Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until                       USDL-25-0003
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, January 10, 2025

Technical information: 
 Household data:     (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data: (202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:	     (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                        THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- DECEMBER 2024


Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 256,000 in December, and the unemployment rate
changed little at 4.1 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment
trended up in health care, government, and social assistance. Retail trade added jobs in
December, following a job loss in November.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures
labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment
survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information
about the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical
Note.

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________
|											    |
|                 Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data			    |
|											    |
| Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal	    |
| adjustment factors, a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally	    |
| adjusted estimates back to January 2020 were subject to revision. The unemployment	    |
| rates for January 2024 through November 2024 (as originally published and as revised)	    |
| appear in table A at the end of this news release, along with additional information      |
| about the revisions.                                                                      |
|___________________________________________________________________________________________|


Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate changed little at 4.1 percent in December. After increasing earlier in
the year, the unemployment rate has been either 4.1 percent or 4.2 percent for the past 7
months. The number of unemployed people, at 6.9 million, also changed little in December.
(See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for Whites (3.6 percent) edged down in
December. The jobless rates for adult men (3.7 percent), adult women (3.8 percent), teenagers
(12.4 percent), Blacks (6.1 percent), Asians (3.5 percent), and Hispanics (5.1 percent)
changed little over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers declined by 164,000 to 1.7 million
in December but is little different from a year earlier. The number of people on temporary
layoff, at 862,000, changed little over the month and over the year. (See table A-11.)

In December, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) changed
little at 1.6 million but is up by 278,000 from a year earlier. The long-term unemployed
accounted for 22.4 percent of all unemployed people in December. (See table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate, at 62.5 percent, was unchanged over the month and has
remained in a narrow range of 62.5 percent to 62.7 percent since December 2023. The
employment-population ratio, at 60.0 percent, changed little over the month and over the
year. (See table A-1.)

The number of people employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.4 million, changed
little in December and is little different from a year earlier. These individuals would
have preferred full-time employment but were working part time because their hours had
been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

The number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.5 million, was
essentially unchanged in December. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because
they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were
unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached
to the labor force, at 1.6 million, was virtually unchanged in December. These individuals
wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months
but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for
them, changed little at 480,000 in December. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 256,000 in December. Employment trended up in health
care, government, and social assistance. Retail trade added jobs in December, following a job
loss in November. Payroll employment rose by 2.2 million in 2024 (an average monthly gain of
186,000), less than the increase of 3.0 million in 2023 (an average monthly gain of 251,000).
(See table B-1.)

Health care added 46,000 jobs in December, with gains in home health care services (+15,000),
nursing and residential care facilities (+14,000), and hospitals (+12,000). Health care added
an average of 57,000 jobs per month in 2024, the same as the average monthly gain in 2023. 

Retail trade added 43,000 jobs in December, following a loss of 29,000 jobs in November. In
December, employment increased in clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers
(+23,000); general merchandise retailers (+13,000); and health and personal care retailers
(+7,000). Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers lost jobs (-11,000).
Overall, employment in retail trade changed little in 2024, following an average monthly
increase of 10,000 in 2023.

Government employment continued to trend up in December (+33,000). Government added an average
of 37,000 jobs per month in 2024, below the average monthly gain of 59,000 in 2023. Over the
month, employment continued to trend up in state government (+10,000).

Employment in social assistance increased by 23,000 in December, mostly in individual and
family services (+17,000). Social assistance added an average of 18,000 jobs per month in
2024, below the average increase of 23,000 per month in 2023.

Employment in leisure and hospitality changed little in December (+43,000). Leisure and
hospitality added an average of 24,000 jobs per month in 2024, about half the average monthly
gain of 47,000 in 2023.

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining, 
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; wholesale trade;
transportation and warehousing; information; financial activities; professional and business
services; and other services.

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 10
cents, or 0.3 percent, to $35.69. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have
increased by 3.9 percent. In December, average hourly earnings of private-sector production
and nonsupervisory employees, at $30.62, were little changed (+6 cents). (See tables B-3 and
B-8.)

In December, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was 34.3 hours
for the fifth month in a row. In manufacturing, the average workweek was little changed at
40.0 hours, and overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 2.8 hours. The average workweek for
production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls remained at 33.7 hours.
(See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised up by 7,000, from
+36,000 to +43,000, and the change for November was revised down by 15,000, from +227,000 to
+212,000. With these revisions, employment in October and November combined is 8,000 lower
than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from
businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the
recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 7, 2025,
at 8:30 a.m. (ET).


 ___________________________________________________________________________________________
|											    |
|                        Upcoming Changes to Household Survey Data			    |
|											    |
| Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2025 on February 7,    |
| 2025, new population controls will be used in the household survey estimation process.    |
| These new controls reflect the annual update of population estimates by the U.S. Census   |
| Bureau. In accordance with usual practice, historical data will not be revised to	    |
| incorporate the new controls. Consequently, household survey data for January 2025 will   |
| not be directly comparable with data for December 2024 or earlier periods. A table	    |
| showing the effects of the new controls on the major labor force series will be included  |
| in The Employment Situation for January 2025.						    |
|___________________________________________________________________________________________|


 ___________________________________________________________________________________________
|											    |
|                      Upcoming Changes to Establishment Survey Data			    |
|											    |
| Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2025 on February 7,    |
| 2025, nonfarm payroll employment, hours, and earnings data from the establishment survey  |
| will be revised to reflect the annual benchmark process and updated seasonal adjustment   |
| factors. Not seasonally adjusted data beginning with April 2023 and seasonally adjusted   |
| data beginning with January 2020 are subject to revision. Consistent with standard	    |
| practice, additional historical data may be revised as a result of the benchmark process. |
|___________________________________________________________________________________________|


                   Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data

At the end of each calendar year, BLS updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the national
labor force series derived from the household survey. As a result of this process, seasonally
adjusted data for January 2020 through November 2024 were subject to revision. (Not seasonally
adjusted data were not subject to revision.) 

Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2024 through November 2024, as first published
and as revised. The rate changed by one-tenth of a percentage point in 2 of the 11 months and
was unchanged in the remaining 9 months. Revised seasonally adjusted data for other major labor
force series back to December 2023 appear in table B. 

More information on this year�s revisions to seasonally adjusted household series is available
at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-seas-adjustment-methodology.pdf. Detailed information on the
seasonal adjustment methodology is found at www.bls.gov/cps/seasonal-adjustment-methodology.htm. 

Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables (A-1 through A-16) of this
news release can be accessed at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Revised historical seasonally
adjusted data are available at www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and 
https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln.


Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2024 and changes due to revision
January - November 2024

      Month                  As First Published      As Revised            Change

January.............                 3.7                 3.7                 0.0
February............                 3.9                 3.9                 0.0
March...............                 3.8                 3.9                 0.1
April...............                 3.9                 3.9                 0.0
May.................                 4.0                 4.0                 0.0
June................                 4.1                 4.1                 0.0
July................                 4.3                 4.2                -0.1
August..............                 4.2                 4.2                 0.0
September...........                 4.1                 4.1                 0.0
October.............                 4.1                 4.1                 0.0
November............                 4.2                 4.2                 0.0






HOUSEHOLD DATA
 Table B.  Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]




	Employment status, sex, and age
	2023
	2024


	Dec.
	Jan.
	Feb.
	Mar.
	Apr.
	May
	June
	July
	Aug.
	Sept.
	Oct.
	Nov.
	Dec.






	TOTAL
				



	Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	267,991
	267,540
	267,711
	267,884
	268,066
	268,248
	268,438
	268,644
	268,856
	269,080
	269,289
	269,463
	269,638



	Civilian labor force
	167,439
	167,339
	167,475
	167,922
	167,988
	167,799
	168,005
	168,315
	168,496
	168,703
	168,428
	168,304
	168,547



	Participation rate
	62.5
	62.5
	62.6
	62.7
	62.7
	62.6
	62.6
	62.7
	62.7
	62.7
	62.5
	62.5
	62.5



	Employed
	161,124
	161,190
	161,013
	161,425
	161,495
	161,164
	161,155
	161,219
	161,425
	161,802
	161,456
	161,183
	161,661



	Employment-population ratio
	60.1
	60.2
	60.1
	60.3
	60.2
	60.1
	60.0
	60.0
	60.0
	60.1
	60.0
	59.8
	60.0



	Unemployed
	6,315
	6,149
	6,462
	6,497
	6,492
	6,635
	6,849
	7,097
	7,071
	6,901
	6,972
	7,121
	6,886



	Unemployment rate
	3.8
	3.7
	3.9
	3.9
	3.9
	4.0
	4.1
	4.2
	4.2
	4.1
	4.1
	4.2
	4.1



	


	Men, 20 years and over
				



	Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	122,187
	121,539
	121,611
	121,685
	121,763
	121,844
	121,929
	122,021
	122,118
	122,221
	122,316
	122,398
	122,480



	Civilian labor force
	85,944
	85,398
	85,223
	85,449
	85,406
	85,297
	85,862
	85,991
	85,846
	86,042
	86,191
	85,982
	85,945



	Participation rate
	70.3
	70.3
	70.1
	70.2
	70.1
	70.0
	70.4
	70.5
	70.3
	70.4
	70.5
	70.2
	70.2



	Employed
	82,860
	82,331
	82,224
	82,516
	82,346
	82,083
	82,600
	82,573
	82,479
	82,783
	82,851
	82,633
	82,739



	Employment-population ratio
	67.8
	67.7
	67.6
	67.8
	67.6
	67.4
	67.7
	67.7
	67.5
	67.7
	67.7
	67.5
	67.6



	Unemployed
	3,084
	3,067
	2,999
	2,933
	3,060
	3,214
	3,261
	3,418
	3,367
	3,258
	3,339
	3,348
	3,206



	Unemployment rate
	3.6
	3.6
	3.5
	3.4
	3.6
	3.8
	3.8
	4.0
	3.9
	3.8
	3.9
	3.9
	3.7



	


	Women, 20 years and over
				



	Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	128,513
	128,503
	128,581
	128,659
	128,742
	128,830
	128,922
	129,021
	129,125
	129,236
	129,340
	129,428
	129,518



	Civilian labor force
	75,110
	75,554
	75,826
	75,769
	75,967
	75,814
	75,616
	75,954
	76,368
	76,110
	75,916
	75,920
	75,994



	Participation rate
	58.4
	58.8
	59.0
	58.9
	59.0
	58.8
	58.7
	58.9
	59.1
	58.9
	58.7
	58.7
	58.7



	Employed
	72,637
	73,149
	73,171
	73,048
	73,316
	73,219
	72,828
	73,076
	73,555
	73,397
	73,152
	72,988
	73,135



	Employment-population ratio
	56.5
	56.9
	56.9
	56.8
	56.9
	56.8
	56.5
	56.6
	57.0
	56.8
	56.6
	56.4
	56.5



	Unemployed
	2,473
	2,405
	2,655
	2,721
	2,651
	2,595
	2,788
	2,878
	2,813
	2,713
	2,764
	2,932
	2,859



	Unemployment rate
	3.3
	3.2
	3.5
	3.6
	3.5
	3.4
	3.7
	3.8
	3.7
	3.6
	3.6
	3.9
	3.8



	


	Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
				



	Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	17,291
	17,498
	17,519
	17,540
	17,561
	17,574
	17,588
	17,602
	17,612
	17,623
	17,633
	17,636
	17,640



