Department of Labor Logo United States Department of Labor
Dot gov

The .gov means it's official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Economic News Release
PRINT:Print
CPS CPS Program Links
CES CES Program Links

Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until                       USDL-23-2318
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, November 3, 2023

Technical information: 
 Household data:     (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data: (202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:	     (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                          THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- OCTOBER 2023


Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 150,000 in October, and the unemployment rate
changed little at 3.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains
occurred in health care, government, and social assistance. Employment declined in manufacturing
due to strike activity.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures
labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment
survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about
the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.9 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 6.5 million,
changed little in October. However, since their recent lows in April, these measures are up by
0.5 percentage point and 849,000, respectively. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.7 percent), adult women
(3.3 percent), teenagers (13.2 percent), Whites (3.5 percent), Blacks (5.8 percent), Asians (3.1
percent), and Hispanics (4.8 percent) showed little change in October. (See tables A-1, A-2,
and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers increased by 164,000 over the month to
1.6 million. The number of persons on temporary layoff changed little at 873,000. (See table
A-11.)

In October, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little
changed at 1.3 million. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.8 percent of all unemployed
persons. (See table A-12.)

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.7 percent, and the employment-population ratio,
at 60.2 percent, changed little in October. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.3 million, changed little
in October. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part
time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table
A-8.)

In October, the number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 5.4
million, little different from the prior month. These individuals were not counted as unemployed
because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were
unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached
to the labor force changed little at 1.4 million in October. These individuals wanted and were
available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked
for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of
the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, also changed little
over the month at 416,000. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 150,000 in October, below the average monthly gain
of 258,000 over the prior 12 months. In October, job gains occurred in health care, government,
and social assistance. Employment in manufacturing declined due to strike activity. (See table
B-1.)

Health care added 58,000 jobs in October, in line with the average monthly gain of 53,000 over
the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment continued to trend up in ambulatory health care
services (+32,000), hospitals (+18,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+8,000).

Employment in government increased by 51,000 in October and has returned to its pre-pandemic
February 2020 level. Monthly job growth in government had averaged 50,000 in the prior 12
months. In October, employment continued to trend up in local government (+38,000). 

Social assistance added 19,000 jobs in October, compared with the average monthly gain of 
23,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment continued to trend up in individual
and family services (+14,000).

In October, construction employment continued to trend up (+23,000), about in line with the 
average monthly gain of 18,000 over the prior 12 months. Employment continued to trend up over
the month in specialty trade contractors (+14,000) and construction of buildings (+6,000).

Employment in manufacturing decreased by 35,000 in October, reflecting a decline of 33,000 in
motor vehicles and parts that was largely due to strike activity. 

In October, employment in leisure and hospitality changed little (+19,000). The industry had
added an average of 52,000 jobs per month over the prior 12 months. 

Employment in professional and business services was little changed in October (+15,000) and
has shown little net change since May. Employment in temporary help services changed little
over the month (+7,000) but is 229,000 below its peak in March 2022.

In October, employment in transportation and warehousing was little changed (-12,000) and has
shown little net change over the year. Over the month, warehousing and storage lost 11,000
jobs, while air transportation added 4,000 jobs.

Information employment changed little in October (-9,000). Employment in motion picture and
sound recording continued to trend down (-5,000); the industry has lost 44,000 jobs since
May, at least partially reflecting the impact of an ongoing labor dispute.

Over the month, employment showed little change in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; wholesale trade; retail trade; financial activities;
and other services.

In October, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by
7 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $34.00. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have
increased by 4.1 percent. In October, average hourly earnings of private-sector production
and nonsupervisory employees rose by 10 cents, or 0.3 percent, to $29.19. (See tables B-3
and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour
to 34.3 hours in October. In manufacturing, the average workweek was little changed at 40.0
hours, and overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 2.9 hours. The average workweek for production
and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours.
(See tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for August was revised down by 62,000, from
+227,000 to +165,000, and the change for September was revised down by 39,000, from +336,000
to +297,000. With these revisions, employment in August and September combined is 101,000
lower than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received
from businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the
recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for November is scheduled to be released on Friday,
December 8, 2023, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).




HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023
Change from:
Sept.
2023-
Oct.
2023

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population

264,535 267,213 267,428 267,642 214

Civilian labor force

164,646 167,839 167,929 167,728 -201

Participation rate

62.2 62.8 62.8 62.7 -0.1

Employed

158,593 161,484 161,570 161,222 -348

Employment-population ratio

60.0 60.4 60.4 60.2 -0.2

Unemployed

6,053 6,355 6,360 6,506 146

Unemployment rate

3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 0.1

Not in labor force

99,890 99,374 99,498 99,914 416

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over

3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 0.1

Adult men (20 years and over)

3.3 3.7 3.8 3.7 -0.1

Adult women (20 years and over)

3.4 3.2 3.1 3.3 0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)

11.0 12.2 11.6 13.2 1.6

White

3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 0.1

Black or African American

5.9 5.3 5.7 5.8 0.1

Asian

2.9 3.1 2.8 3.1 0.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

4.2 4.9 4.6 4.8 0.2

Total, 25 years and over

3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 0.0

Less than a high school diploma

6.2 5.4 5.5 5.8 0.3

High school graduates, no college

3.9 3.8 4.1 4.0 -0.1

Some college or associate degree

3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 0.1

Bachelor's degree and higher

1.9 2.2 2.1 2.1 0.0

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

2,695 2,914 2,858 3,059 201

Job leavers

861 801 797 800 3

Reentrants

1,873 1,930 2,043 1,884 -159

New entrants

494 597 568 612 44

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks

2,215 2,221 2,051 2,268 217

5 to 14 weeks

1,774 1,877 2,044 1,836 -208

15 to 26 weeks

817 1,002 1,072 1,081 9

27 weeks and over

1,169 1,296 1,216 1,282 66

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons

3,664 4,221 4,065 4,283 218

Slack work or business conditions

2,535 2,799 2,793 2,982 189

Could only find part-time work

867 1,021 938 1,002 64

Part time for noneconomic reasons

21,297 21,975 22,152 21,539 -613

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force

1,493 1,505 1,457 1,417 -40

Discouraged workers

373 386 367 416 49

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm

324 165 297 150

Total private

299 114 246 99

Goods-producing

57 28 28 -11

Mining and logging

3 0 1 1

Construction

17 30 13 23

Manufacturing

37 -2 14 -35

Durable goods(1)

27 0 10 -36

Motor vehicles and parts

3.4 -3.7 8.9 -33.2

Nondurable goods

10 -2 4 1

Private service-providing

242 86 218 110

Wholesale trade

15.8 2.5 16.0 9.4

Retail trade

-5.6 -5.9 13.3 0.7

Transportation and warehousing

19.9 -26.9 12.5 -12.1

Utilities

1.3 2.4 1.5 0.8

Information

3 -22 -4 -9

Financial activities

18 1 2 -2

Professional and business services(1)

36 8 17 15

Temporary help services

10.2 -10.1 -8.9 6.6

Private education and health services(1)

85 105 78 89

Health care and social assistance

74.0 96.1 69.3 77.2

Leisure and hospitality

61 8 74 19

Other services

8 14 8 -1

Government

25 51 51 51

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm

342 169 233 204

Total private

316 115 168 153

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)

Total nonfarm women employees

49.8 49.8 49.8 49.9

Total private women employees

48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees

81.4 81.4 81.3 81.3

HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours

34.6 34.4 34.4 34.3

Average hourly earnings

$32.66 $33.82 $33.93 $34.00

Average weekly earnings

$1,130.04 $1,163.41 $1,167.19 $1,166.20

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)

114.4 115.4 115.7 115.4

Over-the-month percent change

0.2 0.3 0.3 -0.3

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)

178.7 186.7 187.6 187.6

Over-the-month percent change

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.0

DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)(5)

Total private (250 industries)

65.2 60.0 61.4 52.0

Manufacturing (72 industries)

62.5 50.7 47.9 42.4

Footnotes
(1) Includes other industries, not shown separately.
(2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries.
(3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours.
(4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls.
(5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.


Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

   The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
   of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
   employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
   month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
   over-the-month employment change of about 130,000 is statistically significant in
   the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
   in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a more
   expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
   workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
   workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
   The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
   For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

   It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
   neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
   status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
   either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
   workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
   native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
   born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
   The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

   The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
   incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
   initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
   monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
   additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
   adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

   On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
   re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
   insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
   in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

   Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
   establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
   designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
   estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
   sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

   Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
   the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
   comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
   business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
   can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
   establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
   the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
   is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
   sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
   twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
   insurance benefits?

   No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
   All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
   included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
   they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
   unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
   looking for work?

   Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who
   want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
   jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
   underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
   officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
   Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
   measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

   In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
   the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
   average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
   time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
   The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
   a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
   part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
   such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
   
   Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on 
   payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
   employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
   period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
   counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
   are paid, please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

   In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
   includes the 12th of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-
   related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
   off. The household survey collects data on the number of persons who had a job but
   were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
   persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 
   Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
   statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.




Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 666,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those persons not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable.  The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-80,000 to +180,000 (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database, and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of
industries. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.




HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Oct.
2022
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
June
2023
July
2023
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population

264,535 267,428 267,642 264,535 266,801 267,002 267,213 267,428 267,642

Civilian labor force

164,753 167,718 167,774 164,646 166,951 167,103 167,839 167,929 167,728

Participation rate

62.3 62.7 62.7 62.2 62.6 62.6 62.8 62.8 62.7

Employed

159,144 161,669 161,676 158,593 160,994 161,262 161,484 161,570 161,222

Employment-population ratio

60.2 60.5 60.4 60.0 60.3 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.2

Unemployed

5,609 6,049 6,098 6,053 5,957 5,841 6,355 6,360 6,506

Unemployment rate

3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.9

Not in labor force

99,782 99,710 99,868 99,890 99,850 99,899 99,374 99,498 99,914

Persons who currently want a job

5,341 5,299 5,037 5,681 5,389 5,247 5,370 5,450 5,373

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population

128,897 130,713 130,816 128,897 130,408 130,507 130,608 130,713 130,816

Civilian labor force

87,685 89,159 88,730 87,772 88,836 88,695 89,082 89,331 88,871

Participation rate

68.0 68.2 67.8 68.1 68.1 68.0 68.2 68.3 67.9

Employed

84,799 85,745 85,384 84,559 85,547 85,492 85,493 85,633 85,217

Employment-population ratio

65.8 65.6 65.3 65.6 65.6 65.5 65.5 65.5 65.1

Unemployed

2,886 3,414 3,345 3,212 3,289 3,203 3,589 3,697 3,654

Unemployment rate

3.3 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 4.0 4.1 4.1

Not in labor force

41,212 41,553 42,087 41,126 41,572 41,811 41,527 41,382 41,945

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population

120,225 121,931 122,029 120,225 121,646 121,735 121,832 121,931 122,029

Civilian labor force

84,623 86,086 85,542 84,606 85,774 85,739 85,934 86,130 85,597

Participation rate

70.4 70.6 70.1 70.4 70.5 70.4 70.5 70.6 70.1

Employed

82,093 83,057 82,663 81,776 82,868 82,922 82,777 82,837 82,423

Employment-population ratio

68.3 68.1 67.7 68.0 68.1 68.1 67.9 67.9 67.5

Unemployed

2,530 3,029 2,879 2,829 2,906 2,817 3,157 3,293 3,174

Unemployment rate

3.0 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.7

Not in labor force

35,601 35,845 36,487 35,619 35,871 35,997 35,898 35,801 36,432

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population

135,638 136,715 136,826 135,638 136,393 136,496 136,605 136,715 136,826

Civilian labor force

77,068 78,559 79,045 76,874 78,115 78,408 78,757 78,599 78,857

Participation rate

56.8 57.5 57.8 56.7 57.3 57.4 57.7 57.5 57.6

Employed

74,345 75,924 76,292 74,033 75,448 75,769 75,991 75,936 76,005

Employment-population ratio

54.8 55.5 55.8 54.6 55.3 55.5 55.6 55.5 55.5

Unemployed

2,723 2,634 2,753 2,841 2,668 2,638 2,766 2,662 2,852

Unemployment rate

3.5 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.6

Not in labor force

58,570 58,156 57,781 58,764 58,277 58,088 57,847 58,116 57,969

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population

127,204 128,237 128,342 127,204 127,932 128,028 128,132 128,237 128,342

Civilian labor force

74,069 75,602 75,888 73,752 74,927 75,205 75,541 75,497 75,584

Participation rate

58.2 59.0 59.1 58.0 58.6 58.7 59.0 58.9 58.9

Employed

71,628 73,292 73,499 71,218 72,567 72,877 73,121 73,163 73,115

Employment-population ratio

56.3 57.2 57.3 56.0 56.7 56.9 57.1 57.1 57.0

Unemployed

2,441 2,310 2,390 2,534 2,360 2,328 2,419 2,334 2,469

Unemployment rate

3.3 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3

Not in labor force

53,135 52,635 52,454 53,452 53,005 52,822 52,591 52,740 52,759

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population

17,107 17,260 17,270 17,107 17,223 17,239 17,249 17,260 17,270

Civilian labor force

6,061 6,030 6,344 6,288 6,250 6,159 6,365 6,303 6,547

Participation rate

35.4 34.9 36.7 36.8 36.3 35.7 36.9 36.5 37.9

Employed

5,422 5,321 5,514 5,598 5,559 5,462 5,586 5,570 5,685

Employment-population ratio

31.7 30.8 31.9 32.7 32.3 31.7 32.4 32.3 32.9

Unemployed

638 710 830 690 691 696 779 733 863

Unemployment rate

10.5 11.8 13.1 11.0 11.0 11.3 12.2 11.6 13.2

Not in labor force

11,046 11,230 10,927 10,819 10,973 11,080 10,885 10,957 10,723

Footnotes
(1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Oct.
2022
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
June
2023
July
2023
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population

203,522 204,756 204,867 203,522 204,433 204,536 204,645 204,756 204,867

Civilian labor force

126,215 127,706 127,686 126,180 127,306 127,329 127,976 127,829 127,651

Participation rate

62.0 62.4 62.3 62.0 62.3 62.3 62.5 62.4 62.3

Employed

122,490 123,547 123,623 122,063 123,389 123,393 123,571 123,456 123,220

Employment-population ratio

60.2 60.3 60.3 60.0 60.4 60.3 60.4 60.3 60.1

Unemployed

3,725 4,160 4,063 4,117 3,917 3,936 4,405 4,373 4,431

Unemployment rate

3.0 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.5

Not in labor force

77,308 77,049 77,181 77,342 77,127 77,207 76,669 76,926 77,216

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force

66,025 66,622 66,334 66,032 66,543 66,414 66,565 66,643 66,360

Participation rate

70.3 70.3 70.0 70.3 70.3 70.2 70.3 70.3 70.0

Employed

64,276 64,514 64,359 64,026 64,545 64,423 64,324 64,321 64,135

Employment-population ratio

68.4 68.1 67.9 68.2 68.2 68.0 67.9 67.9 67.6

Unemployed

1,749 2,108 1,975 2,006 1,998 1,991 2,241 2,322 2,225

Unemployment rate

2.6 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.4

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force

55,592 56,503 56,501 55,340 55,994 56,188 56,451 56,401 56,255

Participation rate

57.2 58.0 57.9 57.0 57.6 57.7 58.0 57.9 57.7

Employed

54,043 54,912 55,002 53,691 54,536 54,690 54,826 54,810 54,662

Employment-population ratio

55.6 56.3 56.4 55.3 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.2 56.1

Unemployed

1,550 1,592 1,498 1,649 1,458 1,498 1,625 1,591 1,593

Unemployment rate

2.8 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force

4,597 4,581 4,851 4,807 4,769 4,727 4,960 4,785 5,036

Participation rate

36.8 36.6 38.7 38.5 38.1 37.8 39.6 38.2 40.2

Employed

4,171 4,121 4,262 4,346 4,308 4,281 4,421 4,324 4,423

Employment-population ratio

33.4 32.9 34.0 34.8 34.4 34.2 35.3 34.5 35.3

Unemployed

426 460 589 462 461 447 539 460 613

Unemployment rate

9.3 10.0 12.1 9.6 9.7 9.5 10.9 9.6 12.2

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population

34,237 34,751 34,788 34,237 34,644 34,678 34,714 34,751 34,788

Civilian labor force

21,368 21,808 21,996 21,247 21,695 21,751 21,746 21,868 21,871

Participation rate

62.4 62.8 63.2 62.1 62.6 62.7 62.6 62.9 62.9

Employed

20,124 20,622 20,716 19,988 20,402 20,496 20,596 20,616 20,601

Employment-population ratio

58.8 59.3 59.5 58.4 58.9 59.1 59.3 59.3 59.2

Unemployed

1,244 1,186 1,281 1,259 1,292 1,255 1,150 1,253 1,270

Unemployment rate

5.8 5.4 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.3 5.7 5.8

Not in labor force

12,869 12,943 12,792 12,990 12,949 12,927 12,969 12,883 12,918

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force

9,836 10,197 10,063 9,783 10,053 10,114 10,131 10,185 10,025

Participation rate

67.6 68.7 67.8 67.2 68.0 68.3 68.4 68.6 67.5

Employed

9,335 9,650 9,547 9,269 9,465 9,576 9,620 9,611 9,494

Employment-population ratio

64.1 65.0 64.3 63.7 64.0 64.7 64.9 64.8 63.9

Unemployed

500 547 516 514 588 538 511 574 531

Unemployment rate

5.1 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.9 5.3 5.0 5.6 5.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force

10,770 10,861 11,148 10,696 10,886 10,922 10,872 10,873 11,055

Participation rate

62.6 62.5 64.1 62.2 62.9 63.0 62.7 62.6 63.6

Employed

10,140 10,394 10,517 10,080 10,300 10,353 10,359 10,389 10,464

Employment-population ratio

59.0 59.8 60.5 58.6 59.5 59.7 59.7 59.8 60.2

Unemployed

630 467 630 616 586 569 514 485 590

Unemployment rate

5.8 4.3 5.7 5.8 5.4 5.2 4.7 4.5 5.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force

762 750 786 768 756 715 742 810 791

Participation rate

30.6 29.5 30.8 30.8 29.8 28.2 29.2 31.8 31.0

Employed

648 579 651 639 638 568 617 616 642

Employment-population ratio

26.0 22.7 25.5 25.7 25.1 22.3 24.3 24.2 25.2

Unemployed

114 172 135 128 118 148 125 194 148

Unemployment rate

15.0 22.9 17.2 16.7 15.6 20.7 16.9 24.0 18.8

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population

17,129 17,633 17,593 17,129 17,491 17,600 17,515 17,633 17,593

Civilian labor force

11,100 11,611 11,443 11,106 11,435 11,556 11,486 11,580 11,480

Participation rate

64.8 65.8 65.0 64.8 65.4 65.7 65.6 65.7 65.3

Employed

10,776 11,288 11,094 10,781 11,073 11,288 11,131 11,250 11,129

Employment-population ratio

62.9 64.0 63.1 62.9 63.3 64.1 63.6 63.8 63.3

Unemployed

323 323 349 325 363 267 355 330 351

Unemployment rate

2.9 2.8 3.1 2.9 3.2 2.3 3.1 2.8 3.1

Not in labor force

6,029 6,023 6,150 6,023 6,056 6,044 6,029 6,053 6,112

Footnotes
(1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1)
Oct.
2022
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
June
2023
July
2023
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population

