Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 USDL 08-0588
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 Transmission of material in this release
http://www.bls.gov/ces/ is embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Friday, May 2, 2008.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: APRIL 2008
Nonfarm payroll employment was little changed in April (-20,000), following
job losses that totaled 240,000 in the first 3 months of the year, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The unem-
ployment rate, at 5.0 percent, also was little changed in April. Employment
continued to decline in construction, manufacturing, and retail trade, while
jobs were added in health care and in professional and technical services.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The number of unemployed persons (7.6 million) and the unemployment rate
(5.0 percent) were little changed in April. A year earlier, the number of
unemployed persons was 6.8 million, and the jobless rate was 4.5 percent.
Over the month, the unemployment rates for most major worker groups--adult
men (4.6 percent), teenagers (15.4 percent), whites (4.4 percent), blacks
(8.6 percent), and Hispanics (6.9 percent)--showed little or no change. The
jobless rate for adult women decreased to 4.3 percent in April, nearly off-
setting an increase in the prior month. The unemployment rate for Asians
was 3.2 percent (not seasonally adjusted) in April. (See tables A-1, A-2,
and A-3.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Both total employment, at 146.3 million, and the employment-population
ratio, at 62.7 percent, were little changed in April. Over the month, the
labor force participation rate held at 66.0 percent; it was the same rate a
year earlier. (See table A-1.)
In April, the number of persons working part time for economic reasons
increased by 306,000 to 5.2 million. This level was 849,000 higher than in
April 2007. These individuals indicated that they were working part time
because their hours had been cut back or because they were unable to find a
full-time job. (See table A-5.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.4 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached
to the labor force in April. These individuals wanted and were available for
work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not
counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks pre-
ceding the survey. Among the marginally attached, there were 412,000 discouraged
workers in April, about the same as a year earlier. Discouraged workers were not
currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were avail-
able for them. The other 1.0 million persons classified as marginally attached
to the labor force in April cited reasons such as school attendance or family
responsibilities. (See table A-13.)
- 2 -
Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
_______________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| Quarterly | |
| averages | Monthly data | Mar.-
Category |_________________|__________________________| Apr.
| | | | | | change
| IV | I | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. |
| 2007 | 2008 | 2008 | 2008 | 2008 |
_________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Civilian labor force ....| 153,667| 153,661| 153,374| 153,784| 153,957| 173
Employment ............| 146,291| 146,070| 145,993| 145,969| 146,331| 362
Unemployment ..........| 7,375| 7,591| 7,381| 7,815| 7,626| -189
Not in labor force ......| 79,270| 79,146| 79,436| 79,211| 79,241| 30
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Unemployment rates
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
All workers .............| 4.8| 4.9| 4.8| 5.1| 5.0| -0.1
Adult men .............| 4.3| 4.4| 4.3| 4.6| 4.6| .0
Adult women ...........| 4.2| 4.3| 4.2| 4.6| 4.3| -.3
Teenagers .............| 16.4| 16.8| 16.6| 15.8| 15.4| -.4
White .................| 4.3| 4.4| 4.3| 4.5| 4.4| -.1
Black or African | | | | | |
American ............| 8.6| 8.8| 8.3| 9.0| 8.6| -.4
Hispanic or Latino | | | | | |
ethnicity ...........| 5.9| 6.5| 6.2| 6.9| 6.9| .0
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Nonfarm employment.......| 138,031|p137,920| 137,919|p137,838|p137,818| p-20
Goods-producing (1)....| 22,042| p21,817| 21,816| p21,728| p21,618| p-110
Construction ........| 7,521| p7,381| 7,382| p7,336| p7,275| p-61
Manufacturing .......| 13,788| p13,690| 13,690| p13,642| p13,596| p-46
Service-providing (1)..| 115,989|p116,103| 116,103|p116,110|p116,200| p90
Retail trade (2)...| 15,490| p15,437| 15,429| p15,410| p15,383| p-27
Professional and | | | | | |
business services .| 18,093| p18,068| 18,073| p18,029| p18,068| p39
Education and health | | | | | |
services ..........| 18,527| p18,663| 18,665| p18,708| p18,760| p52
Leisure and | | | | | |
hospitality .......| 13,622| p13,660| 13,660| p13,677| p13,695| p18
Government ..........| 22,291| p22,358| 22,362| p22,376| p22,385| p9
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Hours of work (3)
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Total private ...........| 33.8| p33.7| 33.7| p33.8| p33.7| p-0.1
Manufacturing .........| 41.2| p41.1| 41.1| p41.2| p40.9| p-.3
Overtime ............| 4.1| p4.0| 4.0| p4.0| p3.9| p-.1
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (2002=100)(3)
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Total private ...........| 107.7| p107.4| 107.3| p107.6| p107.2| p-0.4
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Earnings (3)
|_____________________________________________________
Average hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private .........| $17.64| p$17.81| $17.81| p$17.87| p$17.88| p$0.01
Average weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private .........| 596.34| p600.80| 600.20| p604.01| p602.56| p-1.45
_________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________
1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2 Quarterly averages and the over-the-month change are calculated using
unrounded data.
3 Data relate to private production and nonsupervisory workers.
p = preliminary.
- 3 -
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Total nonfarm payroll employment was little changed in April (-20,000). Job
losses continued in construction, manufacturing, and retail trade. Employment
grew in health care and in professional and technical services. (See table B-1.)
In April, employment in construction declined by 61,000, with losses continuing
throughout most of the sector. Since its peak in September 2006, construction em-
ployment has fallen by 457,000.
Manufacturing employment fell by 46,000 over the month; nearly all the decline
occurred in durable goods manufacturing. In April, large job losses occurred in
motor vehicles and parts (-17,000) and in fabricated metal products (-11,000).
Declines also occurred in furniture and related products (-4,000) and in semicon-
ductors and electronic components (-3,000). Over the past 12 months, manufacturing
employment has declined by 326,000.
Employment in retail trade continued to trend down, with a decrease of 27,000 in
April. Since its peak in March 2007, the industry has shed 137,000 jobs. Over the
month, job losses continued in building material and garden supply stores (-12,000)
and in department stores (-8,000).
Employment in health care continued to increase in April with a gain of 37,000.
This industry has added 365,000 jobs over the past 12 months. In April, there were
gains of 22,000 jobs in ambulatory health care services and 9,000 jobs in hospitals.
Professional and technical services employment rose by 27,000 in April after
showing little change during the first quarter of 2008. Computer systems design
added 10,000 jobs over the month and employment in accounting and bookkeeping ser-
vices edged up by 9,000. Employment in temporary help services continued to trend
down.
Employment continued to trend upward in food services in April (18,000), although
job gains in this industry have slowed over the past 6 months. Since October 2007,
food services employment has grown by an average of 13,000 per month; this compares
to an average increase of 28,000 jobs per month for the preceding 12-month period.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
In April, the average workweek for production and nonsupervisory workers on pri-
vate nonfarm payrolls was down by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours, seasonally adjusted. The
manufacturing workweek declined by 0.3 hour to 40.9 hours, and factory overtime was
down by 0.1 hour to 3.9 hours. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls fell by 0.4 percent in April to 107.2 (2002=100). The man-
ufacturing index declined by 1.2 percent to 92.0. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
In April, average hourly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 1 cent, or 0.1 percent, to $17.88, seasonally
adjusted. This followed gains of 6 cents in February and in March. Average weekly
earnings fell by 0.2 percent in April to $602.56. Over the past 12 months, aver-
age hourly earnings increased by 3.4 percent and average weekly earnings rose by
3.1 percent. (See table B-3.)
______________________________
The Employment Situation for May 2008 is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 6,
at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).
- 4 -
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based
estimates of employment and both have strengths and limitations. The estab-
lishment survey employment series has a smaller margin of error on the mea-
surement of month-to-month change than the household survey because of its
much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of 104,000 is
statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for
a statistically significant change in the household survey is about 400,000.
However, the household survey has a more expansive scope than the establish-
ment survey because it includes the self-employed, unpaid family workers,
agricultural workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the
establishment survey. The household survey also provides estimates of
employment for demographic groups.
Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
Neither the establishment nor household survey is designed to identify the
legal status of workers. Thus, while it is likely that both surveys include
at least some undocumented immigrants, it is not possible to determine how many
are counted in either survey. The household survey does include questions about
whether respondents were born outside the United States. Data from these ques-
tions show that foreign-born workers accounted for 15.7 percent of the labor
force in 2007 and 47.7 percent of the net increase in the labor force from 2000
to 2007.
Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data
series by incorporating additional information that was not available at the
time of the initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey
revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the
survey. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark
revision that re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts
available from unemployment insurance tax records. The benchmark helps
to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit http://www.bls.
gov/web/cesbmart.htm.
Has the establishment survey understated employment growth because it excludes
the self-employed?
While the establishment survey excludes the self-employed, the household
survey provides monthly estimates of unincorporated self-employment. These
estimates have shown no substantial growth in recent years.
- 5 -
Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of busi-
ness establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sam-
ple is designed to maximize the reliability of the total nonfarm employment esti-
mate; firms from all size classes and industries are appropriately sampled to
achieve that goal.
Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account
for the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The
adjustment comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs
impact of business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net
impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into
the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its
appearance on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new
businesses to the survey twice a year.
Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving
unemployment insurance benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of
households. All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and
available to work are included among the unemployed. (People on temporary
layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There is no
requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the
monthly survey.
Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who have stopped looking for
work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force
who want a job, including those who have stopped looking because they believe no
jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of
labor underutilization (discouraged workers and other groups not officially
counted as unemployed) are published each month in the Employment Situation news
release.
- 6 -
Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the informa-
tion on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the
A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 house-
holds conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the
B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with state agencies. The sample
includes about 160,000 businesses and government agencies covering ap-
proximately 400,000 individual worksites. The active sample includes
about one-third of all nonfarm payroll workers. The sample is drawn
from a sampling frame of unemployment insurance tax accounts.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establish-
ment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th,
which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, pro-
fession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility
for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force.
The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor
force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent
of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
percent of the population.
- 7 -
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from pri-
vate nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well
as federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-providing sector. Industries are classified on the
basis of their principal activity in accordance with the 2007 version of
the North American Industry Classification System.
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and method-
ological differences between the household and establishment surveys result
in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the sur-
veys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because in-
dividuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The ef-
fect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctua-
tions may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes
in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern
each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by ad-
justing the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make non-
seasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For
example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is
likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May,
making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen
or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted
to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made
correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
- 8 -
Most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the
household and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most super-
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating in-
dependently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is
derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-sex components;
this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by di-
rectly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more
detailed age categories.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal
adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated
each month, using all relevant data, up to and including the data for the
current month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are used to
adjust only the current month's data. In the establishment survey, however,
new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the three most recent
monthly estimates. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made
once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the en-
tire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 stand-
ard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error.
BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
430,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -330,000 to 530,000 (100,000 +/- 430,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, oc-
curred. At an unemployment rate of around 5.5 percent, the 90-percent con-
fidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is about +/- 280,000,
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about +/- .19
percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of esti-
mates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for
quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also im-
prove the stability of the monthly estimates.
- 9 -
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure
to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for
all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents,
and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent
2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth,
an estimation procedure with two components is used to account for business
births. The first component uses business deaths to impute employment for
business births. This is incorporated into the sample-based link relative
estimate procedure by simply not reflecting sample units going out of busi-
ness, but imputing to them the same trend as the other firms in the sample.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation.
The historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was de-
rived from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database, and
reflects the actual residual net of births and deaths over the past five
years.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent,
ranging from less than 0.1 percent to 0.6 percent.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral
phone: 1-800-877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 231,253 232,995 233,198 231,253 233,156 232,616 232,809 232,995 233,198
Civilian labor force....................... 151,829 153,135 153,208 152,542 153,866 153,824 153,374 153,784 153,957
Participation rate................... 65.7 65.7 65.7 66.0 66.0 66.1 65.9 66.0 66.0
Employed................................. 145,297 145,108 145,921 145,713 146,211 146,248 145,993 145,969 146,331
Employment-population ratio.......... 62.8 62.3 62.6 63.0 62.7 62.9 62.7 62.6 62.7
Unemployed............................... 6,532 8,027 7,287 6,829 7,655 7,576 7,381 7,815 7,626
Unemployment rate.................... 4.3 5.2 4.8 4.5 5.0 4.9 4.8 5.1 5.0
Not in labor force......................... 79,423 79,860 79,990 78,711 79,290 78,792 79,436 79,211 79,241
Persons who currently want a job......... 4,729 4,492 4,677 4,815 4,697 4,857 4,772 4,730 4,755
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 111,849 112,695 112,803 111,849 112,852 112,493 112,596 112,695 112,803
Civilian labor force....................... 81,665 81,849 81,864 82,036 82,448 82,355 82,132 82,184 82,256
Participation rate................... 73.0 72.6 72.6 73.3 73.1 73.2 72.9 72.9 72.9
Employed................................. 78,013 77,198 77,745 78,293 78,260 78,157 78,113 77,948 78,038
Employment-population ratio.......... 69.7 68.5 68.9 70.0 69.3 69.5 69.4 69.2 69.2
Unemployed............................... 3,651 4,651 4,119 3,743 4,188 4,197 4,019 4,236 4,218
Unemployment rate.................... 4.5 5.7 5.0 4.6 5.1 5.1 4.9 5.2 5.1
Not in labor force......................... 30,184 30,846 30,939 29,814 30,404 30,139 30,464 30,511 30,547
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 103,248 104,052 104,152 103,248 104,197 103,866 103,961 104,052 104,152
Civilian labor force....................... 78,315 78,691 78,632 78,428 79,004 78,864 78,748 78,838 78,776
Participation rate................... 75.9 75.6 75.5 76.0 75.8 75.9 75.7 75.8 75.6
Employed................................. 75,218 74,620 75,048 75,279 75,499 75,427 75,362 75,197 75,148
Employment-population ratio.......... 72.9 71.7 72.1 72.9 72.5 72.6 72.5 72.3 72.2
Unemployed............................... 3,097 4,071 3,584 3,149 3,505 3,437 3,386 3,641 3,628
Unemployment rate.................... 4.0 5.2 4.6 4.0 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.6
Not in labor force......................... 24,933 25,362 25,520 24,820 25,193 25,002 25,213 25,214 25,376
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 119,403 120,300 120,396 119,403 120,304 120,123 120,213 120,300 120,396
Civilian labor force....................... 70,164 71,286 71,344 70,506 71,418 71,469 71,241 71,600 71,701
Participation rate................... 58.8 59.3 59.3 59.0 59.4 59.5 59.3 59.5 59.6
Employed................................. 67,284 67,911 68,176 67,420 67,951 68,091 67,880 68,021 68,293
Employment-population ratio.......... 56.3 56.5 56.6 56.5 56.5 56.7 56.5 56.5 56.7
Unemployed............................... 2,881 3,376 3,168 3,086 3,467 3,378 3,361 3,579 3,408
Unemployment rate.................... 4.1 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.9 4.7 4.7 5.0 4.8
Not in labor force......................... 49,239 49,014 49,052 48,897 48,886 48,654 48,972 48,700 48,694
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 111,057 111,902 111,990 111,057 111,903 111,739 111,822 111,902 111,990
Civilian labor force....................... 66,973 68,115 68,053 67,077 67,866 67,982 67,816 68,159 68,176
Participation rate................... 60.3 60.9 60.8 60.4 60.6 60.8 60.6 60.9 60.9
Employed................................. 64,530 65,142 65,329 64,479 64,912 65,098 64,950 65,055 65,260
Employment-population ratio.......... 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.1 58.0 58.3 58.1 58.1 58.3
Unemployed............................... 2,443 2,974 2,724 2,597 2,954 2,885 2,865 3,104 2,916
Unemployment rate.................... 3.6 4.4 4.0 3.9 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.6 4.3
Not in labor force......................... 44,084 43,786 43,937 43,980 44,037 43,756 44,006 43,743 43,814
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 16,948 17,041 17,056 16,948 17,056 17,012 17,027 17,041 17,056
Civilian labor force....................... 6,541 6,329 6,523 7,037 6,996 6,978 6,810 6,787 7,005
Participation rate................... 38.6 37.1 38.2 41.5 41.0 41.0 40.0 39.8 41.1
Employed................................. 5,549 5,347 5,544 5,954 5,801 5,724 5,681 5,717 5,923
Employment-population ratio.......... 32.7 31.4 32.5 35.1 34.0 33.6 33.4 33.5 34.7
Unemployed............................... 992 982 979 1,082 1,196 1,254 1,130 1,070 1,082
Unemployment rate.................... 15.2 15.5 15.0 15.4 17.1 18.0 16.6 15.8 15.4
Not in labor force......................... 10,407 10,712 10,533 9,911 10,059 10,034 10,216 10,254 10,051
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, race, sex, and age
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 187,843 189,019 189,147 187,843 189,093 188,787 188,906 189,019 189,147
Civilian labor force....................... 123,944 124,679 124,599 124,433 125,460 125,340 124,940 125,190 125,171
Participation rate..................... 66.0 66.0 65.9 66.2 66.3 66.4 66.1 66.2 66.2
Employed................................. 119,231 118,827 119,341 119,505 119,889 119,858 119,534 119,574 119,667
Employment-population ratio............ 63.5 62.9 63.1 63.6 63.4 63.5 63.3 63.3 63.3
Unemployed............................... 4,713 5,853 5,258 4,928 5,571 5,482 5,406 5,616 5,504
Unemployment rate...................... 3.8 4.7 4.2 4.0 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.4
Not in labor force......................... 63,899 64,339 64,548 63,410 63,633 63,447 63,966 63,829 63,975
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 65,104 65,292 65,110 65,135 65,506 65,470 65,270 65,342 65,183
Participation rate..................... 76.4 76.1 75.8 76.4 76.3 76.4 76.1 76.2 75.9
Employed................................. 62,857 62,214 62,483 62,837 62,929 62,924 62,745 62,665 62,507
Employment-population ratio............ 73.8 72.5 72.8 73.7 73.3 73.5 73.2 73.1 72.8
Unemployed............................... 2,247 3,078 2,627 2,298 2,577 2,546 2,524 2,677 2,676
Unemployment rate...................... 3.5 4.7 4.0 3.5 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 53,443 54,201 54,102 53,496 54,286 54,192 54,078 54,264 54,211
Participation rate..................... 59.6 60.1 60.0 59.7 60.2 60.2 60.0 60.2 60.1
Employed................................. 51,677 52,093 52,195 51,640 52,107 52,143 52,004 52,061 52,182
Employment-population ratio............ 57.7 57.8 57.9 57.6 57.8 57.9 57.7 57.7 57.8
Unemployed............................... 1,766 2,108 1,907 1,857 2,179 2,049 2,075 2,202 2,029
Unemployment rate...................... 3.3 3.9 3.5 3.5 4.0 3.8 3.8 4.1 3.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 5,397 5,187 5,386 5,801 5,668 5,678 5,592 5,584 5,777
Participation rate..................... 41.4 39.7 41.2 44.5 43.3 43.5 42.8 42.7 44.2
Employed................................. 4,698 4,519 4,663 5,029 4,853 4,791 4,785 4,848 4,978
Employment-population ratio............ 36.1 34.6 35.7 38.6 37.1 36.7 36.6 37.1 38.1
Unemployed............................... 699 667 723 773 815 887 807 736 799
Unemployment rate...................... 13.0 12.9 13.4 13.3 14.4 15.6 14.4 13.2 13.8
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 27,385 27,709 27,746 27,385 27,704 27,640 27,675 27,709 27,746
Civilian labor force....................... 17,353 17,601 17,654 17,483 17,538 17,713 17,632 17,702 17,753
Participation rate..................... 63.4 63.5 63.6 63.8 63.3 64.1 63.7 63.9 64.0
Employed................................. 15,997 16,010 16,207 16,048 15,961 16,090 16,169 16,116 16,234
Employment-population ratio............ 58.4 57.8 58.4 58.6 57.6 58.2 58.4 58.2 58.5
Unemployed............................... 1,356 1,591 1,447 1,435 1,577 1,623 1,463 1,586 1,520
Unemployment rate...................... 7.8 9.0 8.2 8.2 9.0 9.2 8.3 9.0 8.6
Not in labor force......................... 10,032 10,109 10,092 9,902 10,165 9,927 10,043 10,007 9,992
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 7,801 7,839 7,905 7,849 7,883 7,916 7,947 7,922 7,945
Participation rate..................... 70.8 70.4 70.9 71.3 70.7 71.3 71.5 71.2 71.3
Employed................................. 7,163 7,140 7,243 7,196 7,218 7,259 7,320 7,255 7,278
Employment-population ratio............ 65.1 64.1 65.0 65.4 64.7 65.4 65.8 65.2 65.3
Unemployed............................... 638 698 662 652 665 656 627 667 667
Unemployment rate...................... 8.2 8.9 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.3 7.9 8.4 8.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 8,787 9,032 9,039 8,792 8,803 8,921 8,866 9,016 9,038
Participation rate..................... 63.9 64.9 64.9 64.0 63.4 64.3 63.8 64.8 64.9
Employed................................. 8,296 8,368 8,419 8,268 8,187 8,266 8,289 8,336 8,374
Employment-population ratio............ 60.4 60.2 60.4 60.2 59.0 59.6 59.6 59.9 60.1
Unemployed............................... 491 664 620 525 617 654 577 680 664
Unemployment rate...................... 5.6 7.3 6.9 6.0 7.0 7.3 6.5 7.5 7.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 765 730 710 842 851 876 819 764 771
Participation rate..................... 29.1 27.4 26.6 32.0 32.0 33.0 30.8 28.7 28.9
Employed................................. 537 501 545 584 556 564 560 525 582
Employment-population ratio............ 20.4 18.8 20.4 22.2 20.9 21.2 21.0 19.7 21.8
Unemployed............................... 228 229 165 258 295 313 259 239 189
Unemployment rate...................... 29.8 31.3 23.3 30.6 34.7 35.7 31.7 31.3 24.5
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 10,545 10,645 10,658 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Civilian labor force....................... 6,951 7,184 7,220 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 65.9 67.5 67.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 6,723 6,928 6,985 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 63.8 65.1 65.5 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 228 256 234 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 3.3 3.6 3.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Not in labor force......................... 3,594 3,462 3,438 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Data not available.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 31,147 31,820 31,911 31,147 31,903 31,643 31,732 31,820 31,911
Civilian labor force....................... 21,434 21,750 21,901 21,436 21,888 21,698 21,755 21,775 21,917
Participation rate..................... 68.8 68.4 68.6 68.8 68.6 68.6 68.6 68.4 68.7
Employed................................. 20,328 20,162 20,456 20,263 20,517 20,320 20,401 20,269 20,404
Employment-population ratio............ 65.3 63.4 64.1 65.1 64.3 64.2 64.3 63.7 63.9
Unemployed............................... 1,106 1,588 1,445 1,173 1,371 1,378 1,354 1,507 1,512
Unemployment rate...................... 5.2 7.3 6.6 5.5 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.9 6.9
Not in labor force......................... 9,714 10,071 10,010 9,711 10,016 9,946 9,977 10,045 9,994
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 12,376 12,554 12,495 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 85.1 84.7 84.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 11,860 11,655 11,769 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 81.6 78.6 79.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 516 899 726 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 4.2 7.2 5.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 7,999 8,100 8,272 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 58.4 57.9 59.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 7,590 7,606 7,774 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 55.4 54.4 55.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 409 494 497 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 5.1 6.1 6.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 1,060 1,096 1,134 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 36.3 36.5 37.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 878 900 913 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 30.1 30.0 30.3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 182 195 222 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 17.1 17.8 19.5 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Data not available.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force......................... 12,799 12,032 12,280 12,616 12,291 12,305 12,127 12,058 12,095
Participation rate....................... 46.6 45.9 46.2 45.9 46.5 46.0 46.4 46.0 45.5
Employed................................... 11,918 10,894 11,353 11,719 11,358 11,362 11,236 11,071 11,157
Employment-population ratio.............. 43.4 41.6 42.7 42.7 42.9 42.5 43.0 42.3 42.0
