Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until	               USDL-24-2233
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, November 1, 2024

Technical information: 
 Household data:	(202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data:	(202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                              THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- OCTOBER 2024


Total nonfarm payroll employment was essentially unchanged in October (+12,000), and the
unemployment rate was unchanged at 4.1 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported
today. Employment continued to trend up in health care and government. Temporary help services
lost jobs. Employment declined in manufacturing due to strike activity.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures
labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment
survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about
the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

  ______________________________________________________________________________________________
 |												|
 |                                  Hurricanes Helene and Milton				|
 |												|
 | October data from the household and establishment surveys are the first collected since	|
 | Hurricanes Helene and Milton struck the United States. These hurricanes caused severe	|
 | damage in the southeast portion of the country. See the notes at the end of this news	|
 | release for more information.								|
 |______________________________________________________________________________________________|


Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate was unchanged at 4.1 percent in October, and the number of unemployed
people was little changed at 7.0 million. These measures are higher than a year earlier, when
the jobless rate was 3.8 percent, and the number of unemployed people was 6.4 million. (See
table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.9 percent), adult women
(3.6 percent), teenagers (13.8 percent), Whites (3.8 percent), Blacks (5.7 percent), Asians
(3.9 percent), and Hispanics (5.1 percent) showed little or no change over the month. (See
tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers edged up to 1.8 million in October.
The number of people on temporary layoff changed little at 846,000. (See table A-11.)

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed at
1.6 million in October. This measure is up from 1.3 million a year earlier. In October, the
long-term unemployed accounted for 22.9 percent of all unemployed people. (See table A-12.)

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.6 percent, and the employment-population ratio,
at 60.0 percent, changed little in October. These measures have shown little change over the
year. (See table A-1.)

The number of people employed part time for economic reasons was little changed at 4.6 million
in October. These individuals would have preferred full-time employment but were working part
time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See
table A-8.)

The number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.7 million, was
essentially unchanged in October. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because
they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were
unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached
to the labor force, at 1.6 million, was little changed in October. These individuals wanted
and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had
not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a
subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, changed
little at 379,000 in October. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment was essentially unchanged in October (+12,000), following an
average monthly gain of 194,000 over the prior 12 months. In October, employment continued to
trend up in health care and government. Temporary help services lost jobs. Employment declined
in manufacturing due to strike activity. (See table B-1.)

Health care added 52,000 jobs in October, in line with the average monthly gain of 58,000 over
the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment rose in ambulatory health care services
(+36,000) and nursing and residential care facilities (+9,000).

Employment in government continued its upward trend in October (+40,000), similar to the
average monthly gain of 43,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment continued
to trend up in state government (+18,000).

Within professional and business services, employment in temporary help services declined by
49,000 in October. Temporary help services employment has decreased by 577,000 since reaching
a peak in March 2022.

Manufacturing employment decreased by 46,000 in October, reflecting a decline of 44,000 in
transportation equipment manufacturing that was largely due to strike activity.

Employment in construction changed little in October (+8,000). The industry had added an
average of 20,000 jobs per month over the prior 12 months. Over the month, nonresidential
specialty trade contractors added 14,000 jobs.

Employment showed little or no change over the month in other major industries, including
mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation
and warehousing; information; financial activities; leisure and hospitality; and other
services.

In October, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 13
cents, or 0.4 percent, to $35.46. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have
increased by 4.0 percent. In October, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and
nonsupervisory employees rose by 12 cents, or 0.4 percent, to $30.48. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls remained at 34.3 hours in
October. In manufacturing, the average workweek was little changed at 39.9 hours, and overtime
edged down by 0.1 hour to 2.8 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory
employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours. (See tables B-2
and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for August was revised down by 81,000, from
+159,000 to +78,000, and the change for September was revised down by 31,000, from +254,000 to
+223,000. With these revisions, employment in August and September combined is 112,000 lower
than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from
businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation
of seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for November is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 6, 2024,
at 8:30 a.m. (ET).


  ______________________________________________________________________________________________
 |												|
 |                                Hurricanes Helene and Milton 				        |
 |												|
 | Hurricane Helene made landfall on Florida’s Gulf Coast on September 26, 2024, and then	|
 | tracked north into several other states. This was before the October reference periods for	|
 | both the household and establishment surveys. 						|
 | 												|
 | Hurricane Milton struck Florida on October 9, 2024, during the reference periods for both	|
 | surveys. Prior to the storm’s landfall, there were large-scale evacuations of Florida	|
 | residents.											|
 |												|
 | In October, the household survey was conducted largely according to standard procedures,	|
 | and response rates were within normal ranges.						|
 |												|
 | The initial establishment survey collection rate for October was well below average.		|
 | However, collection rates were similar in storm-affected areas and unaffected areas. A	|
 | larger influence on the October collection rate for establishment data was the timing and	|
 | length of the collection period. This period, which can range from 10 to 16 days, lasted	|
 | 10 days in October and was completed several days before the end of the month. 		|
 |												|
 | No changes were made to either the establishment or household survey estimation procedures	|
 | for the October data. It is likely that payroll employment estimates in some industries	|
 | were affected by the hurricanes; however, it is not possible to quantify the net effect on	|
 | the over-the-month change in national employment, hours, or earnings estimates because the	|
 | establishment survey is not designed to isolate effects from extreme weather events. There	|
 | was no discernible effect on the national unemployment rate from the household survey. 	|
 |												|
 | For information on how unusually severe weather can affect employment and hours estimates,	|
 | see the Frequently Asked Questions section of this news release. 				|
 |												|
 | BLS will release the state estimates of employment and unemployment for October on		|
 | November 19, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).							|
 |______________________________________________________________________________________________|
												

  ______________________________________________________________________________________________
 |												|
 |                      Notice Regarding Funding of the Household Survey			|
 |												|
 | BLS has paused plans to reduce the household survey (Current Population Survey or CPS)	|
 | sample at this time. For further information, please see 					|
 | www.bls.gov/cps/notices/2024/cps-funding.htm. 						|
 |______________________________________________________________________________________________|

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Change from: Sept. 2024- Oct. 2024
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	267,642	268,856	269,080	269,289	209
Civilian labor force	167,723	168,549	168,699	168,479	-220
Participation rate	62.7	62.7	62.7	62.6	-0.1
Employed	161,280	161,434	161,864	161,496	-368
Employment-population ratio	60.3	60.0	60.2	60.0	-0.2
Unemployed	6,443	7,115	6,834	6,984	150
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.2	4.1	4.1	0.0
Not in labor force	99,919	100,306	100,381	100,809	428
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	3.8	4.2	4.1	4.1	0.0
Adult men (20 years and over)	3.7	4.0	3.7	3.9	0.2
Adult women (20 years and over)	3.2	3.7	3.6	3.6	0.0
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	13.1	14.1	14.3	13.8	-0.5
White	3.5	3.8	3.6	3.8	0.2
Black or African American	5.8	6.1	5.7	5.7	0.0
Asian	3.1	4.1	4.1	3.9	-0.2
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4.8	5.5	5.1	5.1	0.0
Total, 25 years and over	3.1	3.4	3.3	3.4	0.1
Less than a high school diploma	5.8	7.1	6.8	6.6	-0.2
High school graduates, no college	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	0.0
Some college or associate degree	3.1	3.4	3.4	3.4	0.0
Bachelor's degree and higher	2.1	2.5	2.3	2.5	0.2
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	3,120	3,328	3,233	3,400	167
Job leavers	801	845	818	801	-17
Reentrants	1,869	2,132	2,046	2,154	108
New entrants	603	718	662	602	-60
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,269	2,468	2,146	2,112	-34
5 to 14 weeks	1,836	2,019	1,982	2,080	98
15 to 26 weeks	1,079	1,167	1,119	1,234	115
27 weeks and over	1,291	1,533	1,630	1,608	-22
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	4,284	4,830	4,624	4,557	-67
Slack work or business conditions	2,985	3,303	2,999	3,023	24
Could only find part-time work	1,000	1,144	1,274	1,184	-90
Part time for noneconomic reasons	21,576	22,561	22,566	22,352	-214
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,416	1,401	1,605	1,572	-33
Discouraged workers	419	367	445	379	-66
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	165	78	223	12
Total private	98	37	192	-28
Goods-producing	-10	2	23	-37
Mining and logging	-1	0	2	1
Construction	22	28	27	8
Manufacturing	-31	-26	-6	-46
Durable goods(1)	-33	-30	-3	-47
Motor vehicles and parts	-27.5	-15.5	-4.2	-6.0
Nondurable goods	2	4	-3	1
Private service-providing	108	35	169	9
Wholesale trade	11.9	6.9	6.1	10.4
Retail trade	1.3	-14.5	15.4	-6.4
Transportation and warehousing	-8.5	10.7	2.7	-3.7
Utilities	1.5	-0.1	2.9	-1.7
Information	-26	-8	3	3
Financial activities	0	7	4	0
Professional and business services(1)	-5	-47	-9	-47
Temporary help services	-22.6	-23.3	-20.2	-48.5
Private education and health services(1)	77	67	95	57
Health care and social assistance	72.0	55.3	80.4	51.3
Leisure and hospitality	57	9	40	-4
Other services	-1	4	9	1
Government	67	41	31	40
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	207	113	148	104
Total private	148	78	109	67
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.9
Total private women employees	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.3	81.4	81.4	81.4
HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.3	34.3	34.3	34.3
Average hourly earnings	$34.10	$35.22	$35.33	$35.46
Average weekly earnings	$1,169.63	$1,208.05	$1,211.82	$1,216.28
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	115.3	116.6	116.7	116.7
Over-the-month percent change	-0.2	0.3	0.1	0.0
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	187.9	196.3	197.2	197.9
Over-the-month percent change	0.1	0.8	0.5	0.4
DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (250 industries)	56.6	50.8	59.8	55.6
Manufacturing (72 industries)	43.1	37.5	43.1	45.1
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

   The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
   of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
   employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
   month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
   over-the-month employment change of about 130,000 is statistically significant in
   the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
   in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a more
   expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
   workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
   workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
   The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
   For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

   It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
   neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
   status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
   either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
   workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
   native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
   born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
   The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

   The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
   incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
   initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
   monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
   additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
   adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

   On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
   re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
   insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
   in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

   Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
   establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
   designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
   estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
   sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

   Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
   the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
   comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
   business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
   can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
   establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
   the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
   is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
   sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
   twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment
   insurance benefits?

