Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-23-2128
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, October 6, 2023

Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 * cpsinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 * cesinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- SEPTEMBER 2023

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 336,000 in September, and the unemployment rate
was unchanged at 3.8 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains
occurred in leisure and hospitality; government; health care; professional, scientific, and
technical services; and social assistance.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures
labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment
survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about
the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

The major labor market indicators from the survey of households showed little or no change
over the month. The unemployment rate held at 3.8 percent in September, and the number of
unemployed persons was essentially unchanged at 6.4 million. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.8 percent), adult
women (3.1 percent), teenagers (11.6 percent), Whites (3.4 percent), Blacks (5.7 percent),
Asians (2.8 percent), and Hispanics (4.6 percent) showed little or no change in September.
(See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed
at 1.2 million in September. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.1 percent of all
unemployed persons. (See table A-12.)

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.8 percent, and the employment-population ratio,
at 60.4 percent, were unchanged over the month. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.1 million, changed little
in September. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working
part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs.
(See table A-8.)

In September, the number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was
5.5 million, little different from the prior month. These individuals were not counted as
unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding
the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally
attached to the labor force changed little at 1.5 million in September. These individuals
wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months
but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged
workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for
them, also changed little over the month at 367,000. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 336,000 in September, above the average monthly
gain of 267,000 over the prior 12 months. In September, job gains occurred in leisure and
hospitality; government; health care; professional, scientific, and technical services;
and social assistance. (See table B-1.)

Leisure and hospitality added 96,000 jobs in September, above the average monthly gain
of 61,000 over the prior 12 months. Employment in food services and drinking places rose
by 61,000 over the month and has returned to its pre-pandemic February 2020 level.
Accommodation employment continued to trend up over the month (+16,000) but remains
below its February 2020 level by 217,000, or 10.3 percent.

In September, government employment increased by 73,000, above the average monthly gain
of 47,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, job gains occurred in state government
education (+29,000) and in local government, excluding education (+27,000). Employment
in government is slightly below (-9,000) its February 2020 level.

Health care added 41,000 jobs in September, compared with the average monthly gain of
53,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment continued to trend up in
ambulatory health care services (+24,000), hospitals (+8,000), and nursing and residential
care facilities (+8,000).

Employment in professional, scientific, and technical services increased by 29,000 in
September, in line with the average monthly gain of 27,000 over the prior 12 months.

Social assistance added 25,000 jobs in September, about the same as the average monthly
gain of 23,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, job growth occurred in individual
and family services (+19,000).

In September, employment in transportation and warehousing changed little (+9,000).
Truck transportation added 9,000 jobs, following a decline of 25,000 in August that
largely reflected a business closure. Air transportation added 5,000 jobs in September.
Employment in transportation and warehousing has shown little net change over the year.

Employment in information changed little in September (-5,000). Within the industry,
employment in motion picture and sound recording industries continued to trend down
(-7,000) and has declined by 45,000 since May, reflecting the impact of labor disputes.

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; retail
trade; financial activities; and other services.

In September, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose
by 7 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $33.88. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings
have increased by 4.2 percent. In September, average hourly earnings of private-sector
production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 6 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $29.06.
(See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at
34.4 hours in September. In manufacturing, the average workweek was little changed at
40.1 hours, and overtime was unchanged at 3.1 hours. The average workweek for production
and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls remained at 33.8 hours.
(See tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for July was revised up by 79,000, from
+157,000 to +236,000, and the change for August was revised up by 40,000, from +187,000
to +227,000. With these revisions, employment in July and August combined is 119,000
higher than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports
received from businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates
and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for October is scheduled to be released on Friday,
November 3, 2023, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Change from: Aug. 2023- Sept. 2023
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	264,356	267,002	267,213	267,428	215
Civilian labor force	164,619	167,103	167,839	167,929	90
Participation rate	62.3	62.6	62.8	62.8	0.0
Employed	158,850	161,262	161,484	161,570	86
Employment-population ratio	60.1	60.4	60.4	60.4	0.0
Unemployed	5,770	5,841	6,355	6,360	5
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.5	3.8	3.8	0.0
Not in labor force	99,736	99,899	99,374	99,498	124

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	3.5	3.5	3.8	3.8	0.0
Adult men (20 years and over)	3.3	3.3	3.7	3.8	0.1
Adult women (20 years and over)	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.1	-0.1
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	11.3	11.3	12.2	11.6	-0.6
White	3.1	3.1	3.4	3.4	0.0
Black or African American	5.9	5.8	5.3	5.7	0.4
Asian	2.5	2.3	3.1	2.8	-0.3
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	3.9	4.4	4.9	4.6	-0.3

Total, 25 years and over	2.8	2.8	3.0	3.1	0.1
Less than a high school diploma	5.5	5.2	5.4	5.5	0.1
High school graduates, no college	3.7	3.4	3.8	4.1	0.3
Some college or associate degree	2.9	3.1	3.0	3.0	0.0
Bachelor's degree and higher	1.8	2.0	2.2	2.1	-0.1

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,530	2,620	2,914	2,858	-56
Job leavers	904	852	801	797	-4
Reentrants	1,834	1,853	1,930	2,043	113
New entrants	460	503	597	568	-29

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,158	2,004	2,221	2,051	-170
5 to 14 weeks	1,643	1,698	1,877	2,044	167
15 to 26 weeks	901	997	1,002	1,072	70
27 weeks and over	1,089	1,164	1,296	1,216	-80

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	3,843	4,000	4,221	4,065	-156
Slack work or business conditions	2,576	2,717	2,799	2,793	-6
Could only find part-time work	942	1,014	1,021	938	-83
Part time for noneconomic reasons	21,260	21,971	21,975	22,152	177

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,590	1,398	1,505	1,457	-48
Discouraged workers	484	335	386	367	-19
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	350	236	227	336
Total private	344	145	177	263
Goods-producing	44	12	47	29
Mining and logging	2	2	0	1
Construction	16	12	36	11
Manufacturing	26	-2	11	17
Durable goods(1)	14	12	13	13
Motor vehicles and parts	4.3	2.6	-2.6	8.9
Nondurable goods	12	-14	-2	4
Private service-providing	300	133	130	234
Wholesale trade	8.3	15.4	0.0	11.7
Retail trade	-11.1	12.6	0.4	19.7
Transportation and warehousing	9.7	-6.8	-18.9	8.6
Utilities	0.1	-1.5	2.4	4.8
Information	3	-19	-21	-5
Financial activities	2	15	2	3
Professional and business services(1)	48	-29	11	21
Temporary help services	11.2	-17.4	-13.3	-4.2
Private education and health services(1)	80	104	97	70
Health care and social assistance	71.7	102.5	94.1	65.9
Leisure and hospitality	139	38	44	96
Other services	21	4	14	4
Government	6	91	50	73

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	423	207	189	266
Total private	381	162	136	195

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.8
Total private women employees	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.5	81.4	81.4	81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.6	34.3	34.4	34.4
Average hourly earnings	$32.53	$33.73	$33.81	$33.88
Average weekly earnings	$1,125.54	$1,156.94	$1,163.06	$1,165.47
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	114.2	115.0	115.5	115.7
Over-the-month percent change	0.6	-0.2	0.4	0.2
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	177.6	185.5	186.7	187.5
Over-the-month percent change	0.9	0.2	0.6	0.4

DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (250 industries)	63.4	53.4	62.2	64.2
Manufacturing (72 industries)	54.9	44.4	52.8	52.8
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
over-the-month employment change of about 130,000 is statistically significant in
the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a more
expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who
want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on
payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
are paid, please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
includes the 12th of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-
related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
off. The household survey collects data on the number of persons who had a job but
were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 666,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those persons not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable.  The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-80,000 to +180,000 (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database, and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of
industries. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Sept. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	264,356	267,213	267,428	264,356	266,618	266,801	267,002	267,213	267,428
Civilian labor force	164,463	168,049	167,718	164,619	166,818	166,951	167,103	167,839	167,929
Participation rate	62.2	62.9	62.7	62.3	62.6	62.6	62.6	62.8	62.8
Employed	159,003	161,427	161,669	158,850	160,721	160,994	161,262	161,484	161,570
Employment-population ratio	60.1	60.4	60.5	60.1	60.3	60.3	60.4	60.4	60.4
Unemployed	5,460	6,623	6,049	5,770	6,097	5,957	5,841	6,355	6,360
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.9	3.6	3.5	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8	3.8
Not in labor force	99,893	99,164	99,710	99,736	99,800	99,850	99,899	99,374	99,498
Persons who currently want a job	5,650	5,482	5,299	5,813	5,477	5,389	5,247	5,370	5,450

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	128,807	130,608	130,713	128,807	130,319	130,408	130,507	130,608	130,713
Civilian labor force	87,529	89,299	89,159	87,659	88,704	88,836	88,695	89,082	89,331
Participation rate	68.0	68.4	68.2	68.1	68.1	68.1	68.0	68.2	68.3
Employed	84,687	85,838	85,745	84,532	85,410	85,547	85,492	85,493	85,633
Employment-population ratio	65.7	65.7	65.6	65.6	65.5	65.6	65.5	65.5	65.5
Unemployed	2,842	3,461	3,414	3,127	3,294	3,289	3,203	3,589	3,697
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.9	3.8	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.6	4.0	4.1
Not in labor force	41,278	41,310	41,553	41,148	41,616	41,572	41,811	41,527	41,382

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	120,140	121,832	121,931	120,140	121,565	121,646	121,735	121,832	121,931
Civilian labor force	84,594	85,868	86,086	84,602	85,487	85,774	85,739	85,934	86,130
Participation rate	70.4	70.5	70.6	70.4	70.3	70.5	70.4	70.5	70.6
Employed	82,075	82,865	83,057	81,816	82,526	82,868	82,922	82,777	82,837
Employment-population ratio	68.3	68.0	68.1	68.1	67.9	68.1	68.1	67.9	67.9
Unemployed	2,519	3,003	3,029	2,786	2,961	2,906	2,817	3,157	3,293
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.5	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.7	3.8
Not in labor force	35,545	35,964	35,845	35,537	36,078	35,871	35,997	35,898	35,801