Unemployed................................. 881 1,138 927 898 933 943 891 986 938
Unemployment rate........................ 6.9 9.5 7.6 7.1 7.6 7.7 7.3 8.2 7.8
High school graduates, no college (1)
Civilian labor force......................... 38,354 38,148 37,703 38,353 38,841 38,364 38,078 37,952 37,926
Participation rate....................... 62.7 62.7 62.2 62.7 62.9 62.9 62.6 62.3 62.6
Employed................................... 36,798 36,027 35,837 36,774 37,034 36,587 36,303 36,016 36,032
Employment-population ratio.............. 60.1 59.2 59.1 60.1 60.0 59.9 59.7 59.1 59.5
Unemployed................................. 1,557 2,121 1,865 1,579 1,807 1,778 1,775 1,936 1,894
Unemployment rate........................ 4.1 5.6 4.9 4.1 4.7 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.0
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force......................... 35,669 36,489 36,635 35,773 36,279 36,492 36,437 36,548 36,688
Participation rate....................... 72.3 72.0 72.1 72.5 72.0 72.5 72.0 72.1 72.2
Employed................................... 34,405 34,990 35,219 34,493 34,924 35,187 35,086 35,142 35,271
Employment-population ratio.............. 69.8 69.0 69.3 69.9 69.3 69.9 69.4 69.3 69.4
Unemployed................................. 1,263 1,498 1,415 1,279 1,355 1,305 1,351 1,405 1,417
Unemployment rate........................ 3.5 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
Bachelor's degree and higher (2)
Civilian labor force......................... 43,565 45,375 45,234 43,485 44,448 44,604 45,226 45,459 45,309
Participation rate....................... 77.9 78.5 78.3 77.8 77.9 78.0 78.1 78.6 78.4
Employed................................... 42,809 44,451 44,351 42,692 43,476 43,651 44,283 44,501 44,376
Employment-population ratio.............. 76.5 76.9 76.7 76.3 76.2 76.4 76.5 77.0 76.8
Unemployed................................. 757 923 883 793 972 953 944 958 933
Unemployment rate........................ 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
2 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. See box note in the BLS news release
USDL 07-0486, "The Employment Situation: March 2007," issued on April 6, 2007, for a discussion of technical issues regarding
educational attainment data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries........... 2,040 2,057 2,074 2,053 2,248 2,213 2,213 2,192 2,109
Wage and salary workers.................... 1,166 1,218 1,203 1,196 1,368 1,259 1,324 1,331 1,244
Self-employed workers...................... 856 816 840 851 874 936 873 849 839
Unpaid family workers...................... 18 23 31 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Nonagricultural industries................... 143,257 143,051 143,847 143,678 143,933 144,052 143,820 143,796 144,258
Wage and salary workers.................... 133,513 133,849 134,369 133,893 134,605 134,755 134,259 134,411 134,761
Government............................... 21,320 21,484 21,657 21,036 20,780 20,907 21,252 21,262 21,333
Private industries....................... 112,193 112,365 112,712 112,819 113,872 113,846 112,972 113,142 113,394
Private households..................... 819 744 780 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Other industries....................... 111,374 111,621 111,932 111,993 113,035 113,042 112,212 112,383 112,650
Self-employed workers...................... 9,641 9,103 9,353 9,690 9,242 9,161 9,410 9,224 9,355
Unpaid family workers...................... 103 99 125 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME (2)
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons............. 4,205 5,038 5,071 4,371 4,665 4,769 4,884 4,914 5,220
Slack work or business conditions........ 2,729 3,404 3,456 2,854 3,174 3,247 3,291 3,323 3,558
Could only find part-time work........... 1,236 1,382 1,348 1,238 1,236 1,163 1,222 1,362 1,323
Part time for noneconomic reasons.......... 20,336 19,853 20,607 19,919 19,526 19,613 19,348 19,409 19,809
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons............. 4,127 4,911 4,978 4,301 4,577 4,677 4,790 4,797 5,125
Slack work or business conditions........ 2,681 3,313 3,389 2,830 3,120 3,174 3,231 3,238 3,513
Could only find part-time work........... 1,226 1,370 1,345 1,232 1,219 1,149 1,216 1,354 1,331
Part time for noneconomic reasons.......... 20,001 19,553 20,289 19,550 19,225 19,296 19,019 19,072 19,456
1 Data not available.
2 Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as
vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked
only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over..................... 145,297 145,108 145,921 145,713 146,211 146,248 145,993 145,969 146,331
16 to 19 years............................. 5,549 5,347 5,544 5,954 5,801 5,724 5,681 5,717 5,923
16 to 17 years........................... 2,129 1,904 1,898 2,305 2,183 2,121 2,109 2,125 2,072
18 to 19 years........................... 3,420 3,443 3,646 3,621 3,626 3,603 3,579 3,578 3,847
20 years and over.......................... 139,748 139,762 140,377 139,758 140,410 140,524 140,312 140,252 140,408
20 to 24 years........................... 13,819 13,399 13,617 13,989 13,702 13,794 13,632 13,657 13,761
25 years and over........................ 125,929 126,363 126,760 125,691 126,675 126,640 126,644 126,574 126,595
25 to 54 years......................... 100,476 99,686 100,035 100,373 100,496 100,174 100,057 99,948 99,964
25 to 34 years....................... 31,565 31,388 31,615 31,588 31,633 31,530 31,599 31,581 31,639
35 to 44 years....................... 34,457 33,731 33,835 34,365 34,086 33,931 33,863 33,783 33,740
45 to 54 years....................... 34,454 34,567 34,584 34,420 34,777 34,713 34,595 34,585 34,586
55 years and over...................... 25,453 26,677 26,725 25,318 26,179 26,466 26,587 26,626 26,631
Men, 16 years and over....................... 78,013 77,198 77,745 78,293 78,260 78,157 78,113 77,948 78,038
16 to 19 years............................. 2,795 2,578 2,697 3,013 2,761 2,731 2,751 2,751 2,890
16 to 17 years........................... 1,059 864 863 1,141 986 950 966 971 937
18 to 19 years........................... 1,736 1,714 1,833 1,858 1,766 1,780 1,782 1,780 1,948
20 years and over.......................... 75,218 74,620 75,048 75,279 75,499 75,427 75,362 75,197 75,148
20 to 24 years........................... 7,285 7,099 7,186 7,404 7,244 7,312 7,219 7,268 7,299
25 years and over........................ 67,934 67,521 67,862 67,842 68,264 68,060 68,129 67,938 67,809
25 to 54 years......................... 54,426 53,455 53,684 54,385 54,383 54,041 54,016 53,847 53,678
25 to 34 years....................... 17,433 17,051 17,285 17,475 17,451 17,348 17,346 17,255 17,321
35 to 44 years....................... 18,823 18,245 18,213 18,783 18,507 18,335 18,400 18,359 18,180
45 to 54 years....................... 18,170 18,159 18,186 18,126 18,425 18,357 18,270 18,233 18,177
55 years and over...................... 13,508 14,066 14,179 13,456 13,882 14,020 14,113 14,091 14,131
Women, 16 years and over..................... 67,284 67,911 68,176 67,420 67,951 68,091 67,880 68,021 68,293
16 to 19 years............................. 2,754 2,769 2,847 2,941 3,040 2,993 2,929 2,966 3,033
16 to 17 years........................... 1,070 1,039 1,034 1,164 1,197 1,171 1,143 1,154 1,136
18 to 19 years........................... 1,684 1,729 1,812 1,763 1,860 1,823 1,797 1,798 1,899
20 years and over.......................... 64,530 65,142 65,329 64,479 64,912 65,098 64,950 65,055 65,260
20 to 24 years........................... 6,534 6,300 6,431 6,585 6,458 6,482 6,414 6,389 6,463
25 years and over........................ 57,996 58,842 58,898 57,849 58,411 58,580 58,515 58,636 58,786
25 to 54 years......................... 46,050 46,231 46,351 45,988 46,113 46,133 46,041 46,101 46,286
25 to 34 years....................... 14,132 14,337 14,330 14,112 14,182 14,182 14,254 14,326 14,318
35 to 44 years....................... 15,634 15,486 15,622 15,582 15,579 15,596 15,463 15,423 15,559
45 to 54 years....................... 16,284 16,409 16,399 16,294 16,352 16,355 16,325 16,352 16,409
55 years and over...................... 11,945 12,611 12,547 11,861 12,297 12,447 12,474 12,535 12,500
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present.................. 46,488 45,916 46,002 46,466 46,213 46,063 46,136 45,961 45,964
Married women, spouse present................ 36,101 35,864 36,331 36,009 35,565 35,536 35,648 35,749 36,177
Women who maintain families.................. 9,135 9,093 9,111 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers (2)........................ 119,609 119,875 120,027 120,322 121,428 121,202 121,275 121,231 120,856
Part-time workers (3)........................ 25,688 25,233 25,894 25,258 24,740 25,043 24,697 24,691 25,245
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders.................... 7,846 7,499 7,630 7,944 7,416 7,557 7,582 7,449 7,644
Percent of total employed................ 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.2
1 Data not available.
2 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
3 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates (1)
(in thousands)
Characteristic
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over..................... 6,829 7,815 7,626 4.5 5.0 4.9 4.8 5.1 5.0
16 to 19 years............................. 1,082 1,070 1,082 15.4 17.1 18.0 16.6 15.8 15.4
16 to 17 years........................... 459 485 509 16.6 19.6 20.4 18.3 18.6 19.7
18 to 19 years........................... 641 584 583 15.0 15.4 15.9 15.5 14.0 13.2
20 years and over.......................... 5,746 6,745 6,544 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.6 4.5
20 to 24 years........................... 1,191 1,394 1,345 7.8 9.4 8.7 8.9 9.3 8.9
25 years and over........................ 4,546 5,294 5,179 3.5 3.9 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.9
25 to 54 years......................... 3,753 4,342 4,333 3.6 4.1 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.2
25 to 34 years....................... 1,453 1,775 1,690 4.4 4.9 4.9 4.8 5.3 5.1
35 to 44 years....................... 1,197 1,321 1,350 3.4 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.8
45 to 54 years....................... 1,102 1,246 1,293 3.1 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6
55 years and over...................... 795 931 838 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.0
Men, 16 years and over....................... 3,743 4,236 4,218 4.6 5.1 5.1 4.9 5.2 5.1
16 to 19 years............................. 594 595 590 16.5 19.8 21.8 18.7 17.8 16.9
16 to 17 years........................... 243 273 267 17.5 22.1 24.0 20.5 22.0 22.2
18 to 19 years........................... 365 320 330 16.4 18.4 19.5 18.0 15.2 14.5
20 years and over.......................... 3,149 3,641 3,628 4.0 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.6
20 to 24 years........................... 700 830 804 8.6 9.8 9.4 9.9 10.3 9.9
25 years and over........................ 2,443 2,807 2,816 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.7 4.0 4.0
25 to 54 years......................... 1,995 2,324 2,385 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.1 4.3
25 to 34 years....................... 776 977 916 4.2 5.1 5.1 4.8 5.4 5.0
35 to 44 years....................... 620 690 753 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.6 4.0
45 to 54 years....................... 600 657 716 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.8
55 years and over...................... 447 482 431 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.0
Women, 16 years and over..................... 3,086 3,579 3,408 4.4 4.9 4.7 4.7 5.0 4.8
16 to 19 years............................. 488 475 492 14.2 14.4 14.2 14.5 13.8 14.0
16 to 17 years........................... 216 212 242 15.7 17.3 17.2 16.2 15.5 17.5
18 to 19 years........................... 275 265 253 13.5 12.3 12.1 12.8 12.8 11.8
20 years and over.......................... 2,597 3,104 2,916 3.9 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.6 4.3
20 to 24 years........................... 492 563 542 6.9 8.8 8.0 7.7 8.1 7.7
25 years and over........................ 2,103 2,488 2,363 3.5 3.9 3.8 3.8 4.1 3.9
25 to 54 years......................... 1,758 2,018 1,949 3.7 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.0
25 to 34 years....................... 678 798 774 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.7 5.3 5.1
35 to 44 years....................... 577 631 598 3.6 4.0 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.7
45 to 54 years....................... 502 589 577 3.0 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4
55 years and over (2).................. 311 438 366 2.5 2.9 3.4 3.3 3.4 2.8
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present.................. 1,198 1,337 1,319 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8
Married women, spouse present................ 1,004 1,226 1,115 2.7 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.0
Women who maintain families (2).............. 605 694 661 6.2 6.9 7.0 6.7 7.1 6.8
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers (3)........................ 5,528 6,415 6,328 4.4 4.9 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.0
Part-time workers (4)........................ 1,326 1,377 1,303 5.0 5.6 5.4 5.0 5.3 4.9
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Not seasonally adjusted.
