 10.3
Less than 1 year...................... 3,129.6 3,535.2 2.2 2.2 405.6 13.0 1,125.2 2.1
None.................................. 118,223.3 135,967.7 82.6 83.1 17,744.5 15.0 46,654.9 85.2
Typical on-the-job training(4)
Total, all occupations........... 143,068.2 163,537.1 100.0 100.0 20,468.9 14.3 54,787.4 100.0
Internship/residency.................. 5,374.2 6,271.5 3.8 3.8 897.3 16.7 2,193.6 4.0
Apprenticeship........................ 2,539.0 3,109.2 1.8 1.9 570.2 22.5 1,183.0 2.2
Long-term............................. 7,039.0 7,920.5 4.9 4.8 881.5 12.5 2,545.5 4.6
Moderate-term......................... 25,007.0 28,244.5 17.5 17.3 3,237.5 12.9 8,682.0 15.8
Short-term............................ 58,171.0 66,040.0 40.7 40.4 7,869.0 13.5 23,767.8 43.4
None.................................. 44,937.9 51,951.3 31.4 31.8 7,013.4 15.6 16,415.5 30.0
1 Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and replacement needs. If employment change is
negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equals replacements.
2 Represents the typical education level needed to enter the occupation.
3 Indicates if work experience in a related occupation is commonly considered necessary by employers for entry, or
is commonly accepted substitute for formal training.
4 Indicates the typical on-the-job training needed to attain competency in the occupation.
NOTE: For more information about the education, work experience, and on-the-job training categories assigned to
occupations, see www.bls.gov/emp/ep_education_training_system.htm.
Table 10. The 30 occupations with the largest projected number of total job openings due to growth and replacements, 2010-20
(In thousands)
Occupation Occupational group Employment Change Replacement Total job Pre-employment During employment
2010 2020 Number Percent needs openings due Typical education needed Work experience Typical on-the-job training(4)
to growth and for entry(2) in a related
replacements(1) occupation(3)
Retail Salespersons Sales and Related Occupations 4,261.6 4,968.4 706.8 16.6 1,251.9 1,958.7 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Cashiers Sales and Related Occupations 3,362.6 3,612.8 250.2 7.4 1,525.7 1,775.9 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Waiters and Waitresses Food Preparation and Serving Related
Occupations 2,260.3 2,456.2 195.9 8.7 1,128.4 1,324.3 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Registered Nurses Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
Occupations 2,737.4 3,449.3 711.9 26.0 495.5 1,207.4 Associate's degree None None
Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers,
Including Fast Food Food Preparation and Serving Related
Occupations 2,682.1 3,080.1 398.0 14.8 748.5 1,146.5 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Office Clerks, General Office and Administrative Support Occupations 2,950.7 3,440.2 489.5 16.6 522.0 1,011.5 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material
Movers, Hand Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 2,068.2 2,387.3 319.1 15.4 661.1 980.2 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Customer Service Representatives Office and Administrative Support Occupations 2,187.3 2,525.6 338.4 15.5 621.2 959.6 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Home Health Aides Healthcare Support Occupations 1,017.7 1,723.9 706.3 69.4 131.2 837.5 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and
Housekeeping Cleaners Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance
Occupations 2,310.4 2,556.8 246.4 10.7 435.6 682.0 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Personal Care Aides Personal Care and Service Occupations 861.0 1,468.0 607.0 70.5 68.2 675.2 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Childcare Workers Personal Care and Service Occupations 1,282.3 1,544.3 262.0 20.4 403.8 665.8 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 1,604.8 1,934.9 330.1 20.6 319.3 649.4 High school diploma or
equivalent 1 to 5 year Short-term on-the-job training
Postsecondary Teachers Education, Training, and Library Occupations 1,756.0 2,061.7 305.7 17.4 280.4 586.1 Doctoral or professional
degree None None
First-Line Supervisors of Office and
Administrative Support Workers Office and Administrative Support Occupations 1,424.4 1,627.8 203.4 14.3 381.0 584.4 High school diploma or
equivalent 1 to 5 year None
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special
Education Education, Training, and Library Occupations 1,476.5 1,725.3 248.8 16.8 324.4 573.2 Bachelor's degree None Internship/residency
Receptionists and Information Clerks Office and Administrative Support Occupations 1,048.5 1,297.0 248.5 23.7 317.1 565.6 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and
Manufacturing. Except Technical and
Scientific Products Sales and Related Occupations 1,430.0 1,653.4 223.4 15.6 336.5 559.9 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers Sales and Related Occupations 1,619.5 1,755.5 136.0 8.4 377.7 513.7 High school diploma or
equivalent 1 to 5 year None
Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants Healthcare Support Occupations 1,505.3 1,807.2 302.0 20.1 194.1 496.1 Postsecondary non-degree
award None None
Teacher Assistants Education, Training, and Library Occupations 1,288.3 1,479.3 191.1 14.8 290.5 481.6 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks Office and Administrative Support Occupations 1,898.3 2,157.4 259.0 13.6 208.8 467.8 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Stock Clerks and Order Fillers Office and Administrative Support Occupations 1,787.4 1,808.3 20.9 1.2 444.1 465.0 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Accountants and Auditors Business and Financial Operations Occupations 1,216.9 1,407.6 190.7 15.7 261.4 452.1 Bachelor's degree None None
Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance
Occupations 1,151.5 1,392.3 240.8 20.9 203.6 444.4 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
General and Operations Managers Management Occupations 1,767.1 1,848.6 81.6 4.6 328.5 410.1 Associate's degree 1 to 5 year None
Carpenters Construction and Extraction Occupations 1,001.7 1,197.6 196.0 19.6 212.3 408.3 High school diploma or
equivalent None Apprenticeship
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants,
Except Legal, Medical, and Executive Office and Administrative Support Occupations 2,032.2 2,150.8 118.5 5.8 272.5 391.0 High school diploma or
equivalent None Short-term on-the-job training
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General Installation, Maintenance, and Repair
Occupations 1,289.0 1,431.0 142.0 11.0 237.1 379.1 High school diploma or
equivalent None Moderate-term on-the-job training
Food Preparation Workers Food Preparation and Serving Related
Occupations 813.7 897.9 84.1 10.3 293.0 377.1 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
1 Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal replacements. For more
information about occupational replacement needs, see "Estimating Occupational Replacement Needs," on the Internet at www.bls.gov/emp/ep_replacements.htm.
2 Represents the typical education level needed to enter the occupation.
3 Indicates if work experience in a related occupation is commonly considered necessary by employers for entry, or is a commonly accepted substitute for formal types of training.
4 Indicates the typical on-the-job training needed to attain competency in the occupation.
NOTE: For more information about the education, work experience, and on-the-job training categories assigned to occupations, see www.bls.gov/emp/ep_education_training_system.htm.
United States Department of Labor