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	135,548	136,605	136,715	135,548	136,299	136,393	136,496	136,605	136,715
Civilian labor force	76,934	78,750	78,559	76,960	78,114	78,115	78,408	78,757	78,599
Participation rate	56.8	57.6	57.5	56.8	57.3	57.3	57.4	57.7	57.5
Employed	74,316	75,589	75,924	74,318	75,311	75,448	75,769	75,991	75,936
Employment-population ratio	54.8	55.3	55.5	54.8	55.3	55.3	55.5	55.6	55.5
Unemployed	2,618	3,162	2,634	2,642	2,803	2,668	2,638	2,766	2,662
Unemployment rate	3.4	4.0	3.4	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.4
Not in labor force	58,615	57,854	58,156	58,588	58,185	58,277	58,088	57,847	58,116

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	127,117	128,132	128,237	127,117	127,845	127,932	128,028	128,132	128,237
Civilian labor force	73,842	75,305	75,602	73,729	75,005	74,927	75,205	75,541	75,497
Participation rate	58.1	58.8	59.0	58.0	58.7	58.6	58.7	59.0	58.9
Employed	71,590	72,515	73,292	71,457	72,518	72,567	72,877	73,121	73,163
Employment-population ratio	56.3	56.6	57.2	56.2	56.7	56.7	56.9	57.1	57.1
Unemployed	2,251	2,790	2,310	2,272	2,486	2,360	2,328	2,419	2,334
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.7	3.1	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.1
Not in labor force	53,276	52,826	52,635	53,388	52,840	53,005	52,822	52,591	52,740

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,099	17,249	17,260	17,099	17,208	17,223	17,239	17,249	17,260
Civilian labor force	6,027	6,876	6,030	6,288	6,326	6,250	6,159	6,365	6,303
Participation rate	35.2	39.9	34.9	36.8	36.8	36.3	35.7	36.9	36.5
Employed	5,337	6,046	5,321	5,576	5,676	5,559	5,462	5,586	5,570
Employment-population ratio	31.2	35.1	30.8	32.6	33.0	32.3	31.7	32.4	32.3
Unemployed	689	830	710	712	650	691	696	779	733
Unemployment rate	11.4	12.1	11.8	11.3	10.3	11.0	11.3	12.2	11.6
Not in labor force	11,072	10,373	11,230	10,811	10,882	10,973	11,080	10,885	10,957
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Sept. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	203,420	204,645	204,756	203,420	204,345	204,433	204,536	204,645	204,756
Civilian labor force	126,036	128,092	127,706	126,117	127,273	127,306	127,329	127,976	127,829
Participation rate	62.0	62.6	62.4	62.0	62.3	62.3	62.3	62.5	62.4
Employed	122,403	123,531	123,547	122,261	123,112	123,389	123,393	123,571	123,456
Employment-population ratio	60.2	60.4	60.3	60.1	60.2	60.4	60.3	60.4	60.3
Unemployed	3,633	4,561	4,160	3,856	4,161	3,917	3,936	4,405	4,373
Unemployment rate	2.9	3.6	3.3	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.4	3.4
Not in labor force	77,383	76,553	77,049	77,303	77,072	77,127	77,207	76,669	76,926
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	65,872	66,480	66,622	65,884	66,433	66,543	66,414	66,565	66,643
Participation rate	70.2	70.2	70.3	70.2	70.2	70.3	70.2	70.3	70.3
Employed	64,221	64,374	64,514	64,012	64,343	64,545	64,423	64,324	64,321
Employment-population ratio	68.4	68.0	68.1	68.2	68.0	68.2	68.0	67.9	67.9
Unemployed	1,651	2,106	2,108	1,871	2,089	1,998	1,991	2,241	2,322
Unemployment rate	2.5	3.2	3.2	2.8	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.4	3.5
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,435	56,243	56,503	55,348	55,950	55,994	56,188	56,451	56,401
Participation rate	57.1	57.7	58.0	57.0	57.5	57.6	57.7	58.0	57.9
Employed	53,979	54,361	54,912	53,885	54,323	54,536	54,690	54,826	54,810
Employment-population ratio	55.6	55.8	56.3	55.5	55.9	56.1	56.2	56.3	56.2
Unemployed	1,456	1,882	1,592	1,463	1,627	1,458	1,498	1,625	1,591
Unemployment rate	2.6	3.3	2.8	2.6	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.9	2.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,730	5,369	4,581	4,885	4,890	4,769	4,727	4,960	4,785
Participation rate	37.8	42.9	36.6	39.1	39.1	38.1	37.8	39.6	38.2
Employed	4,203	4,796	4,121	4,364	4,445	4,308	4,281	4,421	4,324
Employment-population ratio	33.6	38.3	32.9	34.9	35.5	34.4	34.2	35.3	34.5
Unemployed	527	573	460	521	445	461	447	539	460
Unemployment rate	11.1	10.7	10.0	10.7	9.1	9.7	9.5	10.9	9.6

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	34,204	34,714	34,751	34,204	34,613	34,644	34,678	34,714	34,751
Civilian labor force	21,218	21,837	21,808	21,260	21,874	21,695	21,751	21,746	21,868
Participation rate	62.0	62.9	62.8	62.2	63.2	62.6	62.7	62.6	62.9
Employed	20,041	20,613	20,622	20,016	20,641	20,402	20,496	20,596	20,616
Employment-population ratio	58.6	59.4	59.3	58.5	59.6	58.9	59.1	59.3	59.3
Unemployed	1,177	1,224	1,186	1,244	1,234	1,292	1,255	1,150	1,253
Unemployment rate	5.5	5.6	5.4	5.9	5.6	6.0	5.8	5.3	5.7
Not in labor force	12,986	12,878	12,943	12,944	12,738	12,949	12,927	12,969	12,883
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	9,907	10,182	10,197	9,892	10,084	10,053	10,114	10,131	10,185
Participation rate	68.1	68.7	68.7	68.0	68.2	68.0	68.3	68.4	68.6
Employed	9,368	9,678	9,650	9,322	9,519	9,465	9,576	9,620	9,611
Employment-population ratio	64.4	65.3	65.0	64.1	64.4	64.0	64.7	64.9	64.8
Unemployed	540	504	547	570	565	588	538	511	574
Unemployment rate	5.4	5.0	5.4	5.8	5.6	5.9	5.3	5.0	5.6
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,638	10,859	10,861	10,637	11,051	10,886	10,922	10,872	10,873
Participation rate	61.9	62.6	62.5	61.9	63.9	62.9	63.0	62.7	62.6
Employed	10,072	10,277	10,394	10,057	10,469	10,300	10,353	10,359	10,389
Employment-population ratio	58.6	59.2	59.8	58.6	60.5	59.5	59.7	59.7	59.8
Unemployed	565	582	467	579	582	586	569	514	485
Unemployment rate	5.3	5.4	4.3	5.4	5.3	5.4	5.2	4.7	4.5
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	673	796	750	731	740	756	715	742	810
Participation rate	27.1	31.3	29.5	29.4	29.2	29.8	28.2	29.2	31.8
Employed	601	658	579	636	653	638	568	617	616
Employment-population ratio	24.2	25.9	22.7	25.6	25.8	25.1	22.3	24.3	24.2
Unemployed	72	138	172	95	87	118	148	125	194
Unemployment rate	10.7	17.3	22.9	12.9	11.7	15.6	20.7	16.9	24.0

ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,132	17,515	17,633	17,132	17,511	17,491	17,600	17,515	17,633
Civilian labor force	11,151	11,552	11,611	11,106	11,408	11,435	11,556	11,486	11,580
Participation rate	65.1	66.0	65.8	64.8	65.1	65.4	65.7	65.6	65.7
Employed	10,882	11,176	11,288	10,832	11,073	11,073	11,288	11,131	11,250
Employment-population ratio	63.5	63.8	64.0	63.2	63.2	63.3	64.1	63.6	63.8
Unemployed	269	376	323	274	335	363	267	355	330
Unemployment rate	2.4	3.3	2.8	2.5	2.9	3.2	2.3	3.1	2.8
Not in labor force	5,981	5,963	6,023	6,025	6,104	6,056	6,044	6,029	6,053
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Sept. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	46,373	47,671	47,774	46,373	47,380	47,473	47,569	47,671	47,774
Civilian labor force	30,641	31,960	32,099	30,673	31,690	31,943	32,052	31,977	32,144
Participation rate	66.1	67.0	67.2	66.1	66.9	67.3	67.4	67.1	67.3
Employed	29,515	30,382	30,706	29,462	30,407	30,571	30,637	30,420	30,660
Employment-population ratio	63.6	63.7	64.3	63.5	64.2	64.4	64.4	63.8	64.2
Unemployed	1,126	1,578	1,393	1,211	1,283	1,372	1,416	1,557	1,484
Unemployment rate	3.7	4.9	4.3	3.9	4.0	4.3	4.4	4.9	4.6
Not in labor force	15,732	15,711	15,675	15,700	15,690	15,530	15,517	15,694	15,630
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	16,523	17,170	17,246	16,536	17,123	17,224	17,290	17,164	17,262
Participation rate	78.7	79.3	79.5	78.7	79.5	79.8	80.0	79.2	79.5
Employed	16,031	16,465	16,586	15,967	16,434	16,576	16,599	16,433	16,523
Employment-population ratio	76.3	76.0	76.4	76.0	76.3	76.8	76.8	75.9	76.1
Unemployed	493	706	660	569	690	649	691	731	739
Unemployment rate	3.0	4.1	3.8	3.4	4.0	3.8	4.0	4.3	4.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	12,792	13,279	13,395	12,771	13,150	13,182	13,271	13,343	13,379
Participation rate	60.7	61.5	61.9	60.6	61.2	61.3	61.6	61.8	61.8
Employed	12,339	12,663	12,826	12,314	12,700	12,638	12,745	12,752	12,805
Employment-population ratio	58.6	58.6	59.2	58.4	59.1	58.7	59.1	59.0	59.1
Unemployed	452	616	569	457	450	544	525	591	573
Unemployment rate	3.5	4.6	4.2	3.6	3.4	4.1	4.0	4.4	4.3
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,326	1,510	1,457	1,366	1,417	1,537	1,492	1,470	1,503
Participation rate	30.9	34.3	33.0	31.8	32.4	35.0	33.9	33.4	34.0
Employed	1,145	1,254	1,293	1,181	1,273	1,357	1,292	1,236	1,331
Employment-population ratio	26.7	28.5	29.3	27.5	29.1	31.0	29.4	28.0	30.1
Unemployed	181	257	164	185	144	180	200	235	172
Unemployment rate	13.6	17.0	11.3	13.6	10.1	11.7	13.4	16.0	11.4
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]
Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment	Sept. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	9,094	9,210	9,287	8,990	9,140	9,184	8,926	9,239	9,185
Participation rate	46.2	47.4	47.5	45.7	45.7	46.6	47.7	47.6	46.9
Employed	8,674	8,774	8,865	8,491	8,621	8,632	8,459	8,743	8,683
Employment-population ratio	44.1	45.2	45.3	43.1	43.1	43.8	45.2	45.0	44.4
Unemployed	420	436	422	499	519	552	467	496	501
Unemployment rate	4.6	4.7	4.5	5.5	5.7	6.0	5.2	5.4	5.5