3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on
layoff from full-time jobs.
4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on
layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs.............................. 3,249 4,555 3,931 3,316 3,857 3,796 3,854 4,154 4,014
On temporary layoff........................ 954 1,341 1,053 1,019 975 1,040 971 1,056 1,099
Not on temporary layoff.................... 2,295 3,214 2,878 2,297 2,882 2,756 2,883 3,098 2,915
Permanent job losers..................... 1,625 2,276 2,114 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs..... 670 938 764 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers.................................. 713 768 816 749 798 830 769 781 850
Reentrants................................... 2,030 2,103 1,995 2,169 2,343 2,201 2,112 2,117 2,134
New entrants................................. 540 601 545 599 697 667 648 681 624
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs............................. 49.7 56.7 53.9 48.5 50.1 50.7 52.2 53.7 52.7
On temporary layoff....................... 14.6 16.7 14.4 14.9 12.7 13.9 13.2 13.7 14.4
Not on temporary layoff................... 35.1 40.0 39.5 33.6 37.5 36.8 39.0 40.1 38.2
Job leavers................................. 10.9 9.6 11.2 11.0 10.4 11.1 10.4 10.1 11.2
Reentrants.................................. 31.1 26.2 27.4 31.7 30.4 29.4 28.6 27.4 28.0
New entrants................................ 8.3 7.5 7.5 8.8 9.1 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.2
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs............................. 2.1 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6
Job leavers................................. .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .6
Reentrants.................................. 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
New entrants................................ .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4
1 Data not available.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks...................................... 2,141 2,550 2,151 2,442 2,793 2,634 2,639 2,767 2,484
5 to 14 weeks.......................................... 1,909 2,782 2,225 2,147 2,330 2,396 2,396 2,525 2,495
15 weeks and over...................................... 2,482 2,696 2,911 2,259 2,520 2,503 2,377 2,400 2,626
15 to 26 weeks...................................... 1,221 1,339 1,473 1,066 1,182 1,124 1,079 1,118 1,272
27 weeks and over................................... 1,261 1,357 1,439 1,193 1,338 1,380 1,299 1,282 1,353
Average (mean) duration, in weeks...................... 18.3 16.9 18.3 17.0 16.6 17.5 16.8 16.2 16.9
Median duration, in weeks.............................. 10.1 9.4 11.0 8.6 8.4 8.8 8.4 8.1 9.3
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed....................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks.................................... 32.8 31.8 29.5 35.7 36.5 35.0 35.6 36.0 32.7
5 to 14 weeks........................................ 29.2 34.7 30.5 31.4 30.5 31.8 32.3 32.8 32.8
15 weeks and over.................................... 38.0 33.6 40.0 33.0 33.0 33.2 32.1 31.2 34.5
15 to 26 weeks..................................... 18.7 16.7 20.2 15.6 15.5 14.9 14.6 14.5 16.7
27 weeks and over.................................. 19.3 16.9 19.7 17.4 17.5 18.3 17.5 16.7 17.8
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table A-10. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Unemployment
Employed Unemployed rates
Occupation
Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr.
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008
Total, 16 years and over (1)...................... 145,297 145,921 6,532 7,287 4.3 4.8
Management, professional, and related occupations...... 51,955 52,819 952 1,088 1.8 2.0
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations........................................... 21,447 21,621 419 467 1.9 2.1
Professional and related occupations................. 30,507 31,198 533 621 1.7 2.0
Service occupations.................................... 23,858 24,064 1,361 1,406 5.4 5.5
Sales and office occupations........................... 36,262 36,222 1,492 1,605 4.0 4.2
Sales and related occupations........................ 16,814 16,381 804 741 4.6 4.3
Office and administrative support occupations........ 19,447 19,841 688 865 3.4 4.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations........................................... 15,459 14,673 1,058 1,381 6.4 8.6
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations........... 945 954 85 111 8.2 10.5
Construction and extraction occupations.............. 9,422 8,628 809 1,097 7.9 11.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.... 5,092 5,091 165 173 3.1 3.3
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations........................................... 17,764 18,144 1,110 1,239 5.9 6.4
Production occupations............................... 9,394 9,196 633 679 6.3 6.9
Transportation and material moving occupations....... 8,370 8,948 477 560 5.4 5.9
1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed Unemployment
persons rates
Industry and class of worker (in thousands)
Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr.
2007 2008 2007 2008
Total, 16 years and over (1).................... 6,532 7,287 4.3 4.8
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers........ 5,276 5,923 4.5 5.0
Mining............................................... 17 28 2.3 3.6
Construction......................................... 853 1,057 8.6 11.1
Manufacturing........................................ 749 796 4.6 4.8
Durable goods...................................... 467 505 4.4 4.8
Nondurable goods................................... 282 291 4.8 5.0
Wholesale and retail trade........................... 872 919 4.2 4.5
Transportation and utilities......................... 188 245 3.3 4.0
Information.......................................... 77 143 2.4 4.4
Financial activities................................. 231 324 2.4 3.4
Professional and business services................... 689 736 5.0 5.3
Education and health services........................ 555 551 2.9 2.8
Leisure and hospitality.............................. 822 874 6.9 6.9
Other services....................................... 224 251 3.6 4.0
Agriculture and related private wage and salary
workers............................................... 67 108 5.7 8.6
Government workers..................................... 408 373 1.9 1.7
Self employed and unpaid family workers................ 240 338 2.2 3.2
1 Persons with no previous work experience are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Measure
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent
of the civilian labor force....................... 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.... 2.1 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian
labor force (official unemployment rate).......... 4.3 5.2 4.8 4.5 5.0 4.9 4.8 5.1 5.0
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus
discouraged workers............................... 4.6 5.5 5.0 4.7 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.2
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus
all other marginally attached workers, as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers....................... 5.2 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.9 5.8
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached
workers, plus total employed part time for
economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian
labor force plus all marginally attached
workers........................................... 7.9 9.3 8.9 8.2 8.8 9.0 8.9 9.1 9.2
NOTE: Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached,
have given a job-market related reason for not looking currently for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those
who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For more information, see "BLS intro-
duces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Updated population con-
trols are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr.
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force........................... 79,423 79,990 30,184 30,939 49,239 49,052
Persons who currently want a job...................... 4,729 4,677 2,161 2,152 2,567 2,525
Searched for work and available to work now (1)..... 1,391 1,414 680 726 711 688
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects (2)........... 399 412 235 250 163 162
Reasons other than discouragement (3)........... 992 1,002 444 476 548 526
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders (4).......................... 7,846 7,630 3,975 3,852 3,871 3,779
Percent of total employed.......................... 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.8 5.5
Primary job full time, secondary job part time..... 4,332 4,197 2,516 2,336 1,816 1,861
Primary and secondary jobs both part time.......... 1,783 1,811 521 586 1,263 1,225
Primary and secondary jobs both full time.......... 240 248 175 165 65 82
Hours vary on primary or secondary job............. 1,446 1,333 746 741 700 592
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of
discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health,
and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. from:
2007 2008 2008p 2008p 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008p 2008p Mar. 2008-
Apr. 2008p
Total nonfarm......... 137,341 136,439 137,019 137,722 137,356 138,078 138,002 137,919 137,838 137,818 -20