	Civilian labor force
	6,384
	6,388
	6,426
	6,704
	6,614
	6,688
	6,527
	6,371
	6,281
	6,552
	6,321
	6,403
	6,607



	Participation rate
	36.9
	36.5
	36.7
	38.2
	37.7
	38.1
	37.1
	36.2
	35.7
	37.2
	35.8
	36.3
	37.5



	Employed
	5,626
	5,710
	5,618
	5,861
	5,833
	5,861
	5,727
	5,570
	5,390
	5,621
	5,453
	5,562
	5,786



	Employment-population ratio
	32.5
	32.6
	32.1
	33.4
	33.2
	33.4
	32.6
	31.6
	30.6
	31.9
	30.9
	31.5
	32.8



	Unemployed
	758
	677
	808
	843
	781
	827
	800
	801
	891
	930
	868
	841
	821



	Unemployment rate
	11.9
	10.6
	12.6
	12.6
	11.8
	12.4
	12.3
	12.6
	14.2
	14.2
	13.7
	13.1
	12.4







	
		Footnotes

		(1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

	





	
		NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table B. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	2023	2024
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	267,991	267,540	267,711	267,884	268,066	268,248	268,438	268,644	268,856	269,080	269,289	269,463	269,638
Civilian labor force	167,439	167,339	167,475	167,922	167,988	167,799	168,005	168,315	168,496	168,703	168,428	168,304	168,547
Participation rate	62.5	62.5	62.6	62.7	62.7	62.6	62.6	62.7	62.7	62.7	62.5	62.5	62.5
Employed	161,124	161,190	161,013	161,425	161,495	161,164	161,155	161,219	161,425	161,802	161,456	161,183	161,661
Employment-population ratio	60.1	60.2	60.1	60.3	60.2	60.1	60.0	60.0	60.0	60.1	60.0	59.8	60.0
Unemployed	6,315	6,149	6,462	6,497	6,492	6,635	6,849	7,097	7,071	6,901	6,972	7,121	6,886
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.7	3.9	3.9	3.9	4.0	4.1	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.1

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	122,187	121,539	121,611	121,685	121,763	121,844	121,929	122,021	122,118	122,221	122,316	122,398	122,480
Civilian labor force	85,944	85,398	85,223	85,449	85,406	85,297	85,862	85,991	85,846	86,042	86,191	85,982	85,945
Participation rate	70.3	70.3	70.1	70.2	70.1	70.0	70.4	70.5	70.3	70.4	70.5	70.2	70.2
Employed	82,860	82,331	82,224	82,516	82,346	82,083	82,600	82,573	82,479	82,783	82,851	82,633	82,739
Employment-population ratio	67.8	67.7	67.6	67.8	67.6	67.4	67.7	67.7	67.5	67.7	67.7	67.5	67.6
Unemployed	3,084	3,067	2,999	2,933	3,060	3,214	3,261	3,418	3,367	3,258	3,339	3,348	3,206
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.6	3.8	3.8	4.0	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.7

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	128,513	128,503	128,581	128,659	128,742	128,830	128,922	129,021	129,125	129,236	129,340	129,428	129,518
Civilian labor force	75,110	75,554	75,826	75,769	75,967	75,814	75,616	75,954	76,368	76,110	75,916	75,920	75,994
Participation rate	58.4	58.8	59.0	58.9	59.0	58.8	58.7	58.9	59.1	58.9	58.7	58.7	58.7
Employed	72,637	73,149	73,171	73,048	73,316	73,219	72,828	73,076	73,555	73,397	73,152	72,988	73,135
Employment-population ratio	56.5	56.9	56.9	56.8	56.9	56.8	56.5	56.6	57.0	56.8	56.6	56.4	56.5
Unemployed	2,473	2,405	2,655	2,721	2,651	2,595	2,788	2,878	2,813	2,713	2,764	2,932	2,859
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.8	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.9	3.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	17,291	17,498	17,519	17,540	17,561	17,574	17,588	17,602	17,612	17,623	17,633	17,636	17,640
Civilian labor force	6,384	6,388	6,426	6,704	6,614	6,688	6,527	6,371	6,281	6,552	6,321	6,403	6,607
Participation rate	36.9	36.5	36.7	38.2	37.7	38.1	37.1	36.2	35.7	37.2	35.8	36.3	37.5
Employed	5,626	5,710	5,618	5,861	5,833	5,861	5,727	5,570	5,390	5,621	5,453	5,562	5,786
Employment-population ratio	32.5	32.6	32.1	33.4	33.2	33.4	32.6	31.6	30.6	31.9	30.9	31.5	32.8
Unemployed	758	677	808	843	781	827	800	801	891	930	868	841	821
Unemployment rate	11.9	10.6	12.6	12.6	11.8	12.4	12.3	12.6	14.2	14.2	13.7	13.1	12.4
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.
NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Change from: Nov. 2024- Dec. 2024
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	267,991	269,289	269,463	269,638	175
Civilian labor force	167,439	168,428	168,304	168,547	243
Participation rate	62.5	62.5	62.5	62.5	0.0
Employed	161,124	161,456	161,183	161,661	478
Employment-population ratio	60.1	60.0	59.8	60.0	0.2
Unemployed	6,315	6,972	7,121	6,886	-235
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.1	4.2	4.1	-0.1
Not in labor force	100,552	100,861	101,159	101,091	-68

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	3.8	4.1	4.2	4.1	-0.1
Adult men (20 years and over)	3.6	3.9	3.9	3.7	-0.2
Adult women (20 years and over)	3.3	3.6	3.9	3.8	-0.1
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	11.9	13.7	13.1	12.4	-0.7
White	3.5	3.8	3.8	3.6	-0.2
Black or African American	5.2	5.7	6.4	6.1	-0.3
Asian	3.1	3.9	3.8	3.5	-0.3
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	5.0	5.1	5.3	5.1	-0.2

Total, 25 years and over	3.2	3.4	3.5	3.4	-0.1
Less than a high school diploma	6.1	6.6	6.0	5.6	-0.4
High school graduates, no college	4.2	4.0	4.6	4.3	-0.3
Some college or associate degree	3.1	3.4	3.6	3.5	-0.1
Bachelor's degree and higher	2.1	2.5	2.5	2.4	-0.1

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	3,073	3,363	3,394	3,251	-143
Job leavers	829	802	854	947	93
Reentrants	1,770	2,151	2,182	2,031	-151
New entrants	624	608	690	655	-35

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,204	2,109	2,208	2,156	-52
5 to 14 weeks	1,794	2,082	2,063	1,997	-66
15 to 26 weeks	1,072	1,231	1,236	1,207	-29
27 weeks and over	1,273	1,608	1,654	1,551	-103

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	4,220	4,565	4,469	4,358	-111
Slack work or business conditions	2,949	3,032	3,125	2,867	-258
Could only find part-time work	977	1,179	1,084	1,195	111
Part time for noneconomic reasons	22,470	22,351	22,380	22,514	134

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,564	1,575	1,572	1,562	-10
Discouraged workers	340	385	401	480	79
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024(p)	Dec. 2024(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	290	43	212	256
Total private	214	9	182	223
Goods-producing	33	-53	34	-8
Mining and logging	3	0	1	-3
Construction	18	-1	8	8
Manufacturing	12	-52	25	-13
Durable goods(1)	19	-49	29	-16
Motor vehicles and parts	4.6	-3.3	1.5	-4.1
Nondurable goods	-7	-3	-4	3
Private service-providing	181	62	148	231
Wholesale trade	7.4	7.4	3.4	-3.5
Retail trade	32.3	8.8	-29.2	43.4
Transportation and warehousing	-18.3	-9.7	2.5	9.6
Utilities	2.4	-1.1	0.0	-0.3
Information	13	-2	4	10
Financial activities	6	5	11	13
Professional and business services(1)	13	-10	9	28
Temporary help services	-21.3	-29.3	6.2	5.3
Private education and health services(1)	84	74	87	80
Health care and social assistance	76.1	70.0	79.8	69.5
Leisure and hospitality	41	-8	52	43
Other services	0	-3	8	8
Government	76	34	30	33

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	212	125	170	170
Total private	155	89	138	138

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.9	49.8	49.8	49.8
Total private women employees	48.4	48.3	48.3	48.3
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.3	81.4	81.4	81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.4	34.3	34.3	34.3
Average hourly earnings	$34.34	$35.46	$35.59	$35.69
Average weekly earnings	$1,181.30	$1,216.28	$1,220.74	$1,224.17
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	115.9	116.8	116.9	117.1
Over-the-month percent change	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.2
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	190.3	198.0	199.0	199.8
Over-the-month percent change	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.4

DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (250 industries)	63.0	53.4	59.0	56.4
Manufacturing (72 industries)	54.2	42.4	47.9	41.0
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
over-the-month employment change of about 130,000 is statistically significant in
the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a more
expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?

No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
All people who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?

Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who
want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.

It is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment
estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period.
Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in
the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid,
please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
includes the 12th of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-
related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
off. The household survey collects data on the number of people who had a job but
were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 629,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and unemployed.
Those people not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including people on paid leave. People are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable. The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-80,000 to +180,000 (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries
when necessary. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Dec. 2023	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	267,991	269,463	269,638	267,991	268,856	269,080	269,289	269,463	269,638
Civilian labor force	166,661	168,164	167,746	167,439	168,496	168,703	168,428	168,304	168,547
Participation rate	62.2	62.4	62.2	62.5	62.7	62.7	62.5	62.5	62.5
Employed	160,754	161,456	161,294	161,124	161,425	161,802	161,456	161,183	161,661
Employment-population ratio	60.0	59.9	59.8	60.1	60.0	60.1	60.0	59.8	60.0
Unemployed	5,907	6,708	6,452	6,315	7,071	6,901	6,972	7,121	6,886
Unemployment rate	3.5	4.0	3.8	3.8	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.1
Not in labor force	101,330	101,299	101,892	100,552	100,360	100,377	100,861	101,159	101,091
Persons who currently want a job	5,465	5,133	5,294	5,677	5,632	5,683	5,652	5,483	5,505

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	130,985	131,371	131,455	130,985	131,077	131,186	131,287	131,371	131,455
Civilian labor force	88,610	88,922	88,712	89,175	88,938	89,339	89,378	89,151	89,295
Participation rate	67.6	67.7	67.5	68.1	67.9	68.1	68.1	67.9	67.9
Employed	85,198	85,296	85,139	85,686	85,099	85,562	85,592	85,318	85,620
Employment-population ratio	65.0	64.9	64.8	65.4	64.9	65.2	65.2	64.9	65.1
Unemployed	3,412	3,626	3,574	3,489	3,839	3,777	3,785	3,833	3,675
Unemployment rate	3.9	4.1	4.0	3.9	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.3	4.1
Not in labor force	42,375	42,450	42,743	41,810	42,139	41,848	41,909	42,220	42,160

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	122,187	122,398	122,480	122,187	122,118	122,221	122,316	122,398	122,480
Civilian labor force	85,564	85,908	85,558	85,944	85,846	86,042	86,191	85,982	85,945
Participation rate	70.0	70.2	69.9	70.3	70.3	70.4	70.5	70.2	70.2
Employed	82,493	82,745	82,378	82,860	82,479	82,783	82,851	82,633	82,739
Employment-population ratio	67.5	67.6	67.3	67.8	67.5	67.7	67.7	67.5	67.6
Unemployed	3,071	3,164	3,179	3,084	3,367	3,258	3,339	3,348	3,206
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.7
Not in labor force	36,623	36,490	36,923	36,243	36,272	36,179	36,125	36,417	36,535