High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	35,488	36,349	36,416	35,282	36,022	36,038	35,980	36,243	36,205
Participation rate	56.5	56.7	57.2	56.2	56.8	57.0	56.5	56.5	56.8
Employed	34,244	34,957	34,993	33,975	34,611	34,638	34,763	34,851	34,722
Employment-population ratio	54.5	54.5	54.9	54.1	54.6	54.7	54.6	54.4	54.5
Unemployed	1,244	1,392	1,423	1,307	1,411	1,400	1,217	1,391	1,484
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.8	3.9	3.7	3.9	3.9	3.4	3.8	4.1

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	35,597	35,560	36,016	35,575	35,407	35,564	35,730	35,867	35,960
Participation rate	62.8	62.7	62.9	62.7	63.1	62.5	62.7	63.3	62.8
Employed	34,609	34,393	34,976	34,558	34,273	34,472	34,612	34,780	34,886
Employment-population ratio	61.0	60.7	61.1	60.9	61.1	60.5	60.7	61.4	60.9
Unemployed	989	1,167	1,041	1,017	1,134	1,092	1,118	1,087	1,074
Unemployment rate	2.8	3.3	2.9	2.9	3.2	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.0

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	63,574	64,112	64,285	63,519	64,201	64,274	64,817	64,398	64,277
Participation rate	73.0	73.2	73.5	72.9	73.1	73.4	73.4	73.5	73.5
Employed	62,473	62,469	62,946	62,381	62,879	63,010	63,522	62,986	62,907
Employment-population ratio	71.7	71.3	71.9	71.6	71.6	72.0	71.9	71.9	71.9
Unemployed	1,100	1,643	1,340	1,138	1,322	1,264	1,295	1,412	1,370
Unemployment rate	1.7	2.6	2.1	1.8	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.2	2.1
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	18,313	17,856	16,283	15,812	2,030	2,044
Civilian labor force	8,807	8,488	7,621	7,293	1,187	1,195
Participation rate	48.1	47.5	46.8	46.1	58.5	58.5
Employed	8,579	8,189	7,436	7,047	1,143	1,141
Employment-population ratio	46.8	45.9	45.7	44.6	56.3	55.8
Unemployed	229	299	185	245	44	54
Unemployment rate	2.6	3.5	2.4	3.4	3.7	4.5
Not in labor force	9,506	9,368	8,662	8,519	843	849

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,922	5,068	4,041	4,120	881	948
Civilian labor force	3,973	3,952	3,289	3,238	684	714
Participation rate	80.7	78.0	81.4	78.6	77.6	75.3
Employed	3,880	3,752	3,210	3,071	671	681
Employment-population ratio	78.8	74.0	79.4	74.5	76.1	71.8
Unemployed	92	200	79	167	13	33
Unemployment rate	2.3	5.1	2.4	5.2	1.9	4.6
Not in labor force	949	1,116	752	882	197	234

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,248	2,961	2,753	2,534	495	427
Civilian labor force	2,280	2,082	1,986	1,812	294	270
Participation rate	70.2	70.3	72.1	71.5	59.4	63.1
Employed	2,207	2,031	1,931	1,763	276	268
Employment-population ratio	67.9	68.6	70.1	69.6	55.8	62.7
Unemployed	73	51	55	49	18	2
Unemployment rate	3.2	2.4	2.8	2.7	6.1	0.7
Not in labor force	968	879	768	722	201	157

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,178	5,918	5,932	5,667	246	251
Civilian labor force	904	802	877	768	27	35
Participation rate	14.6	13.6	14.8	13.5	11.1	13.8
Employed	878	786	850	759	27	27
Employment-population ratio	14.2	13.3	14.3	13.4	11.1	10.9
Unemployed	27	16	27	9	0	7
Unemployment rate	2.9	2.0	3.0	1.2	-	-
Not in labor force	5,274	5,116	5,055	4,899	219	216

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,965	3,909	3,557	3,491	408	418
Civilian labor force	1,650	1,651	1,469	1,474	182	177
Participation rate	41.6	42.2	41.3	42.2	44.5	42.3
Employed	1,613	1,620	1,444	1,454	169	165
Employment-population ratio	40.7	41.4	40.6	41.7	41.4	39.6
Unemployed	37	32	25	20	12	12
Unemployment rate	2.2	1.9	1.7	1.4	6.8	6.5
Not in labor force	2,315	2,258	2,088	2,017	226	241

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	236,598	240,361	107,682	110,172	128,916	130,189
Civilian labor force	153,284	156,823	78,826	80,635	74,458	76,188
Participation rate	64.8	65.2	73.2	73.2	57.8	58.5
Employed	148,309	151,346	76,293	77,634	72,016	73,712
Employment-population ratio	62.7	63.0	70.9	70.5	55.9	56.6
Unemployed	4,975	5,477	2,533	3,001	2,443	2,476
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.5	3.2	3.7	3.3	3.2
Not in labor force	83,314	83,538	28,857	29,537	54,458	54,002
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	33,223	34,146	231,132	233,282
Civilian labor force	7,710	8,275	156,753	159,443
Participation rate	23.2	24.2	67.8	68.3
Employed	7,145	7,674	151,858	153,995
Employment-population ratio	21.5	22.5	65.7	66.0
Unemployed	565	601	4,894	5,447
Unemployment rate	7.3	7.3	3.1	3.4
Not in labor force	25,513	25,871	74,380	73,839

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,126	3,543	78,109	79,399
Participation rate	37.9	41.9	82.7	83.0
Employed	2,868	3,278	75,652	76,409
Employment-population ratio	34.8	38.7	80.1	79.9
Unemployed	259	265	2,457	2,991
Unemployment rate	8.3	7.5	3.1	3.8
Not in labor force	5,124	4,916	16,395	16,260

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,243	3,313	68,733	70,044
Participation rate	38.2	38.8	71.6	72.9
Employed	2,974	3,045	66,506	67,809
Employment-population ratio	35.0	35.6	69.3	70.5
Unemployed	269	268	2,227	2,234
Unemployment rate	8.3	8.1	3.2	3.2
Not in labor force	5,249	5,234	27,228	26,089

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,341	1,419	9,910	10,000
Participation rate	8.1	8.3	24.4	24.1
Employed	1,303	1,351	9,700	9,777
Employment-population ratio	7.9	7.9	23.9	23.6
Unemployed	37	68	210	222
Unemployment rate	2.8	4.8	2.1	2.2
Not in labor force	15,140	15,721	30,757	31,490
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
Employment status and nativity	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	45,351	46,707	22,003	22,753	23,348	23,953
Civilian labor force	30,213	31,336	17,219	17,769	12,994	13,567
Participation rate	66.6	67.1	78.3	78.1	55.7	56.6
Employed	29,349	30,213	16,750	17,154	12,599	13,059
Employment-population ratio	64.7	64.7	76.1	75.4	54.0	54.5
Unemployed	864	1,123	469	615	395	508
Unemployment rate	2.9	3.6	2.7	3.5	3.0	3.7
Not in labor force	15,138	15,371	4,784	4,985	10,354	10,386

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	219,005	220,721	106,805	107,959	112,200	112,762
Civilian labor force	134,250	136,382	70,310	71,391	63,939	64,992
Participation rate	61.3	61.8	65.8	66.1	57.0	57.6
Employed	129,654	131,457	67,938	68,591	61,717	62,865
Employment-population ratio	59.2	59.6	63.6	63.5	55.0	55.8
Unemployed	4,596	4,926	2,373	2,799	2,223	2,126
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.9	3.5	3.3
Not in labor force	84,755	84,339	36,494	36,569	48,261	47,770
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]
Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Category	Sept. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,165	2,326	2,288	2,178	2,301	2,311	2,261	2,296	2,303
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,448	1,582	1,551	1,473	1,569	1,591	1,519	1,559	1,571
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	700	717	699	696	672	674	688	695	693
Unpaid family workers	18	27	39	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	156,838	159,101	159,381	156,762	158,416	158,853	159,099	159,321	159,388
Wage and salary workers(1)	147,538	150,171	150,233	147,291	149,512	149,632	149,974	150,217	150,090
Government	21,166	20,684	21,480	21,331	21,434	21,552	21,161	21,199	21,601
Private industries	126,372	129,487	128,753	126,371	128,050	128,110	128,778	128,891	128,821
Private households	705	681	665	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	125,667	128,807	128,089	125,712	127,337	127,470	128,166	128,282	128,209
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,235	8,886	9,114	9,155	8,731	8,917	8,814	8,809	9,033
Unpaid family workers	65	44	33	-	-	-	-	-	-