Total private........... 114,777 113,745 114,228 114,934 115,195 115,745 115,666 115,557 115,462 115,433 -29
Goods-producing............. 22,099 21,260 21,308 21,395 22,300 21,976 21,907 21,816 21,728 21,618 -110
Natural resources and mining.... 710 728 737 739 718 739 744 744 750 747 -3
Logging...................... 57.1 58.4 56.4 56.0 61.9 60.6 60.7 60.2 59.5 60.5 1.0
Mining......................... 652.8 669.2 680.9 682.9 656.3 677.9 683.2 684.0 690.0 686.8 -3.2
Oil and gas extraction........ 142.1 152.9 154.5 152.2 143.0 153.1 154.5 153.8 155.0 153.5 -1.5
Mining, except oil and
gas (1)...................... 221.4 215.3 218.5 222.5 223.3 225.2 227.0 225.7 225.9 225.1 -.8
Coal mining.................. 77.4 78.3 79.0 78.5 77.4 78.3 78.6 78.7 78.9 78.6 -.3
Support activities for mining. 289.3 301.0 307.9 308.2 290.0 299.6 301.7 304.5 309.1 308.2 -.9
Construction.................... 7,513 6,939 6,997 7,111 7,660 7,465 7,426 7,382 7,336 7,275 -61
Construction of buildings..... 1,743.3 1,600.9 1,608.5 1,613.6 1,777.2 1,702.4 1,690.2 1,673.0 1,665.6 1,650.0 -15.6
Residential building......... 945.5 837.1 839.8 840.6 964.5 902.0 891.9 877.0 871.3 860.6 -10.7
Nonresidential building...... 797.8 763.8 768.7 773.0 812.7 800.4 798.3 796.0 794.3 789.4 -4.9
Heavy and civil engineering
construction................. 977.1 878.2 896.1 927.6 1,005.9 993.8 984.6 977.6 975.1 959.4 -15.7
Specialty trade contractors... 4,792.7 4,459.4 4,492.7 4,569.3 4,876.5 4,768.4 4,750.8 4,731.8 4,695.5 4,665.4 -30.1
Residential specialty trade
contractors................. 2,275.4 2,031.0 2,038.7 2,066.5 2,318.2 2,201.1 2,176.2 2,164.2 2,138.8 2,116.4 -22.4
Nonresidential specialty
trade contractors........... 2,517.3 2,428.4 2,454.0 2,502.8 2,558.3 2,567.3 2,574.6 2,567.6 2,556.7 2,549.0 -7.7
Manufacturing................... 13,876 13,593 13,574 13,545 13,922 13,772 13,737 13,690 13,642 13,596 -46
Production workers........... 9,954 9,797 9,789 9,763 9,987 9,933 9,922 9,879 9,847 9,803 -44
Durable goods.................. 8,841 8,640 8,625 8,598 8,847 8,739 8,718 8,685 8,651 8,608 -43
Production workers........... 6,268 6,143 6,132 6,114 6,266 6,220 6,214 6,182 6,155 6,118 -37
Wood products................. 518.2 487.1 484.7 485.9 523.1 507.2 503.5 498.6 493.6 491.5 -2.1
Nonmetallic mineral products.. 500.8 474.7 476.5 482.4 503.6 496.4 494.4 492.2 487.7 486.5 -1.2
Primary metals................ 460.6 451.8 451.7 453.1 459.3 452.2 452.3 451.4 451.6 451.7 .1
Fabricated metal products..... 1,559.7 1,550.9 1,552.3 1,542.4 1,561.7 1,562.7 1,560.9 1,557.1 1,555.6 1,544.3 -11.3
Machinery..................... 1,184.5 1,190.0 1,196.5 1,193.1 1,184.3 1,191.0 1,193.8 1,191.7 1,195.7 1,193.4 -2.3
Computer and electronic
products (1)................. 1,273.3 1,249.3 1,252.2 1,249.6 1,277.6 1,257.6 1,256.3 1,251.9 1,255.1 1,253.2 -1.9
Computer and peripheral
equipment................... 187.7 185.4 185.7 185.5 188.8 185.4 184.9 185.9 186.0 186.1 .1
Communications equipment..... 127.9 128.7 129.2 130.3 128.1 129.0 129.5 128.7 129.6 130.6 1.0
Semiconductors and electronic
components.................. 447.4 428.3 427.7 425.1 448.2 434.9 433.5 429.7 428.7 425.4 -3.3
Electronic instruments....... 442.3 442.6 446.1 445.3 443.8 443.7 444.3 442.9 446.9 446.9 .0
Electrical equipment and
appliances................... 427.7 419.5 419.3 420.5 428.2 423.8 421.6 420.8 419.9 420.8 .9
Transportation equipment (1).. 1,732.8 1,672.9 1,651.6 1,634.6 1,725.3 1,684.7 1,678.1 1,672.0 1,648.1 1,629.1 -19.0
Motor vehicles and parts (2). 1,022.1 951.8 929.5 914.9 1,012.8 962.6 956.6 950.4 925.7 908.6 -17.1
Furniture and related products 540.4 511.4 510.0 507.7 539.8 523.8 520.4 516.0 511.8 507.7 -4.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing... 643.4 632.1 630.5 628.2 644.0 639.9 636.4 633.3 631.8 629.4 -2.4
Nondurable goods............... 5,035 4,953 4,949 4,947 5,075 5,033 5,019 5,005 4,991 4,988 -3
Production workers........... 3,686 3,654 3,657 3,649 3,721 3,713 3,708 3,697 3,692 3,685 -7
Food manufacturing............ 1,444.0 1,454.6 1,449.6 1,448.2 1,475.0 1,486.3 1,483.2 1,482.7 1,477.9 1,479.6 1.7
Beverages and tobacco products 191.7 184.1 185.5 187.7 195.9 192.0 191.1 189.3 191.0 191.8 .8
Textile mills................. 172.7 160.5 159.0 155.8 172.6 163.0 162.0 161.4 158.4 156.0 -2.4
Textile product mills......... 161.0 151.9 153.4 154.3 159.8 155.7 154.0 153.0 153.3 153.1 -.2
Apparel....................... 217.6 198.7 198.2 197.3 217.5 204.8 202.0 200.6 198.4 197.1 -1.3
Leather and allied products... 34.0 33.4 33.7 34.0 33.9 33.7 34.5 33.5 33.5 33.8 .3
Paper and paper products...... 459.0 456.0 455.4 456.5 461.4 460.3 459.0 457.8 457.9 458.8 .9
Printing and related support
activities................... 623.6 610.0 612.8 612.2 625.4 619.5 620.1 614.6 614.4 614.3 -.1
Petroleum and coal products... 113.5 109.3 109.7 110.9 114.0 111.7 112.2 112.5 111.9 111.4 -.5
Chemicals..................... 859.3 858.9 859.3 858.6 860.5 862.0 861.2 861.0 860.4 859.9 -.5
Plastics and rubber products.. 758.7 735.7 732.4 731.4 759.2 744.2 739.7 738.7 733.8 731.9 -1.9
Service-providing........... 115,242 115,179 115,711 116,327 115,056 116,102 116,095 116,103 116,110 116,200 90
Private service-providing.. 92,678 92,485 92,920 93,539 92,895 93,769 93,759 93,741 93,734 93,815 81
Trade, transportation, and
utilities...................... 26,368 26,186 26,265 26,299 26,571 26,658 26,631 26,579 26,560 26,524 -36
Wholesale trade................ 5,990.6 6,008.1 6,024.0 6,030.0 5,999.8 6,072.9 6,067.3 6,057.6 6,054.1 6,043.5 -10.6
Durable goods................. 3,114.1 3,108.1 3,116.5 3,111.6 3,117.6 3,145.0 3,138.0 3,127.3 3,127.8 3,117.3 -10.5
Nondurable goods.............. 2,050.8 2,062.4 2,071.6 2,082.7 2,055.8 2,089.3 2,090.9 2,088.4 2,087.8 2,089.3 1.5
Electronic markets and agents
and brokers.................. 825.7 837.6 835.9 835.7 826.4 838.6 838.4 841.9 838.5 836.9 -1.6
Retail trade...................15,314.1 15,140.1 15,186.4 15,193.8 15,487.0 15,487.8 15,472.2 15,428.8 15,409.5 15,382.7 -26.8
Motor vehicle and parts
dealers (1).................. 1,916.4 1,881.2 1,890.8 1,899.6 1,916.9 1,909.3 1,910.2 1,905.1 1,903.6 1,900.8 -2.8
Automobile dealers........... 1,246.2 1,226.3 1,229.8 1,229.7 1,246.8 1,244.6 1,244.0 1,236.2 1,235.0 1,231.5 -3.5
Furniture and home furnishings
stores....................... 576.9 571.0 563.0 564.3 581.5 584.5 579.9 575.9 570.4 569.9 -.5
Electronics and appliance
stores....................... 543.9 530.4 530.9 530.1 550.3 540.4 534.3 533.6 533.9 535.5 1.6
Building material and garden
supply stores................ 1,350.4 1,206.2 1,230.0 1,266.7 1,318.0 1,271.6 1,266.0 1,258.5 1,249.3 1,237.0 -12.3
Food and beverage stores...... 2,810.5 2,860.7 2,862.6 2,857.8 2,835.1 2,871.9 2,880.1 2,885.7 2,888.4 2,884.0 -4.4
Health and personal care
stores....................... 980.3 989.1 988.6 981.5 988.1 999.9 1,000.6 993.5 993.8 990.9 -2.9
Gasoline stations............. 856.9 842.2 845.7 846.7 862.3 850.5 853.8 854.2 855.4 852.5 -2.9
Clothing and clothing
accessories stores........... 1,447.1 1,435.7 1,448.0 1,447.5 1,492.4 1,508.6 1,498.2 1,496.3 1,499.2 1,498.2 -1.0
Sporting goods, hobby, book,
and music stores............. 635.6 655.1 641.9 629.1 654.0 661.6 667.2 661.9 656.6 651.6 -5.0
General merchandise
stores (1)................... 2,921.7 2,878.7 2,907.1 2,891.1 2,984.9 2,976.7 2,971.1 2,955.7 2,951.7 2,953.7 2.0
Department stores............ 1,529.0 1,497.0 1,497.1 1,473.2 1,581.7 1,568.4 1,564.3 1,543.3 1,536.6 1,528.3 -8.3
Miscellaneous store retailers. 851.9 852.7 843.7 849.7 867.4 866.3 869.4 865.3 864.2 865.1 .9
Nonstore retailers............ 422.5 437.1 434.1 429.7 436.1 446.5 441.4 443.1 443.0 443.5 .5
Transportation and warehousing. 4,512.4 4,483.8 4,499.7 4,518.2 4,532.8 4,539.9 4,534.5 4,535.5 4,539.2 4,540.4 1.2
Air transportation............ 490.8 504.3 505.1 504.4 493.1 502.1 504.7 508.2 507.7 506.3 -1.4
Rail transportation........... 235.0 231.8 232.4 234.3 235.1 232.5 233.8 233.7 233.9 234.3 .4
Water transportation.......... 62.0 59.5 58.8 59.8 62.8 64.4 63.8 62.5 61.6 61.2 -.4
Truck transportation.......... 1,430.8 1,382.8 1,396.2 1,400.5 1,447.0 1,423.1 1,422.5 1,417.4 1,421.2 1,416.8 -4.4
Transit and ground passenger
transportation............... 420.7 426.3 427.4 433.2 407.3 411.8 411.9 413.5 414.1 418.4 4.3
Pipeline transportation....... 39.4 40.9 41.0 40.8 39.6 40.8 40.6 40.9 41.0 41.0 .0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation............... 25.5 24.3 25.7 27.5 29.0 31.3 31.0 31.5 31.5 31.0 -.5
Support activities for
transportation............... 582.1 583.6 583.4 586.6 581.1 587.1 584.9 585.9 585.9 586.3 .4
Couriers and messengers....... 574.8 581.1 578.6 576.9 580.2 588.1 585.5 586.0 584.3 583.5 -.8
Warehousing and storage....... 651.3 649.2 651.1 654.2 657.6 658.7 655.8 655.9 658.0 661.6 3.6
Utilities...................... 550.4 553.5 554.7 556.5 551.3 557.1 557.1 557.0 557.4 557.4 .0
Information..................... 3,030 3,006 3,007 3,007 3,034 3,018 3,014 3,016 3,013 3,011 -2
Publishing industries, except
Internet..................... 897.8 885.6 882.2 884.1 900.5 889.7 889.2 886.8 883.3 886.7 3.4
Motion picture and sound
recording industries......... 381.2 371.0 378.8 380.6 385.4 376.3 372.9 380.1 383.0 382.8 -.2
Broadcasting, except Internet. 327.4 321.8 321.5 319.3 327.9 321.9 323.0 322.1 322.4 320.0 -2.4
Telecommunications............ 1,028.9 1,023.5 1,019.6 1,019.0 1,028.6 1,026.8 1,025.3 1,022.0 1,019.9 1,019.3 -.6
Data processing, hosting and
related services............. 271.0 273.4 273.6 272.9 268.7 273.5 273.0 274.2 272.3 271.2 -1.1
Other information services.... 123.5 130.7 131.6 131.1 123.1 129.3 130.5 131.2 131.9 130.8 -1.1