   No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
   All people who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
   included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
   they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
   unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
   looking for work?

   Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who
   want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
   jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
   underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
   officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
   Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
   measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

   In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
   the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
   average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
   time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
   The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
   a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
   part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
   such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
   
   It is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
   employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment
   estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period.
   Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in
   the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid,
   please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

   In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
   includes the 12th of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-
   related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
   off. The household survey collects data on the number of people who had a job but
   were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
   people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 
   
   Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
   statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 629,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and unemployed.
Those people not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including people on paid leave. People are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable. The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-80,000 to +180,000 (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries
when necessary. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Oct. 2023	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	June 2024	July 2024	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	267,642	269,080	269,289	267,642	268,438	268,644	268,856	269,080	269,289
Civilian labor force	167,774	168,569	168,569	167,723	168,009	168,429	168,549	168,699	168,479
Participation rate	62.7	62.6	62.6	62.7	62.6	62.7	62.7	62.7	62.6
Employed	161,676	162,046	161,938	161,280	161,199	161,266	161,434	161,864	161,496
Employment-population ratio	60.4	60.2	60.1	60.3	60.1	60.0	60.0	60.2	60.0
Unemployed	6,098	6,524	6,631	6,443	6,811	7,163	7,115	6,834	6,984
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.9	3.9	3.8	4.1	4.3	4.2	4.1	4.1
Not in labor force	99,868	100,511	100,720	99,919	100,429	100,215	100,306	100,381	100,809
Persons who currently want a job	5,037	5,591	5,330	5,376	5,234	5,600	5,637	5,697	5,666
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	130,816	131,186	131,287	130,816	130,875	130,975	131,077	131,186	131,287
Civilian labor force	88,730	89,209	89,279	88,968	89,171	89,293	88,950	89,308	89,439
Participation rate	67.8	68.0	68.0	68.0	68.1	68.2	67.9	68.1	68.1
Employed	85,384	85,754	85,770	85,327	85,514	85,390	85,075	85,596	85,631
Employment-population ratio	65.3	65.4	65.3	65.2	65.3	65.2	64.9	65.2	65.2
Unemployed	3,345	3,455	3,509	3,641	3,657	3,903	3,875	3,712	3,808
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.9	3.9	4.1	4.1	4.4	4.4	4.2	4.3
Not in labor force	42,087	41,978	42,008	41,848	41,704	41,682	42,127	41,878	41,848
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	122,029	122,221	122,316	122,029	121,929	122,021	122,118	122,221	122,316
Civilian labor force	85,542	86,045	86,204	85,687	85,846	86,054	85,857	86,006	86,257
Participation rate	70.1	70.4	70.5	70.2	70.4	70.5	70.3	70.4	70.5
Employed	82,663	83,091	83,121	82,526	82,618	82,576	82,452	82,815	82,896
Employment-population ratio	67.7	68.0	68.0	67.6	67.8	67.7	67.5	67.8	67.8
Unemployed	2,879	2,955	3,083	3,161	3,227	3,477	3,405	3,192	3,361
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.4	3.6	3.7	3.8	4.0	4.0	3.7	3.9
Not in labor force	36,487	36,175	36,112	36,343	36,083	35,968	36,261	36,215	36,059
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	136,826	137,894	138,002	136,826	137,564	137,669	137,779	137,894	138,002
Civilian labor force	79,045	79,361	79,290	78,755	78,838	79,136	79,599	79,391	79,040
Participation rate	57.8	57.6	57.5	57.6	57.3	57.5	57.8	57.6	57.3
Employed	76,292	76,292	76,169	75,953	75,684	75,876	76,359	76,268	75,865
Employment-population ratio	55.8	55.3	55.2	55.5	55.0	55.1	55.4	55.3	55.0
Unemployed	2,753	3,069	3,121	2,801	3,154	3,260	3,240	3,123	3,176
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.9	3.9	3.6	4.0	4.1	4.1	3.9	4.0
Not in labor force	57,781	58,533	58,712	58,071	58,725	58,533	58,179	58,503	58,961
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	128,342	129,236	129,340	128,342	128,922	129,021	129,125	129,236	129,340
Civilian labor force	75,888	76,264	76,282	75,487	75,587	75,968	76,411	76,134	75,911
Participation rate	59.1	59.0	59.0	58.8	58.6	58.9	59.2	58.9	58.7
Employed	73,499	73,598	73,566	73,066	72,798	73,078	73,589	73,426	73,159
Employment-population ratio	57.3	56.9	56.9	56.9	56.5	56.6	57.0	56.8	56.6
Unemployed	2,390	2,667	2,716	2,421	2,788	2,890	2,822	2,708	2,752
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.5	3.6	3.2	3.7	3.8	3.7	3.6	3.6
Not in labor force	52,454	52,972	53,057	52,856	53,335	53,052	52,714	53,102	53,428
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,270	17,623	17,633	17,270	17,588	17,602	17,612	17,623	17,633
Civilian labor force	6,344	6,260	6,083	6,549	6,577	6,407	6,281	6,559	6,311
Participation rate	36.7	35.5	34.5	37.9	37.4	36.4	35.7	37.2	35.8
Employed	5,514	5,357	5,252	5,688	5,782	5,612	5,393	5,624	5,441
Employment-population ratio	31.9	30.4	29.8	32.9	32.9	31.9	30.6	31.9	30.9
Unemployed	830	902	832	861	795	795	888	935	870
Unemployment rate	13.1	14.4	13.7	13.1	12.1	12.4	14.1	14.3	13.8
Not in labor force	10,927	11,364	11,550	10,721	11,011	11,195	11,332	11,064	11,322
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Oct. 2023	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	June 2024	July 2024	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	204,867	205,338	205,444	204,867	205,010	205,114	205,222	205,338	205,444
Civilian labor force	127,686	128,149	127,820	127,612	127,552	127,887	127,939	128,168	127,750
Participation rate	62.3	62.4	62.2	62.3	62.2	62.3	62.3	62.4	62.2
Employed	123,623	123,659	123,318	123,198	123,095	123,032	123,049	123,490	122,905
Employment-population ratio	60.3	60.2	60.0	60.1	60.0	60.0	60.0	60.1	59.8
Unemployed	4,063	4,490	4,503	4,414	4,457	4,854	4,890	4,677	4,845
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.8	3.8	3.6	3.8
Not in labor force	77,181	77,189	77,624	77,255	77,457	77,228	77,282	77,171	77,695
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	66,334	66,445	66,460	66,363	66,154	66,313	66,282	66,385	66,439
Participation rate	70.0	70.2	70.1	70.0	70.0	70.1	70.0	70.1	70.1
Employed	64,359	64,353	64,334	64,148	64,011	64,005	63,910	64,114	64,085
Employment-population ratio	67.9	67.9	67.9	67.6	67.7	67.6	67.5	67.7	67.6
Unemployed	1,975	2,091	2,126	2,215	2,143	2,308	2,372	2,271	2,354
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.6	3.4	3.5
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	56,501	56,837	56,687	56,209	56,268	56,529	56,777	56,693	56,426
Participation rate	57.9	58.1	57.9	57.6	57.6	57.8	58.0	57.9	57.6
Employed	55,002	55,096	54,936	54,621	54,505	54,583	54,866	54,947	54,583
Employment-population ratio	56.4	56.3	56.1	56.0	55.8	55.8	56.1	56.1	55.7
Unemployed	1,498	1,741	1,751	1,588	1,763	1,946	1,911	1,747	1,843
Unemployment rate	2.7	3.1	3.1	2.8	3.1	3.4	3.4	3.1	3.3
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,851	4,867	4,674	5,040	5,131	5,044	4,880	5,089	4,885
Participation rate	38.7	38.3	36.7	40.2	40.4	39.7	38.4	40.0	38.4
Employed	4,262	4,209	4,049	4,430	4,580	4,444	4,273	4,429	4,238
Employment-population ratio	34.0	33.1	31.8	35.4	36.0	34.9	33.6	34.8	33.3
Unemployed	589	657	625	611	551	600	607	660	647
Unemployment rate	12.1	13.5	13.4	12.1	10.7	11.9	12.4	13.0	13.3
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	34,788	35,092	35,128	34,788	34,982	35,017	35,053	35,092	35,128
Civilian labor force	21,996	21,974	22,178	21,902	21,942	22,124	21,984	22,062	22,092
Participation rate	63.2	62.6	63.1	63.0	62.7	63.2	62.7	62.9	62.9
Employed	20,716	20,780	20,920	20,636	20,570	20,739	20,639	20,801	20,832
Employment-population ratio	59.5	59.2	59.6	59.3	58.8	59.2	58.9	59.3	59.3
Unemployed	1,281	1,194	1,258	1,266	1,372	1,385	1,344	1,262	1,259
Unemployment rate	5.8	5.4	5.7	5.8	6.3	6.3	6.1	5.7	5.7
Not in labor force	12,792	13,118	12,950	12,886	13,040	12,893	13,070	13,030	13,037
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,063	10,355	10,360	10,048	10,269	10,370	10,153	10,349	10,339
Participation rate	67.8	69.4	69.4	67.7	69.1	69.7	68.2	69.4	69.3
Employed	9,547	9,849	9,790	9,520	9,643	9,681	9,551	9,817	9,754
Employment-population ratio	64.3	66.0	65.6	64.1	64.9	65.1	64.1	65.8	65.3
Unemployed	516	506	569	528	626	689	602	532	585
Unemployment rate	5.1	4.9	5.5	5.3	6.1	6.6	5.9	5.1	5.7
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	11,148	10,906	11,060	11,065	10,906	11,029	11,084	10,944	10,990
Participation rate	64.1	62.1	63.0	63.6	62.3	63.0	63.2	62.4	62.6
Employed	10,517	10,346	10,491	10,475	10,289	10,428	10,474	10,358	10,447