46,459 47,774 47,877 46,459 47,473 47,569 47,671 47,774 47,877

Civilian labor force

30,796 32,099 32,071 30,725 31,943 32,052 31,977 32,144 32,028

Participation rate

66.3 67.2 67.0 66.1 67.3 67.4 67.1 67.3 66.9

Employed

29,595 30,706 30,641 29,430 30,571 30,637 30,420 30,660 30,498

Employment-population ratio

63.7 64.3 64.0 63.3 64.4 64.4 63.8 64.2 63.7

Unemployed

1,202 1,393 1,429 1,295 1,372 1,416 1,557 1,484 1,529

Unemployment rate

3.9 4.3 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.9 4.6 4.8

Not in labor force

15,663 15,675 15,807 15,734 15,530 15,517 15,694 15,630 15,850

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force

16,674 17,246 17,124 16,653 17,224 17,290 17,164 17,262 17,120

Participation rate

79.2 79.5 78.7 79.1 79.8 80.0 79.2 79.5 78.7

Employed

16,068 16,586 16,464 16,000 16,576 16,599 16,433 16,523 16,407

Employment-population ratio

76.3 76.4 75.7 76.0 76.8 76.8 75.9 76.1 75.4

Unemployed

606 660 660 653 649 691 731 739 714

Unemployment rate

3.6 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.2

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force

12,717 13,395 13,285 12,655 13,182 13,271 13,343 13,379 13,239

Participation rate

60.2 61.9 61.2 59.9 61.3 61.6 61.8 61.8 61.0

Employed

12,294 12,826 12,794 12,185 12,638 12,745 12,752 12,805 12,700

Employment-population ratio

58.2 59.2 59.0 57.7 58.7 59.1 59.0 59.1 58.5

Unemployed

424 569 491 469 544 525 591 573 539

Unemployment rate

3.3 4.2 3.7 3.7 4.1 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.1

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force

1,405 1,457 1,661 1,417 1,537 1,492 1,470 1,503 1,668

Participation rate

32.7 33.0 37.5 33.0 35.0 33.9 33.4 34.0 37.7

Employed

1,233 1,293 1,382 1,245 1,357 1,292 1,236 1,331 1,391

Employment-population ratio

28.7 29.3 31.2 29.0 31.0 29.4 28.0 30.1 31.4

Unemployed

172 164 279 173 180 200 235 172 277

Unemployment rate

12.2 11.3 16.8 12.2 11.7 13.4 16.0 11.4 16.6

Footnotes
(1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Educational attainment Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2022
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
June
2023
July
2023
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force

9,016 9,287 9,176 9,141 9,184 8,926 9,239 9,185 9,299

Participation rate

46.0 47.5 47.3 46.6 46.6 47.7 47.6 46.9 47.9

Employed

8,534 8,865 8,725 8,574 8,632 8,459 8,743 8,683 8,764

Employment-population ratio

43.5 45.3 45.0 43.7 43.8 45.2 45.0 44.4 45.2

Unemployed

481 422 451 567 552 467 496 501 535

Unemployment rate

5.3 4.5 4.9 6.2 6.0 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.8

High school graduates, no college(1)

Civilian labor force

35,243 36,416 35,758 35,070 36,038 35,980 36,243 36,205 35,624

Participation rate

56.2 57.2 57.1 55.9 57.0 56.5 56.5 56.8 56.9

Employed

33,915 34,993 34,377 33,692 34,638 34,763 34,851 34,722 34,197

Employment-population ratio

54.1 54.9 54.9 53.7 54.7 54.6 54.4 54.5 54.6

Unemployed

1,328 1,423 1,381 1,378 1,400 1,217 1,391 1,484 1,427

Unemployment rate

3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.8 4.1 4.0

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force

36,169 36,016 36,188 35,806 35,564 35,730 35,867 35,960 35,826

Participation rate

63.3 62.9 62.9 62.7 62.5 62.7 63.3 62.8 62.3

Employed

35,132 34,976 35,098 34,734 34,472 34,612 34,780 34,886 34,703

Employment-population ratio

61.5 61.1 61.0 60.8 60.5 60.7 61.4 60.9 60.3

Unemployed

1,037 1,041 1,090 1,071 1,092 1,118 1,087 1,074 1,123

Unemployment rate

2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)

Civilian labor force

63,458 64,285 64,670 63,312 64,274 64,817 64,398 64,277 64,535

Participation rate

72.9 73.5 72.9 72.7 73.4 73.4 73.5 73.5 72.8

Employed

62,292 62,946 63,362 62,089 63,010 63,522 62,986 62,907 63,172

Employment-population ratio

71.6 71.9 71.5 71.3 72.0 71.9 71.9 71.9 71.3

Unemployed

1,166 1,340 1,308 1,223 1,264 1,295 1,412 1,370 1,363

Unemployment rate

1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.1

Footnotes
(1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
(2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service Total Men Women
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population

18,291 17,836 16,259 15,790 2,032 2,046

Civilian labor force

8,833 8,485 7,613 7,295 1,221 1,189

Participation rate

48.3 47.6 46.8 46.2 60.1 58.1

Employed

8,610 8,256 7,417 7,095 1,192 1,160

Employment-population ratio

47.1 46.3 45.6 44.9 58.7 56.7

Unemployed

224 229 195 200 28 29

Unemployment rate

2.5 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.4

Not in labor force

9,458 9,351 8,646 8,495 811 857

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population

4,949 5,167 4,076 4,218 873 949

Civilian labor force

4,044 3,987 3,369 3,286 675 701

Participation rate

81.7 77.2 82.7 77.9 77.3 73.9

Employed

3,931 3,826 3,278 3,149 654 678

Employment-population ratio

79.4 74.1 80.4 74.7 74.9 71.4

Unemployed

113 161 92 137 21 24

Unemployment rate

2.8 4.0 2.7 4.2 3.1 3.4

Not in labor force

905 1,180 706 932 198 248

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population

3,234 2,877 2,728 2,448 506 429

Civilian labor force

2,276 2,063 1,955 1,766 321 297

Participation rate

70.4 71.7 71.7 72.1 63.5 69.3

Employed

2,222 2,026 1,904 1,729 318 297

Employment-population ratio

68.7 70.4 69.8 70.6 62.9 69.3

Unemployed

54 37 51 37 3 0

Unemployment rate

2.4 1.8 2.6 2.1 0.9 0.0

Not in labor force

958 814 773 682 184 132

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population

6,154 5,895 5,909 5,645 245 250

Civilian labor force

886 804 837 781 49 23

Participation rate

14.4 13.6 14.2 13.8 20.2 9.2

Employed

867 795 817 773 49 22

Employment-population ratio

14.1 13.5 13.8 13.7 20.2 8.7

Unemployed

19 9 19 8 0 1

Unemployment rate

2.2 1.1 2.3 1.0 - -

Not in labor force

5,268 5,091 5,072 4,864 196 227

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population

3,954 3,897 3,546 3,479 408 418

Civilian labor force

1,627 1,630 1,452 1,463 175 168

Participation rate

41.1 41.8 40.9 42.0 42.9 40.2

Employed

1,589 1,608 1,418 1,444 171 164

Employment-population ratio

40.2 41.3 40.0 41.5 41.9 39.2

Unemployed

38 22 34 18 4 4

Unemployment rate

2.3 1.4 2.3 1.2 2.4 2.4

Not in labor force

2,327 2,267 2,094 2,016 233 250

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population

236,800 240,471 107,887 110,232 128,913 130,239

Civilian labor force

153,525 156,796 78,943 80,195 74,582 76,601

Participation rate

64.8 65.2 73.2 72.8 57.9 58.8

Employed

148,341 151,258 76,371 77,235 71,970 74,024

Employment-population ratio

62.6 62.9 70.8 70.1 55.8 56.8

Unemployed

5,184 5,537 2,572 2,960 2,611 2,577

Unemployment rate

3.4 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.4

Not in labor force

83,275 83,675 28,943 30,037 54,332 53,638

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age Persons with a disability Persons with no disability
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population

32,819 33,623 231,716 234,019

Civilian labor force

7,797 8,197 156,956 159,577

Participation rate

23.8 24.4 67.7 68.2

Employed

7,224 7,590 151,920 154,086

Employment-population ratio

22.0 22.6 65.6 65.8

Unemployed

573 607 5,036 5,491

Unemployment rate

7.4 7.4 3.2 3.4

Not in labor force

25,022 25,425 74,760 74,442

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force

3,318 3,562 78,017 78,993

Participation rate

39.7 42.0 82.6 82.6

Employed

3,035 3,255 75,544 76,096

Employment-population ratio

36.3 38.4 80.0 79.6

Unemployed

283 306 2,473 2,897

Unemployment rate

8.5 8.6 3.2 3.7

Not in labor force

5,037 4,925 16,397 16,654

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force

3,092 3,265 68,970 70,621

Participation rate

37.6 38.7 71.7 73.4

Employed

2,848 3,035 66,604 68,245

Employment-population ratio

34.7 36.0 69.2 70.9

Unemployed

244 229 2,366 2,376

Unemployment rate

7.9 7.0 3.4 3.4

Not in labor force

5,122 5,164 27,276 25,654

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force

1,387 1,371 9,968 9,963

Participation rate

8.5 8.2 24.3 23.7

Employed

1,341 1,299 9,772 9,746

Employment-population ratio

8.3 7.8 23.8 23.1

Unemployed

46 72 196 217

Unemployment rate

3.3 5.2 2.0 2.2

Not in labor force

14,864 15,337 31,087 32,135

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and nativity Total Men Women
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population

45,908 46,936 22,506 22,873 23,402 24,063

Civilian labor force

30,459 31,237 17,657 17,628 12,802 13,610

Participation rate

66.3 66.6 78.5 77.1 54.7 56.6

Employed

29,451 30,056 17,110 16,953 12,340 13,103

Employment-population ratio

64.2 64.0 76.0 74.1 52.7 54.5

Unemployed

1,008 1,182 547 675 461 507

Unemployment rate

3.3 3.8 3.1 3.8 3.6 3.7

Not in labor force

15,450 15,698 4,849 5,245 10,600 10,453

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population

218,627 220,706 106,391 107,943 112,236 112,763

Civilian labor force

134,294 136,537 70,028 71,102 64,267 65,435

Participation rate

61.4 61.9 65.8 65.9 57.3 58.0

Employed

129,693 131,621 67,688 68,431 62,005 63,190

Employment-population ratio

59.3 59.6 63.6 63.4 55.2 56.0

Unemployed

4,601 4,916 2,340 2,671 2,261 2,245

Unemployment rate

3.4 3.6 3.3 3.8 3.5 3.4

Not in labor force

84,333 84,169 36,363 36,841 47,970 47,328

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Category Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2022
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
June
2023
July
2023
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries

2,300 2,288 2,283 2,206 2,311 2,261 2,296 2,303 2,207

Wage and salary workers(1)

