Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until                       USDL-26-1632
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, November 6, 2026

Technical information:
 Household data:      (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data:  (202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:        (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                            THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION - OCTOBER 2026


Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 165,000 in October, and the unemployment rate changed 
little at 4.1 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment increased in 
professional and business services, in health care, and in transportation and warehousing.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 4.1 percent, and the number of unemployed people, at 7.1 million, 
changed little in October. The unemployment rate has remained in a narrow range of 4.1 percent to 
4.3 percent since March. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates showed little or no change in October for 
adult men (3.9 percent), adult women (3.6 percent), teenagers (13.9 percent), and people who are 
White (3.7 percent), Black (6.6 percent), Asian (2.8 percent), or Hispanic (4.7 percent). (See 
tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 2.0 million, changed 
little over the month. The long-term unemployed accounted for 27.6 percent of all unemployed 
people. (See table A-12.)

Both the labor force participation rate, at 61.9 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 
59.3 percent, changed little in October. These measures have shown little net change since January. 
(See table A-1.)

The number of people employed part time for economic reasons increased by 339,000 to 4.8 million in 
October. These individuals would have preferred full-time employment but were working part time 
because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

In October, the number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job changed little at 
6.0 million. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively 
looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See 
table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached to 
the labor force changed little at 1.6 million in October. These individuals wanted and were 
available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for 
work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the 
marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, also changed little over 
the month at 448,000. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 165,000 in October, higher than the average monthly gain 
of 48,000 over the prior 12 months. In October, employment increased in professional and business 
services, in health care, and in transportation and warehousing. (See table B-1.)

Employment in professional and business services increased by 70,000 in October, well above the 
average monthly gain of 15,000 over the prior 12 months. In October, employment continued to trend 
up in professional, scientific, and technical services (+33,000), in administrative and support and 
waste management and remediation services (+28,000), and in management of companies and enterprises 
(+9,000). Professional and business services has added 269,000 jobs since a recent low in October 
2025.

Health care added 42,000 jobs in October, higher than the average monthly gain of 31,000 over the 
prior 12 months. In October, employment gains occurred in hospitals (+16,000), home health care 
services (+11,000), and outpatient care centers (+5,000). 

In October, transportation and warehousing added 25,000 jobs, reflecting growth in couriers and 
messengers (+17,000) and air transportation (+4,000). Transportation and warehousing has added 
104,000 jobs since a recent employment low in February, with couriers and messengers (+71,000) 
contributing most of the gain. 

Manufacturing employment continued to trend up in October (+19,000) and has increased by 101,000 
since a recent low in December 2025. In October, job gains occurred in computer and electronic 
product manufacturing (+7,000), machinery manufacturing (+4,000), and primary metal manufacturing 
(+4,000). 

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining, 
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; construction; wholesale trade; retail trade; information; 
financial activities; social assistance; leisure and hospitality; other services; and government.