Employment-population ratio	60.5	59.0	59.7	60.3	58.8	59.5	59.7	59.0	59.5
Unemployed	630	560	569	590	617	601	610	585	543
Unemployment rate	5.7	5.1	5.1	5.3	5.7	5.5	5.5	5.3	4.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	786	713	759	789	767	725	747	770	763
Participation rate	30.8	27.1	28.8	30.9	29.3	27.6	28.4	29.3	29.0
Employed	651	585	639	642	637	630	614	625	632
Employment-population ratio	25.5	22.2	24.3	25.1	24.3	24.0	23.4	23.8	24.0
Unemployed	135	128	119	147	130	95	133	145	131
Unemployment rate	17.2	18.0	15.8	18.7	16.9	13.1	17.7	18.8	17.2
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,593	17,902	18,107	17,593	18,052	17,971	17,973	17,902	18,107
Civilian labor force	11,443	11,682	11,808	11,490	11,888	11,814	11,755	11,683	11,862
Participation rate	65.0	65.3	65.2	65.3	65.9	65.7	65.4	65.3	65.5
Employed	11,094	11,206	11,344	11,134	11,400	11,383	11,269	11,202	11,393
Employment-population ratio	63.1	62.6	62.6	63.3	63.2	63.3	62.7	62.6	62.9
Unemployed	349	476	464	356	488	431	486	481	468
Unemployment rate	3.1	4.1	3.9	3.1	4.1	3.7	4.1	4.1	3.9
Not in labor force	6,150	6,220	6,299	6,103	6,163	6,158	6,218	6,219	6,245
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Oct. 2023	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	June 2024	July 2024	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	47,877	49,180	49,286	47,877	48,864	48,966	49,071	49,180	49,286
Civilian labor force	32,071	33,083	32,988	32,056	33,002	32,946	33,264	33,172	32,988
Participation rate	67.0	67.3	66.9	67.0	67.5	67.3	67.8	67.4	66.9
Employed	30,641	31,481	31,404	30,525	31,388	31,191	31,443	31,484	31,303
Employment-population ratio	64.0	64.0	63.7	63.8	64.2	63.7	64.1	64.0	63.5
Unemployed	1,429	1,602	1,584	1,531	1,614	1,755	1,822	1,687	1,684
Unemployment rate	4.5	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.9	5.3	5.5	5.1	5.1
Not in labor force	15,807	16,097	16,298	15,822	15,862	16,020	15,807	16,008	16,298
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	17,124	17,677	17,738	17,128	17,769	17,710	17,834	17,697	17,756
Participation rate	78.7	79.5	79.6	78.7	80.5	80.0	80.4	79.6	79.7
Employed	16,464	17,039	17,098	16,409	17,023	16,923	16,980	16,978	17,052
Employment-population ratio	75.7	76.7	76.7	75.4	77.1	76.5	76.6	76.4	76.5
Unemployed	660	638	640	719	746	786	854	720	704
Unemployment rate	3.9	3.6	3.6	4.2	4.2	4.4	4.8	4.1	4.0
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	13,285	13,912	13,773	13,265	13,555	13,690	13,921	13,924	13,744
Participation rate	61.2	62.3	61.5	61.1	61.1	61.6	62.5	62.3	61.4
Employed	12,794	13,250	13,104	12,727	12,951	12,949	13,223	13,262	13,032
Employment-population ratio	59.0	59.3	58.5	58.6	58.4	58.2	59.3	59.4	58.2
Unemployed	491	662	670	537	604	741	698	663	712
Unemployment rate	3.7	4.8	4.9	4.1	4.5	5.4	5.0	4.8	5.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,661	1,495	1,477	1,664	1,678	1,546	1,509	1,550	1,488
Participation rate	37.5	32.4	31.9	37.6	36.5	33.6	32.7	33.6	32.2
Employed	1,382	1,192	1,202	1,389	1,414	1,319	1,239	1,245	1,219
Employment-population ratio	31.2	25.8	26.0	31.4	30.8	28.7	26.9	27.0	26.4
Unemployed	279	302	274	275	264	227	269	305	268
Unemployment rate	16.8	20.2	18.6	16.5	15.7	14.7	17.8	19.7	18.0
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2023	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	June 2024	July 2024	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	9,176	9,355	8,920	9,312	9,145	9,199	9,452	9,262	9,055
Participation rate	47.3	48.1	47.7	48.0	47.0	49.0	48.1	47.6	48.4
Employed	8,725	8,802	8,408	8,771	8,604	8,583	8,785	8,630	8,456
Employment-population ratio	45.0	45.3	44.9	45.2	44.2	45.7	44.7	44.4	45.2
Unemployed	451	553	512	542	541	616	667	632	599
Unemployment rate	4.9	5.9	5.7	5.8	5.9	6.7	7.1	6.8	6.6
High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	35,758	36,408	35,908	35,637	36,235	36,721	36,840	36,214	35,866
Participation rate	57.1	57.0	56.8	56.9	57.0	57.0	56.9	56.7	56.7
Employed	34,377	35,031	34,546	34,195	34,709	35,015	35,357	34,770	34,441
Employment-population ratio	54.9	54.8	54.6	54.6	54.6	54.3	54.6	54.4	54.5
Unemployed	1,381	1,377	1,362	1,442	1,526	1,707	1,482	1,444	1,425
Unemployment rate	3.9	3.8	3.8	4.0	4.2	4.6	4.0	4.0	4.0
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	36,188	35,990	36,050	35,814	35,569	35,688	35,578	35,899	35,718
Participation rate	62.9	63.3	62.8	62.2	62.7	63.0	63.5	63.1	62.2
Employed	35,098	34,808	34,876	34,691	34,353	34,425	34,352	34,680	34,506
Employment-population ratio	61.0	61.2	60.8	60.3	60.5	60.8	61.3	61.0	60.1
Unemployed	1,090	1,182	1,174	1,123	1,216	1,263	1,226	1,219	1,212
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.3	3.3	3.1	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.4
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	64,670	65,527	66,206	64,504	65,352	65,256	65,291	65,465	65,972
Participation rate	72.9	72.9	72.8	72.8	72.8	72.7	73.0	72.9	72.6
Employed	63,362	64,073	64,597	63,133	63,800	63,724	63,653	63,962	64,314
Employment-population ratio	71.5	71.3	71.1	71.2	71.1	71.0	71.2	71.2	70.8
Unemployed	1,308	1,454	1,609	1,371	1,552	1,532	1,639	1,503	1,659
Unemployment rate	2.0	2.2	2.4	2.1	2.4	2.3	2.5	2.3	2.5
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,836	17,484	15,790	15,429	2,046	2,055
Civilian labor force	8,485	8,334	7,295	7,201	1,189	1,133
Participation rate	47.6	47.7	46.2	46.7	58.1	55.1
Employed	8,256	8,096	7,095	7,006	1,160	1,091
Employment-population ratio	46.3	46.3	44.9	45.4	56.7	53.1
Unemployed	229	237	200	195	29	42
Unemployment rate	2.7	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.4	3.7
Not in labor force	9,351	9,150	8,495	8,228	857	922
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,167	5,317	4,218	4,319	949	999
Civilian labor force	3,987	4,129	3,286	3,454	701	674
Participation rate	77.2	77.6	77.9	80.0	73.9	67.5
Employed	3,826	3,995	3,149	3,344	678	652
Employment-population ratio	74.1	75.1	74.7	77.4	71.4	65.3
Unemployed	161	133	137	110	24	23
Unemployment rate	4.0	3.2	4.2	3.2	3.4	3.4
Not in labor force	1,180	1,189	932	865	248	324
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	2,877	2,870	2,448	2,459	429	410
Civilian labor force	2,063	1,908	1,766	1,653	297	255
Participation rate	71.7	66.5	72.1	67.2	69.3	62.2
Employed	2,026	1,880	1,729	1,639	297	240
Employment-population ratio	70.4	65.5	70.6	66.7	69.3	58.5
Unemployed	37	29	37	14	0	15
Unemployment rate	1.8	1.5	2.1	0.8	0.0	5.8
Not in labor force	814	961	682	806	132	155
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,895	5,551	5,645	5,315	250	236
Civilian labor force	804	724	781	692	23	32
Participation rate	13.6	13.1	13.8	13.0	9.2	13.6
Employed	795	716	773	684	22	32
Employment-population ratio	13.5	12.9	13.7	12.9	8.7	13.6
Unemployed	9	9	8	9	1	0
Unemployment rate	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.3	-	-
Not in labor force	5,091	4,827	4,864	4,623	227	204
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,897	3,746	3,479	3,336	418	410
Civilian labor force	1,630	1,572	1,463	1,401	168	171
Participation rate	41.8	42.0	42.0	42.0	40.2	41.8
Employed	1,608	1,506	1,444	1,339	164	167
Employment-population ratio	41.3	40.2	41.5	40.1	39.2	40.7
Unemployed	22	67	18	62	4	5
Unemployment rate	1.4	4.2	1.2	4.4	2.4	2.6
Not in labor force	2,267	2,174	2,016	1,935	250	239
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	240,471	242,469	110,232	111,115	130,239	131,354
Civilian labor force	156,796	158,004	80,195	80,995	76,601	77,009
Participation rate	65.2	65.2	72.8	72.9	58.8	58.6
Employed	151,258	151,850	77,235	77,798	74,024	74,052
Employment-population ratio	62.9	62.6	70.1	70.0	56.8	56.4
Unemployed	5,537	6,154	2,960	3,197	2,577	2,957
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.9	3.7	3.9	3.4	3.8
Not in labor force	83,675	84,465	30,037	30,120	53,638	54,345
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	33,623	34,057	234,019	235,232
Civilian labor force	8,197	8,354	159,577	160,215
Participation rate	24.4	24.5	68.2	68.1
Employed	7,590	7,718	154,086	154,220
Employment-population ratio	22.6	22.7	65.8	65.6
Unemployed	607	636	5,491	5,995
Unemployment rate	7.4	7.6	3.4	3.7
Not in labor force	25,425	25,703	74,442	75,017
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,562	3,571	78,993	78,954
Participation rate	42.0	41.4	82.6	83.0
Employed	3,255	3,267	76,096	75,935
Employment-population ratio	38.4	37.9	79.6	79.8
Unemployed	306	304	2,897	3,019
Unemployment rate	8.6	8.5	3.7	3.8
Not in labor force	4,925	5,053	16,654	16,198
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,265	3,342	70,621	70,555
Participation rate	38.7	39.4	73.4	72.9
Employed	3,035	3,061	68,245	67,871
Employment-population ratio	36.0	36.0	70.9	70.2
Unemployed	229	281	2,376	2,684
Unemployment rate	7.0	8.4	3.4	3.8
Not in labor force	5,164	5,151	25,654	26,195
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,371	1,441	9,963	10,705
Participation rate	8.2	8.5	23.7	24.7
Employed	1,299	1,391	9,746	10,414
Employment-population ratio	7.8	8.2	23.1	24.0
Unemployed	72	51	217	291
Unemployment rate	5.2	3.5	2.2	2.7
Not in labor force	15,337	15,499	32,135	32,624
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	46,936	48,547	22,873	23,904	24,063	24,644
Civilian labor force	31,237	32,435	17,628	18,540	13,610	13,895
Participation rate	66.6	66.8	77.1	77.6	56.6	56.4
Employed	30,056	31,090	16,953	17,915	13,103	13,175
Employment-population ratio	64.0	64.0	74.1	74.9	54.5	53.5
Unemployed	1,182	1,344	675	624	507	720
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.1	3.8	3.4	3.7	5.2
Not in labor force	15,698	16,113	5,245	5,364	10,453	10,749
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	220,706	220,741	107,943	107,383	112,763	113,358
Civilian labor force	136,537	136,135	71,102	70,740	65,435	65,395
Participation rate	61.9	61.7	65.9	65.9	58.0	57.7
Employed	131,621	130,848	68,431	67,854	63,190	62,994
Employment-population ratio	59.6	59.3	63.4	63.2	56.0	55.6
Unemployed	4,916	5,287	2,671	2,885	2,245	2,401
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.9	3.8	4.1	3.4	3.7
Not in labor force	84,169	84,607	36,841	36,644	47,328	47,963
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]

Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2023	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	June 2024	July 2024	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,283	2,273	2,330	2,201	2,379	2,273	2,327	2,267	2,248
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,519	1,648	1,626	1,468	1,666	1,595	1,659	1,641	1,577
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	719	617	681	707	655	641	630	614	667
Unpaid family workers	45	8	22	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	159,393	159,772	159,609	159,166	158,984	159,100	159,108	159,635	159,353
Wage and salary workers(1)	150,305	150,426	150,304	150,170	149,846	149,789	149,476	150,298	150,171
Government	21,741	22,176	22,256	21,664	21,560	21,607	21,431	22,216	22,113
Private industries	128,564	128,251	128,048	128,454	128,300	128,166	127,962	128,095	127,993
Private households	768	654	631	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	127,796	127,597	127,417	127,800	127,646	127,515	127,371	127,450	127,438
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,054	9,300	9,264	8,957	9,025	9,191	9,475	9,235	9,171
Unpaid family workers	34	46	41	-	-	-	-	-	-
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	3,973	4,297	4,246	4,284	4,220	4,566	4,830	4,624	4,557
Slack work or business conditions	2,790	2,807	2,827	2,985	2,832	2,985	3,303	2,999	3,023
Could only find part-time work	964	1,298	1,130	1,000	1,144	1,195	1,144	1,274	1,184
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	22,008	22,704	22,743	21,576	22,341	22,036	22,561	22,566	22,352
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	3,923	4,227	4,122	4,205	4,138	4,491	4,737	4,518	4,404
Slack work or business conditions	2,754	2,751	2,766	2,941	2,778	2,937	3,261	2,928	2,953
Could only find part-time work	958	1,298	1,113	992	1,134	1,188	1,124	1,271	1,166
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,649	22,374	22,343	21,214	21,947	21,681	22,170	22,232	21,961
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2023	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	June 2024	July 2024	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	161,676	162,046	161,938	161,280	161,199	161,266	161,434	161,864	161,496
16 to 19 years	5,514	5,357	5,252	5,688	5,782	5,612	5,393	5,624	5,441
16 to 17 years	2,162	2,217	1,992	2,161	2,207	2,139	2,034	2,193	1,998
18 to 19 years	3,352	3,141	3,260	3,518	3,556	3,418	3,327	3,398	3,428
20 years and over	156,162	156,688	156,687	155,592	155,417	155,654	156,041	156,240	156,054
20 to 24 years	14,600	13,975	14,260	14,565	14,050	14,081	13,917	14,075	14,204
25 years and over	141,562	142,713	142,427	140,887	141,364	141,594	141,988	142,147	141,787
25 to 54 years	103,741	104,493	104,184	103,311	103,874	104,120	104,144	104,192	103,791
25 to 34 years	35,939	35,634	35,672	35,799	35,645	35,569	35,495	35,572	35,525
35 to 44 years	35,625	36,567	36,382	35,486	36,147	36,270	36,332	36,456	36,283
45 to 54 years	32,177	32,293	32,131	32,026	32,081	32,281	32,317	32,164	31,984
55 years and over	37,821	38,220	38,243	37,576	37,491	37,475	37,844	37,955	37,995
Men, 16 years and over	85,384	85,754	85,770	85,327	85,514	85,390	85,075	85,596	85,631
16 to 19 years	2,721	2,663	2,649	2,801	2,896	2,814	2,623	2,781	2,735
16 to 17 years	1,054	1,052	966	1,067	1,061	1,045	967	1,041	981
18 to 19 years	1,667	1,611	1,683	1,730	1,818	1,720	1,616	1,719	1,748
20 years and over	82,663	83,091	83,121	82,526	82,618	82,576	82,452	82,815	82,896
20 to 24 years	7,238	7,164	7,166	7,262	7,218	7,160	7,071	7,219	7,182
25 years and over	75,426	75,927	75,955	75,118	75,358	75,412	75,279	75,555	75,638
25 to 54 years	55,191	55,471	55,357	55,012	55,294	55,378	55,162	55,262	55,191
25 to 34 years	19,037	18,918	18,959	18,975	18,992	19,033	18,831	18,864	18,892
35 to 44 years	19,099	19,525	19,450	19,043	19,304	19,371	19,322	19,450	19,409
45 to 54 years	17,055	17,028	16,947	16,994	16,998	16,973	17,010	16,948	16,890
55 years and over	20,235	20,456	20,598	20,106	20,063	20,035	20,117	20,293	20,448
Women, 16 years and over	76,292	76,292	76,169	75,953	75,684	75,876	76,359	76,268	75,865
16 to 19 years	2,793	2,694	2,603	2,887	2,886	2,798	2,770	2,842	2,706
16 to 17 years	1,108	1,164	1,026	1,094	1,145	1,095	1,067	1,152	1,017
18 to 19 years	1,685	1,530	1,577	1,788	1,739	1,698	1,712	1,680	1,680
20 years and over	73,499	73,598	73,566	73,066	72,798	73,078	73,589	73,426	73,159
20 to 24 years	7,363	6,811	7,094	7,303	6,833	6,921	6,846	6,856	7,022
25 years and over	66,136	66,786	66,472	65,769	66,007	66,182	66,709	66,591	66,149
25 to 54 years	48,550	49,022	48,827	48,298	48,579	48,742	48,982	48,930	48,601
25 to 34 years	16,902	16,716	16,712	16,823	16,653	16,536	16,665	16,708	16,633
35 to 44 years	16,526	17,042	16,931	16,443	16,843	16,899	17,010	17,005	16,874
45 to 54 years	15,122	15,264	15,184	15,032	15,083	15,308	15,307	15,216	15,094
55 years and over	17,586	17,764	17,645	17,471	17,427	17,440	17,727	17,661	17,548
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	45,960	46,371	46,125	46,059	45,902	46,060	45,952	46,053	46,108
Married women, spouse present(1)	37,130	37,600	37,325	37,018	36,964	36,981	37,341	37,469	37,215
Women who maintain families(2)	9,963	9,852	9,843	-	-	-	-	-	-
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	134,824	134,145	133,887	134,502	133,236	133,684	133,246	133,660	133,496
Part-time workers(4)	26,853	27,901	28,051	26,702	28,054	27,729	28,256	28,161	27,934
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	8,542	8,648	8,481	8,360	8,340	8,473	8,538	8,659	8,305
Percent of total employed	5.3	5.3	5.2	5.2	5.2	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.1
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	6,626	7,174	6,873	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,773	9,917	9,946	9,664	9,681	9,831	10,105	9,849	9,838
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
	Oct. 2023	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	June 2024	July 2024	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	6,443	6,834	6,984	3.8	4.1	4.3	4.2	4.1	4.1
16 to 19 years	861	935	870	13.1	12.1	12.4	14.1	14.3	13.8
16 to 17 years	373	369	274	14.7	12.6	11.3	15.1	14.4	12.1
18 to 19 years	504	559	589	12.5	11.8	13.5	13.8	14.1	14.7
20 years and over	5,582	5,899	6,114	3.5	3.7	3.9	3.8	3.6	3.8
20 to 24 years	1,094	1,054	1,193	7.0	7.5	7.7	7.8	7.0	7.7
25 years and over	4,491	4,795	4,926	3.1	3.3	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.4
25 to 54 years	3,443	3,702	3,798	3.2	3.5	3.6	3.6	3.4	3.5
25 to 34 years	1,572	1,531	1,527	4.2	4.4	4.8	4.5	4.1	4.1
35 to 44 years	1,078	1,276	1,340	2.9	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.4	3.6
45 to 54 years	793	895	931	2.4	2.7	2.9	2.7	2.7	2.8
55 years and over	1,062	1,107	1,153	2.7	2.8	3.1	3.0	2.8	2.9
Men, 16 years and over	3,641	3,712	3,808	4.1	4.1	4.4	4.4	4.2	4.3
16 to 19 years	480	520	447	14.6	12.9	13.1	15.2	15.8	14.1
16 to 17 years	209	209	135	16.3	12.3	10.5	17.5	16.7	12.1
18 to 19 years	287	315	314	14.2	13.3	15.2	14.3	15.5	15.2
20 years and over	3,161	3,192	3,361	3.7	3.8	4.0	4.0	3.7	3.9
20 to 24 years	612	573	717	7.8	8.0	7.9	8.3	7.3	9.1
25 years and over	2,525	2,604	2,626	3.3	3.3	3.6	3.5	3.3	3.4
25 to 54 years	1,963	1,989	1,941	3.4	3.5	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.4
25 to 34 years	923	826	827	4.6	4.3	4.7	4.5	4.2	4.2
35 to 44 years	586	677	634	3.0	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.2
45 to 54 years	453	485	480	2.6	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.8
55 years and over	562	615	685	2.7	2.8	3.3	3.3	2.9	3.2
Women, 16 years and over	2,801	3,123	3,176	3.6	4.0	4.1	4.1	3.9	4.0
16 to 19 years	381	415	423	11.7	11.2	11.7	13.1	12.7	13.5
16 to 17 years	164	160	139	13.1	12.8	12.1	12.9	12.2	12.1
18 to 19 years	217	243	275	10.8	10.1	11.7	13.3	12.7	14.1
20 years and over	2,421	2,708	2,752	3.2	3.7	3.8	3.7	3.6	3.6
20 to 24 years	482	482	476	6.2	7.0	7.4	7.3	6.6	6.3
25 years and over	1,966	2,191	2,300	2.9	3.4	3.4	3.3	3.2	3.4
25 to 54 years	1,480	1,713	1,857	3.0	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.4	3.7
25 to 34 years	648	705	700	3.7	4.6	4.9	4.5	4.0	4.0
35 to 44 years	492	599	706	2.9	3.4	2.9	3.6	3.4	4.0
45 to 54 years	340	410	451	2.2	2.6	2.9	2.5	2.6	2.9
55 years and over	499	479	469	2.8	2.9	2.9	2.6	2.6	2.6
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	942	1,006	1,089	2.0	1.9	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.3
Married women, spouse present(1)	791	930	982	2.1	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.6
Women who maintain families(2)	485	482	517	4.6	6.2	5.6	5.6	4.7	5.0
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	5,207	5,533	5,758	3.7	4.0	4.1	4.1	4.0	4.1
Part-time workers(4)	1,278	1,246	1,257	4.6	4.2	4.7	4.6	4.2	4.3
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2023	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	June 2024	July 2024	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,744	2,879	3,022	3,120	3,176	3,490	3,328	3,233	3,400
On temporary layoff	572	557	510	904	813	1,062	872	894	846
Not on temporary layoff	2,172	2,322	2,512	2,217	2,362	2,427	2,456	2,340	2,554
Permanent job losers	1,617	1,667	1,818	1,636	1,643	1,682	1,688	1,682	1,835
Persons who completed temporary jobs	555	655	693	581	719	746	768	658	719
Job leavers	823	884	825	801	752	855	845	818	801
Reentrants	1,895	2,131	2,186	1,869	2,094	2,160	2,132	2,046	2,154
New entrants	636	630	598	603	708	650	718	662	602
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	45.0	44.1	45.6	48.8	47.2	48.8	47.4	47.8	48.9
On temporary layoff	9.4	8.5	7.7	14.1	12.1	14.8	12.4	13.2	12.2
Not on temporary layoff	35.6	35.6	37.9	34.7	35.1	33.9	35.0	34.6	36.7
Job leavers	13.5	13.6	12.4	12.5	11.2	11.9	12.0	12.1	11.5
Reentrants	31.1	32.7	33.0	29.2	31.1	30.2	30.4	30.3	31.0
New entrants	10.4	9.7	9.0	9.4	10.5	9.1	10.2	9.8	8.6
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.9	1.9	2.1	2.0	1.9	2.0
Job leavers	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reentrants	1.1	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.3
New entrants	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2023	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	June 2024	July 2024	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,104	2,095	1,927	2,269	2,128	2,351	2,468	2,146	2,112
5 to 14 weeks	1,726	1,803	1,959	1,836	2,102	2,141	2,019	1,982	2,080
15 weeks and over	2,268	2,626	2,745	2,370	2,603	2,622	2,700	2,749	2,843
15 to 26 weeks	975	1,021	1,176	1,079	1,087	1,087	1,167	1,119	1,234
27 weeks and over	1,292	1,605	1,569	1,291	1,516	1,535	1,533	1,630	1,608
Average (mean) duration, in weeks	22.2	23.1	23.7	21.6	20.7	20.6	21.0	22.6	22.9
Median duration, in weeks	9.1	10.7	10.7	8.6	9.8	9.4	9.4	9.9	10.0
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	34.5	32.1	29.1	35.0	31.1	33.0	34.3	31.2	30.0
5 to 14 weeks	28.3	27.6	29.5	28.4	30.8	30.1	28.1	28.8	29.6
15 weeks and over	37.2	40.2	41.4	36.6	38.1	36.9	37.6	40.0	40.4
15 to 26 weeks	16.0	15.7	17.7	16.7	15.9	15.3	16.2	16.3	17.5
27 weeks and over	21.2	24.6	23.7	19.9	22.2	21.6	21.3	23.7	22.9
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	161,676	161,938	6,098	6,631	3.6	3.9
Management, professional, and related occupations	71,387	71,553	1,415	1,689	1.9	2.3
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	30,812	30,769	550	709	1.8	2.3
Professional and related occupations	40,575	40,784	865	979	2.1	2.3
Service occupations	26,349	26,581	1,224	1,502	4.4	5.3
Sales and office occupations	29,893	29,771	1,152	1,132	3.7	3.7
Sales and related occupations	14,228	13,857	577	559	3.9	3.9
Office and administrative support occupations	15,665	15,914	575	573	3.5	3.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,308	14,545	678	641	4.5	4.2
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	975	996	123	41	11.2	4.0
Construction and extraction occupations	8,361	8,767	458	492	5.2	5.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,972	4,782	97	108	1.9	2.2
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	19,739	19,488	971	1,069	4.7	5.2
Production occupations	8,072	7,375	313	364	3.7	4.7
Transportation and material moving occupations	11,668	12,113	657	705	5.3	5.5
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	6,098	6,631	3.6	3.9
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	4,636	5,207	3.5	3.9
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	39	14	6.1	2.5
Construction	414	456	4.0	4.2
Manufacturing	478	537	3.1	3.6
Durable goods	318	390	3.3	4.1
Nondurable goods	160	146	2.8	2.8
Wholesale and retail trade	789	906	4.0	4.7
Transportation and utilities	361	342	4.5	4.2
Information	106	71	3.7	2.7
Financial activities	222	191	2.2	1.9
Professional and business services	611	835	3.2	4.2
Education and health services	593	820	2.3	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	757	818	5.5	6.0
Other services	264	217	3.8	3.1
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	106	73	6.7	4.5
Government workers	354	399	1.6	1.8
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	367	354	3.6	3.4
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]

Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2023	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	June 2024	July 2024	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024	Oct. 2024
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.4	1.6	1.6	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.7
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.9	1.9	2.1	2.0	1.9	2.0
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	3.6	3.9	3.9	3.8	4.1	4.3	4.2	4.1	4.1
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	3.9	4.1	4.2	4.1	4.3	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.4
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	4.4	4.8	4.8	4.6	4.9	5.1	5.0	5.0	5.0
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	6.8	7.3	7.3	7.2	7.4	7.8	7.9	7.7	7.7
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Total		Men		Women
	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024	Oct. 2023	Oct. 2024
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	99,868	100,720	42,087	42,008	57,781	58,712
Persons who currently want a job	5,037	5,330	2,449	2,508	2,588	2,823
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,391	1,547	724	829	667	719
Discouraged workers(2)	428	386	238	252	190	134
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	963	1,162	486	577	477	585
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	8,542	8,481	4,043	3,934	4,499	4,547
Percent of total employed	5.3	5.2	4.7	4.6	5.9	6.0
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	4,978	4,719	2,510	2,428	2,468	2,291
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	1,978	2,110	699	751	1,280	1,359
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	394	337	203	169	191	168
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,137	1,262	614	558	523	704
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]

Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)	Change from: Sept.2024 - Oct.2024(p)
Total nonfarm	157,878	158,731	159,181	160,007	156,832	158,770	158,993	159,005	12
Total private	134,550	136,184	135,739	136,203	133,862	135,384	135,576	135,548	-28
Goods-producing	21,819	22,120	22,015	21,987	21,654	21,835	21,858	21,821	-37
Mining and logging	648	644	643	643	644	635	637	638	1
Logging	46.1	39.6	39.5	39.1	45.4	38.0	38.0	38.0	0.0
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	601.9	604.1	603.2	603.5	598.9	596.7	598.9	599.7	0.8
Oil and gas extraction	118.4	120.7	119.7	120.1	117.8	119.0	119.7	119.6	-0.1
Mining (except oil and gas)	188.0	191.8	191.5	190.7	186.5	188.6	189.1	189.3	0.2
Coal mining	42.3	43.2	43.1	42.6	42.2	43.2	43.1	42.7	-0.4
Metal ore mining	43.6	44.0	43.7	43.6	43.7	43.6	43.6	43.6	0.0
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	102.1	104.6	104.7	104.5	100.6	101.8	102.4	103.0	0.6
Support activities for mining	295.5	291.6	292.0	292.7	294.6	289.1	290.1	290.8	0.7
Construction	8,249	8,494	8,445	8,470	8,087	8,275	8,302	8,310	8
Construction of buildings	1,851.1	1,917.5	1,896.8	1,908.4	1,828.0	1,882.7	1,885.2	1,886.8	1.6
Residential building construction	944.8	968.3	961.7	970.1	932.0	951.6	955.7	957.0	1.3
Nonresidential building construction	906.3	949.2	935.1	938.3	896.0	931.1	929.5	929.8	0.3
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,181.3	1,204.9	1,207.2	1,210.0	1,129.7	1,152.5	1,159.7	1,158.6	-1.1
Specialty trade contractors	5,217.0	5,371.7	5,340.8	5,352.0	5,129.4	5,239.3	5,256.9	5,264.6	7.7
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,430.1	2,475.6	2,454.2	2,448.1	2,394.1	2,414.3	2,420.2	2,413.6	-6.6
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,786.9	2,896.1	2,886.6	2,903.9	2,735.3	2,825.0	2,836.7	2,851.0	14.3
Manufacturing	12,922	12,982	12,927	12,874	12,923	12,925	12,919	12,873	-46
Durable goods	8,087	8,126	8,091	8,041	8,092	8,100	8,097	8,050	-47
Wood product manufacturing	415.4	416.6	414.0	411.8	415.9	414.6	413.3	412.4	-0.9
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	426.3	427.8	428.8	434.0	421.8	423.0	425.0	428.2	3.2
Primary metal manufacturing	374.1	373.7	371.4	370.6	374.7	372.3	371.4	370.9	-0.5
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	1,455.6	1,461.3	1,456.1	1,450.5	1,457.0	1,458.5	1,458.4	1,453.5	-4.9
Machinery manufacturing	1,132.6	1,131.8	1,126.6	1,126.7	1,138.3	1,129.4	1,131.2	1,131.4	0.2
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	1,102.8	1,101.8	1,096.4	1,093.2	1,104.5	1,097.2	1,097.5	1,095.8	-1.7
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	161.9	160.5	159.9	160.3	161.5	159.7	160.1	160.1	0.0
Communications equipment manufacturing	87.3	84.9	84.3	84.8	87.3	84.8	84.5	84.7	0.2
Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	389.1	393.3	390.0	385.6	390.5	391.0	390.3	388.2	-2.1
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	433.6	431.7	431.1	431.5	434.4	430.7	431.7	432.0	0.3
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing	30.9	31.4	31.1	31.0	30.9	30.9	30.9	30.9	0.0
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	416.5	404.1	402.8	404.6	417.6	403.5	403.2	404.9	1.7
Transportation equipment manufacturing(1)	1,788.0	1,847.0	1,840.7	1,793.0	1,784.0	1,842.6	1,839.2	1,794.8	-44.4
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	1,027.3	1,071.0	1,066.0	1,055.4	1,025.3	1,067.0	1,062.8	1,056.8	-6.0
Furniture and related product manufacturing	350.8	341.9	338.0	337.6	352.8	340.5	339.6	338.9	-0.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing	625.2	619.9	616.5	618.7	625.2	618.4	618.6	619.1	0.5
Nondurable goods	4,835	4,856	4,836	4,833	4,831	4,825	4,822	4,823	1
Food manufacturing	1,734.3	1,757.0	1,756.6	1,757.3	1,728.9	1,745.3	1,747.4	1,749.5	2.1
Textile mills	89.8	89.6	89.6	89.0	89.7	89.0	89.3	89.0	-0.3
Textile product mills	96.3	93.9	94.0	95.1	96.8	93.5	94.6	95.5	0.9
Apparel manufacturing	88.3	84.0	83.4	83.2	88.6	84.1	83.6	83.3	-0.3
Paper manufacturing	352.5	348.7	348.4	349.9	353.6	349.7	349.2	350.0	0.8
Printing and related support activities	367.4	361.7	360.1	361.4	366.5	360.6	360.4	360.4	0.0
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	109.3	110.7	109.3	108.3	107.5	107.8	107.6	107.3	-0.3
Chemical manufacturing	896.3	905.2	900.0	898.7	900.6	902.8	902.3	902.1	-0.2
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	731.3	723.6	718.6	716.2	734.6	722.4	721.2	718.9	-2.3
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing	369.6	381.5	376.1	373.5	363.7	369.3	366.8	366.9	0.1
Private service-providing	112,731	114,064	113,724	114,216	112,208	113,549	113,718	113,727	9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	28,973	28,918	28,945	29,157	28,888	29,039	29,066	29,065	-1
Wholesale trade	6,154.6	6,201.7	6,184.0	6,209.9	6,145.2	6,182.1	6,188.2	6,198.6	10.4
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	3,415.3	3,459.4	3,446.6	3,463.7	3,416.0	3,449.7	3,452.9	3,462.3	9.4
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	2,219.8	2,227.9	2,222.0	2,228.7	2,212.4	2,219.1	2,221.1	2,222.3	1.2
Wholesale trade agents and brokers	519.5	514.4	515.4	517.5	516.8	513.3	514.2	514.0	-0.2
Retail trade	15,629.8	15,610.1	15,544.8	15,669.5	15,613.3	15,646.8	15,662.2	15,655.8	-6.4
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,066.7	2,081.1	2,078.9	2,081.7	2,063.2	2,073.4	2,075.6	2,078.6	3.0
Automobile dealers	1,286.7	1,303.6	1,305.1	1,308.0	1,286.2	1,302.7	1,304.6	1,307.8	3.2
Other motor vehicle dealers	176.5	172.1	168.3	165.5	176.2	166.1	166.1	165.3	-0.8
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers	603.5	605.4	605.5	608.2	600.7	604.5	604.9	605.5	0.6
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers	1,374.7	1,378.0	1,355.9	1,351.9	1,396.7	1,374.9	1,373.6	1,372.1	-1.5
Food and beverage retailers	3,241.4	3,261.0	3,242.5	3,264.2	3,244.4	3,260.0	3,263.4	3,268.6	5.2
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers	839.2	806.7	813.8	821.1	835.7	817.5	819.0	815.8	-3.2
Furniture and home furnishings retailers	431.6	413.4	417.4	423.8	431.4	420.6	421.9	420.4	-1.5
Electronics and appliance retailers	407.6	393.3	396.4	397.3	404.2	396.9	397.1	395.4	-1.7
General merchandise retailers	3,253.6	3,253.2	3,260.1	3,307.3	3,238.7	3,286.6	3,290.0	3,288.0	-2.0