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	137,006	138,092	138,183	137,006	137,779	137,894	138,002	138,092	138,183
Civilian labor force	78,051	79,242	79,034	78,263	79,558	79,365	79,050	79,153	79,252
Participation rate	57.0	57.4	57.2	57.1	57.7	57.6	57.3	57.3	57.4
Employed	75,556	76,161	76,155	75,437	76,325	76,240	75,864	75,865	76,041
Employment-population ratio	55.1	55.2	55.1	55.1	55.4	55.3	55.0	54.9	55.0
Unemployed	2,495	3,082	2,879	2,826	3,232	3,125	3,187	3,288	3,211
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.9	3.6	3.6	4.1	3.9	4.0	4.2	4.1
Not in labor force	58,955	58,850	59,149	58,742	58,221	58,529	58,952	58,939	58,931

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	128,513	129,428	129,518	128,513	129,125	129,236	129,340	129,428	129,518
Civilian labor force	75,079	76,149	75,961	75,110	76,368	76,110	75,916	75,920	75,994
Participation rate	58.4	58.8	58.6	58.4	59.1	58.9	58.7	58.7	58.7
Employed	72,862	73,386	73,359	72,637	73,555	73,397	73,152	72,988	73,135
Employment-population ratio	56.7	56.7	56.6	56.5	57.0	56.8	56.6	56.4	56.5
Unemployed	2,217	2,762	2,602	2,473	2,813	2,713	2,764	2,932	2,859
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.6	3.4	3.3	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.9	3.8
Not in labor force	53,434	53,280	53,557	53,403	52,757	53,126	53,423	53,509	53,524

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,291	17,636	17,640	17,291	17,612	17,623	17,633	17,636	17,640
Civilian labor force	6,018	6,107	6,227	6,384	6,281	6,552	6,321	6,403	6,607
Participation rate	34.8	34.6	35.3	36.9	35.7	37.2	35.8	36.3	37.5
Employed	5,399	5,325	5,556	5,626	5,390	5,621	5,453	5,562	5,786
Employment-population ratio	31.2	30.2	31.5	32.5	30.6	31.9	30.9	31.5	32.8
Unemployed	619	782	671	758	891	930	868	841	821
Unemployment rate	10.3	12.8	10.8	11.9	14.2	14.2	13.7	13.1	12.4
Not in labor force	11,273	11,529	11,412	10,907	11,331	11,072	11,312	11,233	11,033
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Dec. 2023	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	205,022	205,521	205,598	205,022	205,222	205,338	205,444	205,521	205,598
Civilian labor force	126,748	127,617	127,352	127,224	127,924	128,126	127,746	127,710	127,827
Participation rate	61.8	62.1	61.9	62.1	62.3	62.4	62.2	62.1	62.2
Employed	122,552	123,117	122,986	122,779	123,045	123,445	122,901	122,856	123,213
Employment-population ratio	59.8	59.9	59.8	59.9	60.0	60.1	59.8	59.8	59.9
Unemployed	4,196	4,500	4,366	4,445	4,878	4,681	4,845	4,854	4,614
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.5	3.4	3.5	3.8	3.7	3.8	3.8	3.6
Not in labor force	78,274	77,904	78,245	77,798	77,298	77,212	77,699	77,811	77,770
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	66,172	66,242	66,039	66,379	66,292	66,375	66,431	66,289	66,244
Participation rate	69.7	69.9	69.6	69.9	70.0	70.1	70.1	69.9	69.8
Employed	63,912	64,086	63,838	64,164	63,925	64,101	64,078	63,965	64,087
Employment-population ratio	67.3	67.6	67.3	67.6	67.5	67.7	67.6	67.5	67.6
Unemployed	2,260	2,156	2,202	2,215	2,367	2,274	2,353	2,324	2,156
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.6	3.4	3.5	3.5	3.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,902	56,666	56,522	55,882	56,753	56,670	56,425	56,462	56,502
Participation rate	57.3	57.8	57.7	57.3	58.0	57.9	57.6	57.6	57.6
Employed	54,419	54,894	54,816	54,210	54,850	54,921	54,578	54,545	54,607
Employment-population ratio	55.8	56.0	55.9	55.5	56.1	56.1	55.7	55.7	55.7
Unemployed	1,483	1,772	1,706	1,672	1,903	1,749	1,847	1,916	1,895
Unemployment rate	2.7	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.4	3.1	3.3	3.4	3.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,674	4,709	4,791	4,963	4,879	5,082	4,890	4,959	5,082
Participation rate	37.3	37.0	37.7	39.6	38.4	39.9	38.4	39.0	40.0
Employed	4,221	4,137	4,333	4,405	4,270	4,423	4,245	4,346	4,519
Employment-population ratio	33.7	32.5	34.1	35.2	33.6	34.8	33.4	34.2	35.5
Unemployed	453	572	458	558	608	658	645	613	563
Unemployment rate	9.7	12.1	9.6	11.2	12.5	13.0	13.2	12.4	11.1

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	34,853	35,161	35,194	34,853	35,053	35,092	35,128	35,161	35,194
Civilian labor force	21,955	21,938	21,822	22,092	21,974	22,052	22,086	21,952	21,971
Participation rate	63.0	62.4	62.0	63.4	62.7	62.8	62.9	62.4	62.4
Employed	20,896	20,588	20,593	20,943	20,630	20,790	20,821	20,556	20,640
Employment-population ratio	60.0	58.6	58.5	60.1	58.9	59.2	59.3	58.5	58.6
Unemployed	1,059	1,350	1,229	1,149	1,344	1,262	1,266	1,396	1,331
Unemployment rate	4.8	6.2	5.6	5.2	6.1	5.7	5.7	6.4	6.1
Not in labor force	12,898	13,223	13,372	12,761	13,079	13,040	13,042	13,208	13,223
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,229	10,255	10,137	10,296	10,156	10,342	10,330	10,267	10,207
Participation rate	68.7	68.6	67.8	69.2	68.2	69.3	69.2	68.7	68.2
Employed	9,771	9,666	9,587	9,815	9,556	9,809	9,745	9,655	9,631
Employment-population ratio	65.7	64.7	64.1	66.0	64.2	65.8	65.3	64.6	64.4
Unemployed	459	589	550	481	599	533	585	612	576
Unemployment rate	4.5	5.7	5.4	4.7	5.9	5.2	5.7	6.0	5.6
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,964	10,974	10,928	11,015	11,073	10,941	10,993	10,953	10,986
Participation rate	63.0	62.4	62.1	63.2	63.2	62.3	62.6	62.3	62.4
Employed	10,483	10,336	10,386	10,484	10,462	10,356	10,444	10,301	10,388
Employment-population ratio	60.2	58.8	59.0	60.2	59.7	59.0	59.5	58.6	59.0
Unemployed	481	638	542	530	611	585	549	651	598
Unemployment rate	4.4	5.8	5.0	4.8	5.5	5.3	5.0	5.9	5.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	762	709	757	782	745	769	764	733	778
Participation rate	29.8	26.9	28.7	30.5	28.4	29.3	29.0	27.8	29.5
Employed	643	586	620	644	612	625	632	600	621
Employment-population ratio	25.1	22.2	23.5	25.2	23.3	23.7	24.0	22.8	23.5
Unemployed	120	123	137	138	133	145	132	133	157
Unemployment rate	15.7	17.3	18.1	17.6	17.9	18.8	17.3	18.1	20.2

ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,896	18,213	18,174	17,896	17,973	17,902	18,107	18,213	18,174
Civilian labor force	11,384	11,724	11,626	11,438	11,740	11,664	11,835	11,759	11,680
Participation rate	63.6	64.4	64.0	63.9	65.3	65.2	65.4	64.6	64.3
Employed	11,054	11,288	11,242	11,078	11,257	11,185	11,370	11,318	11,267
Employment-population ratio	61.8	62.0	61.9	61.9	62.6	62.5	62.8	62.1	62.0
Unemployed	330	436	383	359	483	478	466	441	413
Unemployment rate	2.9	3.7	3.3	3.1	4.1	4.1	3.9	3.8	3.5
Not in labor force	6,511	6,489	6,548	6,458	6,233	6,238	6,272	6,454	6,494
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Dec. 2023	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	48,068	49,385	49,483	48,068	49,071	49,180	49,286	49,385	49,483
Civilian labor force	31,996	33,097	33,315	32,090	33,252	33,129	33,003	33,039	33,415
Participation rate	66.6	67.0	67.3	66.8	67.8	67.4	67.0	66.9	67.5
Employed	30,418	31,435	31,627	30,486	31,448	31,441	31,315	31,297	31,702
Employment-population ratio	63.3	63.7	63.9	63.4	64.1	63.9	63.5	63.4	64.1
Unemployed	1,578	1,662	1,687	1,604	1,803	1,688	1,688	1,743	1,713
Unemployment rate	4.9	5.0	5.1	5.0	5.4	5.1	5.1	5.3	5.1
Not in labor force	16,072	16,288	16,169	15,978	15,819	16,051	16,283	16,345	16,068
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	17,199	17,694	17,815	17,269	17,813	17,698	17,756	17,716	17,885
Participation rate	78.8	79.3	79.6	79.1	80.3	79.6	79.7	79.4	79.9
Employed	16,340	16,972	17,056	16,446	16,977	16,979	17,049	16,941	17,162
Employment-population ratio	74.8	76.0	76.2	75.3	76.5	76.4	76.5	75.9	76.7
Unemployed	860	722	759	823	836	719	706	775	723
Unemployment rate	5.0	4.1	4.3	4.8	4.7	4.1	4.0	4.4	4.0
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	13,367	13,979	14,001	13,345	13,938	13,888	13,759	13,879	13,985
Participation rate	61.3	62.3	62.3	61.2	62.6	62.2	61.5	61.9	62.2
Employed	12,790	13,273	13,280	12,744	13,240	13,224	13,046	13,154	13,241
Employment-population ratio	58.7	59.2	59.1	58.5	59.4	59.2	58.3	58.6	58.9
Unemployed	577	706	720	601	699	665	713	724	744
Unemployment rate	4.3	5.1	5.1	4.5	5.0	4.8	5.2	5.2	5.3
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,430	1,424	1,499	1,476	1,501	1,543	1,487	1,445	1,545
Participation rate	32.2	30.8	32.3	33.2	32.6	33.4	32.2	31.2	33.3
Employed	1,288	1,190	1,291	1,296	1,232	1,238	1,220	1,201	1,298
Employment-population ratio	29.0	25.7	27.9	29.2	26.7	26.8	26.4	26.0	28.0
Unemployed	142	234	208	180	269	304	268	244	247
Unemployment rate	9.9	16.4	13.9	12.2	17.9	19.7	18.0	16.9	16.0
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]
Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment	Dec. 2023	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	9,417	9,115	9,245	9,390	9,440	9,260	9,060	9,074	9,219
Participation rate	47.6	47.4	47.7	47.5	48.0	47.6	48.4	47.2	47.6
Employed	8,803	8,619	8,684	8,820	8,778	8,633	8,465	8,530	8,700
Employment-population ratio	44.5	44.8	44.8	44.6	44.6	44.4	45.2	44.3	44.9
Unemployed	613	496	561	571	662	627	595	544	519
Unemployment rate	6.5	5.4	6.1	6.1	7.0	6.8	6.6	6.0	5.6