In October, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 14 
cents, or 0.4 percent, to $38.00. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased 
by 3.1 percent. In October, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory 
employees rose by 12 cents, or 0.4 percent, to $32.75. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls remained at 34.4 hours in 
October. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.5 hours, and overtime edged up 
by 0.1 hour to 3.1 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on 
private nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.1 hour to 33.8 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for August was revised up by 53,000, from +133,000 
to +186,000, and the change for September was revised up by 31,000, from +29,000 to +60,000. With 
these revisions, employment in August and September combined is 84,000 higher than previously 
reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government 
agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for November 2026 is scheduled to be published on Friday, December 4, 
2026, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026	Change from: Sept. 2026- Oct. 2026
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	-	275,415	275,554	275,682	128
Civilian labor force	-	169,777	170,262	170,683	421
Participation rate	-	61.6	61.8	61.9	0.1
Employed	-	162,746	163,152	163,615	463
Employment-population ratio	-	59.1	59.2	59.3	0.1
Unemployed	-	7,031	7,109	7,068	-41
Unemployment rate	-	4.1	4.2	4.1	-0.1
Not in labor force	-	105,638	105,292	104,999	-293
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	-	4.1	4.2	4.1	-0.1
Adult men (20 years and over)	-	4.0	3.9	3.9	0.0
Adult women (20 years and over)	-	3.5	3.6	3.6	0.0
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	-	14.1	14.5	13.9	-0.6
White	-	3.7	3.6	3.7	0.1
Black or African American	-	6.0	7.0	6.6	-0.4
Asian	-	3.2	2.9	2.8	-0.1
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	-	4.8	4.7	4.7	0.0
Total, 25 years and over	-	3.4	3.3	3.4	0.1
Less than a high school diploma	-	4.7	4.3	5.8	1.5
High school graduates, no college	-	4.4	4.4	3.8	-0.6
Some college or associate degree	-	3.7	3.6	3.9	0.3
Bachelor's degree and higher	-	2.7	2.5	2.6	0.1
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and people who completed temporary jobs	-	3,245	3,200	3,166	-34
Job leavers	-	914	741	766	25
Reentrants	-	2,137	2,289	2,297	8
New entrants	-	702	818	778	-40
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	-	2,000	2,098	2,170	72
5 to 14 weeks	-	2,077	1,956	1,737	-219
15 to 26 weeks	-	1,147	1,189	1,242	53
27 weeks and over	-	1,930	1,944	1,963	19
Employed people at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	-	4,390	4,501	4,840	339
Slack work or business conditions	-	2,815	2,896	3,252	356
Could only find part-time work	-	1,263	1,267	1,265	-2
Part time for noneconomic reasons	-	22,752	22,813	22,664	-149
People not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	-	1,704	1,468	1,639	171
Discouraged workers	-	441	414	448	34
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.
NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	-140	186	60	165
Total private	13	142	78	159
Goods-producing	-20	40	27	15
Mining and logging	1	2	-2	-1
Construction	-12	17	16	-3
Manufacturing	-9	21	13	19
Durable goods(1)	-9	18	9	25
Motor vehicles and parts	-5.3	-6.6	-0.2	4.1
Nondurable goods	0	3	4	-6
Private service-providing	33	102	51	144
Wholesale trade	2.8	4.5	8.1	-9.1
Retail trade	-15.4	3.4	12.7	6.0
Transportation and warehousing	0.6	6.1	7.4	24.8
Utilities	0.5	2.1	0.4	0.1
Information	-6	-21	-11	-1
Financial activities	-5	-6	-14	7
Professional and business services(1)	-24	30	8	70
Temporary help services	-19.8	15.5	-5.6	18.6
Private education and health services(1)	44	37	21	53
Health care and social assistance	47.6	29.2	19.8	55.1
Leisure and hospitality	41	42	13	-13
Other services	-6	4	5	6
Government	-153	44	-18	6
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	-45	69	79	137
Total private	20	65	83	126
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	50.0	50.1	50.1	50.1
Total private women employees	48.5	48.7	48.6	48.6
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.4	81.6	81.6	81.6
HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.2	34.4	34.4	34.4
Average hourly earnings	$36.85	$37.76	$37.86	$38.00
Average weekly earnings	$1,260.27	$1,298.94	$1,302.38	$1,307.20
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	115.9	117.2	117.3	117.4
Over-the-month percent change	0.0	0.4	0.1	0.1
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	204.2	211.6	212.3	213.3
Over-the-month percent change	0.4	0.7	0.3	0.5
DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (250 industries)	48.6	59.4	54.2	57.6
Manufacturing (72 industries)	45.8	68.8	51.4	62.5
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2025 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

   The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
   of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
   employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
   month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
   over-the-month employment change of about 122,000 is statistically significant in
   the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
   in the household survey is about 650,000. However, the household survey has a more
   expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
   workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
   workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
   The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
   For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

   It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
   neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
   status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
   either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
   workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
   native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
   born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
   The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

   The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
   incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
   initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
   monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
   additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
   adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#Revisions-Between-Preliminary-and-Final-Data.