Department stores	969.5	948.8	954.0	983.2	966.0	968.6	971.2	972.4	1.2
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers	2,284.1	2,304.4	2,306.1	2,324.1	2,272.7	2,318.0	2,318.9	2,315.6	-3.3
Health and personal care retailers	1,101.0	1,071.9	1,081.0	1,094.3	1,098.0	1,086.8	1,090.4	1,090.3	-0.1
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers	1,067.4	1,090.8	1,080.9	1,075.4	1,065.8	1,079.6	1,078.9	1,075.2	-3.7
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers	1,144.5	1,125.3	1,101.3	1,125.3	1,140.6	1,128.7	1,130.6	1,124.8	-5.8
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers	1,541.3	1,542.1	1,530.4	1,548.3	1,530.2	1,539.3	1,540.7	1,542.4	1.7
Transportation and warehousing	6,607.8	6,514.1	6,624.1	6,685.4	6,549.4	6,620.0	6,622.7	6,619.0	-3.7
Air transportation	563.7	579.4	575.5	574.5	562.8	576.9	575.2	574.3	-0.9
Rail transportation	152.7	150.2	149.9	149.9	152.8	150.5	150.1	150.5	0.4
Water transportation	72.6	77.8	75.9	75.5	71.8	74.5	74.5	74.8	0.3
Truck transportation	1,565.0	1,566.3	1,561.3	1,562.1	1,548.2	1,546.4	1,546.3	1,546.2	-0.1
Transit and ground passenger transportation	447.0	380.4	464.4	469.8	429.0	440.0	449.2	450.9	1.7
Pipeline transportation	51.8	54.2	54.5	54.2	51.8	54.3	54.5	54.2	-0.3
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	31.6	44.0	39.4	35.1	28.7	35.4	34.3	34.2	-0.1
Support activities for transportation	828.9	854.8	854.1	857.6	826.7	855.9	855.9	856.5	0.6
Couriers and messengers	1,085.0	1,045.0	1,079.3	1,112.9	1,102.0	1,104.2	1,111.6	1,113.3	1.7
Warehousing and storage	1,809.5	1,762.0	1,769.8	1,793.8	1,775.6	1,781.9	1,771.1	1,764.1	-7.0
Utilities	580.5	591.6	592.2	591.7	579.8	590.4	593.3	591.6	-1.7
Information	2,989	3,022	2,991	2,999	2,982	2,991	2,994	2,997	3
Motion picture and sound recording industries	405.2	463.5	438.8	452.1	396.5	447.5	445.4	448.0	2.6
Publishing industries	933.7	928.1	929.0	925.3	937.2	918.4	922.8	926.7	3.9
Broadcasting and content providers	344.8	336.7	337.1	332.2	344.2	336.6	336.3	333.0	-3.3
Telecommunications	637.7	619.9	617.7	617.7	638.1	619.7	620.2	618.3	-1.9
Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services	490.9	496.5	493.7	495.4	489.1	493.9	494.0	494.7	0.7
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services	177.1	176.9	175.1	176.5	177.1	175.2	175.6	176.3	0.7
Financial activities	9,244	9,309	9,259	9,275	9,223	9,251	9,255	9,255	0
Finance and insurance	6,743.2	6,770.8	6,743.9	6,753.2	6,738.8	6,747.9	6,750.0	6,749.0	-1.0
Monetary authorities-central bank	22.5	23.3	23.2	23.1	22.5	23.0	23.2	23.2	0.0
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,609.9	2,581.2	2,570.3	2,571.5	2,614.6	2,577.5	2,576.5	2,577.1	0.6
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,785.1	1,774.7	1,766.4	1,768.4	1,790.4	1,770.9	1,773.0	1,773.9	0.9
Commercial banking	1,377.6	1,362.5	1,355.5	1,355.5	1,382.6	1,359.5	1,360.6	1,360.5	-0.1
Nondepository credit intermediation	533.1	526.6	525.6	523.9	533.2	525.6	524.6	524.2	-0.4
Activities related to credit intermediation	291.7	279.9	278.3	279.2	291.0	281.1	278.9	279.0	0.1
Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities	1,114.8	1,130.3	1,122.2	1,126.1	1,112.4	1,119.8	1,123.0	1,122.8	-0.2
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,996.0	3,036.0	3,028.2	3,032.5	2,989.3	3,027.6	3,027.3	3,025.9	-1.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,500.3	2,538.2	2,514.8	2,521.3	2,484.5	2,502.7	2,504.6	2,505.9	1.3
Real estate	1,878.5	1,906.6	1,891.9	1,906.6	1,863.4	1,890.2	1,892.3	1,892.9	0.6
Rental and leasing services	598.5	607.7	599.1	590.6	597.9	588.8	588.4	589.0	0.6
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works)	23.3	23.9	23.8	24.1	23.2	23.7	23.9	24.0	0.1
Professional and business services	23,116	23,050	23,009	23,084	22,859	22,929	22,920	22,873	-47
Professional, scientific, and technical services	10,908.2	11,024.6	10,942.0	11,040.9	10,888.0	11,022.4	11,032.2	11,030.7	-1.5
Legal services	1,190.6	1,176.1	1,172.2	1,188.4	1,185.0	1,180.8	1,181.8	1,183.6	1.8
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,112.2	1,127.8	1,120.0	1,130.6	1,151.3	1,173.5	1,174.9	1,174.5	-0.4
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,680.9	1,733.8	1,711.2	1,720.1	1,670.6	1,706.9	1,707.1	1,710.6	3.5
Specialized design services	156.2	153.1	152.6	154.9	155.3	152.9	152.6	153.5	0.9
Computer systems design and related services	2,522.6	2,557.2	2,529.1	2,553.9	2,510.0	2,546.7	2,548.1	2,543.5	-4.6
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,902.1	1,901.7	1,895.7	1,924.9	1,882.6	1,902.6	1,904.5	1,906.7	2.2
Scientific research and development services	943.5	963.7	954.8	956.7	943.8	955.2	957.0	957.4	0.4
Advertising, public relations, and related services	517.1	521.7	521.5	525.9	514.2	521.0	522.8	523.3	0.5
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	883.0	889.5	884.9	885.5	875.2	882.8	883.4	877.5	-5.9
Management of companies and enterprises	2,562.8	2,569.1	2,561.3	2,569.1	2,563.8	2,559.5	2,564.4	2,567.8	3.4
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	9,644.9	9,456.7	9,506.1	9,474.2	9,407.5	9,346.8	9,322.9	9,274.5	-48.4
Administrative and support services	9,138.8	8,929.5	8,980.3	8,950.1	8,906.0	8,826.7	8,802.1	8,753.0	-49.1
Office administrative services	635.2	633.6	632.1	636.7	630.2	630.5	631.2	632.0	0.8
Facilities support services	172.7	187.0	185.6	184.4	170.9	183.4	184.5	184.2	-0.3
Employment services(1)	3,716.3	3,435.5	3,517.3	3,500.0	3,567.6	3,454.5	3,433.5	3,382.0	-51.5
Temporary help services	2,935.4	2,651.5	2,729.7	2,712.4	2,799.4	2,673.2	2,653.0	2,604.5	-48.5
Business support services	737.5	689.3	690.8	691.1	731.0	694.7	689.8	684.9	-4.9
Travel arrangement and reservation services	196.0	197.5	196.1	196.3	194.6	194.9	194.8	194.9	0.1
Investigation and security services	1,011.6	1,026.5	1,029.3	1,034.7	1,006.8	1,024.2	1,023.2	1,030.1	6.9
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,321.8	2,413.2	2,380.2	2,359.2	2,263.7	2,300.5	2,301.0	2,302.3	1.3
Other support services	347.7	346.9	348.9	347.7	341.2	344.0	344.2	342.6	-1.6
Waste management and remediation services	506.1	527.2	525.8	524.1	501.5	520.1	520.8	521.5	0.7
Private education and health services	25,848	26,210	26,535	26,830	25,637	26,470	26,565	26,622	57
Private educational services	3,976.5	3,616.2	3,884.0	4,049.0	3,830.9	3,880.8	3,894.8	3,901.0	6.2
Health care and social assistance	21,871.0	22,594.1	22,651.2	22,781.3	21,805.8	22,589.5	22,669.9	22,721.2	51.3
Health care(3)	17,207.5	17,760.5	17,791.0	17,896.4	17,158.1	17,741.0	17,796.7	17,849.0	52.3
Ambulatory health care services	8,592.9	8,863.2	8,875.1	8,956.4	8,560.5	8,861.6	8,888.6	8,924.2	35.6
Offices of physicians	2,970.6	3,039.3	3,036.7	3,061.2	2,958.7	3,041.3	3,045.8	3,050.9	5.1
Offices of dentists	1,027.1	1,048.1	1,042.5	1,057.0	1,027.1	1,043.8	1,045.9	1,055.8	9.9
Offices of other health practitioners	1,179.1	1,220.7	1,220.5	1,231.3	1,171.3	1,218.3	1,221.0	1,225.2	4.2
Outpatient care centers	1,070.3	1,092.7	1,095.1	1,097.5	1,069.8	1,093.6	1,098.3	1,097.0	-1.3
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	321.4	317.1	315.8	319.3	321.4	318.0	316.6	318.9	2.3
Home health care services	1,670.1	1,785.6	1,803.7	1,824.4	1,657.6	1,786.1	1,800.0	1,812.3	12.3
Other ambulatory health care services	354.3	359.7	360.8	365.7	354.6	360.6	361.1	364.1	3.0
Hospitals	5,413.1	5,588.0	5,607.7	5,621.9	5,399.1	5,585.8	5,601.9	5,609.8	7.9
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,201.5	3,309.3	3,308.2	3,318.1	3,198.5	3,293.6	3,306.2	3,315.0	8.8
Skilled nursing care facilities	1,440.9	1,480.1	1,480.1	1,481.1	1,437.3	1,471.1	1,475.5	1,477.2	1.7
Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities	646.7	673.7	676.5	679.2	646.0	671.9	676.4	678.7	2.3
Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	955.9	988.9	984.6	990.6	957.6	985.0	987.8	992.1	4.3
Other residential care facilities	158.0	166.6	167.0	167.2	157.7	165.6	166.6	167.0	0.4
Social assistance	4,663.5	4,833.6	4,860.2	4,884.9	4,647.7	4,848.5	4,873.2	4,872.2	-1.0
Individual and family services	3,101.7	3,278.1	3,280.4	3,294.3	3,093.5	3,269.1	3,290.3	3,286.8	-3.5
Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services	223.1	230.7	230.4	232.5	223.8	231.8	232.2	233.0	0.8
Vocational rehabilitation services	285.0	290.2	288.6	289.0	283.6	289.0	289.6	288.6	-1.0
Child care services	1,053.7	1,034.6	1,060.8	1,069.1	1,046.7	1,058.6	1,061.1	1,063.7	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	16,704	17,591	17,072	16,945	16,765	16,953	16,993	16,989	-4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,546.7	2,931.3	2,692.4	2,614.0	2,568.4	2,665.2	2,656.3	2,646.3	-10.0
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	624.2	672.2	663.7	657.0	605.1	645.9	641.3	638.0	-3.3
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	176.6	188.9	179.5	179.3	176.3	177.9	177.5	178.2	0.7
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,745.9	2,070.2	1,849.2	1,777.7	1,787.0	1,841.4	1,837.5	1,830.1	-7.4
Accommodation and food services	14,157.0	14,659.7	14,379.2	14,330.9	14,197.0	14,287.6	14,336.6	14,343.0	6.4
Accommodation	1,899.7	2,045.6	1,960.3	1,926.2	1,911.1	1,922.0	1,931.7	1,934.4	2.7
Food services and drinking places	12,257.3	12,614.1	12,418.9	12,404.7	12,285.9	12,365.6	12,404.9	12,408.6	3.7
Other services	5,857	5,964	5,913	5,926	5,854	5,916	5,925	5,926	1
Repair and maintenance	1,473.6	1,478.8	1,475.4	1,483.2	1,467.6	1,474.4	1,476.4	1,478.3	1.9
Personal and laundry services	1,552.7	1,570.7	1,567.4	1,570.7	1,549.2	1,563.8	1,567.7	1,566.2	-1.5
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations	2,830.5	2,914.5	2,870.6	2,872.2	2,837.0	2,877.8	2,880.8	2,881.0	0.2
Government	23,328	22,547	23,442	23,804	22,970	23,386	23,417	23,457	40
Federal	2,956	3,004	3,004	3,007	2,953	2,997	3,001	3,002	1
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,351.5	2,403.3	2,402.1	2,403.7	2,346.3	2,391.7	2,393.8	2,395.9	2.1
U.S. Postal Service	604.4	601.1	601.6	603.0	606.9	605.6	607.0	605.6	-1.4
State government	5,542	5,213	5,562	5,671	5,375	5,473	5,486	5,504	18
State government education	2,785.9	2,365.1	2,719.3	2,827.9	2,617.4	2,644.7	2,650.8	2,662.2	11.4
State government, excluding education	2,755.9	2,847.5	2,842.8	2,843.2	2,757.2	2,828.7	2,835.5	2,842.2	6.7
Local government	14,830	14,330	14,876	15,126	14,642	14,916	14,930	14,951	21
Local government education	8,234.6	7,364.8	8,086.7	8,351.0	8,017.3	8,124.6	8,126.7	8,133.7	7.0
Local government, excluding education	6,595.8	6,965.3	6,789.6	6,775.3	6,624.8	6,791.7	6,802.9	6,816.8	13.9
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.3	34.3	34.3	34.3
Goods-producing	39.9	39.8	39.8	39.7
Mining and logging	44.8	44.6	44.6	44.9
Construction	39.2	39.0	39.2	39.0
Manufacturing	40.0	40.1	40.0	39.9
Durable goods	40.5	40.5	40.5	40.3
Nondurable goods	39.3	39.3	39.2	39.2
Private service-providing	33.3	33.2	33.2	33.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	33.8	33.9	33.9	34.0
Wholesale trade	38.6	39.3	39.2	39.2
Retail trade	29.8	29.7	29.7	29.9
Transportation and warehousing	38.3	38.0	38.0	37.9
Utilities	42.0	42.5	42.6	42.8
Information	36.3	36.5	36.5	36.6
Financial activities	37.3	37.5	37.6	37.5
Professional and business services	36.4	36.4	36.3	36.3
Private education and health services	33.3	33.1	33.0	33.1
Leisure and hospitality	25.6	25.3	25.4	25.5
Other services	32.2	32.2	32.3	32.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.8
Durable goods	3.0	3.0	2.9	2.8
Nondurable goods	2.7	2.9	2.8	2.9
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)
Total private	$34.10	$35.22	$35.33	$35.46	$1,169.63	$1,208.05	$1,211.82	$1,216.28
Goods-producing	34.57	35.97	36.11	36.21	1,379.34	1,431.61	1,437.18	1,437.54
Mining and logging	38.64	39.70	39.88	39.98	1,731.07	1,770.62	1,778.65	1,795.10
Construction	37.01	38.39	38.60	38.72	1,450.79	1,497.21	1,513.12	1,510.08
Manufacturing	32.85	34.25	34.33	34.42	1,314.00	1,373.43	1,373.20	1,373.36
Durable goods	34.47	36.23	36.30	36.43	1,396.04	1,467.32	1,470.15	1,468.13
Nondurable goods	30.06	30.83	30.92	30.97	1,181.36	1,211.62	1,212.06	1,214.02
Private service-providing	33.98	35.05	35.15	35.29	1,131.53	1,163.66	1,166.98	1,171.63
Trade, transportation, and utilities	29.35	30.09	30.12	30.26	992.03	1,020.05	1,021.07	1,028.84
Wholesale trade	37.07	37.75	37.82	37.94	1,430.90	1,483.58	1,482.54	1,487.25
Retail trade	24.08	24.56	24.60	24.76	717.58	729.43	730.62	740.32
Transportation and warehousing	29.81	30.75	30.75	30.90	1,141.72	1,168.50	1,168.50	1,171.11
Utilities	50.24	51.58	51.58	51.96	2,110.08	2,192.15	2,197.31	2,223.89
Information	48.71	50.38	50.47	51.19	1,768.17	1,838.87	1,842.16	1,873.55
Financial activities	44.14	45.83	45.87	46.10	1,646.42	1,718.63	1,724.71	1,728.75
Professional and business services	40.93	42.49	42.77	43.01	1,489.85	1,546.64	1,552.55	1,561.26
Private education and health services	33.56	34.38	34.52	34.55	1,117.55	1,137.98	1,139.16	1,143.61
Leisure and hospitality	21.46	22.17	22.19	22.23	549.38	560.90	563.63	566.87
Other services	30.79	31.69	31.76	31.90	991.44	1,020.42	1,025.85	1,030.37
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2024 - Oct. 2024(p)	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2024 - Oct. 2024(p)
Total private	115.3	116.6	116.7	116.7	0.0	187.9	196.3	197.2	197.9	0.4
Goods-producing	98.4	99.0	99.1	98.7	-0.4	153.8	161.0	161.8	161.5	-0.2
Mining and logging	90.7	89.0	89.3	90.0	0.8	140.6	141.8	142.9	144.5	1.1
Construction	109.3	111.2	112.2	111.7	-0.4	175.7	185.6	188.1	188.0	-0.1
Manufacturing	93.0	93.2	93.0	92.4	-0.6	142.1	148.5	148.4	147.9	-0.3
Durable goods	92.3	92.4	92.3	91.3	-1.1	141.2	148.6	148.8	147.8	-0.7
Nondurable goods	94.8	94.6	94.3	94.4	0.1	144.5	148.1	148.0	148.3	0.2
Private service-providing	120.3	121.4	121.5	121.6	0.1	198.7	206.8	207.7	208.5	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	106.7	107.6	107.7	108.0	0.3	168.9	174.5	174.9	176.2	0.7
Wholesale trade	104.6	107.2	107.0	107.2	0.2	162.2	169.2	169.3	170.1	0.5
Retail trade	94.7	94.6	94.7	95.3	0.6	150.8	153.6	154.0	156.0	1.3
Transportation and warehousing	144.1	144.5	144.6	144.1	-0.3	218.6	226.1	226.2	226.6	0.2
Utilities	105.4	108.6	109.4	109.5	0.1	174.9	185.0	186.4	188.1	0.9
Information	98.9	99.7	99.8	100.2	0.4	171.5	178.9	179.4	182.6	1.8
Financial activities	112.7	113.6	114.0	113.7	-0.3	194.0	203.1	203.9	204.4	0.2
Professional and business services	130.2	130.6	130.2	129.9	-0.2	215.8	224.7	225.5	226.3	0.4
Private education and health services	139.4	143.1	143.1	143.9	0.6	225.1	236.6	237.7	239.2	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	122.5	122.4	123.2	123.6	0.3	212.0	218.9	220.5	221.7	0.5
Other services	108.7	109.8	110.3	110.4	0.1	183.4	190.8	192.1	193.0	0.5
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)
Total nonfarm	78,135	79,134	79,240	79,276	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.9
Total private	64,758	65,467	65,552	65,556	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Goods-producing	4,990	5,009	5,004	4,999	23.0	22.9	22.9	22.9
Mining and logging	84	86	87	86	13.0	13.5	13.7	13.5
Construction	1,151	1,181	1,182	1,185	14.2	14.3	14.2	14.3
Manufacturing	3,755	3,742	3,735	3,728	29.1	29.0	28.9	29.0
Durable goods	2,017	1,999	1,994	1,985	24.9	24.7	24.6	24.7
Nondurable goods	1,738	1,743	1,741	1,743	36.0	36.1	36.1	36.1
Private service-providing	59,768	60,458	60,548	60,557	53.3	53.2	53.2	53.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,295	11,294	11,312	11,311	39.1	38.9	38.9	38.9
Wholesale trade	1,880.2	1,880.7	1,888.6	1,897.7	30.6	30.4	30.5	30.6
Retail trade	7,521.9	7,518.4	7,529.8	7,517.2	48.2	48.1	48.1	48.0
Transportation and warehousing	1,740.3	1,740.8	1,738.5	1,741.7	26.6	26.3	26.3	26.3
Utilities	152.9	154.4	154.9	154.6	26.4	26.2	26.1	26.1
Information	1,207	1,194	1,197	1,203	40.5	39.9	40.0	40.1
Financial activities	5,128	5,136	5,131	5,112	55.6	55.5	55.4	55.2
Professional and business services	10,514	10,503	10,507	10,444	46.0	45.8	45.8	45.7
Private education and health services	19,735	20,328	20,389	20,436	77.0	76.8	76.8	76.8
Leisure and hospitality	8,761	8,839	8,844	8,880	52.3	52.1	52.0	52.3
Other services	3,128	3,164	3,168	3,171	53.4	53.5	53.5	53.5
Government	13,377	13,667	13,688	13,720	58.2	58.4	58.5	58.5
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]