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	3,523	4,143	3,742	3,843	3,739	4,191	4,000	4,221	4,065
Slack work or business conditions	2,393	2,712	2,608	2,576	2,582	2,890	2,717	2,799	2,793
Could only find part-time work	945	1,003	940	942	824	948	1,014	1,021	938
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,389	20,506	22,309	21,260	21,864	21,267	21,971	21,975	22,152
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	3,479	4,084	3,698	3,762	3,725	4,095	3,913	4,110	3,991
Slack work or business conditions	2,353	2,670	2,579	2,526	2,566	2,835	2,657	2,757	2,752
Could only find part-time work	945	999	930	940	821	943	1,012	1,021	929
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,047	20,084	21,883	20,912	21,496	20,913	21,539	21,522	21,723
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Sept. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	159,003	161,427	161,669	158,850	160,721	160,994	161,262	161,484	161,570
16 to 19 years	5,337	6,046	5,321	5,576	5,676	5,559	5,462	5,586	5,570
16 to 17 years	2,115	2,362	2,134	2,100	2,240	2,177	2,083	2,098	2,119
18 to 19 years	3,222	3,684	3,186	3,462	3,450	3,372	3,353	3,461	3,427
20 years and over	153,666	155,381	156,349	153,274	155,045	155,435	155,799	155,898	156,000
20 to 24 years	13,666	14,787	14,569	13,752	14,816	14,741	14,559	14,606	14,676
25 years and over	140,000	140,593	141,780	139,503	140,314	140,612	141,160	141,194	141,293
25 to 54 years	102,291	103,133	103,831	101,954	103,209	103,384	103,539	103,531	103,537
25 to 34 years	35,451	35,810	36,008	35,349	35,814	35,755	36,168	35,974	35,940
35 to 44 years	34,735	35,375	35,625	34,619	35,257	35,391	35,379	35,478	35,518
45 to 54 years	32,105	31,948	32,199	31,986	32,138	32,238	31,992	32,080	32,079
55 years and over	37,709	37,461	37,949	37,550	37,105	37,228	37,620	37,663	37,756

Men, 16 years and over	84,687	85,838	85,745	84,532	85,410	85,547	85,492	85,493	85,633
16 to 19 years	2,612	2,973	2,688	2,716	2,884	2,679	2,570	2,716	2,797
16 to 17 years	958	1,158	1,064	962	1,043	972	943	1,009	1,060
18 to 19 years	1,653	1,815	1,624	1,750	1,844	1,695	1,606	1,668	1,720
20 years and over	82,075	82,865	83,057	81,816	82,526	82,868	82,922	82,777	82,837
20 to 24 years	7,003	7,530	7,248	7,040	7,509	7,541	7,435	7,369	7,310
25 years and over	75,072	75,335	75,809	74,703	75,088	75,233	75,462	75,297	75,466
25 to 54 years	54,560	55,335	55,489	54,325	55,174	55,263	55,358	55,300	55,291
25 to 34 years	18,926	19,198	19,175	18,829	19,145	19,130	19,338	19,215	19,114
35 to 44 years	18,656	19,097	19,188	18,579	18,998	19,143	19,103	19,053	19,120
45 to 54 years	16,979	17,040	17,126	16,917	17,031	16,990	16,917	17,032	17,057
55 years and over	20,512	20,000	20,319	20,378	19,914	19,971	20,104	19,997	20,175

Women, 16 years and over	74,316	75,589	75,924	74,318	75,311	75,448	75,769	75,991	75,936
16 to 19 years	2,726	3,073	2,633	2,861	2,793	2,880	2,892	2,870	2,773
16 to 17 years	1,157	1,204	1,071	1,138	1,196	1,205	1,140	1,089	1,059
18 to 19 years	1,568	1,869	1,562	1,712	1,606	1,677	1,746	1,793	1,708
20 years and over	71,590	72,515	73,292	71,457	72,518	72,567	72,877	73,121	73,163
20 to 24 years	6,663	7,257	7,321	6,712	7,307	7,201	7,125	7,237	7,366
25 years and over	64,928	65,258	65,971	64,801	65,226	65,378	65,697	65,897	65,827
25 to 54 years	47,731	47,797	48,342	47,628	48,035	48,121	48,181	48,232	48,245
25 to 34 years	16,525	16,611	16,832	16,519	16,669	16,625	16,830	16,759	16,826
35 to 44 years	16,079	16,279	16,437	16,040	16,259	16,248	16,276	16,425	16,398
45 to 54 years	15,127	14,908	15,073	15,069	15,107	15,248	15,075	15,048	15,022
55 years and over	17,197	17,461	17,629	17,172	17,191	17,258	17,516	17,665	17,582

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	46,100	45,754	46,588	45,920	45,647	45,844	45,886	45,911	46,357
Married women, spouse present(1)	36,616	36,930	37,300	36,582	36,964	36,847	37,413	37,430	37,279
Women who maintain families(2)	9,813	9,719	9,882	-	-	-	-	-	-

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	133,027	135,445	134,560	132,575	134,477	134,859	134,274	134,189	134,167
Part-time workers(4)	25,976	25,982	27,109	26,249	26,443	26,181	27,153	27,185	27,336

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	7,739	7,778	8,146	7,755	7,762	7,995	8,113	8,028	8,151
Percent of total employed	4.9	4.8	5.0	4.9	4.8	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	6,710	6,989	6,684	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,935	9,603	9,813	9,851	9,403	9,591	9,502	9,504	9,726
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
Characteristic	Sept. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	5,770	6,355	6,360	3.5	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8	3.8
16 to 19 years	712	779	733	11.3	10.3	11.0	11.3	12.2	11.6
16 to 17 years	291	280	307	12.2	9.5	11.2	11.2	11.8	12.7
18 to 19 years	426	506	429	11.0	10.6	10.5	11.4	12.7	11.1
20 years and over	5,058	5,576	5,627	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.5
20 to 24 years	1,030	1,125	1,115	7.0	6.3	6.1	6.7	7.2	7.1
25 years and over	3,984	4,395	4,453	2.8	3.0	3.0	2.8	3.0	3.1
25 to 54 years	3,075	3,353	3,438	2.9	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.2
25 to 34 years	1,320	1,446	1,505	3.6	3.9	3.9	3.6	3.9	4.0
35 to 44 years	1,063	1,085	1,012	3.0	2.9	2.9	3.0	3.0	2.8
45 to 54 years	692	822	921	2.1	2.6	2.4	2.3	2.5	2.8
55 years and over	938	1,036	1,029	2.4	2.8	2.6	2.3	2.7	2.7

Men, 16 years and over	3,127	3,589	3,697	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.6	4.0	4.1
16 to 19 years	342	432	404	11.2	10.4	12.5	13.0	13.7	12.6
16 to 17 years	145	138	190	13.1	8.0	14.1	13.2	12.0	15.2
18 to 19 years	200	302	222	10.3	11.5	10.5	12.9	15.3	11.4
20 years and over	2,786	3,157	3,293	3.3	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.7	3.8
20 to 24 years	604	677	673	7.9	7.1	6.7	7.2	8.4	8.4
25 years and over	2,162	2,422	2,583	2.8	3.0	3.0	2.9	3.1	3.3
25 to 54 years	1,669	1,842	2,064	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.6
25 to 34 years	709	776	925	3.6	3.7	4.0	3.8	3.9	4.6
35 to 44 years	556	587	587	2.9	2.7	2.5	2.8	3.0	3.0
45 to 54 years	403	479	552	2.3	2.7	2.5	2.6	2.7	3.1
55 years and over	493	580	518	2.4	2.9	3.0	2.2	2.8	2.5

Women, 16 years and over	2,642	2,766	2,662	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.4
16 to 19 years	370	347	329	11.5	10.2	9.7	9.7	10.8	10.6
16 to 17 years	145	143	117	11.3	10.7	8.7	9.4	11.6	9.9
18 to 19 years	225	204	207	11.6	9.5	10.4	10.0	10.2	10.8
20 years and over	2,272	2,419	2,334	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.1
20 to 24 years	425	448	441	6.0	5.4	5.3	6.2	5.8	5.7
25 years and over	1,822	1,973	1,870	2.7	3.1	3.0	2.7	2.9	2.8
25 to 54 years	1,407	1,511	1,374	2.9	3.2	3.2	2.8	3.0	2.8
25 to 34 years	611	670	579	3.6	4.0	3.9	3.3	3.8	3.3
35 to 44 years	507	498	426	3.1	3.1	3.5	3.2	2.9	2.5
45 to 54 years	289	343	369	1.9	2.6	2.3	1.9	2.2	2.4
55 years and over	421	449	492	2.4	2.6	2.1	2.3	2.5	2.7

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	846	942	989	1.8	2.0	1.8	1.7	2.0	2.1
Married women, spouse present(1)	712	794	821	1.9	2.3	2.2	2.0	2.1	2.2
Women who maintain families(2)	488	499	415	4.7	4.6	4.8	4.5	4.9	4.0

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	4,754	5,129	5,099	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.7
Part-time workers(4)	1,010	1,258	1,239	3.7	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.4	4.3
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Reason	Sept. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,176	3,053	2,522	2,530	2,960	2,900	2,620	2,914	2,858
On temporary layoff	463	870	478	772	767	842	667	789	781
Not on temporary layoff	1,713	2,183	2,044	1,758	2,193	2,058	1,953	2,125	2,077
Permanent job losers	1,161	1,600	1,409	1,202	1,588	1,493	1,372	1,538	1,441
Persons who completed temporary jobs	552	583	634	555	605	565	581	587	636
Job leavers	976	876	859	904	765	794	852	801	797
Reentrants	1,867	2,014	2,114	1,834	1,821	1,745	1,853	1,930	2,043
New entrants	441	680	553	460	508	558	503	597	568

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	39.9	46.1	41.7	44.2	48.9	48.4	44.9	46.7	45.6
On temporary layoff	8.5	13.1	7.9	13.5	12.7	14.0	11.4	12.6	12.5
Not on temporary layoff	31.4	33.0	33.8	30.7	36.2	34.3	33.5	34.0	33.2
Job leavers	17.9	13.2	14.2	15.8	12.6	13.2	14.6	12.8	12.7
Reentrants	34.2	30.4	34.9	32.0	30.1	29.1	31.8	30.9	32.6
New entrants	8.1	10.3	9.1	8.0	8.4	9.3	8.6	9.6	9.1