Financial activities............ 8,291 8,184 8,189 8,201 8,315 8,252 8,244 8,231 8,227 8,230 3
Finance and insurance.......... 6,137.8 6,096.7 6,101.2 6,098.2 6,145.7 6,111.2 6,106.2 6,102.2 6,104.4 6,109.0 4.6
Monetary authorities - central
bank......................... 21.4 20.9 20.9 21.1 21.4 20.7 20.7 20.9 21.0 21.1 .1
Credit intermediation and
related activities (1)....... 2,896.7 2,821.4 2,813.4 2,808.0 2,898.1 2,829.2 2,825.0 2,820.4 2,812.7 2,811.1 -1.6
Depository credit
intermediation (1).......... 1,810.8 1,821.5 1,820.1 1,820.3 1,814.7 1,824.6 1,821.5 1,823.3 1,822.5 1,825.3 2.8
Commercial banking.......... 1,337.8 1,343.6 1,343.2 1,343.1 1,338.6 1,345.9 1,342.2 1,344.9 1,343.6 1,344.7 1.1
Securities, commodity
contracts, investments....... 838.5 861.4 865.2 865.1 840.8 856.7 859.2 862.5 865.4 867.6 2.2
Insurance carriers and related
activities................... 2,294.4 2,305.7 2,314.6 2,317.1 2,298.2 2,316.8 2,313.9 2,311.1 2,318.5 2,321.7 3.2
Funds, trusts, and other
financial vehicles........... 86.8 87.3 87.1 86.9 87.2 87.8 87.4 87.3 86.8 87.5 .7
Real estate and rental and
leasing....................... 2,153.3 2,086.9 2,087.4 2,102.6 2,168.9 2,140.6 2,138.0 2,128.6 2,122.4 2,121.3 -1.1
Real estate................... 1,489.8 1,438.7 1,437.5 1,450.4 1,497.7 1,476.4 1,471.4 1,466.0 1,459.9 1,461.3 1.4
Rental and leasing services... 635.4 617.1 618.4 620.4 642.8 633.6 635.2 631.0 630.4 627.9 -2.5
Lessors of nonfinancial
intangible assets............ 28.1 31.1 31.5 31.8 28.4 30.6 31.4 31.6 32.1 32.1 .0
Professional and business
services....................... 17,858 17,753 17,798 18,001 17,903 18,131 18,101 18,073 18,029 18,068 39
Professional and technical
services (1).................. 7,661.5 7,905.1 7,891.1 7,916.3 7,598.1 7,820.5 7,819.2 7,829.2 7,830.9 7,857.7 26.8
Legal services............... 1,173.5 1,166.1 1,165.4 1,163.8 1,179.5 1,173.9 1,173.0 1,174.9 1,172.3 1,170.6 -1.7
Accounting and bookkeeping
services.................... 1,025.5 1,132.5 1,100.9 1,094.2 926.8 993.3 992.3 991.9 988.7 997.8 9.1
Architectural and engineering
services.................... 1,411.6 1,441.5 1,441.4 1,447.8 1,424.6 1,460.4 1,460.5 1,463.0 1,461.0 1,462.1 1.1
Computer systems design and
related services............ 1,342.1 1,388.8 1,388.6 1,399.5 1,345.4 1,391.4 1,391.6 1,393.5 1,393.1 1,403.3 10.2
Management and technical
consulting services......... 939.2 982.8 989.9 1,001.4 942.0 994.3 989.2 992.7 998.3 1,004.5 6.2
Management of companies and
enterprises................... 1,835.5 1,832.7 1,831.3 1,831.4 1,839.4 1,847.8 1,845.5 1,844.7 1,842.6 1,841.8 -.8
Administrative and waste
services...................... 8,360.5 8,014.7 8,075.4 8,252.9 8,465.4 8,462.8 8,436.2 8,398.6 8,355.0 8,368.9 13.9
Administrative and support
services (1)................. 8,008.9 7,659.6 7,717.8 7,890.7 8,111.6 8,099.3 8,070.8 8,036.1 7,991.2 8,004.3 13.1
Employment services (1)...... 3,543.2 3,335.0 3,353.0 3,387.7 3,637.4 3,566.9 3,562.1 3,531.6 3,486.8 3,486.5 -.3
Temporary help services..... 2,553.1 2,381.4 2,396.9 2,420.4 2,626.9 2,578.5 2,574.6 2,536.8 2,511.8 2,502.5 -9.3
Business support services.... 807.2 798.5 798.7 796.3 806.6 803.7 797.4 796.6 795.5 796.4 .9
Services to buildings and
dwellings................... 1,840.4 1,693.6 1,723.3 1,852.3 1,842.9 1,872.0 1,861.3 1,859.7 1,853.2 1,858.8 5.6
Waste management and
remediation services......... 351.6 355.1 357.6 362.2 353.8 363.5 365.4 362.5 363.8 364.6 .8
Education and health services... 18,369 18,773 18,855 18,926 18,211 18,568 18,617 18,665 18,708 18,760 52
Educational services........... 3,082.4 3,159.9 3,179.6 3,190.0 2,926.3 2,984.5 3,003.4 3,009.6 3,016.8 3,025.9 9.1
Health care and social
assistance....................15,286.7 15,612.7 15,675.6 15,735.8 15,284.9 15,583.2 15,613.6 15,655.0 15,691.1 15,734.4 43.3
Health care (3)...............12,846.6 13,126.8 13,169.9 13,212.0 12,872.7 13,109.6 13,135.6 13,172.7 13,200.5 13,237.4 36.9
Ambulatory health care
services (1)................ 5,431.9 5,579.8 5,601.8 5,629.7 5,438.5 5,566.0 5,581.7 5,600.0 5,614.0 5,635.7 21.7
Offices of physicians....... 2,186.8 2,241.9 2,246.3 2,254.9 2,192.2 2,235.6 2,240.8 2,248.2 2,252.0 2,259.6 7.6
Outpatient care centers..... 506.3 511.6 511.6 513.9 505.7 513.0 511.5 512.0 511.4 513.4 2.0
Home health care services... 900.5 933.1 940.0 947.9 902.4 930.9 934.7 939.5 943.4 950.1 6.7
Hospitals.................... 4,475.1 4,580.4 4,594.7 4,600.9 4,488.4 4,572.4 4,579.3 4,592.8 4,604.3 4,613.7 9.4
Nursing and residential care
facilities (1).............. 2,939.6 2,966.6 2,973.4 2,981.4 2,945.8 2,971.2 2,974.6 2,979.9 2,982.2 2,988.0 5.8
Nursing care facilities..... 1,597.1 1,605.4 1,604.4 1,608.9 1,601.4 1,608.2 1,608.8 1,613.3 1,609.1 1,613.3 4.2
Social assistance (1)......... 2,440.1 2,485.9 2,505.7 2,523.8 2,412.2 2,473.6 2,478.0 2,482.3 2,490.6 2,497.0 6.4
Child day care services...... 865.8 866.1 875.3 882.0 846.5 857.1 859.2 858.6 861.6 862.6 1.0
Leisure and hospitality......... 13,272 13,110 13,299 13,573 13,375 13,635 13,644 13,660 13,677 13,695 18
Arts, entertainment, and
recreation.................... 1,908.2 1,813.2 1,858.5 1,963.1 1,959.3 2,010.3 2,016.1 2,019.1 2,020.7 2,018.5 -2.2
Performing arts and spectator
sports....................... 409.0 401.8 408.6 435.8 403.3 429.9 429.5 431.0 432.1 431.0 -1.1
Museums, historical sites,
zoos, and parks.............. 125.5 119.4 123.9 128.1 128.2 131.5 132.6 131.7 132.6 131.5 -1.1
Amusements, gambling, and
recreation................... 1,373.7 1,292.0 1,326.0 1,399.2 1,427.8 1,448.9 1,454.0 1,456.4 1,456.0 1,456.0 .0
Accommodation and food services11,364.2 11,296.6 11,440.9 11,610.1 11,415.9 11,624.7 11,628.0 11,640.7 11,656.7 11,676.8 20.1
Accommodation................. 1,810.1 1,774.1 1,792.4 1,805.4 1,855.9 1,858.1 1,854.9 1,854.4 1,851.9 1,854.0 2.1
Food services and drinking
places....................... 9,554.1 9,522.5 9,648.5 9,804.7 9,560.0 9,766.6 9,773.1 9,786.3 9,804.8 9,822.8 18.0
Other services.................. 5,490 5,473 5,507 5,532 5,486 5,507 5,508 5,517 5,520 5,527 7
Repair and maintenance........ 1,262.4 1,245.7 1,252.8 1,262.6 1,256.3 1,255.5 1,252.9 1,255.2 1,253.4 1,256.7 3.3
Personal and laundry services. 1,312.6 1,289.7 1,303.1 1,315.8 1,305.6 1,306.9 1,306.6 1,306.4 1,308.9 1,308.8 -.1
Membership associations and
organizations................ 2,914.7 2,937.8 2,950.9 2,953.9 2,924.2 2,944.4 2,948.9 2,955.6 2,957.9 2,961.6 3.7
Government...................... 22,564 22,694 22,791 22,788 22,161 22,333 22,336 22,362 22,376 22,385 9
Federal........................ 2,719 2,703 2,710 2,722 2,729 2,735 2,717 2,725 2,727 2,731 4
Federal, except U.S. Postal
Service...................... 1,958.2 1,968.4 1,976.5 1,987.0 1,964.5 1,972.3 1,977.3 1,982.9 1,986.3 1,990.4 4.1
U.S. Postal Service........... 760.8 734.5 733.7 735.3 764.7 763.1 739.7 741.6 740.8 740.5 -.3
State government............... 5,260 5,279 5,307 5,303 5,117 5,153 5,159 5,158 5,160 5,161 1
State government education.... 2,464.5 2,464.2 2,488.4 2,484.4 2,316.0 2,332.5 2,335.1 2,332.9 2,335.0 2,336.2 1.2
State government, excluding
education.................... 2,795.7 2,814.9 2,818.6 2,818.7 2,801.2 2,820.9 2,824.0 2,824.9 2,824.9 2,825.0 .1
Local government............... 14,585 14,712 14,774 14,763 14,315 14,445 14,460 14,479 14,489 14,493 4
Local government education.... 8,302.5 8,365.1 8,409.9 8,377.4 7,961.8 8,016.5 8,018.0 8,031.9 8,036.9 8,036.2 -.7
Local government, excluding
education.................... 6,282.8 6,346.6 6,364.5 6,385.9 6,353.6 6,428.2 6,441.5 6,447.5 6,451.7 6,457.2 5.5
1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3 Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis
for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm
for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector
and selected industry detail
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. from:
2007 2008 2008p 2008p 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008p 2008p Mar. 2008-
Apr. 2008p
Total private......................... 33.9 33.4 33.8 33.5 33.8 33.8 33.7 33.7 33.8 33.7 -0.1
Goods-producing........................... 40.2 39.7 40.4 40.0 40.5 40.5 40.4 40.4 40.5 40.3 -.2
Natural resources and mining.................. 45.6 45.1 45.7 44.1 45.8 45.8 45.7 45.7 46.2 44.4 -1.8
Construction.................................. 38.4 37.5 38.5 38.3 38.9 39.0 38.8 38.7 38.9 38.8 -.1
Manufacturing................................. 41.0 40.7 41.1 40.8 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.2 40.9 -.3
Overtime hours............................. 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.7 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 -.1
Durable goods................................ 41.2 41.0 41.4 41.1 41.3 41.3 41.4 41.4 41.4 41.2 -.2
Overtime hours............................. 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.8 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 -.1
Wood products............................... 39.5 37.9 38.2 38.0 39.6 39.2 39.0 39.0 38.5 38.1 -.4
Nonmetallic mineral products................ 42.2 40.7 42.5 41.8 42.3 41.5 42.2 42.1 43.0 42.0 -1.0
Primary metals.............................. 43.0 42.4 42.9 41.7 43.0 42.2 42.5 42.4 42.8 41.9 -.9
Fabricated metal products................... 41.4 41.3 41.7 41.4 41.5 41.6 41.6 41.7 41.7 41.5 -.2
Machinery................................... 42.5 42.8 42.9 42.6 42.5 42.9 43.1 43.0 42.8 42.6 -.2
Computer and electronic products............ 40.3 40.1 40.9 40.9 40.6 40.5 40.4 40.5 40.9 41.1 .2
Electrical equipment and appliances......... 41.0 40.6 41.1 40.5 41.0 41.6 41.4 41.1 41.2 40.6 -.6