High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	35,662	35,977	35,764	35,824	36,773	36,198	35,876	36,038	35,931
Participation rate	57.0	56.8	56.7	57.2	56.8	56.7	56.7	56.9	56.9
Employed	34,167	34,378	34,213	34,325	35,286	34,742	34,436	34,380	34,376
Employment-population ratio	54.6	54.3	54.2	54.9	54.5	54.4	54.5	54.3	54.5
Unemployed	1,495	1,599	1,551	1,499	1,487	1,455	1,440	1,658	1,555
Unemployment rate	4.2	4.4	4.3	4.2	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.6	4.3

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	35,765	35,875	35,634	35,770	35,600	35,871	35,710	35,658	35,652
Participation rate	62.4	62.9	62.6	62.4	63.6	63.1	62.2	62.5	62.7
Employed	34,715	34,654	34,459	34,659	34,371	34,650	34,496	34,370	34,409
Employment-population ratio	60.6	60.7	60.6	60.5	61.4	60.9	60.1	60.2	60.5
Unemployed	1,050	1,221	1,174	1,111	1,229	1,220	1,213	1,288	1,242
Unemployment rate	2.9	3.4	3.3	3.1	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.6	3.5

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	64,293	65,854	65,676	64,304	65,311	65,473	65,938	65,763	65,687
Participation rate	72.3	72.5	72.1	72.3	73.0	72.9	72.5	72.5	72.1
Employed	63,053	64,328	64,207	62,925	63,660	63,956	64,283	64,149	64,079
Employment-population ratio	70.9	70.9	70.4	70.8	71.2	71.2	70.7	70.7	70.3
Unemployed	1,239	1,525	1,469	1,379	1,650	1,517	1,655	1,614	1,609
Unemployment rate	1.9	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.5	2.3	2.5	2.5	2.4
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,727	17,433	15,686	15,376	2,041	2,057
Civilian labor force	8,716	8,403	7,505	7,202	1,211	1,201
Participation rate	49.2	48.2	47.8	46.8	59.4	58.4
Employed	8,455	8,171	7,284	7,014	1,171	1,157
Employment-population ratio	47.7	46.9	46.4	45.6	57.4	56.2
Unemployed	261	232	221	188	41	44
Unemployment rate	3.0	2.8	2.9	2.6	3.3	3.7
Not in labor force	9,011	9,030	8,181	8,174	830	856

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,094	5,255	4,201	4,305	893	950
Civilian labor force	4,114	4,121	3,441	3,456	673	665
Participation rate	80.8	78.4	81.9	80.3	75.3	70.1
Employed	3,980	3,961	3,323	3,331	657	630
Employment-population ratio	78.1	75.4	79.1	77.4	73.5	66.3
Unemployed	134	160	118	125	16	35
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.9	3.4	3.6	2.4	5.3
Not in labor force	980	1,134	760	849	220	284

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	2,965	2,956	2,476	2,492	489	464
Civilian labor force	2,189	2,064	1,841	1,753	349	311
Participation rate	73.8	69.8	74.3	70.4	71.3	67.1
Employed	2,127	2,039	1,797	1,737	331	302
Employment-population ratio	71.7	69.0	72.6	69.7	67.6	65.2
Unemployed	62	25	44	16	18	9
Unemployment rate	2.8	1.2	2.4	0.9	5.2	2.9
Not in labor force	776	891	635	738	140	153

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,806	5,498	5,562	5,264	244	234
Civilian labor force	759	736	738	694	22	42
Participation rate	13.1	13.4	13.3	13.2	8.9	17.9
Employed	736	715	715	673	22	42
Employment-population ratio	12.7	13.0	12.8	12.8	8.9	17.9
Unemployed	23	21	23	21	0	0
Unemployment rate	3.1	2.9	3.2	3.0	-	-
Not in labor force	5,047	4,762	4,824	4,570	222	192

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,862	3,724	3,447	3,315	415	409
Civilian labor force	1,653	1,481	1,485	1,298	168	183
Participation rate	42.8	39.8	43.1	39.2	40.6	44.6
Employed	1,612	1,455	1,450	1,273	162	183
Employment-population ratio	41.7	39.1	42.1	38.4	39.0	44.6
Unemployed	42	26	35	26	7	0
Unemployment rate	2.5	1.7	2.4	2.0	3.9	0.0
Not in labor force	2,209	2,243	1,962	2,017	247	226

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	240,868	242,764	110,479	111,307	130,389	131,458
Civilian labor force	155,581	157,161	79,996	80,467	75,586	76,694
Participation rate	64.6	64.7	72.4	72.3	58.0	58.3
Employed	150,208	151,197	76,962	77,215	73,246	73,981
Employment-population ratio	62.4	62.3	69.7	69.4	56.2	56.3
Unemployed	5,374	5,964	3,034	3,252	2,340	2,713
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.8	3.8	4.0	3.1	3.5
Not in labor force	85,287	85,603	30,483	30,839	54,804	54,764
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	33,847	34,842	234,144	234,796
Civilian labor force	8,293	8,621	158,367	159,125
Participation rate	24.5	24.7	67.6	67.8
Employed	7,741	7,996	153,013	153,298
Employment-population ratio	22.9	22.9	65.3	65.3
Unemployed	552	625	5,355	5,827
Unemployment rate	6.7	7.3	3.4	3.7
Not in labor force	25,554	26,220	75,776	75,671

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,478	3,768	78,963	78,580
Participation rate	42.3	43.0	82.3	82.7
Employed	3,216	3,469	76,007	75,553
Employment-population ratio	39.1	39.6	79.2	79.5
Unemployed	262	299	2,955	3,027
Unemployment rate	7.5	7.9	3.7	3.9
Not in labor force	4,744	4,995	17,004	16,476

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,419	3,453	69,440	70,344
Participation rate	39.4	39.6	72.3	72.9
Employed	3,197	3,189	67,295	67,863
Employment-population ratio	36.8	36.6	70.1	70.3
Unemployed	221	264	2,145	2,481
Unemployment rate	6.5	7.6	3.1	3.5
Not in labor force	5,268	5,269	26,589	26,183

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,396	1,400	9,965	10,201
Participation rate	8.2	8.1	23.6	23.6
Employed	1,328	1,338	9,710	9,882
Employment-population ratio	7.8	7.7	23.0	22.9
Unemployed	68	62	254	319
Unemployment rate	4.9	4.5	2.6	3.1
Not in labor force	15,542	15,956	32,183	33,012
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
Employment status and nativity	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	48,049	48,844	23,679	24,012	24,370	24,832
Civilian labor force	31,591	32,101	18,157	18,318	13,435	13,783
Participation rate	65.7	65.7	76.7	76.3	55.1	55.5
Employed	30,387	30,729	17,477	17,639	12,910	13,090
Employment-population ratio	63.2	62.9	73.8	73.5	53.0	52.7
Unemployed	1,205	1,372	680	679	525	693
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.3	3.7	3.7	3.9	5.0
Not in labor force	16,458	16,744	5,523	5,694	10,935	11,050

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	219,942	220,793	107,306	107,443	112,636	113,351
Civilian labor force	135,069	135,645	70,453	70,394	64,616	65,251
Participation rate	61.4	61.4	65.7	65.5	57.4	57.6
Employed	130,367	130,565	67,721	67,499	62,646	63,066
Employment-population ratio	59.3	59.1	63.1	62.8	55.6	55.6
Unemployed	4,702	5,081	2,732	2,895	1,970	2,186
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.7	3.9	4.1	3.0	3.3
Not in labor force	84,872	85,148	36,853	37,049	48,020	48,099
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]
Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Category	Dec. 2023	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,156	2,163	2,202	2,211	2,321	2,263	2,246	2,202	2,258
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,497	1,446	1,481	1,534	1,647	1,628	1,569	1,489	1,521
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	646	688	696	673	632	617	668	701	723
Unpaid family workers	14	29	26	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	158,598	159,294	159,091	158,973	159,125	159,531	159,341	159,070	159,469
Wage and salary workers(1)	149,325	150,153	149,896	149,690	149,578	150,213	150,120	149,881	150,253
Government	21,951	22,456	22,399	21,671	21,488	22,220	22,113	22,188	22,109
Private industries	127,373	127,697	127,497	128,081	127,974	128,076	127,994	127,709	128,209
Private households	787	629	581	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	126,586	127,068	126,915	127,394	127,371	127,458	127,444	127,155	127,713
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,242	9,095	9,157	9,328	9,458	9,228	9,171	9,122	9,241
Unpaid family workers	31	46	38	-	-	-	-	-	-

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	4,324	4,325	4,461	4,220	4,822	4,624	4,565	4,469	4,358
Slack work or business conditions	3,071	3,055	2,989	2,949	3,320	3,028	3,032	3,125	2,867
Could only find part-time work	940	1,001	1,150	977	1,146	1,260	1,179	1,084	1,195
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	23,020	23,127	23,068	22,470	22,555	22,553	22,351	22,380	22,514
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	4,229	4,252	4,385	4,143	4,734	4,527	4,426	4,387	4,299
Slack work or business conditions	3,019	2,990	2,936	2,916	3,263	2,946	2,957	3,072	2,833
Could only find part-time work	926	999	1,150	964	1,128	1,258	1,163	1,077	1,196
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	22,604	22,756	22,682	22,076	22,166	22,217	21,961	22,029	22,150
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Dec. 2023	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	160,754	161,456	161,294	161,124	161,425	161,802	161,456	161,183	161,661
16 to 19 years	5,399	5,325	5,556	5,626	5,390	5,621	5,453	5,562	5,786
16 to 17 years	2,091	1,861	1,927	2,189	2,029	2,184	1,994	1,930	2,019
18 to 19 years	3,308	3,465	3,630	3,429	3,339	3,408	3,438	3,630	3,762
20 years and over	155,355	156,131	155,738	155,497	156,034	156,180	156,003	155,621	155,875
20 to 24 years	14,616	14,152	14,174	14,721	13,929	14,081	14,208	14,142	14,277
25 years and over	140,739	141,979	141,564	140,714	141,942	142,089	141,757	141,409	141,547
25 to 54 years	103,265	104,014	103,792	103,237	104,128	104,171	103,792	103,615	103,766
25 to 34 years	35,888	35,642	35,611	35,839	35,494	35,566	35,516	35,463	35,563
35 to 44 years	35,566	36,365	36,254	35,617	36,335	36,447	36,295	36,274	36,306
45 to 54 years	31,811	32,007	31,927	31,781	32,299	32,158	31,981	31,878	31,897
55 years and over	37,474	37,966	37,772	37,477	37,814	37,918	37,965	37,794	37,781

Men, 16 years and over	85,198	85,296	85,139	85,686	85,099	85,562	85,592	85,318	85,620
16 to 19 years	2,705	2,551	2,760	2,826	2,620	2,779	2,741	2,685	2,881
16 to 17 years	952	825	909	1,026	963	1,035	977	886	980
18 to 19 years	1,753	1,726	1,851	1,799	1,628	1,726	1,754	1,797	1,899
20 years and over	82,493	82,745	82,378	82,860	82,479	82,783	82,851	82,633	82,739
20 to 24 years	7,293	7,135	7,211	7,414	7,077	7,221	7,188	7,172	7,329
25 years and over	75,200	75,610	75,168	75,432	75,289	75,554	75,632	75,425	75,401
25 to 54 years	55,048	55,232	54,911	55,226	55,162	55,261	55,197	55,113	55,091
25 to 34 years	19,066	18,907	18,781	19,091	18,829	18,858	18,882	18,838	18,806
35 to 44 years	19,038	19,427	19,310	19,151	19,337	19,456	19,425	19,418	19,423
45 to 54 years	16,944	16,898	16,820	16,985	16,997	16,946	16,890	16,856	16,862
55 years and over	20,152	20,378	20,257	20,206	20,127	20,293	20,435	20,312	20,310