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	1.3	1.8	1.5	1.5	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.7
Job leavers	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reentrants	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.2
New entrants	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Duration	Sept. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,127	2,173	2,023	2,158	2,083	2,068	2,004	2,221	2,051
5 to 14 weeks	1,474	2,280	1,865	1,643	1,865	1,889	1,698	1,877	2,044
15 weeks and over	1,859	2,171	2,161	1,990	2,046	2,021	2,161	2,298	2,288
15 to 26 weeks	751	796	928	901	858	917	997	1,002	1,072
27 weeks and over	1,109	1,374	1,233	1,089	1,188	1,105	1,164	1,296	1,216

Average (mean) duration, in weeks	20.7	20.2	21.9	20.3	21.2	20.7	20.6	20.4	21.5
Median duration, in weeks	8.8	8.8	9.7	8.5	8.6	8.7	8.7	8.7	9.2

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	39.0	32.8	33.4	37.3	34.8	34.6	34.2	34.7	32.1
5 to 14 weeks	27.0	34.4	30.8	28.4	31.1	31.6	29.0	29.3	32.0
15 weeks and over	34.1	32.8	35.7	34.4	34.1	33.8	36.9	35.9	35.8
15 to 26 weeks	13.7	12.0	15.3	15.6	14.3	15.3	17.0	15.7	16.8
27 weeks and over	20.3	20.7	20.4	18.8	19.8	18.5	19.9	20.3	19.1
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
Occupation	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023
Total, 16 years and over(1)	159,003	161,669	5,460	6,049	3.3	3.6
Management, professional, and related occupations	69,056	70,417	1,291	1,466	1.8	2.0
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	29,780	30,768	537	655	1.8	2.1
Professional and related occupations	39,276	39,649	754	811	1.9	2.0
Service occupations	25,738	26,659	1,178	1,134	4.4	4.1
Sales and office occupations	29,602	30,393	1,154	1,270	3.8	4.0
Sales and related occupations	13,878	14,353	553	612	3.8	4.1
Office and administrative support occupations	15,725	16,040	601	658	3.7	3.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,518	14,276	477	566	3.2	3.8
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	934	1,058	42	70	4.3	6.2
Construction and extraction occupations	8,628	8,248	343	416	3.8	4.8
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,956	4,970	92	80	1.8	1.6
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	20,088	19,924	904	1,038	4.3	5.0
Production occupations	8,222	8,163	304	277	3.6	3.3
Transportation and material moving occupations	11,866	11,761	600	761	4.8	6.1
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
Industry and class of worker	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023
Total, 16 years and over(1)	5,460	6,049	3.3	3.6
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	4,297	4,762	3.3	3.6
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	16	16	2.5	2.6
Construction	346	392	3.4	3.8
Manufacturing	416	495	2.8	3.2
Durable goods	236	278	2.5	2.8
Nondurable goods	181	217	3.3	3.9
Wholesale and retail trade	768	889	4.0	4.5
Transportation and utilities	337	379	4.0	4.7
Information	85	117	3.2	4.3
Financial activities	136	190	1.3	1.9
Professional and business services	544	699	2.9	3.6
Education and health services	659	638	2.6	2.4
Leisure and hospitality	802	734	5.9	5.4
Other services	189	211	2.8	3.1
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	46	62	3.2	3.9
Government workers	388	393	1.8	1.8
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	288	278	2.8	2.7
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]
Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Measure	Sept. 2022	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.1	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.4
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.3	1.8	1.5	1.5	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.7
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	3.3	3.9	3.6	3.5	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8	3.8
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	3.6	4.1	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.7	3.7	4.0	4.0
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	4.3	4.8	4.5	4.4	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.6	4.6
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	6.4	7.2	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.9	6.7	7.1	7.0
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Total		Men		Women
Category	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023	Sept. 2022	Sept. 2023
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	99,893	99,710	41,278	41,553	58,615	58,156
Persons who currently want a job	5,650	5,299	2,627	2,364	3,024	2,935
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,619	1,492	817	756	802	736
Discouraged workers(2)	462	351	286	189	176	162
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,157	1,141	531	567	626	575

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	7,739	8,146	3,753	3,959	3,986	4,186
Percent of total employed	4.9	5.0	4.4	4.6	5.4	5.5
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	4,307	4,730	2,300	2,469	2,007	2,262
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	1,925	1,888	664	659	1,261	1,229
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	420	447	251	272	169	175
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,042	1,008	518	520	525	489
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
Industry	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)	Change from: Aug.2023 - Sept.2023(p)
Total nonfarm	153,809	156,022	156,416	157,001	153,682	156,311	156,538	156,874	336
Total private	131,486	134,461	134,447	134,048	131,445	133,572	133,749	134,012	263
Goods-producing	21,493	21,875	21,923	21,836	21,327	21,594	21,641	21,670	29

Mining and logging	619	652	652	649	613	644	644	645	1
Logging	46.4	48.5	48.0	48.2	45.9	47.3	46.5	47.5	1.0
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	572.1	603.7	603.8	601.1	567.3	596.8	597.3	597.4	0.1
Oil and gas extraction	116.1	119.2	120.0	119.4	115.8	118.3	118.8	119.0	0.2
Mining (except oil and gas)	186.3	191.4	190.6	189.0	183.7	187.6	187.1	186.7	-0.4
Coal mining	40.8	41.9	41.7	41.4	40.8	41.8	41.7	41.5	-0.2
Metal ore mining	43.1	44.3	44.2	43.7	43.2	43.7	43.9	43.8	-0.1
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	102.4	105.2	104.7	103.9	99.7	102.0	101.5	101.4	-0.1
Support activities for mining	269.7	293.1	293.2	292.7	267.8	290.9	291.4	291.7	0.3

Construction	7,956	8,185	8,215	8,173	7,797	7,967	8,003	8,014	11
Construction of buildings	1,773.8	1,834.7	1,838.1	1,828.0	1,754.3	1,796.2	1,804.3	1,810.8	6.5
Residential building construction	930.8	942.1	942.1	939.2	924.6	922.6	926.4	933.1	6.7
Nonresidential building construction	843.0	892.6	896.0	888.8	829.7	873.6	877.9	877.7	-0.2
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,125.7	1,172.1	1,178.5	1,180.4	1,073.7	1,120.2	1,125.0	1,127.2	2.2
Specialty trade contractors	5,056.3	5,178.3	5,198.4	5,164.1	4,968.9	5,050.8	5,073.2	5,075.8	2.6
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,348.3	2,415.3	2,408.6	2,396.4	2,316.7	2,354.5	2,357.6	2,363.5	5.9
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,708.0	2,763.0	2,789.8	2,767.7	2,652.2	2,696.3	2,715.6	2,712.3	-3.3

Manufacturing	12,918	13,038	13,056	13,014	12,917	12,983	12,994	13,011	17

Durable goods	8,022	8,155	8,182	8,156	8,032	8,137	8,150	8,163	13
Wood product manufacturing	429.6	422.2	425.6	424.7	430.9	420.6	424.1	425.5	1.4
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	427.1	437.8	437.9	435.8	422.8	432.1	432.0	432.8	0.8
Primary metal manufacturing	364.7	372.0	372.0	369.8	366.8	371.7	371.9	371.4	-0.5
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	1,437.4	1,457.5	1,457.3	1,453.7	1,440.5	1,450.7	1,455.3	1,456.3	1.0
Machinery manufacturing	1,106.9	1,139.6	1,138.4	1,131.1	1,110.2	1,131.1	1,134.3	1,135.1	0.8
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	1,092.0	1,113.7	1,109.2	1,098.3	1,094.2	1,105.9	1,103.3	1,100.9	-2.4
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	164.6	169.3	168.8	167.3	164.8	168.3	168.1	167.6	-0.5
Communications equipment manufacturing	83.5	86.6	85.9	86.2	84.1	85.8	85.9	86.4	0.5
Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	389.6	390.6	388.3	382.8	390.8	386.8	385.9	384.3	-1.6
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	422.1	433.2	432.6	428.8	422.5	431.4	430.3	429.4	-0.9
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing	32.2	34.0	33.6	33.2	32.0	33.5	33.1	33.2	0.1
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	405.4	406.7	407.3	407.8	406.4	404.4	406.8	407.8	1.0
Transportation equipment manufacturing(1)	1,751.4	1,808.2	1,842.2	1,848.9	1,747.7	1,827.8	1,833.1	1,843.4	10.3
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	1,032.9	1,051.2	1,075.3	1,083.9	1,029.5	1,073.2	1,070.6	1,079.5	8.9
Furniture and related product manufacturing	377.0	362.0	360.7	356.7	381.0	361.0	360.3	359.2	-1.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing	630.9	635.3	631.7	628.8	631.8	631.2	629.2	630.3	1.1

Nondurable goods	4,896	4,883	4,874	4,858	4,885	4,846	4,844	4,848	4
Food manufacturing	1,719.4	1,728.7	1,733.2	1,726.7	1,707.6	1,713.9	1,717.2	1,719.1	1.9
Textile mills	98.9	94.3	93.6	93.2	98.6	93.8	93.2	93.0	-0.2
Textile product mills	102.7	99.1	99.0	98.6	102.8	99.0	99.5	99.0	-0.5
Apparel manufacturing	92.5	91.3	91.5	90.9	92.7	91.3	91.6	91.3	-0.3
Paper manufacturing	361.1	349.3	345.9	348.5	362.2	349.7	347.3	348.9	1.6
Printing and related support activities	379.4	377.0	375.9	371.0	379.5	375.8	374.9	372.2	-2.7
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	106.2	108.5	108.2	106.5	104.8	105.5	105.8	105.3	-0.5
Chemical manufacturing	910.3	919.3	916.1	913.3	914.3	914.5	914.9	917.5	2.6
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	760.4	745.3	740.8	742.9	765.7	743.6	740.0	744.5	4.5
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing	365.3	370.4	369.9	365.9	356.9	358.7	359.4	357.4	-2.0