1,577 1,551 1,519 1,495 1,591 1,519 1,559 1,571 1,463

Self-employed workers, unincorporated

701 699 719 692 674 688 695 693 707

Unpaid family workers

22 39 45 - - - - - -

Nonagricultural industries

156,845 159,381 159,393 156,570 158,853 159,099 159,321 159,388 159,299

Wage and salary workers(1)

147,397 150,233 150,305 147,109 149,632 149,974 150,217 150,090 150,154

Government

21,258 21,480 21,741 21,211 21,552 21,161 21,199 21,601 21,655

Private industries

126,139 128,753 128,564 126,102 128,110 128,778 128,891 128,821 128,699

Private households

743 665 768 - - - - - -

Other industries

125,397 128,089 127,796 125,460 127,470 128,166 128,282 128,209 128,076

Self-employed workers, unincorporated

9,394 9,114 9,054 9,261 8,917 8,814 8,809 9,033 8,943

Unpaid family workers

54 33 34 - - - - - -

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)

All industries

Part time for economic reasons(3)

3,356 3,742 3,973 3,664 4,191 4,000 4,221 4,065 4,283

Slack work or business conditions

2,335 2,608 2,790 2,535 2,890 2,717 2,799 2,793 2,982

Could only find part-time work

817 940 964 867 948 1,014 1,021 938 1,002

Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)

21,901 22,309 22,008 21,297 21,267 21,971 21,975 22,152 21,539

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons(3)

3,301 3,698 3,923 3,578 4,095 3,913 4,110 3,991 4,182

Slack work or business conditions

2,288 2,579 2,754 2,487 2,835 2,657 2,757 2,752 2,944

Could only find part-time work

813 930 958 862 943 1,012 1,021 929 995

Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)

21,555 21,883 21,649 20,950 20,913 21,539 21,522 21,723 21,175

Footnotes
(1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
(2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week.
(3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
(4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2022
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
June
2023
July
2023
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over

159,144 161,669 161,676 158,593 160,994 161,262 161,484 161,570 161,222

16 to 19 years

5,422 5,321 5,514 5,598 5,559 5,462 5,586 5,570 5,685

16 to 17 years

2,193 2,134 2,162 2,200 2,177 2,083 2,098 2,119 2,161

18 to 19 years

3,229 3,186 3,352 3,387 3,372 3,353 3,461 3,427 3,517

20 years and over

153,722 156,349 156,162 152,994 155,435 155,799 155,898 156,000 155,537

20 to 24 years

13,849 14,569 14,600 13,780 14,741 14,559 14,606 14,676 14,550

25 years and over

139,873 141,780 141,562 139,160 140,612 141,160 141,194 141,293 140,911

25 to 54 years

102,028 103,831 103,741 101,509 103,384 103,539 103,531 103,537 103,299

25 to 34 years

35,527 36,008 35,939 35,296 35,755 36,168 35,974 35,940 35,778

35 to 44 years

34,760 35,625 35,625 34,611 35,391 35,379 35,478 35,518 35,491

45 to 54 years

31,742 32,199 32,177 31,601 32,238 31,992 32,080 32,079 32,030

55 years and over

37,844 37,949 37,821 37,651 37,228 37,620 37,663 37,756 37,612

Men, 16 years and over

84,799 85,745 85,384 84,559 85,547 85,492 85,493 85,633 85,217

16 to 19 years

2,705 2,688 2,721 2,783 2,679 2,570 2,716 2,797 2,794

16 to 17 years

1,010 1,064 1,054 1,034 972 943 1,009 1,060 1,069

18 to 19 years

1,695 1,624 1,667 1,752 1,695 1,606 1,668 1,720 1,725

20 years and over

82,093 83,057 82,663 81,776 82,868 82,922 82,777 82,837 82,423

20 to 24 years

7,150 7,248 7,238 7,144 7,541 7,435 7,369 7,310 7,252

25 years and over

74,943 75,809 75,426 74,548 75,233 75,462 75,297 75,466 75,100

25 to 54 years

54,379 55,489 55,191 54,106 55,263 55,358 55,300 55,291 54,997

25 to 34 years

18,845 19,175 19,037 18,701 19,130 19,338 19,215 19,114 18,956

35 to 44 years

18,721 19,188 19,099 18,649 19,143 19,103 19,053 19,120 19,045

45 to 54 years

16,813 17,126 17,055 16,756 16,990 16,917 17,032 17,057 16,997

55 years and over

20,564 20,319 20,235 20,442 19,971 20,104 19,997 20,175 20,103

Women, 16 years and over

74,345 75,924 76,292 74,033 75,448 75,769 75,991 75,936 76,005

16 to 19 years

2,717 2,633 2,793 2,815 2,880 2,892 2,870 2,773 2,890

16 to 17 years

1,183 1,071 1,108 1,167 1,205 1,140 1,089 1,059 1,092

18 to 19 years

1,534 1,562 1,685 1,635 1,677 1,746 1,793 1,708 1,792

20 years and over

71,628 73,292 73,499 71,218 72,567 72,877 73,121 73,163 73,115

20 to 24 years

6,699 7,321 7,363 6,636 7,201 7,125 7,237 7,366 7,298

25 years and over

64,929 65,971 66,136 64,612 65,378 65,697 65,897 65,827 65,811

25 to 54 years

47,649 48,342 48,550 47,403 48,121 48,181 48,232 48,245 48,302

25 to 34 years

16,682 16,832 16,902 16,596 16,625 16,830 16,759 16,826 16,822

35 to 44 years

16,039 16,437 16,526 15,963 16,248 16,276 16,425 16,398 16,447

45 to 54 years

14,928 15,073 15,122 14,845 15,248 15,075 15,048 15,022 15,033

55 years and over

17,280 17,629 17,586 17,209 17,258 17,516 17,665 17,582 17,509

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present(1)

45,631 46,588 45,960 45,624 45,844 45,886 45,911 46,357 45,990

Married women, spouse present(1)

36,309 37,300 37,130 36,179 36,847 37,413 37,430 37,279 37,077

Women who maintain families(2)

9,629 9,882 9,963 - - - - - -

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers(3)

132,544 134,560 134,824 132,179 134,859 134,274 134,189 134,167 134,493

Part-time workers(4)

26,600 27,109 26,853 26,413 26,181 27,153 27,185 27,336 26,666

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders

7,676 8,146 8,542 7,519 7,995 8,113 8,028 8,151 8,356

Percent of total employed

4.8 5.0 5.3 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.2

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated

6,851 6,684 6,626 - - - - - -

Self-employed workers, unincorporated

10,095 9,813 9,773 9,953 9,591 9,502 9,504 9,726 9,650

Footnotes
(1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
(2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
(3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
(4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)
Unemployment rates
Oct.
2022
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
June
2023
July
2023
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over

6,053 6,360 6,506 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.9

16 to 19 years

690 733 863 11.0 11.0 11.3 12.2 11.6 13.2

16 to 17 years

238 307 370 9.8 11.2 11.2 11.8 12.7 14.6

18 to 19 years

457 429 505 11.9 10.5 11.4 12.7 11.1 12.6

20 years and over

5,363 5,627 5,643 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.5

20 to 24 years

1,021 1,115 1,103 6.9 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.1 7.0

25 years and over

4,295 4,453 4,508 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.1

25 to 54 years

3,376 3,438 3,457 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2

25 to 34 years

1,456 1,505 1,589 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.3

35 to 44 years

1,020 1,012 1,077 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9

45 to 54 years

899 921 791 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.4

55 years and over

938 1,029 1,059 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.7

Men, 16 years and over

3,212 3,697 3,654 3.7 3.7 3.6 4.0 4.1 4.1

16 to 19 years

383 404 480 12.1 12.5 13.0 13.7 12.6 14.7

16 to 17 years

137 190 206 11.7 14.1 13.2 12.0 15.2 16.2

18 to 19 years

254 222 289 12.6 10.5 12.9 15.3 11.4 14.3

20 years and over

2,829 3,293 3,174 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.7

20 to 24 years

551 673 621 7.2 6.7 7.2 8.4 8.4 7.9

25 years and over

2,248 2,583 2,533 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.3

25 to 54 years

1,758 2,064 1,973 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.5

25 to 34 years

768 925 938 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.9 4.6 4.7

35 to 44 years

499 587 584 2.6 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0

45 to 54 years

490 552 450 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1 2.6

55 years and over

490 518 560 2.3 3.0 2.2 2.8 2.5 2.7

Women, 16 years and over

2,841 2,662 2,852 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.6

16 to 19 years

307 329 383 9.8 9.7 9.7 10.8 10.6 11.7

16 to 17 years

101 117 164 8.0 8.7 9.4 11.6 9.9 13.1

18 to 19 years

203 207 217 11.1 10.4 10.0 10.2 10.8 10.8

20 years and over

2,534 2,334 2,469 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3

20 to 24 years

471 441 482 6.6 5.3 6.2 5.8 5.7 6.2

25 years and over

2,047 1,870 1,975 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.9

25 to 54 years

1,618 1,374 1,484 3.3 3.2 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.0

25 to 34 years

688 579 651 4.0 3.9 3.3 3.8 3.3 3.7

35 to 44 years

521 426 493 3.2 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.9

45 to 54 years

409 369 341 2.7 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.2

55 years and over

446 492 502 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present(1)

891 989 942 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.0

Married women, spouse present(1)

801 821 798 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1

Women who maintain families(2)

577 415 485 5.7 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.0 4.6

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers(3)

5,012 5,099 5,236 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.7

Part-time workers(4)

1,073 1,239 1,286 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.6

Footnotes
(1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
(2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
(3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs.
(4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Reason Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2022
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
June
2023
July
2023
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

2,335 2,522 2,744 2,695 2,900 2,620 2,914 2,858 3,059

On temporary layoff

526 478 572 853 842 667 789 781 873

Not on temporary layoff

1,809 2,044 2,172 1,842 2,058 1,953 2,125 2,077 2,186

Permanent job losers

1,260 1,409 1,617 1,267 1,493 1,372 1,538 1,441 1,605

Persons who completed temporary jobs

549 634 555 575 565 581 587 636 581

Job leavers

887 859 823 861 794 852 801 797 800

Reentrants

1,887 2,114 1,895 1,873 1,745 1,853 1,930 2,043 1,884

New entrants

501 553 636 494 558 503 597 568 612

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

41.6 41.7 45.0 45.5 48.4 44.9 46.7 45.6 48.1

On temporary layoff

9.4 7.9 9.4 14.4 14.0 11.4 12.6 12.5 13.7

Not on temporary layoff

32.2 33.8 35.6 31.1 34.3 33.5 34.0 33.2 34.4

Job leavers

15.8 14.2 13.5 14.5 13.2 14.6 12.8 12.7 12.6

Reentrants

33.6 34.9 31.1 31.6 29.1 31.8 30.9 32.6 29.6

New entrants

8.9 9.1 10.4 8.3 9.3 8.6 9.6 9.1 9.6

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8

Job leavers

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants

1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1

New entrants

0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Duration Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2022
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
June
2023
July
2023
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks

2,023 2,023 2,104 2,215 2,068 2,004 2,221 2,051 2,268

5 to 14 weeks

1,696 1,865 1,726 1,774 1,889 1,698 1,877 2,044 1,836

15 weeks and over

1,889 2,161 2,268 1,987 2,021 2,161 2,298 2,288 2,363

15 to 26 weeks

714 928 975 817 917 997 1,002 1,072 1,081

27 weeks and over

1,175 1,233 1,292 1,169 1,105 1,164 1,296 1,216 1,282

Average (mean) duration, in weeks

21.5 21.9 22.2 20.8 20.7 20.6 20.4 21.5 21.6

Median duration, in weeks

8.6 9.7 9.1 8.4 8.7 8.7 8.7 9.2 8.9

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks

36.1 33.4 34.5 37.1 34.6 34.2 34.7 32.1 35.1

5 to 14 weeks

30.2 30.8 28.3 29.7 31.6 29.0 29.3 32.0 28.4

15 weeks and over

33.7 35.7 37.2 33.2 33.8 36.9 35.9 35.8 36.5

15 to 26 weeks

12.7 15.3 16.0 13.7 15.3 17.0 15.7 16.8 16.7

27 weeks and over

21.0 20.4 21.2 19.6 18.5 19.9 20.3 19.1 19.8

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Occupation Employed Unemployed Unemployment
rates
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023

Total, 16 years and over(1)

159,144 161,676 5,609 6,098 3.4 3.6

Management, professional, and related occupations

68,918 71,387 1,398 1,415 2.0 1.9

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

29,433 30,812 639 550 2.1 1.8

Professional and related occupations

39,485 40,575 759 865 1.9 2.1

Service occupations

25,749 26,349 1,134 1,224 4.2 4.4

Sales and office occupations

29,886 29,893 1,060 1,152 3.4 3.7

Sales and related occupations

14,242 14,228 497 577 3.4 3.9

Office and administrative support occupations

15,644 15,665 563 575 3.5 3.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

14,463 14,308 606 678 4.0 4.5

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

938 975 77 123 7.6 11.2

Construction and extraction occupations

8,658 8,361 413 458 4.6 5.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

4,867 4,972 116 97 2.3 1.9

Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations

20,128 19,739 886 971 4.2 4.7

Production occupations

8,184 8,072 295 313 3.5 3.7

Transportation and material moving occupations

11,944 11,668 591 657 4.7 5.3

Footnotes
(1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Industry and class of worker Number of
unemployed
persons
(in thousands)
Unemployment
rates
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023

Total, 16 years and over(1)

5,609 6,098 3.4 3.6

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers

4,381 4,636 3.4 3.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction

4 39 0.8 6.1

Construction

419 414 4.1 4.0

Manufacturing

463 478 3.1 3.1

Durable goods

319 318 3.3 3.3

Nondurable goods

144 160 2.7 2.8

Wholesale and retail trade

699 789 3.6 4.0

Transportation and utilities

273 361 3.3 4.5

Information

94 106 3.3 3.7

Financial activities

195 222 1.9 2.2

Professional and business services

645 611 3.5 3.2

Education and health services

677 593 2.7 2.3

Leisure and hospitality

738 757 5.5 5.5

Other services

174 264 2.5 3.8

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers

81 106 5.1 6.7

Government workers

321 354 1.5 1.6

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers

325 367 3.1 3.6

Footnotes
(1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Measure Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2022
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
June
2023
July
2023
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023
Oct.
2023

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force

1.1 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)

3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.9

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers

3.6 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force

4.3 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.7

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force

6.3 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.9 6.7 7.1 7.0 7.2

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category Total Men Women
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023
Oct.
2022
Oct.
2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force

99,782 99,868 41,212 42,087 58,570 57,781

Persons who currently want a job

5,341 5,037 2,618 2,449 2,723 2,588

Marginally attached to the labor force(1)

1,469 1,391 786 724 683 667

Discouraged workers(2)

373 428 261 238 112 190

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)

1,096 963 525 486 571 477

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders(4)

7,676 8,542 3,846 4,043 3,830 4,499

Percent of total employed

4.8 5.3 4.5 4.7 5.2 5.9

Primary job full time, secondary job part time

4,449 4,978 2,449 2,510 1,999 2,468

Primary and secondary jobs both part time

1,733 1,978 612 699 1,122 1,280

Primary and secondary jobs both full time

347 394 194 203 154 191

Hours vary on primary or secondary job

1,095 1,137 565 614 530 523

Footnotes
(1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
(2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
(3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
(4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)
Change from:
Sept.2023 - Oct.2023(p)

Total nonfarm

155,041 156,392 156,918 157,984 154,006 156,476 156,773 156,923 150

Total private

132,422 134,415 134,002 134,741 131,744 133,686 133,932 134,031 99

Goods-producing

21,553 21,901 21,810 21,805 21,384 21,622 21,650 21,639 -11

Mining and logging

622 652 650 651 616 644 645 646 1

Logging

45.6 48.1 48.2 48.1 45.1 46.7 47.5 47.4 -0.1

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction

576.7 604.0 601.5 602.6 571.1 597.6 597.9 598.4 0.5

Oil and gas extraction

116.9 119.8 119.2 119.5 116.6 118.7 118.8 119.1 0.3

Mining (except oil and gas)

186.8 190.5 189.3 187.6 184.8 186.9 186.8 185.8 -1.0

Coal mining

41.0 41.6 41.3 40.9 40.9 41.5 41.3 40.8 -0.5

Metal ore mining

43.1 44.2 44.2 43.6 43.2 43.9 44.2 43.7 -0.5

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying

102.7 104.7 103.8 103.1 100.7 101.5 101.3 101.3 0.0

Support activities for mining

273.0 293.7 293.0 295.5 269.7 292.0 292.3 293.5 1.2

Construction

7,976 8,207 8,164 8,193 7,814 7,997 8,010 8,033 23

Construction of buildings

1,788.8 1,835.6 1,825.3 1,839.3 1,763.8 1,802.6 1,809.5 1,815.8 6.3

Residential building construction

942.1 941.1 936.6 949.0 929.5 925.9 931.8 935.5 3.7

Nonresidential building construction

846.7 894.5 888.7 890.3 834.3 876.7 877.7 880.3 2.6

Heavy and civil engineering construction

1,125.4 1,179.7 1,181.1 1,180.7 1,073.8 1,126.6 1,129.4 1,131.0 1.6

Specialty trade contractors

5,062.0 5,191.8 5,157.4 5,173.0 4,976.0 5,067.6 5,071.5 5,085.7 14.2

Residential specialty trade contractors

2,353.3 2,405.9 2,393.9 2,407.7 2,323.2 2,356.0 2,362.8 2,372.8 10.0

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors

2,708.7 2,785.9 2,763.5 2,765.3 2,652.8 2,711.6 2,708.7 2,712.9 4.2

Manufacturing

12,955 13,042 12,996 12,961 12,954 12,981 12,995 12,960 -35

Durable goods

8,053 8,168 8,139 8,104 8,059 8,137 8,147 8,111 -36

Wood product manufacturing

428.6 424.6 421.4 421.8 428.8 422.7 422.3 422.1 -0.2

Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing

431.0 437.8 437.3 437.6 426.2 432.4 433.8 433.8 0.0

Primary metal manufacturing

366.0 372.0 369.3 368.2 368.0 371.5 370.6 369.7 -0.9

Fabricated metal product manufacturing

1,444.7 1,455.7 1,453.6 1,456.4 1,446.7 1,454.1 1,456.3 1,457.1 0.8

Machinery manufacturing

1,107.9 1,138.2 1,130.5 1,128.1 1,113.3 1,134.7 1,135.7 1,134.0 -1.7

Computer and electronic product manufacturing

1,096.6 1,107.5 1,096.7 1,096.0 1,097.5 1,101.6 1,099.0 1,097.3 -1.7

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing

166.7 168.3 166.9 166.3 166.3 167.5 166.9 166.1 -0.8

Communications equipment manufacturing

84.9 85.4 85.6 86.6 85.3 85.5 86.0 86.6 0.6

Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing

391.3 388.3 382.8 382.6 392.4 386.0 384.4 383.5 -0.9

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing

421.5 431.8 428.1 427.8 421.6 429.5 428.5 428.3 -0.2

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing

32.2 33.7 33.3 32.7 31.9 33.1 33.2 32.8 -0.4

Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing

404.5 407.4 406.0 405.7 406.0 406.6 406.5 406.9 0.4

Transportation equipment manufacturing(1)

1,762.5 1,831.4 1,840.1 1,807.8 1,758.9 1,824.2 1,835.1 1,805.2 -29.9

Motor vehicles and parts(2)