Women, 16 years and over	75,556	76,161	76,155	75,437	76,325	76,240	75,864	75,865	76,041
16 to 19 years	2,694	2,774	2,796	2,800	2,770	2,843	2,712	2,877	2,906
16 to 17 years	1,139	1,036	1,017	1,163	1,066	1,149	1,017	1,043	1,038
18 to 19 years	1,555	1,738	1,779	1,629	1,710	1,682	1,684	1,832	1,863
20 years and over	72,862	73,386	73,359	72,637	73,555	73,397	73,152	72,988	73,135
20 to 24 years	7,323	7,017	6,963	7,307	6,852	6,860	7,020	6,970	6,948
25 years and over	65,539	66,369	66,396	65,282	66,653	66,535	66,125	65,985	66,146
25 to 54 years	48,216	48,781	48,881	48,011	48,966	48,910	48,595	48,502	48,675
25 to 34 years	16,822	16,735	16,830	16,749	16,665	16,707	16,634	16,625	16,757
35 to 44 years	16,528	16,938	16,944	16,466	16,999	16,990	16,869	16,856	16,883
45 to 54 years	14,867	15,108	15,107	14,796	15,302	15,212	15,092	15,022	15,036
55 years and over	17,322	17,588	17,515	17,271	17,687	17,625	17,530	17,482	17,471

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	46,319	45,903	45,973	46,325	45,947	46,044	46,082	45,828	45,974
Married women, spouse present(1)	36,982	37,193	37,172	36,818	37,309	37,419	37,192	36,993	37,011
Women who maintain families(2)	9,718	9,632	9,720	-	-	-	-	-	-

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	132,585	133,364	133,014	133,076	133,332	133,627	133,471	133,423	133,510
Part-time workers(4)	28,169	28,092	28,280	27,810	28,222	28,128	27,922	27,671	27,918

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	8,696	8,716	8,607	8,566	8,537	8,653	8,308	8,577	8,478
Percent of total employed	5.4	5.4	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.1	5.3	5.2

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	6,637	6,834	6,850	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,888	9,783	9,853	10,001	10,090	9,845	9,839	9,823	9,964
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
Characteristic	Dec. 2023	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	6,315	7,121	6,886	3.8	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.1
16 to 19 years	758	841	821	11.9	14.2	14.2	13.7	13.1	12.4
16 to 17 years	332	316	314	13.2	15.3	14.5	11.7	14.1	13.5
18 to 19 years	439	518	505	11.3	13.8	14.1	14.6	12.5	11.8
20 years and over	5,557	6,280	6,065	3.5	3.8	3.7	3.8	3.9	3.7
20 to 24 years	1,007	1,200	1,157	6.4	7.9	7.0	7.8	7.8	7.5
25 years and over	4,595	5,139	4,953	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.4
25 to 54 years	3,509	3,958	3,752	3.3	3.6	3.4	3.5	3.7	3.5
25 to 34 years	1,556	1,667	1,662	4.2	4.5	4.1	4.2	4.5	4.5
35 to 44 years	1,088	1,368	1,276	3.0	3.4	3.4	3.6	3.6	3.4
45 to 54 years	865	923	814	2.6	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.5
55 years and over	1,084	1,180	1,199	2.8	3.0	2.9	3.0	3.0	3.1

Men, 16 years and over	3,489	3,833	3,675	3.9	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.3	4.1
16 to 19 years	405	485	469	12.5	15.3	15.7	14.0	15.3	14.0
16 to 17 years	185	200	158	15.3	17.6	16.8	12.1	18.4	13.9
18 to 19 years	230	287	307	11.3	14.3	15.5	15.2	13.8	13.9
20 years and over	3,084	3,348	3,206	3.6	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.7
20 to 24 years	510	707	658	6.4	8.4	7.4	9.1	9.0	8.2
25 years and over	2,596	2,693	2,571	3.3	3.5	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.3
25 to 54 years	1,995	2,052	1,909	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.6	3.3
25 to 34 years	882	903	889	4.4	4.5	4.2	4.2	4.6	4.5
35 to 44 years	633	667	620	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.3	3.1
45 to 54 years	480	482	399	2.7	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.3
55 years and over	601	641	662	2.9	3.3	2.9	3.2	3.1	3.2

Women, 16 years and over	2,826	3,288	3,211	3.6	4.1	3.9	4.0	4.2	4.1
16 to 19 years	353	357	352	11.2	13.1	12.7	13.5	11.0	10.8
16 to 17 years	146	116	156	11.2	13.0	12.3	11.4	10.0	13.0
18 to 19 years	209	231	198	11.3	13.3	12.6	13.9	11.2	9.6
20 years and over	2,473	2,932	2,859	3.3	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.9	3.8
20 to 24 years	497	493	500	6.4	7.3	6.6	6.3	6.6	6.7
25 years and over	1,999	2,445	2,382	3.0	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.6	3.5
25 to 54 years	1,514	1,906	1,843	3.1	3.6	3.4	3.7	3.8	3.6
25 to 34 years	674	764	773	3.9	4.4	4.1	4.1	4.4	4.4
35 to 44 years	455	701	656	2.7	3.6	3.4	4.0	4.0	3.7
45 to 54 years	385	441	414	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.9	2.9	2.7
55 years and over	479	543	532	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.6	3.0	3.0

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	980	1,016	1,011	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.2
Married women, spouse present(1)	828	997	936	2.2	2.4	2.4	2.6	2.6	2.5
Women who maintain families(2)	475	599	566	4.7	5.6	4.7	5.0	5.9	5.5

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	5,250	5,796	5,617	3.8	4.1	4.0	4.1	4.2	4.0
Part-time workers(4)	1,100	1,366	1,278	3.8	4.6	4.2	4.3	4.7	4.4
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Reason	Dec. 2023	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	3,048	3,149	3,227	3,073	3,321	3,233	3,363	3,394	3,251
On temporary layoff	981	597	936	909	865	885	820	787	862
Not on temporary layoff	2,067	2,552	2,291	2,164	2,456	2,348	2,543	2,607	2,389
Permanent job losers	1,466	1,838	1,611	1,561	1,689	1,690	1,822	1,871	1,707
Persons who completed temporary jobs	601	714	680	603	767	659	721	736	682
Job leavers	777	844	887	829	845	819	802	854	947
Reentrants	1,570	2,048	1,798	1,770	2,133	2,051	2,151	2,182	2,031
New entrants	512	667	540	624	708	656	608	690	655

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	51.6	46.9	50.0	48.8	47.4	47.8	48.6	47.7	47.2
On temporary layoff	16.6	8.9	14.5	14.4	12.3	13.1	11.8	11.1	12.5
Not on temporary layoff	35.0	38.0	35.5	34.4	35.1	34.7	36.7	36.6	34.7
Job leavers	13.2	12.6	13.8	13.2	12.1	12.1	11.6	12.0	13.8
Reentrants	26.6	30.5	27.9	28.1	30.4	30.3	31.1	30.6	29.5
New entrants	8.7	9.9	8.4	9.9	10.1	9.7	8.8	9.7	9.5

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.8	2.0	1.9	2.0	2.0	1.9
Job leavers	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6
Reentrants	0.9	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.2
New entrants	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Duration	Dec. 2023	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,102	2,005	2,054	2,204	2,465	2,139	2,109	2,208	2,156
5 to 14 weeks	1,619	1,942	1,801	1,794	2,029	1,987	2,082	2,063	1,997
15 weeks and over	2,185	2,760	2,597	2,345	2,698	2,747	2,839	2,890	2,758
15 to 26 weeks	1,000	1,157	1,135	1,072	1,153	1,133	1,231	1,236	1,207
27 weeks and over	1,185	1,604	1,463	1,273	1,545	1,614	1,608	1,654	1,551

Average (mean) duration, in weeks	21.9	24.3	23.3	22.2	21.0	22.6	22.9	23.6	23.7
Median duration, in weeks	9.0	11.0	9.8	9.6	9.5	9.9	10.1	10.5	10.4

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	35.6	29.9	31.8	34.7	34.3	31.1	30.0	30.8	31.2
5 to 14 weeks	27.4	28.9	27.9	28.3	28.2	28.9	29.6	28.8	28.9
15 weeks and over	37.0	41.2	40.3	37.0	37.5	40.0	40.4	40.4	39.9
15 to 26 weeks	16.9	17.2	17.6	16.9	16.0	16.5	17.5	17.3	17.5
27 weeks and over	20.1	23.9	22.7	20.1	21.5	23.5	22.9	23.1	22.4
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
Occupation	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	160,754	161,294	5,907	6,452	3.5	3.8
Management, professional, and related occupations	70,572	71,042	1,314	1,490	1.8	2.1
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	30,327	30,752	607	616	2.0	2.0
Professional and related occupations	40,245	40,290	706	874	1.7	2.1
Service occupations	25,689	26,059	1,177	1,408	4.4	5.1
Sales and office occupations	30,043	30,682	1,152	1,145	3.7	3.6
Sales and related occupations	14,332	14,215	654	611	4.4	4.1
Office and administrative support occupations	15,710	16,467	497	534	3.1	3.1
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,411	13,818	732	840	4.8	5.7
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	978	825	102	107	9.5	11.5
Construction and extraction occupations	8,631	8,165	502	540	5.5	6.2
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,802	4,829	128	194	2.6	3.9
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	20,039	19,692	998	994	4.7	4.8
Production occupations	8,372	7,940	333	369	3.8	4.4
Transportation and material moving occupations	11,667	11,752	665	625	5.4	5.0
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
Industry and class of worker	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	5,907	6,452	3.5	3.8
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	4,595	5,021	3.5	3.8
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	9	35	1.7	5.4
Construction	442	550	4.4	5.2
Manufacturing	456	542	3.0	3.5
Durable goods	206	334	2.1	3.3
Nondurable goods	250	208	4.6	3.8
Wholesale and retail trade	810	897	4.0	4.5
Transportation and utilities	322	308	3.9	3.8
Information	86	98	3.1	3.9
Financial activities	293	214	2.9	2.1
Professional and business services	721	710	3.9	3.7
Education and health services	560	700	2.2	2.7
Leisure and hospitality	662	715	4.8	5.4
Other services	236	252	3.5	3.8
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	110	139	7.0	8.8
Government workers	330	445	1.5	1.9
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	359	307	3.5	3.0
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]
Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Measure	Dec. 2023	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.3	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.6
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.8	2.0	1.9	2.0	2.0	1.9
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	3.5	4.0	3.8	3.8	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.1
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	3.7	4.2	4.1	4.0	4.4	4.3	4.4	4.5	4.4
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	4.4	4.9	4.7	4.7	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.1	5.0
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	7.0	7.4	7.4	7.2	7.8	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.5
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Total		Men		Women
Category	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024	Dec. 2023	Dec. 2024
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	101,330	101,892	42,375	42,743	58,955	59,149
Persons who currently want a job	5,465	5,294	2,599	2,608	2,867	2,686
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,567	1,565	769	840	798	725
Discouraged workers(2)	350	491	190	282	160	209
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,217	1,074	579	558	638	516