Transportation equipment.................... 42.4 42.7 42.5 42.0 42.3 42.1 42.6 42.9 42.4 42.0 -.4
Motor vehicles and parts (2)............... 41.8 42.4 41.9 41.3 41.6 41.6 42.1 42.5 41.7 41.3 -.4
Furniture and related products.............. 38.6 37.7 38.5 38.5 38.9 39.1 38.3 38.2 38.7 38.8 .1
Miscellaneous manufacturing................. 38.5 38.5 39.4 39.4 38.7 38.8 39.0 38.8 39.2 39.4 .2
Nondurable goods............................. 40.8 40.1 40.5 40.3 40.9 40.8 40.6 40.6 40.7 40.5 -.2
Overtime hours............................. 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.6 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 -.1
Food manufacturing.......................... 40.1 39.8 40.3 40.2 40.6 40.4 40.5 40.6 40.8 40.7 -.1
Beverages and tobacco products.............. 42.0 39.2 39.7 39.5 41.3 40.8 40.5 40.1 40.0 39.3 -.7
Textile mills............................... 40.4 38.4 38.8 38.3 40.2 40.2 38.7 38.8 38.7 38.3 -.4
Textile product mills....................... 39.9 39.1 39.4 38.6 39.9 39.9 38.6 39.3 39.2 38.7 -.5
Apparel..................................... 37.3 36.7 37.1 36.8 37.2 37.5 36.7 36.8 36.9 36.7 -.2
Leather and allied products................. 37.9 37.9 39.0 38.7 37.7 39.1 38.2 38.2 38.6 38.5 -.1
Paper and paper products.................... 42.9 43.3 43.4 43.1 43.0 44.0 44.0 43.9 43.7 43.3 -.4
Printing and related support activities..... 39.3 38.2 38.7 38.3 39.3 38.8 38.4 38.2 38.6 38.4 -.2
Petroleum and coal products................. 44.6 42.8 42.8 42.4 44.6 44.0 43.8 43.6 43.4 42.7 -.7
Chemicals................................... 42.3 41.3 41.9 41.6 42.1 41.5 41.6 41.4 41.9 41.5 -.4
Plastics and rubber products................ 41.3 40.9 41.0 40.9 41.2 41.4 41.1 41.2 41.1 40.9 -.2
Private service-providing................ 32.6 32.1 32.5 32.2 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.3 32.4 32.4 .0
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 33.3 32.9 33.3 33.0 33.3 33.3 33.4 33.3 33.4 33.3 -.1
Wholesale trade.............................. 38.6 37.9 38.6 38.2 38.1 38.3 38.4 38.2 38.4 38.3 -.1
Retail trade................................. 30.1 29.7 30.0 29.7 30.2 30.1 30.2 30.1 30.1 30.1 .0
Transportation and warehousing............... 36.8 36.1 36.7 36.5 36.8 36.8 36.6 36.7 36.8 36.9 .1
Utilities.................................... 42.5 42.6 43.1 42.7 42.4 42.8 43.1 42.8 43.4 42.6 -.8
Information................................... 36.9 36.0 36.7 36.2 36.6 36.3 36.3 36.2 36.5 36.4 -.1
Financial activities.......................... 36.6 35.7 36.2 35.7 35.9 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.9 .1
Professional and business services............ 35.1 34.4 35.1 34.7 34.7 34.8 34.7 34.6 34.8 34.7 -.1
Education and health services................. 32.7 32.5 32.7 32.4 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.6 -.1
Leisure and hospitality....................... 25.7 24.9 25.3 25.2 25.6 25.3 25.3 25.3 25.3 25.4 .1
Other services................................ 31.0 30.6 30.9 30.7 31.0 30.8 30.8 30.8 30.9 30.8 -.1
1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the
total employment on private nonfarm payrolls.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the
basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/
cesnaics07.htm for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2007 2008 2008p 2008p 2007 2008 2008p 2008p
Total private........................... $17.36 $17.85 $17.93 $17.90 $588.50 $596.19 $606.03 $599.65
Seasonally adjusted.................... 17.29 17.81 17.87 17.88 584.40 600.20 604.01 602.56
Goods-producing............................. 18.51 18.94 19.04 19.03 744.10 751.92 769.22 761.20
Natural resources and mining.................... 20.94 21.87 22.25 21.66 954.86 986.34 1016.83 955.21
Construction.................................... 20.64 21.35 21.44 21.48 792.58 800.63 825.44 822.68
Manufacturing................................... 17.21 17.55 17.60 17.58 705.61 714.29 723.36 717.26
Durable goods.................................. 18.11 18.50 18.53 18.50 746.13 758.50 767.14 760.35
Wood products................................. 13.59 13.82 13.91 13.98 536.81 523.78 531.36 531.24
Nonmetallic mineral products.................. 16.82 16.86 16.78 17.15 709.80 686.20 713.15 716.87
Primary metals................................ 19.72 19.99 20.21 20.07 847.96 847.58 867.01 836.92
Fabricated metal products..................... 16.41 16.78 16.86 16.77 679.37 693.01 703.06 694.28
Machinery..................................... 17.71 17.81 17.87 17.94 752.68 762.27 766.62 764.24
Computer and electronic products.............. 19.77 20.60 20.81 20.87 796.73 826.06 851.13 853.58
Electrical equipment and appliances........... 15.99 15.73 15.66 15.67 655.59 638.64 643.63 634.64
Transportation equipment...................... 22.90 23.48 23.47 23.35 970.96 1002.60 997.48 980.70
Furniture and related products................ 14.38 14.37 14.42 14.35 555.07 541.75 555.17 552.48
Miscellaneous manufacturing................... 14.39 14.95 15.04 14.94 554.02 575.58 592.58 588.64
Nondurable goods............................... 15.66 15.93 16.01 16.01 638.93 638.79 648.41 645.20
Food manufacturing............................ 13.49 13.74 13.82 13.81 540.95 546.85 556.95 555.16
Beverages and tobacco products................ 18.43 19.64 19.60 19.21 774.06 769.89 778.12 758.80
Textile mills................................. 13.00 13.35 13.45 13.76 525.20 512.64 521.86 527.01
Textile product mills......................... 11.72 11.62 11.80 11.77 467.63 454.34 464.92 454.32
Apparel....................................... 10.92 11.46 11.25 11.39 407.32 420.58 417.38 419.15
Leather and allied products................... 11.88 12.68 12.81 12.65 450.25 480.57 499.59 489.56
Paper and paper products...................... 18.48 18.61 18.70 18.62 792.79 805.81 811.58 802.52
Printing and related support activities....... 16.01 16.49 16.67 16.71 629.19 629.92 645.13 639.99
Petroleum and coal products................... 25.11 26.51 27.25 26.93 1119.91 1134.63 1166.30 1141.83
Chemicals..................................... 19.72 19.40 19.34 19.30 834.16 801.22 810.35 802.88
Plastics and rubber products.................. 15.35 15.58 15.73 15.79 633.96 637.22 644.93 645.81
Private service-providing.................. 17.07 17.58 17.66 17.62 556.48 564.32 573.95 567.36
Trade, transportation, and utilities............ 15.79 16.08 16.15 16.17 525.81 529.03 537.80 533.61
Wholesale trade................................ 19.54 20.03 20.05 20.00 754.24 759.14 773.93 764.00
Retail trade................................... 12.82 12.82 12.90 12.98 385.88 380.75 387.00 385.51
Transportation and warehousing................. 17.53 18.14 18.18 18.12 645.10 654.85 667.21 661.38
Utilities...................................... 27.82 28.61 28.82 28.53 1182.35 1218.79 1242.14 1218.23
Information..................................... 23.95 24.44 24.58 24.59 883.76 879.84 902.09 890.16
Financial activities............................ 19.65 20.07 20.18 20.16 719.19 716.50 730.52 719.71
Professional and business services.............. 20.12 20.77 20.96 20.83 706.21 714.49 735.70 722.80
Education and health services................... 17.92 18.58 18.61 18.67 585.98 603.85 608.55 604.91
Leisure and hospitality......................... 10.31 10.82 10.80 10.77 264.97 269.42 273.24 271.40
Other services.................................. 15.43 15.78 15.85 15.82 478.33 482.87 489.77 485.67
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the
basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/
cesnaics07.htm for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. change from:
2007 2007 2008 2008 2008p 2008p Mar. 2008-
Apr. 2008p
Total private:
Current dollars........................ $17.29 $17.70 $17.75 $17.81 $17.87 $17.88 0.1
Constant (1982) dollars (2)............ 8.33 8.27 8.26 8.29 8.28 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............................. 18.56 18.90 18.98 19.04 19.12 19.08 -.2
Natural resources and mining.................... 20.78 21.54 21.75 21.69 22.01 21.51 -2.3
Construction.................................... 20.76 21.30 21.38 21.47 21.57 21.60 .1
Manufacturing................................... 17.20 17.41 17.49 17.55 17.61 17.57 -.2
Excluding overtime (4)....................... 16.36 16.60 16.68 16.74 16.79 16.77 -.1
Durable goods.................................. 18.13 18.33 18.41 18.49 18.54 18.52 -.1
Nondurable goods............................... 15.62 15.86 15.92 15.94 16.03 15.97 -.4
Private service-providing.................. 16.96 17.39 17.44 17.50 17.55 17.58 .2
Trade, transportation, and utilities............ 15.66 16.00 16.02 16.07 16.11 16.12 .1
Wholesale trade................................ 19.39 19.93 19.97 20.00 20.03 20.05 .1
Retail trade................................... 12.71 12.81 12.80 12.84 12.87 12.90 .2
Transportation and warehousing................. 17.57 18.07 18.10 18.21 18.22 18.18 -.2
Utilities...................................... 27.64 28.52 28.61 28.58 28.70 28.39 -1.1
Information..................................... 23.84 24.18 24.33 24.41 24.54 24.55 .0
Financial activities............................ 19.56 19.91 20.00 20.05 20.10 20.12 .1
Professional and business services.............. 19.96 20.46 20.53 20.63 20.75 20.82 .3
Education and health services................... 17.90 18.48 18.54 18.59 18.61 18.67 .3
Leisure and hospitality......................... 10.30 10.65 10.67 10.73 10.76 10.77 .1
Other services.................................. 15.29 15.71 15.74 15.76 15.78 15.78 .0
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this
series.