1,037.8 1,074.0 1,083.2 1,047.5 1,032.9 1,069.5 1,078.4 1,045.2 -33.2

Furniture and related product manufacturing

378.0 360.6 355.0 354.4 380.8 359.4 357.5 356.0 -1.5

Miscellaneous manufacturing

633.3 632.7 629.0 628.4 632.8 629.3 630.1 628.4 -1.7

Nondurable goods

4,902 4,874 4,857 4,857 4,895 4,844 4,848 4,849 1

Food manufacturing

1,716.7 1,731.6 1,726.7 1,733.2 1,707.6 1,718.0 1,721.2 1,727.4 6.2

Textile mills

97.3 93.6 93.0 93.1 97.2 93.2 92.9 93.0 0.1

Textile product mills

102.3 98.9 98.4 97.0 102.4 99.2 98.7 97.5 -1.2

Apparel manufacturing

93.5 91.7 91.1 90.6 93.3 91.6 91.3 90.8 -0.5

Paper manufacturing

361.3 346.2 347.3 348.1 362.7 347.4 348.1 348.7 0.6

Printing and related support activities

382.4 375.5 370.5 373.5 380.9 374.8 371.7 372.8 1.1

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing

106.9 108.2 106.4 106.5 105.0 105.8 105.2 104.8 -0.4

Chemical manufacturing

913.8 917.1 913.2 910.6 916.9 915.0 916.6 914.0 -2.6

Plastics and rubber products manufacturing

762.1 741.0 742.2 738.3 768.8 739.5 743.2 740.1 -3.1

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing

365.8 370.3 367.9 366.2 360.0 359.8 359.0 360.2 1.2

Private service-providing

110,869 112,514 112,192 112,936 110,360 112,064 112,282 112,392 110

Trade, transportation, and utilities

28,843 28,714 28,721 28,958 28,815 28,842 28,885 28,884 -1

Wholesale trade

6,024.1 6,082.0 6,076.2 6,099.4 6,019.6 6,065.3 6,081.3 6,090.7 9.4

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods

3,317.5 3,359.6 3,362.7 3,369.9 3,321.8 3,352.2 3,367.6 3,371.2 3.6

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods

2,180.3 2,189.6 2,184.6 2,195.1 2,173.1 2,182.2 2,184.7 2,187.6 2.9

Wholesale trade agents and brokers

526.3 532.8 528.9 534.4 524.7 530.9 529.0 531.9 2.9

Retail trade

15,502.5 15,503.8 15,415.1 15,562.9 15,496.7 15,532.1 15,545.4 15,546.1 0.7

Motor vehicle and parts dealers

2,016.9 2,056.6 2,058.5 2,063.6 2,015.2 2,045.8 2,054.1 2,060.0 5.9

Automobile dealers

1,253.5 1,265.5 1,267.6 1,273.3 1,255.0 1,262.0 1,267.2 1,273.1 5.9

Other motor vehicle dealers

178.4 183.7 177.3 174.2 177.8 176.6 175.6 173.7 -1.9

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers

585.0 607.4 613.6 616.1 582.4 607.2 611.3 613.1 1.8

Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers

1,393.0 1,380.4 1,356.3 1,348.4 1,420.4 1,373.3 1,372.2 1,369.1 -3.1

Food and beverage retailers

3,212.2 3,257.0 3,229.5 3,249.3 3,210.4 3,248.2 3,249.2 3,252.6 3.4

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers

893.2 835.3 837.6 847.3 896.7 847.5 845.0 841.6 -3.4

Furniture and home furnishings retailers

451.8 428.3 428.9 439.5 452.7 435.2 436.4 438.3 1.9

Electronics and appliance retailers

441.4 407.0 408.7 407.8 431.1 411.1 408.4 403.1 -5.3

General merchandise retailers

3,117.6 3,125.3 3,124.7 3,193.5 3,105.9 3,176.7 3,179.4 3,180.1 0.7

Department stores

949.1 929.1 927.7 958.6 945.4 954.2 955.1 953.5 -1.6

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers

2,168.5 2,196.2 2,197.0 2,234.9 2,160.5 2,222.5 2,224.4 2,226.6 2.2

Health and personal care retailers

1,114.0 1,086.4 1,090.6 1,106.4 1,108.8 1,099.4 1,101.2 1,100.9 -0.3

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers

1,052.6 1,087.2 1,082.8 1,078.7 1,049.2 1,072.8 1,078.5 1,076.3 -2.2

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers

1,155.2 1,139.1 1,112.4 1,142.0 1,153.2 1,138.6 1,135.7 1,138.4 2.7

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers

1,547.8 1,536.5 1,522.7 1,533.7 1,536.9 1,529.8 1,530.1 1,527.1 -3.0

Transportation and warehousing

6,759.9 6,568.6 6,671.0 6,734.6 6,741.7 6,685.8 6,698.3 6,686.2 -12.1

Air transportation

517.3 550.1 552.7 556.2 516.8 547.1 551.6 555.1 3.5

Rail transportation

147.8 150.5 150.3 150.3 147.6 150.2 150.2 150.2 0.0

Water transportation

65.9 71.5 70.7 71.1 66.2 69.0 69.1 70.3 1.2

Truck transportation

1,619.7 1,588.8 1,589.6 1,589.7 1,605.4 1,570.2 1,583.6 1,578.6 -5.0

Transit and ground passenger transportation

439.4 380.9 450.7 453.0 417.0 438.5 434.9 434.2 -0.7

Pipeline transportation

48.0 48.2 48.3 47.9 48.1 48.0 48.5 48.0 -0.5

Scenic and sightseeing transportation

35.6 43.9 41.6 37.7 34.0 36.5 36.4 36.0 -0.4

Support activities for transportation

806.8 816.5 817.6 818.8 801.3 815.3 816.4 815.0 -1.4

Couriers and messengers

1,102.9 1,060.4 1,079.9 1,107.9 1,156.1 1,123.6 1,125.2 1,127.8 2.6

Warehousing and storage

1,976.5 1,857.8 1,869.6 1,902.0 1,949.2 1,887.4 1,882.4 1,871.0 -11.4

Utilities

556.5 559.9 558.6 561.1 556.9 558.4 559.9 560.7 0.8

Information

3,124 3,057 3,037 3,037 3,116 3,040 3,036 3,027 -9

Motion picture and sound recording industries

473.3 451.7 431.4 436.0 463.5 437.4 433.6 428.2 -5.4

Publishing industries

947.3 929.2 935.8 924.4 950.3 926.1 929.8 925.3 -4.5

Broadcasting and content providers

358.2 346.9 346.4 348.0 357.0 347.5 347.4 347.7 0.3

Telecommunications

663.2 638.9 638.2 641.1 663.9 639.9 639.1 640.5 1.4

Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services

481.2 498.7 495.8 495.6 480.4 499.2 495.6 494.6 -1.0

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services

200.5 191.1 189.8 191.6 200.5 189.9 190.3 190.2 -0.1

Financial activities

9,111 9,208 9,154 9,178 9,086 9,153 9,155 9,153 -2

Finance and insurance

6,705.3 6,741.9 6,702.5 6,716.3 6,700.0 6,720.1 6,716.6 6,708.8 -7.8

Monetary authorities-central bank

21.6 22.1 22.0 21.9 21.6 22.0 22.0 21.9 -0.1

Credit intermediation and related
activities

2,690.5 2,667.3 2,643.9 2,637.3 2,694.4 2,657.7 2,649.8 2,639.8 -10.0

Depository credit intermediation(1)

1,772.9 1,787.8 1,772.2 1,768.2 1,777.8 1,781.7 1,778.7 1,773.3 -5.4

Commercial banking

1,369.6 1,375.0 1,361.4 1,355.9 1,374.3 1,369.8 1,366.8 1,361.0 -5.8

Nondepository credit intermediation

592.2 566.5 561.0 559.9 590.4 564.1 560.6 557.6 -3.0

Activities related to credit intermediation

325.4 313.0 310.7 309.2 326.2 311.8 310.5 308.9 -1.6

Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities

1,066.7 1,098.9 1,084.6 1,092.8 1,063.3 1,088.2 1,088.6 1,089.8 1.2

Insurance carriers and related activities

2,926.5 2,953.6 2,952.0 2,964.3 2,920.7 2,952.2 2,956.2 2,957.3 1.1

Real estate and rental and leasing

2,405.6 2,466.5 2,451.3 2,462.1 2,385.8 2,432.5 2,438.7 2,443.8 5.1

Real estate

1,852.6 1,865.6 1,855.7 1,872.5 1,835.5 1,850.7 1,853.3 1,856.6 3.3

Rental and leasing services

530.3 578.1 573.0 566.8 527.7 559.3 562.7 564.5 1.8

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works)

22.7 22.8 22.6 22.8 22.6 22.5 22.7 22.7 0.0

Professional and business services

23,044 23,086 23,060 23,287 22,791 22,995 23,012 23,027 15

Professional, scientific, and technical services

10,683.4 10,925.0 10,853.7 10,972.2 10,664.8 10,916.7 10,935.6 10,952.6 17.0

Legal services

1,184.9 1,177.3 1,175.6 1,188.2 1,179.0 1,178.3 1,181.9 1,181.9 0.0

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services

1,095.0 1,114.4 1,105.4 1,119.6 1,134.6 1,158.8 1,158.4 1,158.7 0.3

Architectural, engineering, and related services

1,645.3 1,707.1 1,688.3 1,697.4 1,633.5 1,685.2 1,684.6 1,687.2 2.6

Specialized design services

155.1 161.2 158.8 160.9 153.7 160.5 159.7 160.2 0.5

Computer systems design and related services

2,496.1 2,528.8 2,501.3 2,535.1 2,488.7 2,518.1 2,518.0 2,524.7 6.7

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

1,835.9 1,885.4 1,886.4 1,914.8 1,813.4 1,882.9 1,891.0 1,893.6 2.6

Scientific research and development services

909.3 955.1 945.7 947.2 909.9 943.7 948.4 947.3 -1.1

Advertising, public relations, and related services

496.7 500.5 501.1 506.7 495.5 498.9 501.7 504.0 2.3

Other professional, scientific, and technical services

865.1 895.2 891.1 902.3 856.5 890.2 891.9 895.0 3.1

Management of companies and enterprises

2,504.7 2,537.1 2,524.9 2,523.3 2,505.9 2,525.7 2,526.9 2,524.4 -2.5

Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services

9,855.4 9,623.5 9,681.0 9,791.0 9,620.0 9,553.0 9,549.5 9,549.9 0.4

Administrative and support services

9,367.0 9,120.4 9,179.3 9,291.3 9,136.6 9,056.7 9,052.8 9,054.6 1.8

Office administrative services

610.7 626.7 631.0 640.3 607.2 622.7 629.4 635.4 6.0

Facilities support services

159.0 167.5 166.7 166.4 157.1 165.1 165.1 164.8 -0.3

Employment services(1)