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	8,696	8,607	4,108	4,139	4,588	4,467
Percent of total employed	5.4	5.3	4.8	4.9	6.1	5.9
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	5,085	4,965	2,632	2,621	2,452	2,344
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	2,113	2,048	658	686	1,455	1,362
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	399	309	217	181	181	128
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,028	1,235	560	631	468	603
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
Industry	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024(p)	Dec. 2024(p)	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024(p)	Dec. 2024(p)	Change from: Nov.2024 - Dec.2024(p)
Total nonfarm	158,269	160,030	160,539	160,458	157,304	159,068	159,280	159,536	256
Total private	134,901	136,223	136,587	136,661	134,228	135,615	135,797	136,020	223
Goods-producing	21,684	21,969	21,909	21,774	21,723	21,797	21,831	21,823	-8

Mining and logging	642	641	640	634	643	636	637	634	-3
Logging	42.7	39.5	39.1	38.9	42.5	38.4	38.4	38.4	0.0
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	599.1	601.4	600.6	595.4	600.2	597.8	598.5	595.8	-2.7
Oil and gas extraction	118.8	120.1	120.8	119.3	118.1	119.5	119.6	118.7	-0.9
Mining (except oil and gas)	187.0	190.2	190.3	187.1	188.5	189.2	189.4	188.6	-0.8
Coal mining	42.6	42.6	43.2	42.5	42.8	42.8	43.3	42.6	-0.7
Metal ore mining	43.9	43.4	43.7	43.7	44.0	43.5	43.6	43.7	0.1
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	100.5	104.2	103.4	100.9	101.7	102.8	102.6	102.3	-0.3
Support activities for mining	293.3	291.1	289.5	289.0	293.6	289.1	289.5	288.5	-1.0

Construction	8,051	8,462	8,378	8,242	8,120	8,300	8,308	8,316	8
Construction of buildings	1,834.7	1,905.9	1,889.0	1,883.4	1,837.1	1,884.0	1,883.2	1,886.9	3.7
Residential building construction	933.2	969.6	959.8	960.4	933.6	956.5	957.0	960.5	3.5
Nonresidential building construction	901.5	936.3	929.2	923.0	903.5	927.5	926.2	926.4	0.2
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,097.9	1,210.2	1,182.2	1,123.6	1,134.7	1,158.6	1,159.3	1,159.9	0.6
Specialty trade contractors	5,118.5	5,346.1	5,307.1	5,235.3	5,148.2	5,257.0	5,265.1	5,269.5	4.4
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,376.5	2,451.0	2,435.2	2,396.1	2,394.0	2,414.1	2,417.6	2,418.1	0.5
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,742.0	2,895.1	2,871.9	2,839.2	2,754.2	2,842.9	2,847.5	2,851.4	3.9

Manufacturing	12,991	12,866	12,891	12,898	12,960	12,861	12,886	12,873	-13

Durable goods	8,172	8,041	8,079	8,081	8,148	8,047	8,076	8,060	-16
Wood product manufacturing	414.3	412.2	411.5	410.0	414.3	412.2	411.7	410.6	-1.1
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	425.6	433.9	430.5	428.4	424.3	428.5	426.6	426.7	0.1
Primary metal manufacturing	374.3	370.7	370.3	372.4	372.4	371.0	371.1	370.9	-0.2
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	1,465.4	1,455.1	1,457.3	1,459.2	1,464.3	1,457.7	1,458.2	1,457.4	-0.8
Machinery manufacturing	1,142.7	1,125.6	1,129.0	1,129.3	1,142.0	1,130.4	1,129.9	1,127.3	-2.6
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	1,109.7	1,091.9	1,087.2	1,084.1	1,107.9	1,093.0	1,089.3	1,083.1	-6.2
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	164.2	159.6	159.4	159.6	163.2	159.3	159.4	158.8	-0.6
Communications equipment manufacturing	87.0	84.1	84.9	84.6	86.9	84.2	84.8	84.3	-0.5
Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	392.8	386.2	382.9	379.7	392.8	387.3	384.1	380.0	-4.1
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	435.2	431.3	428.7	429.5	434.8	431.5	429.8	429.3	-0.5
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing	30.5	30.7	31.3	30.7	30.2	30.7	31.2	30.6	-0.6
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	414.1	403.1	402.6	401.6	413.8	403.3	402.4	401.0	-1.4
Transportation equipment manufacturing(1)	1,846.3	1,792.7	1,833.1	1,837.7	1,831.3	1,793.9	1,830.7	1,827.6	-3.1
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	1,076.3	1,058.7	1,063.2	1,067.0	1,063.1	1,059.2	1,060.7	1,056.6	-4.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing	351.2	337.8	338.2	336.5	349.7	338.8	337.2	335.3	-1.9
Miscellaneous manufacturing	628.4	617.7	619.4	621.9	627.5	618.4	619.0	620.1	1.1

Nondurable goods	4,819	4,825	4,812	4,817	4,812	4,814	4,810	4,813	3
Food manufacturing	1,738.4	1,752.1	1,747.4	1,748.6	1,729.0	1,743.1	1,742.9	1,740.9	-2.0
Textile mills	89.3	89.1	89.7	89.3	89.3	89.1	89.3	89.3	0.0
Textile product mills	95.6	94.4	94.4	95.0	95.3	94.8	94.6	95.0	0.4
Apparel manufacturing	87.5	83.1	83.5	83.1	87.6	83.3	83.4	83.0	-0.4
Paper manufacturing	356.0	348.8	349.8	349.1	353.6	348.8	348.1	346.8	-1.3
Printing and related support activities	366.2	361.0	361.8	361.6	364.1	360.1	360.1	359.5	-0.6
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	106.8	109.2	106.4	104.8	109.2	107.7	107.3	107.4	0.1
Chemical manufacturing	896.7	898.5	900.4	905.5	895.0	902.0	903.1	904.0	0.9
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	728.2	716.0	715.7	718.7	727.1	718.5	717.1	718.3	1.2
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing	354.3	373.0	363.1	361.6	361.4	366.5	364.2	369.1	4.9

Private service-providing	113,217	114,254	114,678	114,887	112,505	113,818	113,966	114,197	231

Trade, transportation, and utilities	29,648	29,150	29,581	29,842	28,867	29,065	29,042	29,091	49

Wholesale trade	6,178.1	6,205.0	6,206.6	6,210.8	6,159.5	6,191.9	6,195.3	6,191.8	-3.5
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	3,435.2	3,460.0	3,457.9	3,459.7	3,425.3	3,456.6	3,453.6	3,450.3	-3.3
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	2,224.6	2,227.5	2,230.6	2,232.9	2,218.9	2,221.4	2,227.4	2,226.6	-0.8
Wholesale trade agents and brokers	518.3	517.5	518.1	518.2	515.3	513.9	514.3	514.9	0.6

Retail trade	16,048.2	15,675.5	15,955.6	16,104.0	15,602.7	15,662.9	15,633.7	15,677.1	43.4
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,067.8	2,080.7	2,077.9	2,071.1	2,071.8	2,077.2	2,077.1	2,075.4	-1.7
Automobile dealers	1,294.1	1,306.9	1,308.3	1,308.6	1,292.9	1,306.6	1,307.5	1,307.5	0.0
Other motor vehicle dealers	168.3	165.4	163.0	157.6	174.8	165.2	166.6	164.2	-2.4
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers	605.4	608.4	606.6	604.9	604.2	605.4	603.0	603.7	0.7
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers	1,393.3	1,354.0	1,345.1	1,339.2	1,399.6	1,369.2	1,360.3	1,348.9	-11.4
Food and beverage retailers	3,285.1	3,270.9	3,300.1	3,309.6	3,247.4	3,272.1	3,272.0	3,273.5	1.5
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers	866.3	828.2	849.4	862.3	829.6	823.4	823.9	823.7	-0.2
Furniture and home furnishings retailers	445.2	423.4	432.5	440.8	426.2	421.0	420.6	420.2	-0.4
Electronics and appliance retailers	421.1	404.8	416.9	421.5	403.5	402.4	403.3	403.5	0.2
General merchandise retailers	3,421.9	3,306.6	3,422.6	3,479.5	3,209.1	3,286.2	3,270.5	3,283.2	12.7
Department stores	1,052.9	978.7	1,030.6	1,073.0	938.4	969.9	958.0	965.9	7.9
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers	2,369.0	2,327.9	2,392.0	2,406.5	2,270.7	2,316.3	2,312.5	2,317.3	4.8
Health and personal care retailers	1,122.1	1,099.2	1,116.3	1,133.9	1,093.2	1,095.6	1,096.2	1,103.2	7.0
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers	1,070.3	1,079.8	1,084.0	1,083.1	1,071.0	1,079.7	1,080.9	1,084.0	3.1
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers	1,237.7	1,114.6	1,186.8	1,236.0	1,145.8	1,120.4	1,118.6	1,141.2	22.6
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers	1,583.7	1,541.5	1,573.4	1,589.3	1,535.2	1,539.1	1,534.2	1,544.0	9.8

Transportation and warehousing	6,837.2	6,676.6	6,827.3	6,934.1	6,520.6	6,618.1	6,620.6	6,630.2	9.6
Air transportation	568.6	574.7	573.0	577.3	569.9	574.8	575.5	578.0	2.5
Rail transportation	152.7	149.8	149.9	149.9	153.1	150.2	150.3	150.3	0.0
Water transportation	69.4	74.8	72.6	72.1	70.9	74.2	74.2	74.3	0.1
Truck transportation	1,557.8	1,560.8	1,561.9	1,551.2	1,551.8	1,545.0	1,546.7	1,545.9	-0.8
Transit and ground passenger transportation	447.5	472.4	471.3	472.5	431.4	453.3	454.8	456.0	1.2
Pipeline transportation	51.7	54.3	54.6	54.8	51.8	54.4	54.7	55.0	0.3
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	29.0	34.5	29.0	28.4	33.0	33.6	32.7	32.7	0.0
Support activities for transportation	841.9	858.5	862.7	869.7	831.9	857.1	859.1	860.9	1.8
Couriers and messengers	1,301.2	1,101.3	1,234.7	1,343.4	1,059.9	1,107.3	1,104.4	1,106.8	2.4
Warehousing and storage	1,817.4	1,795.5	1,817.6	1,814.8	1,766.9	1,768.2	1,768.2	1,770.3	2.1

Utilities	584.9	592.4	591.5	592.6	583.8	591.9	591.9	591.6	-0.3

Information	3,028	2,990	3,003	3,020	3,012	2,990	2,994	3,004	10
Motion picture and sound recording industries	439.5	447.0	456.0	468.9	431.3	446.0	449.8	460.6	10.8
Publishing industries	935.5	926.0	926.5	933.2	931.7	927.0	926.0	928.5	2.5
Broadcasting and content providers	345.7	336.5	332.8	329.1	343.0	334.8	331.9	327.9	-4.0
Telecommunications	634.8	611.7	617.5	616.6	634.8	613.8	616.9	616.1	-0.8
Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services	495.5	491.7	492.0	494.7	493.6	491.5	492.3	493.9	1.6
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services	177.3	177.2	178.4	177.1	177.6	176.7	177.1	177.0	-0.1