Industry	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)
Total private	108,843	110,237	110,389	110,352
Goods-producing	15,456	15,542	15,555	15,502
Mining and logging	496	489	489	487
Construction	5,922	6,029	6,046	6,048
Manufacturing	9,038	9,024	9,020	8,967
Durable goods	5,555	5,515	5,511	5,455
Nondurable goods	3,483	3,509	3,509	3,512
Private service-providing	93,387	94,695	94,834	94,850
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24,366	24,575	24,612	24,604
Wholesale trade	4,850.4	4,895.2	4,899.8	4,912.9
Retail trade	13,337.5	13,425.7	13,452.0	13,434.1
Transportation and warehousing	5,715.8	5,785.3	5,788.2	5,786.9
Utilities	462.1	469.1	471.6	470.5
Information	2,385	2,400	2,402	2,407
Financial activities	6,923	6,978	6,990	6,984
Professional and business services	18,059	18,059	18,053	17,984
Private education and health services	22,286	23,113	23,204	23,262
Leisure and hospitality	14,601	14,767	14,765	14,790
Other services	4,767	4,803	4,808	4,819
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	33.8	33.7	33.8	33.7
Goods-producing	40.6	40.6	40.7	40.6
Mining and logging	47.9	46.9	46.9	47.5
Construction	39.8	39.8	40.1	39.9
Manufacturing	40.7	40.7	40.8	40.6
Durable goods	40.9	41.0	41.0	40.9
Nondurable goods	40.4	40.3	40.3	40.2
Private service-providing	32.6	32.6	32.6	32.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	33.9	34.0	34.1	34.2
Wholesale trade	38.6	39.1	39.1	39.3
Retail trade	30.3	30.3	30.4	30.5
Transportation and warehousing	37.7	37.6	37.8	37.6
Utilities	42.2	42.6	42.8	43.6
Information	36.1	35.5	35.4	35.4
Financial activities	36.6	37.1	37.2	37.1
Professional and business services	36.2	36.4	36.3	36.3
Private education and health services	32.5	32.2	32.2	32.2
Leisure and hospitality	24.2	24.0	24.1	24.0
Other services	31.2	31.3	31.4	31.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.5	3.6	3.6	3.6
Durable goods	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.5
Nondurable goods	3.3	3.7	3.7	3.7
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)
Total private	$29.29	$30.26	$30.36	$30.48	$990.00	$1,019.76	$1,026.17	$1,027.18
Goods-producing	29.97	31.26	31.45	31.58	1,216.78	1,269.16	1,280.02	1,282.15
Mining and logging	34.86	36.36	36.46	36.45	1,669.79	1,705.28	1,709.97	1,731.38
Construction	34.67	35.81	36.02	36.23	1,379.87	1,425.24	1,444.40	1,445.58
Manufacturing	26.65	27.97	28.12	28.19	1,084.66	1,138.38	1,147.30	1,144.51
Durable goods	27.84	29.50	29.64	29.71	1,138.66	1,209.50	1,215.24	1,215.14
Nondurable goods	24.73	25.53	25.68	25.79	999.09	1,028.86	1,034.90	1,036.76
Private service-providing	29.15	30.05	30.13	30.25	950.29	979.63	982.24	986.15
Trade, transportation, and utilities	25.49	26.08	26.05	26.15	864.11	886.72	888.31	894.33
Wholesale trade	30.60	31.33	31.33	31.46	1,181.16	1,225.00	1,225.00	1,236.38
Retail trade	20.63	20.96	20.93	20.96	625.09	635.09	636.27	639.28
Transportation and warehousing	28.41	29.26	29.21	29.34	1,071.06	1,100.18	1,104.14	1,103.18
Utilities	44.80	45.37	45.22	46.04	1,890.56	1,932.76	1,935.42	2,007.34
Information	40.08	40.85	40.89	41.52	1,446.89	1,450.18	1,447.51	1,469.81
Financial activities	34.45	35.99	36.17	36.30	1,260.87	1,335.23	1,345.52	1,346.73
Professional and business services	34.55	35.87	36.09	36.29	1,250.71	1,305.67	1,310.07	1,317.33
Private education and health services	30.71	31.57	31.67	31.71	998.08	1,016.55	1,019.77	1,021.06
Leisure and hospitality	19.14	19.66	19.70	19.76	463.19	471.84	474.77	474.24
Other services	26.63	27.37	27.52	27.67	830.86	856.68	864.13	866.07
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2024 - Oct. 2024(p)	Oct. 2023	Aug. 2024	Sept. 2024(p)	Oct. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2024 - Oct. 2024(p)
Total private	122.6	123.8	124.3	123.9	-0.3	240.0	250.4	252.3	252.5	0.1
Goods-producing	95.9	96.4	96.7	96.2	-0.5	176.0	184.6	186.3	186.0	-0.2
Mining and logging	126.3	121.9	121.9	122.9	0.8	256.0	257.7	258.4	260.6	0.9
Construction	118.0	120.1	121.4	120.8	-0.5	220.9	232.3	236.1	236.4	0.1
Manufacturing	84.4	84.3	84.5	83.6	-1.1	147.2	154.2	155.4	154.1	-0.8
Durable goods	85.4	84.9	84.9	83.8	-1.3	148.3	156.4	157.1	155.5	-1.0
Nondurable goods	82.9	83.3	83.3	83.2	-0.1	144.9	150.3	151.2	151.6	0.3
Private service-providing	129.7	131.5	131.7	131.7	0.0	259.4	271.1	272.2	273.4	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	115.6	117.0	117.5	117.8	0.3	210.6	218.0	218.7	220.1	0.6
Wholesale trade	111.1	113.6	113.7	114.6	0.8	200.7	210.0	210.2	212.8	1.2
Retail trade	102.5	103.1	103.7