3 Change was -.1 percent from Feb. 2008 to Mar. 2008, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification
System (NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing
NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
(2002=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. change from:
2007 2008 2008p 2008p 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008p 2008p Mar. 2008-
Apr. 2008p
Total private......................... 106.7 104.5 106.3 106.1 106.8 107.8 107.4 107.3 107.6 107.2 -0.4
Goods-producing........................... 99.7 94.9 96.9 96.4 101.5 100.6 100.1 99.6 99.5 98.3 -1.2
Natural resources and mining.................. 129.9 130.4 134.3 129.8 132.2 135.6 136.0 135.8 138.5 132.4 -4.4
Construction.................................. 110.3 99.5 103.2 104.5 114.5 112.7 111.4 110.3 110.4 108.7 -1.5
Manufacturing................................. 93.7 91.5 92.3 91.4 94.2 93.7 93.6 93.2 93.1 92.0 -1.2
Durable goods................................ 97.0 94.6 95.4 94.4 97.2 96.5 96.6 96.1 95.7 94.7 -1.0
Wood products............................... 90.1 80.1 80.5 80.5 91.3 86.9 85.7 84.9 83.0 81.8 -1.4
Nonmetallic mineral products................ 95.9 88.8 93.9 93.4 96.8 94.4 96.8 95.7 97.5 94.7 -2.9
Primary metals.............................. 92.5 90.3 91.5 89.5 92.1 89.6 90.3 89.9 91.2 89.6 -1.8
Fabricated metal products................... 103.7 103.2 104.4 102.6 104.1 104.8 104.9 104.6 104.4 102.9 -1.4
Machinery................................... 102.5 104.7 105.0 104.3 102.5 105.0 105.8 105.4 104.8 104.3 -.5
Computer and electronic products............ 101.1 100.4 102.8 102.6 102.2 101.7 101.5 101.8 103.0 103.4 .4
Electrical equipment and appliances......... 88.4 86.4 87.8 86.7 88.5 89.2 88.5 87.8 88.2 87.1 -1.2
Transportation equipment.................... 98.2 95.5 93.7 91.7 97.3 95.2 95.8 95.9 93.3 91.2 -2.3
Motor vehicles and parts(2)................ 87.4 82.0 78.9 76.2 85.9 81.6 81.9 82.0 78.2 75.4 -3.6
Furniture and related products.............. 86.4 79.1 80.5 80.0 86.7 84.2 82.0 80.9 81.2 80.6 -.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing................. 90.5 88.7 90.7 90.4 91.0 91.0 91.2 89.5 90.5 90.5 .0
Nondurable goods............................. 88.6 86.3 87.3 86.6 89.7 89.3 88.7 88.4 88.5 87.9 -.7
Food manufacturing.......................... 96.6 97.0 98.2 97.5 100.2 101.0 101.0 101.1 101.6 101.2 -.4
Beverages and tobacco products.............. 103.7 82.3 84.6 85.1 104.8 92.3 89.4 87.1 88.8 86.9 -2.1
Textile mills............................... 57.5 51.1 51.3 48.9 57.3 53.8 51.7 51.6 50.7 49.0 -3.4
Textile product mills....................... 79.5 72.6 74.6 74.1 79.1 76.4 72.7 73.5 74.1 73.5 -.8
Apparel..................................... 62.2 57.0 57.1 56.8 62.1 60.3 58.2 57.8 56.9 56.6 -.5
Leather and allied products................. 68.1 69.3 71.4 72.1 67.5 71.5 71.9 70.4 70.1 71.5 2.0
Paper and paper products.................... 84.9 85.8 86.2 85.8 85.8 87.9 87.9 87.4 87.3 86.8 -.6
Printing and related support activities..... 91.7 88.5 90.1 88.5 92.1 90.6 90.2 89.1 90.0 89.2 -.9
Petroleum and coal products................. 92.0 93.0 92.2 93.8 93.1 95.1 96.8 98.2 96.5 95.5 -1.0
Chemicals................................... 94.4 95.0 96.9 96.2 93.9 95.6 96.0 95.5 96.9 95.9 -1.0
Plastics and rubber products................ 91.3 88.1 87.9 87.3 91.0 90.1 89.0 89.1 88.2 87.3 -1.0
Private service-providing................. 108.7 107.0 108.9 108.7 108.3 109.7 109.7 109.3 109.7 109.8 .1
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 103.3 101.8 103.4 102.6 104.2 105.1 105.3 104.8 105.0 104.5 -.5
Wholesale trade.............................. 109.3 108.6 111.1 110.1 108.1 111.1 111.3 110.6 111.2 110.8 -.4
Retail trade................................. 99.9 97.5 98.8 97.8 101.5 101.4 101.6 100.9 100.7 100.5 -.2
Transportation and warehousing............... 108.0 106.3 108.5 108.5 108.6 109.5 108.9 109.5 109.9 110.3 .4
Utilities.................................... 95.7 96.6 98.1 97.7 95.8 97.5 98.7 97.7 99.3 97.6 -1.7
Information................................... 100.9 98.7 100.8 99.2 100.2 99.7 99.9 99.6 100.3 99.9 -.4
Financial activities.......................... 110.3 107.2 108.8 107.5 108.6 108.2 108.2 108.2 108.2 108.5 .3
Professional and business services............ 115.7 112.6 115.2 115.4 114.7 116.7 116.1 115.5 115.8 115.8 .0
Education and health services................. 113.1 115.1 116.3 115.7 111.8 114.1 114.5 114.8 115.4 115.4 .0
Leisure and hospitality....................... 110.3 105.2 108.6 110.7 110.8 111.6 111.6 111.8 111.9 112.6 .6
Other services................................ 99.4 97.9 99.5 99.4 99.4 99.2 99.3 99.5 99.9 99.6 -.3
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours
by the corresponding 2002 annual average levels. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average
weekly hours and production and nonsupervisory worker employment.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis for
the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for
more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
(2002=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. change from:
2007 2008 2008p 2008p 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008p 2008p Mar. 2008-
Apr. 2008p
Total private......................... 123.8 124.6 127.3 126.8 123.4 127.5 127.4 127.7 128.4 128.1 -0.2
Goods-producing........................... 113.0 110.1 113.0 112.3 115.4 116.5 116.4 116.1 116.5 114.8 -1.5
Natural resources and mining.................. 158.2 165.8 173.8 163.5 159.7 169.8 172.0 171.2 177.2 165.6 -6.5
Construction.................................. 123.0 114.7 119.5 121.2 128.3 129.6 128.6 127.9 128.5 126.8 -1.3
Manufacturing................................. 105.4 105.0 106.3 105.1 106.0 106.7 107.1 107.0 107.2 105.7 -1.4
Durable goods................................ 109.7 109.3 110.3 109.0 110.0 110.4 111.1 111.0 110.8 109.5 -1.2
Nondurable goods............................. 98.1 97.2 98.7 98.0 99.0 100.0 99.8 99.6 100.3 99.2 -1.1
Private service-providing................. 127.2 129.0 131.9 131.4 126.0 130.8 131.2 131.2 132.0 132.3 .2
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 116.4 116.7 119.1 118.3 116.4 119.9 120.3 120.1 120.7 120.2 -.4
Wholesale trade.............................. 125.8 128.2 131.2 129.7 123.5 130.4 130.9 130.3 131.3 130.8 -.4
Retail trade................................. 109.7 107.1 109.3 108.8 110.6 111.3 111.4 111.0 111.1 111.1 .0
Transportation and warehousing............... 120.1 122.3 125.1 124.8 121.0 125.5 125.1 126.4 127.0 127.2 .2
Utilities.................................... 111.2 115.3 118.0 116.3 110.5 116.1 117.8 116.5 119.0 115.7 -2.8
Information................................... 119.6 119.4 122.7 120.8 118.3 119.4 120.3 120.3 121.8 121.4 -.3
Financial activities.......................... 134.0 133.0 135.8 133.9 131.4 133.2 133.8 134.1 134.5 135.0 .4
Professional and business services............ 138.5 139.2 143.7 143.0 136.3 142.1 141.8 141.8 143.0 143.5 .3
Education and health services................. 133.2 140.5 142.3 142.0 131.5 138.6 139.5 140.3 141.2 141.7 .4
Leisure and hospitality....................... 129.2 129.3 133.2 135.4 129.7 135.0 135.2 136.2 136.7 137.7 .7
Other services................................ 111.8 112.5 114.9 114.6 110.7 113.6 113.9 114.2 114.8 114.5 -.3
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate
payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average levels. Aggregate payroll estimates are the product of estimates of
average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and production and nonsupervisory worker employment.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis for
the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for
more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Diffusion indexes of employment change
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 274 industries (1)
Over 1-month span:
2004 .............. 50.5 50.5 64.1 62.6 61.7 58.9 56.0 50.0 56.9 56.9 51.3 51.8
2005 .............. 52.2 60.6 54.2 58.2 55.8 58.2 58.0 61.3 54.7 53.6 62.4 54.7
2006 .............. 65.1 60.9 64.4 59.3 53.3 52.7 60.4 58.9 53.5 55.8 57.1 56.0
2007 .............. 51.6 51.8 52.7 51.1 56.6 50.4 52.2 51.6 56.4 54.6 48.2 48.5
2008 .............. 45.4 41.4 p48.0 p45.4
Over 3-month span:
2004 .............. 54.4 52.9 57.3 63.5 68.8 66.6 61.3 56.4 57.7 59.5 61.9 54.6
2005 .............. 52.2 55.5 57.5 60.8 58.9 61.9 60.4 63.9 61.1 54.4 54.9 61.3
2006 .............. 67.2 66.2 66.6 65.5 60.6 58.2 56.0 58.9 55.7 56.4 57.1 58.4
2007 .............. 58.4 54.7 55.3 54.7 56.2 53.3 53.1 54.7 58.4 56.8 54.7 52.4
2008 .............. 46.7 42.7 p41.4 p42.9
Over 6-month span:
2004 .............. 50.0 51.6 55.3 60.9 63.7 65.1 65.1 63.9 60.4 61.7 58.2 56.0
2005 .............. 54.6 57.3 56.8 57.5 57.5 58.2 64.4 62.8 62.0 59.3 61.5 62.0
2006 .............. 63.1 64.4 67.2 67.0 64.4 66.4 61.5 61.7 60.4 59.7 60.8 56.0
2007 .............. 59.1 56.4 57.5 56.8 58.8 58.2 56.2 58.0 58.2 57.1 54.6 53.8
2008 .............. 51.5 49.8 p44.9 p46.5
Over 12-month span:
2004 .............. 40.5 42.3 45.1 48.9 51.3 58.2 57.5 55.7 57.3 58.8 60.6 60.8
2005 .............. 60.6 60.8 59.7 58.9 58.0 60.0 60.9 63.3 60.4 58.9 59.5 61.7
2006 .............. 67.2 65.1 65.5 62.6 64.8 66.4 64.4 64.4 66.2 65.1 64.4 65.5
2007 .............. 62.6 59.1 60.4 58.9 59.5 58.4 57.5 58.8 61.7 60.4 59.9 57.7
2008 .............. 53.8 54.6 p51.8 p49.8
Manufacturing payrolls, 84 industries (1)
Over 1-month span:
2004 .............. 43.5 47.6 47.0 63.7 50.6 51.2 58.3 42.9 42.9 48.2 42.3 39.9
2005 .............. 36.3 48.8 42.9 44.6 42.3 35.1 38.1 47.0 45.8 46.4 47.0 47.0
2006 .............. 57.7 45.8 54.8 48.8 38.1 53.0 50.6 44.0 36.3 40.5 38.1 39.3
2007 .............. 47.6 35.7 30.4 29.8 37.5 39.3 41.7 33.3 40.5 45.2 44.6 36.3
2008 .............. 40.5 28.6 p39.3 p35.1
Over 3-month span:
2004 .............. 41.1 40.5 43.5 56.5 58.9 61.3 57.7 47.0 46.4 41.7 44.6 38.7
2005 .............. 38.1 39.3 42.3 44.6 36.3 37.5 33.3 39.9 45.8 41.7 38.7 49.4
2006 .............. 54.8 52.4 47.6 48.8 44.6 50.6 42.9 47.6 36.3 37.5 32.1 34.5
2007 .............. 33.9 28.6 32.1 27.4 29.8 32.7 31.0 34.5 32.1 39.3 44.0 41.7
2008 .............. 35.7 27.4 p28.0 p25.6
Over 6-month span:
2004 .............. 29.2 31.5 32.7 44.6 49.4 54.8 59.5 56.0 51.2 51.8 44.0 38.7
2005 .............. 33.9 38.1 35.1 36.9 32.1 32.1 41.7 35.7 36.3 36.9 37.5 42.3
2006 .............. 42.9 45.2 50.6 47.6 48.2 47.6 46.4 48.8 43.5 41.7 38.7 29.8
2007 .............. 34.5 27.4 23.8 27.4 31.5 34.5 33.3 31.0 29.2 35.1 34.5 32.7
2008 .............. 34.5 33.9 p33.3 p33.9
Over 12-month span:
2004 .............. 13.1 14.3 13.1 20.2 23.2 35.7 36.9 38.1 36.9 44.0 44.6 44.6
2005 .............. 44.6 43.5 41.7 40.5 36.3 35.1 32.1 33.9 32.7 33.3 33.3 38.1
2006 .............. 44.6 40.5 40.5 39.3 39.3 44.6 41.7 42.3 46.4 48.2 45.2 44.0
2007 .............. 39.3 36.3 36.9 28.6 29.8 26.2 26.8 29.2 30.4 29.8 33.3 33.9
2008 .............. 29.8 29.8 p29.2 p26.2
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employ-
ment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis for
the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for
more details.
United States Department of Labor