Financial activities	9,265	9,284	9,291	9,317	9,233	9,262	9,273	9,286	13
Finance and insurance	6,756.9	6,756.0	6,773.8	6,789.1	6,737.6	6,752.3	6,762.0	6,771.2	9.2
Monetary authorities-central bank	22.5	23.1	23.4	23.5	22.5	23.2	23.4	23.6	0.2
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,607.6	2,569.3	2,575.7	2,573.4	2,603.8	2,574.2	2,576.8	2,571.6	-5.2
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,785.9	1,768.6	1,771.1	1,768.3	1,785.3	1,773.2	1,772.5	1,768.0	-4.5
Commercial banking	1,377.0	1,356.2	1,357.8	1,353.7	1,377.7	1,360.3	1,359.4	1,354.6	-4.8
Nondepository credit intermediation	534.2	523.5	528.1	528.3	531.4	523.9	527.0	526.5	-0.5
Activities related to credit intermediation	287.5	277.2	276.5	276.8	287.2	277.1	277.3	277.1	-0.2
Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities	1,120.0	1,127.6	1,129.2	1,132.5	1,114.6	1,124.0	1,125.7	1,126.6	0.9
Insurance carriers and related activities	3,006.8	3,036.0	3,045.5	3,059.7	2,996.7	3,030.9	3,036.1	3,049.4	13.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,508.0	2,527.9	2,517.4	2,527.6	2,495.7	2,510.1	2,511.4	2,514.6	3.2
Real estate	1,891.3	1,906.8	1,901.2	1,907.3	1,872.8	1,891.1	1,891.2	1,889.5	-1.7
Rental and leasing services	593.2	597.0	592.1	596.1	599.7	595.1	596.3	601.1	4.8
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works)	23.5	24.1	24.1	24.2	23.2	23.9	23.9	24.0	0.1

Professional and business services	22,965	23,125	23,124	23,045	22,882	22,941	22,950	22,978	28
Professional, scientific, and technical services	10,984.7	11,045.7	11,076.0	11,095.6	10,934.4	11,029.0	11,044.1	11,053.5	9.4
Legal services	1,204.9	1,188.4	1,192.0	1,194.9	1,193.5	1,183.0	1,183.7	1,182.5	-1.2
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,159.5	1,130.0	1,137.2	1,163.0	1,157.6	1,169.5	1,166.8	1,166.9	0.1
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,670.4	1,716.1	1,724.2	1,726.1	1,672.6	1,708.1	1,720.5	1,727.9	7.4
Specialized design services	156.3	156.2	158.1	156.8	154.6	154.6	155.8	154.8	-1.0
Computer systems design and related services	2,531.2	2,557.7	2,566.8	2,550.5	2,524.9	2,546.2	2,547.8	2,545.4	-2.4
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,910.9	1,923.5	1,924.7	1,931.2	1,890.8	1,905.0	1,907.1	1,912.2	5.1
Scientific research and development services	949.2	960.4	960.6	959.7	950.5	960.2	960.1	960.6	0.5
Advertising, public relations, and related services	521.1	525.8	523.9	523.7	517.9	522.8	522.3	520.8	-1.5
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	881.2	887.6	888.5	889.7	872.0	879.7	879.9	882.4	2.5
Management of companies and enterprises	2,566.7	2,565.0	2,559.1	2,580.6	2,558.0	2,564.5	2,560.3	2,570.3	10.0
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	9,413.3	9,514.1	9,489.3	9,368.3	9,389.2	9,347.1	9,345.1	9,354.5	9.4
Administrative and support services	8,906.7	8,985.3	8,959.6	8,840.6	8,881.1	8,822.0	8,817.2	8,824.9	7.7
Office administrative services	630.2	636.5	635.6	639.2	632.2	632.7	633.5	640.5	7.0
Facilities support services	172.7	184.0	185.0	184.5	172.8	183.8	185.6	186.7	1.1
Employment services(1)	3,633.7	3,532.6	3,558.7	3,545.9	3,533.4	3,448.7	3,443.0	3,449.5	6.5
Temporary help services	2,855.1	2,743.0	2,753.9	2,745.3	2,764.5	2,648.7	2,654.9	2,660.2	5.3
Business support services	742.6	692.4	699.7	692.3	723.7	685.3	681.1	673.9	-7.2
Travel arrangement and reservation services	196.1	198.1	198.7	197.5	197.4	196.7	197.9	198.1	0.2
Investigation and security services	1,015.3	1,034.4	1,032.7	1,029.0	1,012.8	1,029.6	1,027.0	1,026.5	-0.5
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,173.8	2,363.6	2,308.0	2,219.3	2,266.1	2,306.6	2,309.7	2,315.4	5.7
Other support services	342.3	343.7	341.2	332.9	342.6	338.6	339.2	334.2	-5.0
Waste management and remediation services	506.6	528.8	529.7	527.7	508.1	525.1	527.9	529.6	1.7

Private education and health services	25,980	26,834	26,992	26,962	25,831	26,635	26,722	26,802	80
Private educational services	3,907.2	4,032.2	4,071.4	3,981.6	3,842.5	3,893.7	3,900.8	3,911.9	11.1
Health care and social assistance	22,073.0	22,801.9	22,920.1	22,980.7	21,988.5	22,740.9	22,820.7	22,890.2	69.5
Health care(3)	17,368.6	17,915.6	18,008.1	18,055.2	17,293.3	17,870.6	17,928.5	17,974.6	46.1
Ambulatory health care services	8,684.6	8,971.9	9,015.5	9,037.6	8,635.0	8,940.5	8,963.0	8,983.6	20.6
Offices of physicians	3,008.4	3,072.8	3,082.6	3,100.0	2,985.1	3,061.8	3,064.3	3,074.7	10.4
Offices of dentists	1,037.1	1,057.8	1,054.9	1,052.9	1,031.6	1,056.3	1,051.3	1,047.6	-3.7
Offices of other health practitioners	1,188.6	1,235.2	1,249.9	1,250.5	1,183.6	1,230.2	1,240.1	1,243.3	3.2
Outpatient care centers	1,082.9	1,094.1	1,099.1	1,095.6	1,075.9	1,093.0	1,093.5	1,090.7	-2.8
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	326.3	318.7	317.7	320.2	325.3	318.2	317.6	318.8	1.2
Home health care services	1,687.6	1,827.7	1,848.2	1,860.4	1,680.4	1,818.0	1,835.5	1,850.7	15.2
Other ambulatory health care services	353.7	365.6	363.1	358.0	353.1	362.9	360.7	357.9	-2.8
Hospitals	5,453.3	5,626.5	5,655.6	5,662.9	5,439.9	5,614.8	5,637.2	5,648.7	11.5
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,230.7	3,317.2	3,337.0	3,354.7	3,218.4	3,315.3	3,328.3	3,342.3	14.0
Skilled nursing care facilities	1,449.2	1,484.4	1,490.8	1,497.3	1,444.4	1,480.8	1,485.7	1,492.3	6.6
Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities	655.3	676.0	681.6	688.1	653.7	676.2	681.2	685.9	4.7
Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	967.3	990.2	996.8	1,000.7	962.2	991.6	993.7	996.0	2.3
Other residential care facilities	158.9	166.6	167.8	168.6	158.2	166.8	167.6	168.1	0.5
Social assistance	4,704.4	4,886.3	4,912.0	4,925.5	4,695.2	4,870.3	4,892.2	4,915.6	23.4
Individual and family services	3,130.0	3,293.0	3,316.6	3,324.9	3,127.7	3,285.8	3,305.9	3,322.9	17.0
Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services	228.0	232.4	231.9	234.8	224.7	232.6	230.6	231.8	1.2
Vocational rehabilitation services	285.6	287.7	289.5	290.7	286.1	287.5	289.3	290.9	1.6
Child care services	1,060.8	1,073.2	1,074.0	1,075.1	1,056.8	1,064.4	1,066.4	1,070.0	3.6

Leisure and hospitality	16,485	16,951	16,761	16,784	16,816	17,006	17,058	17,101	43
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,447.8	2,628.8	2,532.6	2,537.3	2,599.7	2,664.4	2,686.8	2,693.4	6.6
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	593.2	661.2	642.8	634.4	613.6	641.5	653.9	654.3	0.4
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	170.2	178.8	178.2	177.2	175.7	179.6	180.7	181.7	1.0
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,684.4	1,788.8	1,711.6	1,725.7	1,810.4	1,843.3	1,852.2	1,857.4	5.2
Accommodation and food services	14,037.1	14,321.8	14,228.8	14,246.5	14,216.4	14,341.9	14,371.6	14,407.4	35.8
Accommodation	1,853.3	1,919.0	1,875.8	1,877.8	1,924.2	1,930.2	1,936.7	1,942.7	6.0
Food services and drinking places	12,183.8	12,402.8	12,353.0	12,368.7	12,292.2	12,411.7	12,434.9	12,464.7	29.8

Other services	5,846	5,920	5,926	5,917	5,864	5,919	5,927	5,935	8
Repair and maintenance	1,468.3	1,483.7	1,477.6	1,469.1	1,473.2	1,478.1	1,476.2	1,475.4	-0.8
Personal and laundry services	1,543.4	1,566.4	1,574.6	1,580.5	1,542.5	1,561.8	1,569.3	1,576.7	7.4
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations	2,834.3	2,870.1	2,873.4	2,867.5	2,848.3	2,879.4	2,881.2	2,882.8	1.6