Private service-providing	109,993	112,586	112,524	112,212	110,118	111,978	112,108	112,342	234

Trade, transportation, and utilities	28,584	28,778	28,714	28,720	28,784	28,870	28,853	28,898	45

Wholesale trade	5,998.3	6,098.8	6,080.4	6,071.0	6,003.8	6,062.8	6,062.8	6,074.5	11.7
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	3,304.5	3,366.4	3,358.7	3,354.2	3,310.1	3,348.9	3,351.5	3,358.7	7.2
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	2,170.0	2,203.8	2,190.4	2,190.5	2,169.7	2,187.6	2,182.1	2,189.6	7.5
Wholesale trade agents and brokers	523.8	528.6	531.3	526.3	524.0	526.3	529.2	526.2	-3.0

Retail trade	15,358.8	15,546.6	15,505.8	15,422.7	15,502.3	15,538.0	15,538.4	15,558.1	19.7
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,017.4	2,050.9	2,055.9	2,059.7	2,013.5	2,040.2	2,044.8	2,054.2	9.4
Automobile dealers	1,253.5	1,260.6	1,265.8	1,269.3	1,253.0	1,259.4	1,261.8	1,267.1	5.3
Other motor vehicle dealers	178.7	185.6	183.5	176.8	177.1	176.9	176.5	175.5	-1.0
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers	585.2	604.7	606.6	613.6	583.4	604.0	606.4	611.6	5.2
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers	1,396.7	1,405.0	1,379.9	1,356.6	1,419.4	1,372.1	1,374.5	1,375.0	0.5
Food and beverage retailers	3,196.3	3,266.4	3,256.8	3,228.3	3,211.7	3,247.5	3,248.4	3,249.1	0.7
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers	891.1	837.9	834.7	836.8	902.4	849.9	846.0	843.3	-2.7
Furniture and home furnishings retailers	447.6	429.0	427.8	429.6	454.4	435.2	434.8	435.5	0.7
Electronics and appliance retailers	443.5	408.9	406.9	407.2	453.2	416.0	412.9	411.4	-1.5
General merchandise retailers	3,063.8	3,137.6	3,125.3	3,128.3	3,123.7	3,181.2	3,176.9	3,181.3	4.4
Department stores	923.6	931.6	929.0	930.6	954.0	958.7	955.4	958.0	2.6
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers	2,140.2	2,206.0	2,196.3	2,197.7	2,169.7	2,222.5	2,221.5	2,223.3	1.8
Health and personal care retailers	1,095.4	1,090.3	1,085.8	1,088.7	1,106.2	1,104.0	1,098.7	1,099.7	1.0
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers	1,048.0	1,086.4	1,087.7	1,083.2	1,044.2	1,073.7	1,073.8	1,079.2	5.4
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers	1,126.9	1,131.3	1,140.5	1,116.2	1,145.1	1,135.3	1,139.5	1,137.6	-1.9
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers	1,523.2	1,540.8	1,539.2	1,524.9	1,536.1	1,534.1	1,535.8	1,538.7	2.9

Transportation and warehousing	6,673.1	6,572.0	6,567.8	6,664.4	6,721.8	6,712.7	6,693.8	6,702.4	8.6
Air transportation	514.1	548.3	550.2	553.6	513.4	544.0	547.3	552.2	4.9
Rail transportation	147.3	150.5	150.5	150.5	147.1	150.3	150.3	150.4	0.1
Water transportation	67.2	71.2	71.5	70.4	65.9	67.5	68.8	68.7	-0.1
Truck transportation	1,607.3	1,619.9	1,589.0	1,587.7	1,598.3	1,600.9	1,575.7	1,584.5	8.8
Transit and ground passenger transportation	434.3	378.7	381.4	448.5	416.3	434.7	438.9	433.8	-5.1
Pipeline transportation	47.9	47.8	48.2	48.4	48.2	47.4	48.1	48.5	0.4
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	37.5	44.5	44.3	42.3	33.3	36.6	37.2	37.6	0.4
Support activities for transportation	801.4	812.7	817.3	816.8	801.9	816.1	816.8	818.6	1.8
Couriers and messengers	1,083.8	1,042.3	1,060.5	1,079.9	1,148.2	1,121.8	1,122.8	1,124.0	1.2
Warehousing and storage	1,932.3	1,856.1	1,854.9	1,866.3	1,949.2	1,893.4	1,887.9	1,884.1	-3.8

Utilities	553.7	560.2	559.8	562.2	555.6	556.0	558.4	563.2	4.8

Information	3,108	3,084	3,055	3,034	3,113	3,062	3,041	3,036	-5
Motion picture and sound recording industries	457.2	468.1	447.0	422.3	458.0	452.6	433.8	427.2	-6.6
Publishing industries	953.2	930.2	931.8	939.4	955.3	927.1	929.9	936.2	6.3
Broadcasting and content providers	357.0	351.3	346.1	345.3	356.9	352.4	346.6	346.4	-0.2
Telecommunications	665.3	644.2	639.9	640.7	666.1	642.4	640.5	640.3	-0.2
Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services	479.2	498.6	499.5	496.1	479.8	497.0	500.0	496.0	-4.0
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services	196.5	191.8	191.1	189.8	197.3	190.3	189.7	190.0	0.3

Financial activities	9,066	9,222	9,210	9,152	9,068	9,152	9,154	9,157	3
Finance and insurance	6,663.0	6,751.7	6,741.5	6,700.7	6,681.4	6,722.0	6,720.9	6,717.8	-3.1
Monetary authorities-central bank	21.5	22.4	22.1	22.0	21.5	22.1	22.0	22.0	0.0
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,680.3	2,675.7	2,667.2	2,643.1	2,688.2	2,665.2	2,658.4	2,650.9	-7.5
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,763.7	1,793.5	1,787.6	1,772.5	1,770.7	1,784.9	1,782.5	1,780.4	-2.1
Commercial banking	1,363.8	1,379.1	1,374.9	1,361.9	1,369.9	1,372.2	1,370.6	1,368.7	-1.9
Nondepository credit intermediation	589.3	570.6	566.4	561.6	589.2	568.5	564.2	561.3	-2.9
Activities related to credit intermediation	327.3	311.6	313.2	309.0	328.3	311.9	311.7	309.2	-2.5
Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities	1,054.8	1,099.0	1,098.9	1,084.9	1,058.6	1,085.6	1,088.3	1,088.8	0.5
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,906.4	2,954.6	2,953.3	2,950.7	2,913.1	2,949.1	2,952.2	2,956.1	3.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,402.6	2,470.5	2,468.4	2,451.7	2,387.0	2,430.2	2,433.4	2,439.1	5.7
Real estate	1,835.6	1,869.0	1,868.9	1,857.6	1,830.3	1,850.6	1,852.8	1,855.3	2.5
Rental and leasing services	544.5	578.8	576.7	571.5	534.1	557.2	558.1	561.1	3.0
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works)	22.5	22.7	22.8	22.6	22.6	22.4	22.5	22.7	0.2

Professional and business services	22,806	23,052	23,087	23,073	22,755	22,987	22,998	23,019	21
Professional, scientific, and technical services	10,538.3	10,952.5	10,925.4	10,867.8	10,622.1	10,910.9	10,924.8	10,953.8	29.0
Legal services	1,169.0	1,192.8	1,175.9	1,176.2	1,175.5	1,181.5	1,177.6	1,182.7	5.1
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,073.1	1,129.7	1,118.0	1,115.8	1,128.8	1,163.3	1,165.8	1,168.9	3.1
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,633.2	1,708.9	1,707.8	1,691.1	1,627.6	1,683.3	1,686.2	1,687.4	1.2
Specialized design services	153.9	160.3	161.3	159.4	154.3	159.9	160.7	160.3	-0.4
Computer systems design and related services	2,460.0	2,524.3	2,528.8	2,500.7	2,476.4	2,513.0	2,517.2	2,516.5	-0.7
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,801.7	1,887.3	1,884.7	1,881.6	1,807.7	1,883.7	1,884.4	1,891.8	7.4
Scientific research and development services	902.8	953.8	953.3	943.7	906.7	938.1	942.9	947.0	4.1
Advertising, public relations, and related services	492.5	500.2	500.7	501.6	494.0	497.7	499.1	502.1	3.0
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	852.1	895.2	894.9	897.7	851.1	890.4	890.8	897.1	6.3
Management of companies and enterprises	2,497.4	2,535.8	2,537.3	2,527.1	2,500.6	2,519.2	2,526.8	2,530.1	3.3
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	9,769.8	9,563.7	9,624.0	9,678.0	9,632.2	9,557.1	9,546.2	9,534.8	-11.4
Administrative and support services	9,283.6	9,061.8	9,120.7	9,177.3	9,149.3	9,060.9	9,049.1	9,037.6	-11.5
Office administrative services	605.9	626.8	627.4	632.3	603.7	621.9	622.8	630.0	7.2
Facilities support services	158.5	165.5	167.1	162.1	158.1	163.8	164.3	162.1	-2.2
Employment services(1)	3,964.2	3,617.1	3,681.0	3,776.3	3,910.5	3,736.1	3,723.1	3,708.4	-14.7
Temporary help services	3,172.0	2,856.3	2,906.2	2,996.4	3,131.2	2,960.9	2,947.6	2,943.4	-4.2
Business support services	779.1	745.5	741.3	741.3	785.5	757.0	751.0	747.2	-3.8
Travel arrangement and reservation services	174.6	185.9	186.6	187.0	173.1	183.2	184.1	185.6	1.5
Investigation and security services	969.1	978.7	983.0	978.1	966.3	979.8	980.5	976.9	-3.6
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,288.2	2,398.5	2,390.8	2,353.2	2,215.0	2,278.0	2,283.9	2,286.4	2.5
Other support services	344.0	343.8	343.5	347.0	337.0	341.0	339.5	341.0	1.5
Waste management and remediation services	486.2	501.9	503.3	500.7	482.9	496.2	497.1	497.2	0.1