4,038.5 3,679.1 3,757.2 3,864.8 3,897.4 3,728.3 3,712.0 3,709.4 -2.6

Temporary help services

3,240.9 2,906.1 2,981.3 3,078.6 3,141.4 2,950.8 2,941.9 2,948.5 6.6

Business support services

783.6 742.0 741.8 744.1 779.3 750.7 746.7 739.2 -7.5

Travel arrangement and reservation services

176.2 187.2 187.1 190.6 174.5 184.9 186.2 189.0 2.8

Investigation and security services

971.3 982.0 986.0 987.0 966.1 980.4 982.7 982.8 0.1

Services to buildings and dwellings

2,283.5 2,391.1 2,361.4 2,344.0 2,217.3 2,283.2 2,287.3 2,287.0 -0.3

Other support services

344.2 344.8 348.1 354.1 337.6 341.4 343.2 347.1 3.9

Waste management and remediation services

488.4 503.1 501.7 499.7 483.4 496.3 496.7 495.3 -1.4

Private education and health services

24,872 25,243 25,564 25,909 24,661 25,525 25,603 25,692 89

Private educational services

3,995.9 3,669.6 3,948.0 4,111.2 3,846.5 3,942.2 3,951.3 3,962.8 11.5

Health care and social assistance

20,875.6 21,573.2 21,615.5 21,797.5 20,814.5 21,582.5 21,651.8 21,729.0 77.2

Health care(3)

16,532.2 17,024.4 17,060.5 17,175.4 16,487.1 17,017.2 17,065.2 17,123.6 58.4

Ambulatory health care services

8,244.6 8,468.7 8,492.0 8,572.7 8,217.0 8,479.4 8,509.3 8,541.7 32.4

Offices of physicians

2,847.1 2,919.3 2,928.6 2,960.1 2,836.0 2,923.4 2,933.3 2,945.9 12.6

Offices of dentists

1,027.3 1,042.5 1,038.7 1,039.0 1,026.7 1,040.7 1,042.1 1,038.5 -3.6

Offices of other health practitioners

1,113.6 1,144.1 1,144.9 1,158.3 1,109.0 1,143.5 1,148.2 1,152.6 4.4

Outpatient care centers

1,046.6 1,062.8 1,063.6 1,075.3 1,045.7 1,065.0 1,066.7 1,074.8 8.1

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

318.4 325.7 325.4 325.4 317.4 325.4 326.4 325.3 -1.1

Home health care services

1,560.7 1,633.0 1,647.7 1,668.6 1,550.8 1,638.5 1,649.4 1,658.9 9.5

Other ambulatory health care services

330.9 341.3 343.1 346.0 331.6 342.8 343.2 345.8 2.6

Hospitals

5,226.8 5,358.0 5,373.9 5,395.1 5,219.6 5,351.0 5,364.6 5,382.7 18.1

Nursing and residential care facilities

3,060.8 3,197.7 3,194.6 3,207.6 3,050.5 3,186.8 3,191.3 3,199.2 7.9

Skilled nursing care facilities

1,373.5 1,433.4 1,431.2 1,441.1 1,364.7 1,429.0 1,428.6 1,433.0 4.4

Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities

619.5 641.4 644.9 646.1 619.3 639.6 643.9 645.2 1.3

Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly

914.3 966.1 962.1 963.3 913.3 961.7 962.2 964.0 1.8

Other residential care facilities

153.5 156.8 156.4 157.1 153.2 156.5 156.7 157.0 0.3

Social assistance

4,343.4 4,548.8 4,555.0 4,622.1 4,327.4 4,565.3 4,586.6 4,605.4 18.8

Individual and family services

2,882.4 3,055.8 3,054.0 3,096.7 2,875.1 3,055.9 3,074.4 3,088.7 14.3

Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services

206.2 217.5 217.6 221.1 207.1 219.3 220.3 221.6 1.3

Vocational rehabilitation services

271.8 282.9 282.3 285.1 269.4 280.5 283.1 283.5 0.4

Child care services

983.0 992.6 1,001.1 1,019.2 975.8 1,009.6 1,008.8 1,011.6 2.8

Leisure and hospitality

16,107 17,278 16,784 16,677 16,135 16,629 16,703 16,722 19

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

2,329.2 2,731.4 2,519.7 2,475.0 2,360.2 2,471.5 2,485.2 2,505.6 20.4

Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries

524.3 569.2 581.1 577.0 520.0 544.4 554.2 564.5 10.3

Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions

163.4 183.0 176.2 175.8 162.0 173.0 174.5 175.1 0.6

Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries

1,641.5 1,979.2 1,762.4 1,722.2 1,678.2 1,754.1 1,756.5 1,766.0 9.5

Accommodation and food services

13,777.8 14,546.2 14,264.0 14,201.6 13,775.0 14,157.6 14,217.6 14,216.8 -0.8

Accommodation

1,802.8 1,990.1 1,905.4 1,875.1 1,819.1 1,873.6 1,885.3 1,892.0 6.7

Food services and drinking places

11,975.0 12,556.1 12,358.6 12,326.5 11,955.9 12,284.0 12,332.3 12,324.8 -7.5

Other services

5,768 5,928 5,872 5,890 5,756 5,880 5,888 5,887 -1

Repair and maintenance

1,417.4 1,460.7 1,456.4 1,464.0 1,410.5 1,453.2 1,457.0 1,458.0 1.0

Personal and laundry services

1,511.2 1,549.0 1,547.9 1,554.4 1,505.4 1,545.3 1,554.6 1,551.1 -3.5

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations

2,839.7 2,918.5 2,867.5 2,872.0 2,839.9 2,881.9 2,876.7 2,877.8 1.1

Government

22,619 21,977 22,916 23,243 22,262 22,790 22,841 22,892 51

Federal

2,877 2,952 2,960 2,958 2,871 2,944 2,948 2,951 3

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service

2,279.3 2,349.4 2,357.5 2,352.4 2,269.6 2,335.0 2,340.7 2,343.1 2.4

U.S. Postal Service

598.1 602.4 602.5 605.4 601.7 608.7 607.2 608.0 0.8

State government

5,263 5,014 5,362 5,440 5,104 5,261 5,271 5,281 10

State government education

2,605.5 2,275.6 2,630.3 2,707.2 2,446.0 2,539.5 2,546.0 2,548.5 2.5

State government, excluding education

2,657.8 2,738.1 2,731.6 2,732.9 2,658.4 2,721.6 2,725.3 2,732.7 7.4

Local government

14,479 14,011 14,594 14,845 14,287 14,585 14,622 14,660 38

Local government education

8,045.8 7,208.7 7,954.6 8,221.8 7,826.8 7,965.5 7,976.4 8,002.8 26.4

Local government, excluding education

6,432.9 6,802.4 6,639.8 6,623.4 6,460.4 6,619.4 6,645.3 6,657.2 11.9

Footnotes
(1) Includes other industries, not shown separately.
(2) Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.
(3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.


ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private

34.6 34.4 34.4 34.3

Goods-producing

40.0 39.9 39.9 39.8

Mining and logging

46.3 45.2 44.8 44.5

Construction

38.9 39.1 39.1 39.1

Manufacturing

40.4 40.1 40.1 40.0

Durable goods

40.8 40.7 40.6 40.4

Nondurable goods

39.7 39.1 39.2 39.3

Private service-providing

33.5 33.3 33.3 33.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

34.2 34.0 33.9 33.8

Wholesale trade

38.8 38.8 38.7 38.5

Retail trade

30.2 29.9 29.8 29.7

Transportation and warehousing

38.6 38.4 38.3 38.2

Utilities

42.7 41.8 41.7 41.7

Information

36.5 36.4 36.3 36.4

Financial activities

37.5 37.4 37.4 37.3

Professional and business services

36.7 36.4 36.5 36.3

Private education and health services

33.4 33.4 33.3 33.2

Leisure and hospitality

25.5 25.3 25.5 25.5

Other services

32.3 32.2 32.3 32.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing

3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9

Durable goods

3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0

Nondurable goods

2.9 2.7 2.7 2.7

Footnotes
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.


ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)

Total private

$32.66 $33.82 $33.93 $34.00 $1,130.04 $1,163.41 $1,167.19 $1,166.20

Goods-producing

32.86 34.31 34.43 34.51 1,314.40 1,368.97 1,373.76 1,373.50

Mining and logging

36.24 38.21 38.69 38.42 1,677.91 1,727.09 1,733.31 1,709.69

Construction

35.25 36.75 36.83 37.00 1,371.23 1,436.93 1,440.05 1,446.70

Manufacturing

31.29 32.63 32.76 32.79 1,264.12 1,308.46 1,313.68 1,311.60

Durable goods

32.91 34.16 34.31 34.39 1,342.73 1,390.31 1,392.99 1,389.36

Nondurable goods

28.57 29.96 30.07 30.03 1,134.23 1,171.44 1,178.74 1,180.18

Private service-providing

32.62 33.71 33.81 33.88 1,092.77 1,122.54 1,125.87 1,124.82

Trade, transportation, and utilities

28.04 29.14 29.26 29.26 958.97 990.76 991.91 988.99

Wholesale trade

35.56 37.08 37.22 37.09 1,379.73 1,438.70 1,440.41 1,427.97

Retail trade

23.21 23.99 24.06 24.05 700.94 717.30 716.99 714.29

Transportation and warehousing

28.14 29.28 29.46 29.58 1,086.20 1,124.35 1,128.32 1,129.96

Utilities

48.19 49.88 50.03 50.19 2,057.71 2,084.98 2,086.25 2,092.92

Information

47.66 48.26 48.32 48.32 1,739.59 1,756.66 1,754.02 1,758.85

Financial activities

42.06 43.96 44.15 44.21 1,577.25 1,644.10 1,651.21 1,649.03

Professional and business services

39.19 40.62 40.80 40.94 1,438.27 1,478.57 1,489.20 1,486.12

Private education and health services

32.30 33.11 33.19 33.27 1,078.82 1,105.87 1,105.23 1,104.56

Leisure and hospitality

20.44 21.28 21.29 21.36 521.22 538.38 542.90 544.68

Other services

29.17 30.08 30.17 30.33 942.19 968.58 974.49 976.63

Footnotes
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.


ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Industry Index of aggregate weekly hours(1) Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)
Percent change from:
Sept.
2023 - Oct.
2023(p)
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)
Percent change from:
Sept.
2023 - Oct.
2023(p)

Total private

114.4 115.4 115.7 115.4 -0.3 178.7 186.7 187.6 187.6 0.0

Goods-producing

97.5 98.3 98.4 98.1 -0.3 144.7 152.4 153.2 153.0 -0.1

Mining and logging

89.6 91.5 90.8 90.3 -0.6 130.4 140.3 141.0 139.3 -1.2

Construction

104.8 107.8 108.0 108.3 0.3 160.5 172.1 172.8 174.1 0.8

Manufacturing

94.2 93.6 93.7 93.3 -0.4 137.0 142.1 142.8 142.2 -0.4

Durable goods

92.6 93.2 93.1 92.3 -0.9 135.3 141.5 141.9 140.9 -0.7

Nondurable goods

97.0 94.5 94.9 95.1 0.2 140.6 143.7 144.7 144.9 0.1

Private service-providing

119.0 120.1 120.4 120.1 -0.2 188.7 196.9 197.8 197.8 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

107.7 107.1 107.0 106.7 -0.3 162.8 168.4 168.8 168.3 -0.3

Wholesale trade

103.0 103.8 103.8 103.4 -0.4 153.2 161.0 161.6 160.5 -0.7

Retail trade

95.3 94.5 94.3 94.0 -0.3 146.2 149.9 150.0 149.4 -0.4

Transportation and warehousing

149.5 147.5 147.4 146.8 -0.4 214.1 219.7 220.9 220.8 0.0

Utilities

102.9 101.0 101.0 101.2 0.2 163.8 166.4 167.0 167.8 0.5

Information

103.9 101.1 100.7 100.6 -0.1 176.3 173.7 173.2 173.2 0.0

Financial activities

111.6 112.1 112.2 111.8 -0.4 183.1 192.3 193.1 192.9 -0.1

Professional and business services

130.9 130.9 131.4 130.8 -0.5 207.7 215.5 217.2 216.9 -0.1

Private education and health services

134.5 139.2 139.2 139.3 0.1 209.0 221.7 222.3 222.9 0.3

Leisure and hospitality

117.4 120.0 121.5 121.7 0.2 193.6 206.1 208.7 209.7 0.5

Other services

107.2 109.2 109.7 109.3 -0.4 171.4 180.0 181.3 181.7 0.2

Footnotes
(1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
(2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.


ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)

Total nonfarm

76,689 77,984 78,128 78,248 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.9

Total private

63,731 64,690 64,817 64,898 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing

4,933 4,991 4,998 4,998 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1

Mining and logging

79 83 84 84 12.8 12.9 13.0 13.0

Construction

1,099 1,137 1,139 1,149 14.1 14.2 14.2 14.3

Manufacturing

3,755 3,771 3,775 3,765 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.1

Durable goods

2,002 2,025 2,026 2,020 24.8 24.9 24.9 24.9

Nondurable goods

1,753 1,746 1,749 1,745 35.8 36.0 36.1 36.0

Private service-providing

58,798 59,699 59,819 59,900 53.3 53.3 53.3 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

11,351 11,297 11,291 11,292 39.4 39.2 39.1 39.1

Wholesale trade

1,841.5 1,869.0 1,863.8 1,868.4 30.6 30.8 30.6 30.7

Retail trade

7,543.1 7,491.8 7,491.2 7,495.8 48.7 48.2 48.2 48.2

Transportation and warehousing

1,824.0 1,788.3 1,787.8 1,778.6 27.1 26.7 26.7 26.6

Utilities

142.5 147.5 147.8 148.9 25.6 26.4 26.4 26.6

Information

1,261 1,238 1,237 1,230 40.5 40.7 40.7 40.6

Financial activities

5,065 5,091 5,098 5,108 55.7 55.6 55.7 55.8

Professional and business services

10,519 10,588 10,599 10,600 46.2 46.0 46.1 46.0

Private education and health services

19,015 19,616 19,677 19,771 77.1 76.9 76.9 77.0

Leisure and hospitality

8,523 8,726 8,766 8,745 52.8 52.5 52.5 52.3

Other services

3,064 3,143 3,151 3,154 53.2 53.5 53.5 53.6

Government

12,958 13,294 13,311 13,350 58.2 58.3 58.3 58.3

Footnotes
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.


ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
[In thousands]
Industry Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)

Total private

107,231 108,764 108,951 108,968

Goods-producing

15,348 15,473 15,481 15,451

Mining and logging

460 496 499 499

Construction

5,785 5,872 5,872 5,877

Manufacturing

9,103 9,105 9,110 9,075

Durable goods

5,592 5,615 5,616 5,577

Nondurable goods

3,511 3,490 3,494 3,498

Private service-providing

91,883 93,291 93,470 93,517

Trade, transportation, and utilities

24,276 24,313 24,361 24,357

Wholesale trade

4,784.3 4,786.4 4,798.1 4,799.1

Retail trade

13,182.8 13,236.1 13,266.0 13,262.3

Transportation and warehousing

5,865.4 5,846.6 5,851.2 5,847.3

Utilities

443.2 443.9 445.6 448.5

Information

2,473 2,426 2,427 2,433

Financial activities

6,846 6,853 6,863 6,871

Professional and business services

18,159 18,177 18,174 18,152

Private education and health services

21,431 22,196 22,287 22,365

Leisure and hospitality

14,017 14,522 14,556 14,538

Other services

4,681 4,804 4,802 4,801

Footnotes
(1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.


ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private

34.0 33.8 33.8 33.7

Goods-producing

40.8 40.6 40.6 40.6

Mining and logging

48.0 47.8 47.9 47.9

Construction

39.8 39.7 39.7 39.8

Manufacturing

41.0 40.8 40.7 40.7

Durable goods

41.4 41.0 40.9 41.0

Nondurable goods

40.3 40.3 40.4 40.3

Private service-providing

32.9 32.7 32.7 32.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities

34.1 34.0 34.0 33.9

Wholesale trade

38.9 38.8 38.9 38.6

Retail trade

30.5 30.4 30.5 30.3

Transportation and warehousing

37.8 37.6 37.5 37.6

Utilities

42.4 42.3 42.2 42.2

Information

36.2 36.0 36.0 36.1

Financial activities

37.2 37.0 36.9 36.6

Professional and business services

36.4 36.3 36.2 36.1

Private education and health services

32.6 32.5 32.4 32.5

Leisure and hospitality

24.5 24.1 24.4 24.2

Other services

31.3 31.2 31.4 31.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing

3.9 3.6 3.6 3.5

Durable goods

4.1 3.7 3.7 3.6

Nondurable goods

3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4

Footnotes
(1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.


ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)

Total private

$27.96 $29.00 $29.09 $29.19 $950.64 $980.20 $983.24 $983.70

Goods-producing

28.41 29.74 29.87 29.95 1,159.13 1,207.44 1,212.72 1,215.97

Mining and logging

32.94 34.01 35.09 34.72 1,581.12 1,625.68 1,680.81 1,663.09

Construction

32.88 34.45 34.51 34.64 1,308.62 1,367.67 1,370.05 1,378.67

Manufacturing

25.38 26.50 26.63 26.68 1,040.58 1,081.20 1,083.84 1,085.88

Durable goods

26.58 27.62 27.79 27.92 1,100.41 1,132.42 1,136.61 1,144.72

Nondurable goods

23.42 24.68 24.73 24.67 943.83 994.60 999.09 994.20

Private service-providing

27.87 28.85 28.92 29.03 916.92 943.40 945.68 946.38

Trade, transportation, and utilities

24.41 25.37 25.42 25.48 832.38 862.58 864.28 863.77

Wholesale trade

29.74 30.65 30.62 30.68 1,156.89 1,189.22 1,191.12 1,184.25

Retail trade

19.97 20.58 20.63 20.62 609.09 625.63 629.22 624.79

Transportation and warehousing

26.41 28.04 28.17 28.31 998.30 1,054.30 1,056.38 1,064.46

Utilities

42.93 44.44 44.60 44.84 1,820.23 1,879.81 1,882.12 1,892.25

Information

38.58 39.62 39.70 39.21 1,396.60 1,426.32 1,429.20 1,415.48

Financial activities

32.65 34.07 34.30 34.55 1,214.58 1,260.59 1,265.67 1,264.53

Professional and business services

32.92 34.34 34.42 34.54 1,198.29 1,246.54 1,246.00 1,246.89

Private education and health services

29.43 30.13 30.31 30.42 959.42 979.23 982.04 988.65

Leisure and hospitality

18.18 18.86 18.89 19.00 445.41 454.53 460.92 459.80

Other services

25.14 25.92 25.96 26.09 786.88 808.70 815.14 814.01

Footnotes
(1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.


ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
[2002=100]
Industry Index of aggregate weekly hours(2) Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)
Percent change from:
Sept.
2023 - Oct.
2023(p)
Oct.
2022
Aug.
2023
Sept.
2023(p)
Oct.
2023(p)
Percent change from:
Sept.
2023 - Oct.
2023(p)

Total private

121.5 122.5 122.7 122.4 -0.2 227.0 237.4 238.6 238.7 0.0

Goods-producing

95.7 96.0 96.0 95.9 -0.1 166.5 174.8 175.7 175.8 0.1

Mining and logging

117.3 126.0 127.0 127.0 0.0 224.8 249.2 259.2 256.5 -1.0

Construction

115.3 116.7 116.7 117.1 0.3 204.7 217.1 217.5 219.1 0.7

Manufacturing

85.7 85.3 85.1 84.8 -0.4 142.2 147.8 148.2 147.9 -0.2

Durable goods

87.0 86.5 86.3 85.9 -0.5 144.3 149.1 149.7 149.7 0.0

Nondurable goods

83.4 82.9 83.2 83.1 -0.1 138.0 144.5 145.3 144.8 -0.3

Private service-providing

128.8 130.0 130.2 129.9 -0.2 246.2 257.2 258.3 258.6 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

115.9 115.7 115.9 115.6 -0.3 202.2 209.8 210.6 210.5 0.0

Wholesale trade

110.5 110.2 110.8 109.9 -0.8 193.9 199.4 200.2 199.1 -0.5

Retail trade

101.9 102.0 102.6 101.9 -0.7 174.6 180.0 181.5 180.1 -0.8

Transportation and warehousing

167.8 166.4 166.1 166.4 0.2 282.1 296.9 297.8 299.8 0.7

Utilities

96.1 96.0 96.2 96.8 0.6