Government	23,368	23,807	23,952	23,797	23,076	23,453	23,483	23,516	33
Federal	2,971	3,008	3,008	3,015	2,961	3,004	3,004	3,010	6
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,358.3	2,405.4	2,405.0	2,409.3	2,359.7	2,400.2	2,402.6	2,411.1	8.5
U.S. Postal Service	612.3	603.0	603.2	605.6	601.1	604.1	601.6	598.5	-3.1
State government	5,494	5,679	5,711	5,626	5,404	5,508	5,521	5,531	10
State government education	2,737.8	2,832.8	2,862.9	2,779.0	2,637.0	2,663.6	2,670.9	2,674.8	3.9
State government, excluding education	2,756.4	2,846.3	2,847.7	2,846.7	2,766.5	2,844.8	2,850.5	2,856.2	5.7
Local government	14,903	15,120	15,233	15,156	14,711	14,941	14,958	14,975	17
Local government education	8,308.9	8,344.2	8,425.6	8,404.1	8,038.7	8,124.2	8,129.7	8,136.6	6.9
Local government, excluding education	6,594.0	6,775.7	6,807.2	6,751.6	6,671.9	6,816.7	6,828.4	6,838.2	9.8
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024(p)	Dec. 2024(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.4	34.3	34.3	34.3
Goods-producing	39.7	39.7	39.8	39.7
Mining and logging	45.5	44.5	44.3	44.5
Construction	39.0	39.1	38.9	38.8
Manufacturing	39.8	39.9	40.1	40.0
Durable goods	40.3	40.3	40.5	40.4
Nondurable goods	39.0	39.2	39.4	39.4
Private service-providing	33.3	33.2	33.2	33.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	33.9	33.9	33.8	34.0
Wholesale trade	38.9	39.2	39.2	39.1
Retail trade	29.7	29.8	29.7	29.9
Transportation and warehousing	38.5	37.9	37.7	38.2
Utilities	41.7	43.0	41.7	42.1
Information	36.3	37.0	36.8	36.8
Financial activities	37.4	37.5	37.5	37.6
Professional and business services	36.4	36.3	36.5	36.3
Private education and health services	33.3	33.0	33.0	33.0
Leisure and hospitality	25.8	25.6	25.6	25.6
Other services	32.3	32.2	32.2	32.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	2.9	2.8	2.9	2.8
Durable goods	3.0	2.8	2.9	2.8
Nondurable goods	2.6	2.8	2.9	2.9
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024(p)	Dec. 2024(p)	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024(p)	Dec. 2024(p)
Total private	$34.34	$35.46	$35.59	$35.69	$1,181.30	$1,216.28	$1,220.74	$1,224.17
Goods-producing	34.92	36.20	36.28	36.39	1,386.32	1,437.14	1,443.94	1,444.68
Mining and logging	38.76	39.89	39.94	39.71	1,763.58	1,775.11	1,769.34	1,767.10
Construction	37.31	38.69	38.79	38.95	1,455.09	1,512.78	1,508.93	1,511.26
Manufacturing	33.23	34.42	34.50	34.60	1,322.55	1,373.36	1,383.45	1,384.00
Durable goods	34.93	36.46	36.57	36.66	1,407.68	1,469.34	1,481.09	1,481.06
Nondurable goods	30.25	30.92	30.92	31.08	1,179.75	1,212.06	1,218.25	1,224.55
Private service-providing	34.20	35.30	35.44	35.53	1,138.86	1,171.96	1,176.61	1,179.60
Trade, transportation, and utilities	29.61	30.25	30.42	30.36	1,003.78	1,025.48	1,028.20	1,032.24
Wholesale trade	37.21	37.88	38.05	38.08	1,447.47	1,484.90	1,491.56	1,488.93
Retail trade	24.25	24.75	24.98	24.92	720.23	737.55	741.91	745.11
Transportation and warehousing	30.24	30.87	30.95	30.90	1,164.24	1,169.97	1,166.82	1,180.38
Utilities	50.43	52.19	52.13	52.22	2,102.93	2,244.17	2,173.82	2,198.46
Information	49.11	51.25	51.29	51.31	1,782.69	1,896.25	1,887.47	1,888.21
Financial activities	44.51	46.04	46.15	46.35	1,664.67	1,726.50	1,730.63	1,742.76
Professional and business services	41.24	42.97	43.20	43.40	1,501.14	1,559.81	1,576.80	1,575.42
Private education and health services	33.64	34.62	34.69	34.88	1,120.21	1,142.46	1,144.77	1,151.04
Leisure and hospitality	21.59	22.29	22.36	22.44	557.02	570.62	572.42	574.46
Other services	31.06	31.84	31.90	31.97	1,003.24	1,025.25	1,027.18	1,029.43
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
Industry	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024(p)	Dec. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Nov. 2024 - Dec. 2024(p)	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024(p)	Dec. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Nov. 2024 - Dec. 2024(p)
Total private	115.9	116.8	116.9	117.1	0.2	190.3	198.0	199.0	199.8	0.4
Goods-producing	98.3	98.6	99.0	98.7	-0.3	155.1	161.3	162.3	162.3	0.0
Mining and logging	91.9	88.9	88.7	88.7	0.0	143.1	142.4	142.2	141.3	-0.6
Construction	109.2	111.9	111.4	111.2	-0.2	177.0	188.1	187.8	188.2	0.2
Manufacturing	92.8	92.3	93.0	92.6	-0.4	143.4	147.8	149.1	149.1	0.0
Durable goods	92.4	91.3	92.1	91.7	-0.4	143.4	147.8	149.6	149.3	-0.2
Nondurable goods	93.7	94.2	94.6	94.7	0.1	143.8	147.8	148.4	149.3	0.6
Private service-providing	120.6	121.7	121.8	122.1	0.2	200.5	208.7	209.8	210.8	0.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	106.9	107.7	107.3	108.1	0.7	170.7	175.6	175.9	176.9	0.6
Wholesale trade	105.7	107.1	107.1	106.8	-0.3	164.5	169.6	170.5	170.1	-0.2
Retail trade	94.3	95.0	94.5	95.4	1.0	151.2	155.5	156.1	157.2	0.7
Transportation and warehousing	144.2	144.1	143.4	145.5	1.5	221.9	226.3	225.8	228.8	1.3
Utilities	105.3	110.1	106.8	107.8	0.9	175.5	189.9	183.9	185.9	1.1
Information	99.9	101.1	100.6	101.0	0.4	174.6	184.4	183.8	184.5	0.4
Financial activities	113.1	113.8	113.9	114.4	0.4	196.4	204.3	205.0	206.8	0.9
Professional and business services	130.3	130.3	131.1	130.5	-0.5	217.7	226.8	229.3	229.4	0.0
Private education and health services	140.5	143.5	144.0	144.4	0.3	227.3	239.0	240.3	242.3	0.8
Leisure and hospitality	123.8	124.2	124.6	124.9	0.2	215.6	223.4	224.8	226.1	0.6
Other services	109.2	109.9	110.0	110.2	0.2	185.9	191.8	192.4	193.1	0.4
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
Industry	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024(p)	Dec. 2024(p)	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024(p)	Dec. 2024(p)
Total nonfarm	78,443	79,249	79,300	79,427	49.9	49.8	49.8	49.8
Total private	64,978	65,550	65,588	65,690	48.4	48.3	48.3	48.3
Goods-producing	5,013	4,993	4,988	4,985	23.1	22.9	22.8	22.8
Mining and logging	84	86	87	86	13.1	13.5	13.7	13.6
Construction	1,160	1,184	1,185	1,187	14.3	14.3	14.3	14.3
Manufacturing	3,769	3,723	3,716	3,712	29.1	28.9	28.8	28.8
Durable goods	2,032	1,985	1,978	1,972	24.9	24.7	24.5	24.5
Nondurable goods	1,737	1,738	1,738	1,740	36.1	36.1	36.1	36.2
Private service-providing	59,965	60,557	60,600	60,705	53.3	53.2	53.2	53.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,277	11,302	11,281	11,306	39.1	38.9	38.8	38.9
Wholesale trade	1,878.7	1,894.6	1,894.5	1,893.8	30.5	30.6	30.6	30.6
Retail trade	7,506.5	7,514.7	7,494.2	7,523.7	48.1	48.0	47.9	48.0
Transportation and warehousing	1,737.0	1,737.8	1,737.9	1,734.5	26.6	26.3	26.2	26.2
Utilities	155.0	155.3	154.6	154.1	26.6	26.2	26.1	26.0
Information	1,215	1,193	1,188	1,185	40.3	39.9	39.7	39.4
Financial activities	5,137	5,119	5,123	5,121	55.6	55.3	55.2	55.1
Professional and business services	10,510	10,470	10,456	10,453	45.9	45.6	45.6	45.5
Private education and health services	19,864	20,440	20,482	20,528	76.9	76.7	76.6	76.6
Leisure and hospitality	8,832	8,869	8,898	8,933	52.5	52.2	52.2	52.2
Other services	3,130	3,164	3,172	3,179	53.4	53.5	53.5	53.6
Government	13,465	13,699	13,712	13,737	58.4	58.4	58.4	58.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]
Industry	Dec. 2023	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024(p)	Dec. 2024(p)
Total private	109,187	110,406	110,513	110,748
Goods-producing	15,510	15,475	15,487	15,477
Mining and logging	499	485	484	476
Construction	5,946	6,030	6,032	6,032
Manufacturing	9,065	8,960	8,971	8,969
Durable goods	5,592	5,453	5,469	5,464
Nondurable goods	3,473	3,507	3,502	3,505
Private service-providing	93,677	94,931	95,026	95,271
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24,363	24,601	24,581	24,615
Wholesale trade	4,857.7	4,905.5	4,900.8	4,896.2
Retail trade	13,348.3	13,439.0	13,416.9	13,464.6
Transportation and warehousing	5,691.9	5,786.3	5,793.5	5,784.6
Utilities	464.7	470.3	470.0	469.6
Information	2,410	2,408	2,404	2,426
Financial activities	6,949	6,988	6,998	7,010
Professional and business services	18,033	18,011	17,992

Employment status, sex, and age	2023	2024
Employment status, sex, and age	Dec.	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	Apr.	May	June	July	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	267,991	267,540	267,711	267,884	268,066	268,248	268,438	268,644	268,856	269,080	269,289	269,463	269,638
Civilian labor force	167,439	167,339	167,475	167,922	167,988	167,799	168,005	168,315	168,496	168,703	168,428	168,304	168,547
Participation rate	62.5	62.5	62.6	62.7	62.7	62.6	62.6	62.7	62.7	62.7	62.5	62.5	62.5
Employed	161,124	161,190	161,013	161,425	161,495	161,164	161,155	161,219	161,425	161,802	161,456	161,183	161,661
Employment-population ratio	60.1	60.2	60.1	60.3	60.2	60.1	60.0	60.0	60.0	60.1	60.0	59.8	60.0
Unemployed	6,315	6,149	6,462	6,497	6,492	6,635	6,849	7,097	7,071	6,901	6,972	7,121	6,886
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.7	3.9	3.9	3.9	4.0	4.1	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.1

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	122,187	121,539	121,611	121,685	121,763	121,844	121,929	122,021	122,118	122,221	122,316	122,398	122,480
Civilian labor force	85,944	85,398	85,223	85,449	85,406	85,297	85,862	85,991	85,846	86,042	86,191	85,982	85,945
Participation rate	70.3	70.3	70.1	70.2	70.1	70.0	70.4	70.5	70.3	70.4	70.5	70.2	70.2
Employed	82,860	82,331	82,224	82,516	82,346	82,083	82,600	82,573	82,479	82,783	82,851	82,633	82,739
Employment-population ratio	67.8	67.7	67.6	67.8	67.6	67.4	67.7	67.7	67.5	67.7	67.7	67.5	67.6
Unemployed	3,084	3,067	2,999	2,933	3,060	3,214	3,261	3,418	3,367	3,258	3,339	3,348	3,206
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.6	3.8	3.8	4.0	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.7

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	128,513	128,503	128,581	128,659	128,742	128,830	128,922	129,021	129,125	129,236	129,340	129,428	129,518
Civilian labor force	75,110	75,554	75,826	75,769	75,967	75,814	75,616	75,954	76,368	76,110	75,916	75,920	75,994
Participation rate	58.4	58.8	59.0	58.9	59.0	58.8	58.7	58.9	59.1	58.9	58.7	58.7	58.7
Employed	72,637	73,149	73,171	73,048	73,316	73,219	72,828	73,076	73,555	73,397	73,152	72,988	73,135
Employment-population ratio	56.5	56.9	56.9	56.8	56.9	56.8	56.5	56.6	57.0	56.8	56.6	56.4	56.5
Unemployed	2,473	2,405	2,655	2,721	2,651	2,595	2,788	2,878	2,813	2,713	2,764	2,932	2,859
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.8	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.9	3.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	17,291	17,498	17,519	17,540	17,561	17,574	17,588	17,602	17,612	17,623	17,633	17,636	17,640
Civilian labor force	6,384	6,388	6,426	6,704	6,614	6,688	6,527	6,371	6,281	6,552	6,321	6,403	6,607
Participation rate	36.9	36.5	36.7	38.2	37.7	38.1	37.1	36.2	35.7	37.2	35.8	36.3	37.5
Employed	5,626	5,710	5,618	5,861	5,833	5,861	5,727	5,570	5,390	5,621	5,453	5,562	5,786
Employment-population ratio	32.5	32.6	32.1	33.4	33.2	33.4	32.6	31.6	30.6	31.9	30.9	31.5	32.8
Unemployed	758	677	808	843	781	827	800	801	891	930	868	841	821
Unemployment rate	11.9	10.6	12.6	12.6	11.8	12.4	12.3	12.6	14.2	14.2	13.7	13.1	12.4
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.
NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.