Private education and health services	24,539	25,120	25,242	25,545	24,576	25,420	25,517	25,587	70
Private educational services	3,839.6	3,647.3	3,667.8	3,932.9	3,835.4	3,933.6	3,936.0	3,940.3	4.3
Health care and social assistance	20,699.5	21,472.5	21,574.5	21,612.2	20,740.5	21,486.4	21,580.5	21,646.4	65.9
Health care(3)	16,420.2	16,954.7	17,025.1	17,052.4	16,429.3	16,947.2	17,014.2	17,055.1	40.9
Ambulatory health care services	8,160.7	8,431.5	8,467.4	8,483.9	8,180.0	8,439.6	8,476.2	8,500.5	24.3
Offices of physicians	2,821.6	2,906.5	2,918.0	2,925.1	2,827.2	2,906.7	2,921.2	2,928.6	7.4
Offices of dentists	1,012.5	1,042.6	1,042.1	1,039.9	1,017.0	1,042.2	1,040.9	1,043.5	2.6
Offices of other health practitioners	1,094.0	1,136.9	1,144.2	1,142.8	1,099.5	1,137.8	1,143.4	1,147.1	3.7
Outpatient care centers	1,040.8	1,060.2	1,063.5	1,066.3	1,042.1	1,061.5	1,065.2	1,068.1	2.9
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	319.4	323.8	325.9	324.1	320.5	324.2	325.6	325.7	0.1
Home health care services	1,545.7	1,624.5	1,632.7	1,641.1	1,547.7	1,627.7	1,637.3	1,643.7	6.4
Other ambulatory health care services	326.7	337.0	341.0	344.6	326.1	339.5	342.6	343.7	1.1
Hospitals	5,215.5	5,338.5	5,358.7	5,367.9	5,208.7	5,335.8	5,349.9	5,358.3	8.4
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,044.0	3,184.7	3,199.0	3,200.6	3,040.6	3,171.8	3,188.1	3,196.3	8.2
Skilled nursing care facilities	1,365.3	1,425.4	1,434.7	1,437.0	1,362.1	1,419.6	1,430.2	1,432.6	2.4
Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities	616.6	639.5	641.4	644.1	616.6	637.2	639.7	643.3	3.6
Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	909.5	962.6	965.6	962.3	909.2	958.6	961.3	963.0	1.7
Other residential care facilities	152.6	157.2	157.3	157.2	152.7	156.4	156.9	157.3	0.4
Social assistance	4,279.3	4,517.8	4,549.4	4,559.8	4,311.2	4,539.2	4,566.3	4,591.3	25.0
Individual and family services	2,847.2	3,044.6	3,057.5	3,056.5	2,868.6	3,035.7	3,057.6	3,076.8	19.2
Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services	201.1	217.6	217.6	217.6	203.4	218.5	219.1	220.0	0.9
Vocational rehabilitation services	269.1	283.1	282.7	283.2	269.5	280.0	280.3	284.1	3.8
Child care services	961.9	972.5	991.6	1,002.5	969.7	1,005.0	1,009.3	1,010.4	1.1

Leisure and hospitality	16,157	17,388	17,288	16,822	16,074	16,621	16,665	16,761	96
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,397.0	2,795.4	2,737.4	2,541.9	2,348.5	2,460.2	2,477.8	2,497.1	19.3
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	546.7	564.7	571.5	583.1	522.6	534.6	542.8	551.5	8.7
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	164.1	187.6	183.9	177.6	162.0	172.3	173.8	175.7	1.9
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,686.2	2,043.1	1,982.0	1,781.2	1,663.9	1,753.3	1,761.2	1,769.9	8.7
Accommodation and food services	13,759.6	14,592.7	14,550.1	14,280.1	13,725.5	14,161.2	14,187.6	14,263.9	76.3
Accommodation	1,819.3	2,016.7	1,992.6	1,909.4	1,800.4	1,867.9	1,879.9	1,895.5	15.6
Food services and drinking places	11,940.3	12,576.0	12,557.5	12,370.7	11,925.1	12,293.3	12,307.7	12,368.4	60.7

Other services	5,733	5,942	5,928	5,866	5,748	5,866	5,880	5,884	4
Repair and maintenance	1,403.7	1,463.9	1,460.3	1,456.2	1,405.5	1,452.3	1,453.3	1,457.4	4.1
Personal and laundry services	1,495.6	1,544.7	1,549.5	1,545.7	1,503.1	1,536.7	1,545.3	1,553.0	7.7
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations	2,833.8	2,932.9	2,918.2	2,863.6	2,838.9	2,877.3	2,881.5	2,873.1	-8.4

Government	22,323	21,561	21,969	22,953	22,237	22,739	22,789	22,862	73
Federal	2,875	2,946	2,954	2,963	2,867	2,935	2,946	2,952	6
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,279.9	2,341.1	2,351.1	2,360.2	2,267.3	2,329.4	2,338.0	2,344.7	6.7
U.S. Postal Service	594.8	605.3	602.4	602.5	599.5	605.5	608.4	606.8	-1.6
State government	5,198	4,924	5,013	5,396	5,115	5,243	5,267	5,296	29
State government education	2,534.8	2,197.6	2,273.9	2,666.1	2,458.0	2,532.8	2,545.7	2,574.8	29.1
State government, excluding education	2,662.9	2,726.0	2,738.8	2,729.5	2,657.4	2,710.0	2,721.3	2,721.5	0.2
Local government	14,250	13,691	14,002	14,594	14,255	14,561	14,576	14,614	38
Local government education	7,806.8	6,841.4	7,200.8	7,954.3	7,811.4	7,944.9	7,956.1	7,966.9	10.8
Local government, excluding education	6,443.3	6,849.5	6,801.5	6,640.1	6,443.8	6,616.2	6,620.2	6,646.8	26.6
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.6	34.3	34.4	34.4
Goods-producing	39.9	39.8	39.8	39.8
Mining and logging	46.4	44.6	45.2	45.1
Construction	38.7	38.9	39.1	39.0
Manufacturing	40.3	40.1	40.0	40.1
Durable goods	40.7	40.6	40.6	40.6
Nondurable goods	39.7	39.1	39.0	39.2
Private service-providing	33.5	33.3	33.3	33.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.1	33.9	34.0	33.9
Wholesale trade	38.9	38.7	38.8	38.8
Retail trade	30.1	29.9	29.9	29.8
Transportation and warehousing	38.5	38.2	38.4	38.3
Utilities	42.2	42.2	41.9	41.8
Information	36.6	36.3	36.3	36.3
Financial activities	37.4	37.4	37.4	37.4
Professional and business services	36.8	36.5	36.5	36.5
Private education and health services	33.5	33.3	33.4	33.3
Leisure and hospitality	25.6	25.3	25.3	25.6
Other services	32.3	32.2	32.3	32.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.2	3.0	3.1	3.1
Durable goods	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.2
Nondurable goods	3.0	2.7	2.8	2.8
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)
Total private	$32.53	$33.73	$33.81	$33.88	$1,125.54	$1,156.94	$1,163.06	$1,165.47
Goods-producing	32.71	34.27	34.34	34.45	1,305.13	1,363.95	1,366.73	1,371.11
Mining and logging	36.31	38.17	38.27	38.35	1,684.78	1,702.38	1,729.80	1,729.59
Construction	35.05	36.66	36.73	36.85	1,356.44	1,426.07	1,436.14	1,437.15
Manufacturing	31.16	32.63	32.68	32.79	1,255.75	1,308.46	1,307.20	1,314.88
Durable goods	32.76	34.15	34.20	34.31	1,333.33	1,386.49	1,388.52	1,392.99
Nondurable goods	28.46	29.96	30.03	30.15	1,129.86	1,171.44	1,171.17	1,181.88
Private service-providing	32.49	33.61	33.69	33.75	1,088.42	1,119.21	1,121.88	1,123.88
Trade, transportation, and utilities	27.91	29.05	29.15	29.27	951.73	984.80	991.10	992.25
Wholesale trade	35.27	36.92	37.13	37.27	1,372.00	1,428.80	1,440.64	1,446.08
Retail trade	23.11	23.93	24.01	24.09	695.61	715.51	717.90	717.88
Transportation and warehousing	28.12	29.19	29.24	29.36	1,082.62	1,115.06	1,122.82	1,124.49
Utilities	47.97	50.19	50.09	50.19	2,024.33	2,118.02	2,098.77	2,097.94
Information	47.73	48.08	48.21	48.14	1,746.92	1,745.30	1,750.02	1,747.48
Financial activities	42.09	43.61	43.97	44.16	1,574.17	1,631.01	1,644.48	1,651.58
Professional and business services	39.00	40.59	40.56	40.67	1,435.20	1,481.54	1,480.44	1,484.46
Private education and health services	32.11	33.02	33.10	33.15	1,075.69	1,099.57	1,105.54	1,103.90
Leisure and hospitality	20.32	21.23	21.27	21.27	520.19	537.12	538.13	544.51
Other services	29.12	29.83	30.02	30.08	940.58	960.53	969.65	974.59
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
Industry	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)	Percent change from: Aug. 2023 - Sept. 2023(p)	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)	Percent change from: Aug. 2023 - Sept. 2023(p)
Total private	114.2	115.0	115.5	115.7	0.2	177.6	185.5	186.7	187.5	0.4
Goods-producing	96.9	97.9	98.1	98.3	0.2	143.3	151.7	152.3	153.0	0.5
Mining and logging	89.4	90.3	91.5	91.4	-0.1	130.3	138.3	140.5	140.7	0.1
Construction	104.0	106.8	107.9	107.7	-0.2	158.4	170.2	172.1	172.5	0.2
Manufacturing	93.6	93.7	93.5	93.9	0.4	135.7	142.1	142.1	143.1	0.7
Durable goods	92.0	93.0	93.2	93.3	0.1	133.9	141.1	141.5	142.2	0.5
Nondurable goods	96.8	94.6	94.3	94.9	0.6	139.8	143.8	143.7	145.1	1.0
Private service-providing	118.8	120.0	120.2	120.4	0.2	187.6	196.1	196.8	197.6	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	107.2	106.9	107.2	107.0	-0.2	161.4	167.5	168.5	169.0	0.3
Wholesale trade	103.0	103.5	103.8	104.0	0.2	152.0	159.8	161.2	162.1	0.6
Retail trade	95.0	94.6	94.6	94.4	-0.2	145.1	149.6	150.1	150.3	0.1
Transportation and warehousing	148.7	147.3	147.7	147.5	-0.1	212.7	218.8	219.7	220.3	0.3
Utilities	101.4	101.5	101.2	101.9	0.7	160.8	168.3	167.5	168.9	0.8
Information	104.1	101.5	100.8	100.7	-0.1	176.9	173.8	173.1	172.5	-0.3
Financial activities	111.1	112.1	112.2	112.2	0.0	182.4	190.7	192.3	193.2	0.5
Professional and business services	131.0	131.3	131.3	131.4	0.1	207.0	215.8	215.8	216.5	0.3
Private education and health services	134.4	138.2	139.2	139.1	-0.1	207.7	219.6	221.6	221.9	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	117.4	120.0	120.3	122.4	1.7	192.5	205.5	206.4	210.1	1.8
Other services	107.0	108.9	109.5	109.9	0.4	170.9	178.1	180.2	181.2	0.6
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
Industry	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)
Total nonfarm	76,500	77,883	78,011	78,196	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.8
Total private	63,558	64,619	64,719	64,877	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Goods-producing	4,921	5,001	4,996	5,009	23.1	23.2	23.1	23.1
Mining and logging	79	83	83	83	12.9	12.9	12.9	12.9
Construction	1,099	1,137	1,138	1,143	14.1	14.3	14.2	14.3
Manufacturing	3,743	3,781	3,775	3,783	29.0	29.1	29.1	29.1
Durable goods	1,995	2,028	2,029	2,032	24.8	24.9	24.9	24.9
Nondurable goods	1,748	1,753	1,746	1,751	35.8	36.2	36.0	36.1
Private service-providing	58,637	59,618	59,723	59,868	53.2	53.2	53.3	53.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,346	11,314	11,301	11,300	39.4	39.2	39.2	39.1
Wholesale trade	1,837.8	1,861.2	1,862.5	1,857.1	30.6	30.7	30.7	30.6
Retail trade	7,547.4	7,502.2	7,497.4	7,503.1	48.7	48.3	48.3	48.2
Transportation and warehousing	1,819.3	1,804.6	1,793.2	1,791.3	27.1	26.9	26.8	26.7
Utilities	141.9	145.7	147.4	148.1	25.5	26.2	26.4	26.3
Information	1,258	1,245	1,244	1,243	40.4	40.7	40.9	40.9
Financial activities	5,052	5,089	5,090	5,095	55.7	55.6	55.6	55.6
Professional and business services	10,486	10,570	10,577	10,589	46.1	46.0	46.0	46.0
Private education and health services	18,945	19,525	19,597	19,648	77.1	76.8	76.8	76.8
Leisure and hospitality	8,490	8,734	8,771	8,845	52.8	52.5	52.6	52.8
Other services	3,060	3,141	3,143	3,148	53.2	53.5	53.5	53.5
Government	12,942	13,264	13,292	13,319	58.2	58.3	58.3	58.3
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]
Industry	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)
Total private	107,078	108,766	108,846	109,072
Goods-producing	15,313	15,467	15,475	15,489
Mining and logging	460	495	496	498
Construction	5,768	5,850	5,873	5,872
Manufacturing	9,085	9,122	9,106	9,119
Durable goods	5,581	5,630	5,619	5,629
Nondurable goods	3,504	3,492	3,487	3,490
Private service-providing	91,765	93,299	93,371	93,583
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24,259	24,329	24,323	24,374
Wholesale trade	4,768.3	4,795.5	4,784.6	4,789.1
Retail trade	13,196.0	13,236.3	13,242.4	13,281.5
Transportation and warehousing	5,852.9	5,855.8	5,852.0	5,855.3
Utilities	441.4	441.0	444.0	448.1
Information	2,465	2,452	2,425	2,421
Financial activities	6,830	6,863	6,861	6,870
Professional and business services	18,240	18,214	18,202	18,209
Private education and health services	21,368	22,111	22,195	22,286
Leisure and hospitality	13,938	14,548	14,562	14,623
Other services	4,665	4,782	4,803	4,800
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.0	33.8	33.8	33.8
Goods-producing	40.7	40.5	40.6	40.5
Mining and logging	48.1	47.1	47.7	47.8
Construction	39.6	39.5	39.7	39.6
Manufacturing	41.1	40.7	40.7	40.7
Durable goods	41.4	41.0	41.0	40.9
Nondurable goods	40.4	40.2	40.3	40.5
Private service-providing	32.9	32.7	32.7	32.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.1	34.0	34.0	34.1
Wholesale trade	38.9	38.8	38.8	38.8
Retail trade	30.4	30.3	30.4	30.5
Transportation and warehousing	37.8	37.7	37.6	37.6
Utilities	42.1	43.0	42.4	42.3
Information	36.1	35.9	35.9	35.9
Financial activities	37.3	37.0	37.0	36.9
Professional and business services	36.5	36.2	36.4	36.2
Private education and health services	32.6	32.5	32.5	32.4
Leisure and hospitality	24.6	24.1	24.1	24.3
Other services	31.2	31.2	31.3	31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.6
Durable goods	4.1	3.8	3.7	3.7
Nondurable goods	3.7	3.5	3.5	3.4
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)
Total private	$27.85	$28.94	$29.00	$29.06	$946.90	$978.17	$980.20	$982.23
Goods-producing	28.27	29.63	29.74	29.86	1,150.59	1,200.02	1,207.44	1,209.33
Mining and logging	32.92	34.37	34.03	34.48	1,583.45	1,618.83	1,623.23	1,648.14
Construction	32.74	34.22	34.41	34.54	1,296.50	1,351.69	1,366.08	1,367.78
Manufacturing	25.26	26.49	26.54	26.63	1,038.19	1,078.14	1,080.18	1,083.84
Durable goods	26.40	27.62	27.62	27.75	1,092.96	1,132.42	1,132.42	1,134.98
Nondurable goods	23.40	24.62	24.75	24.80	945.36	989.72	997.43	1,004.40
Private service-providing	27.76	28.79	28.85	28.90	913.30	941.43	943.40	945.03
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24.28	25.28	25.38	25.39	827.95	859.52	862.92	865.80
Wholesale trade	29.55	30.46	30.65	30.63	1,149.50	1,181.85	1,189.22	1,188.44
Retail trade	19.85	20.53	20.62	20.69	603.44	622.06	626.85	631.05
Transportation and warehousing	26.38	27.89	27.96	27.94	997.16	1,051.45	1,051.30	1,050.54
Utilities	42.40	44.74	44.85	44.86	1,785.04	1,923.82	1,901.64	1,897.58
Information	38.62	39.49	39.62	39.63	1,394.18	1,417.69	1,422.36	1,422.72
Financial activities	32.56	33.90	34.01	34.19	1,214.49	1,254.30	1,258.37	1,261.61
Professional and business services	32.75	34.25	34.35	34.44	1,195.38	1,239.85	1,250.34	1,246.73
Private education and health services	29.30	30.18	30.14	30.26	955.18	980.85	979.55	980.42
Leisure and hospitality	18.05	18.84	18.87	18.89	444.03	454.04	454.77	459.03
Other services	25.11	25.80	25.93	25.97	783.43	804.96	811.61	815.46
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
Industry	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)	Percent change from: Aug. 2023 - Sept. 2023(p)	Sept. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023(p)	Sept. 2023(p)	Percent change from: Aug. 2023 - Sept. 2023(p)
Total private	121.3	122.5	122.6	122.8	0.2	225.8	237.0	237.6	238.6	0.4
Goods-producing	95.2	95.7	96.0	95.9	-0.1	164.9	173.7	174.8	175.3	0.3
Mining and logging	117.6	123.9	125.7	126.5	0.6	225.1	247.7	248.8	253.7	2.0
Construction	114.4	115.7	116.7	116.4	-0.3	202.2	213.8	216.9	217.1	0.1
Manufacturing	85.7	85.2	85.1	85.2	0.1	141.6	147.6	147.7	148.4	0.5
Durable goods	86.8	86.7	86.5	86.5	0.0	143.1	149.5	149.2	149.8	0.4
Nondurable goods	83.4	82.7	82.8	83.3	0.6	137.9	143.9	144.8	145.9	0.8
Private service-providing	128.6	130.0	130.1	130.4	0.2	244.9	256.7	257.4	258.5	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	115.8	115.8	115.8	116.3	0.4	200.9	209.2	210.0	211.1	0.5
Wholesale trade	110.1	110.4	110.2	110.3	0.1	192.0	198.5	199.3	199.4	0.1
Retail trade	101.7	101.7	102.1	102.7	0.6	173.1	179.0	180.5	182.2	0.9
Transportation and warehousing	167.4	167.1	166.5	166.6	0.1	281.1	296.6	296.4	296.3	0.0
Utilities	95.0	97.0	96.3	96.9	0.6	168.2	181.1	180.2	181.5	0.7
Information	101.6	100.5	99.4	99.2	-0.2	194.2	196.4	194.9	194.6	-0.2
Financial activities	119.9	119.5	119.5	119.3	-0.2	240.2	249.3	250.0	251.0	0.4
Professional and business services	148.6	147.2	147.9	147.1	-0.5	289.5	299.8	302.2	301.4	-0.3
Private education and health services	148.5	153.2	153.8	154.0	0.1	287.2	305.2	306.0	307.5	0.5
Leisure and hospitality	125.6	128.4	128.5	130.2	1.3	257.4	274.8	275.5	279.2	1.3
Other services	102.1	104.6	105.4	105.7	0.3	186.8	196.7	199.2	200.0	0.4
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Last Modified Date: October 06, 2023