   On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
   re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
   insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
   in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

   Yes. About 46 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
   establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
   designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
   estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
   sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

   Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
   the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
   comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
   business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
   can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
   establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
   the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
   is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
   sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
   twice a year. More information on business births and deaths in the establishment
   survey is available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbd.htm.

6. Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment
   insurance benefits?

   No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
   All people who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
   included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
   they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
   unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
   looking for work?

   Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who
   want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
   jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
   underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
   officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
   Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
   measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

   In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
   the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
   average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
   time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
   The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
   a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
   part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
   such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
   
   It is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
   employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment
   estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period.
   Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in
   the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid,
   please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

   In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
   includes the 12th of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-
   related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
   off. The household survey collects data on the number of people who had a job but
   were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
   people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 
   
   Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
   statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/toppicks?survey=ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 622,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 26 percent of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and unemployed.
Those people not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including people on paid leave. People are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernible. The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 122,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-72,000 to +172,000 (50,000 +/- 122,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 425,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.3 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth-death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used in the ARIMA model is derived from the unemployment
insurance universe micro-level database and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years. In addition to this
time series of actual residual net of births and deaths series, the
ARIMA-based component of the birth-death model includes current sample
information to inform the forecasts. More information on business births
and deaths in the establishment survey is available at
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbd.htm.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries
when necessary. The absolute average benchmark revision for total nonfarm
employment over the prior 10 years is 0.2 percent. Over this time, revisions 
ranged from -0.4 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Oct. 2025	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	June 2026	July 2026	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	275,554	275,682	-	275,166	275,282	275,415	275,554	275,682
Civilian labor force	-	170,298	170,906	-	169,358	169,094	169,777	170,262	170,683
Participation rate	-	61.8	62.0	-	61.5	61.4	61.6	61.8	61.9
Employed	-	163,439	164,183	-	162,264	162,177	162,746	163,152	163,615
Employment-population ratio	-	59.3	59.6	-	59.0	58.9	59.1	59.2	59.3
Unemployed	-	6,859	6,724	-	7,094	6,916	7,031	7,109	7,068
Unemployment rate	-	4.0	3.9	-	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.1
Not in labor force	-	105,256	104,775	-	105,808	106,189	105,638	105,292	104,999
People who currently want a job	-	5,631	5,709	-	6,045	5,920	5,747	5,790	6,024
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	132,938	132,995	-	132,763	132,816	132,876	132,938	132,995
Civilian labor force	-	89,356	89,496	-	88,690	88,739	89,259	89,363	89,547
Participation rate	-	67.2	67.3	-	66.8	66.8	67.2	67.2	67.3
Employed	-	85,728	85,963	-	84,854	84,978	85,337	85,495	85,721
Employment-population ratio	-	64.5	64.6	-	63.9	64.0	64.2	64.3	64.5
Unemployed	-	3,627	3,533	-	3,836	3,761	3,922	3,867	3,826
Unemployment rate	-	4.1	3.9	-	4.3	4.2	4.4	4.3	4.3
Not in labor force	-	43,582	43,500	-	44,073	44,077	43,617	43,575	43,448
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	124,034	124,104	-	123,822	123,887	123,959	124,034	124,104
Civilian labor force	-	86,219	86,452	-	85,690	85,690	86,028	86,109	86,383
Participation rate	-	69.5	69.7	-	69.2	69.2	69.4	69.4	69.6
Employed	-	83,054	83,324	-	82,333	82,352	82,585	82,725	82,990
Employment-population ratio	-	67.0	67.1	-	66.5	66.5	66.6	66.7	66.9
Unemployed	-	3,165	3,128	-	3,356	3,338	3,444	3,384	3,393
Unemployment rate	-	3.7	3.6	-	3.9	3.9	4.0	3.9	3.9
Not in labor force	-	37,814	37,651	-	38,133	38,198	37,931	37,925	37,720
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	142,616	142,686	-	142,403	142,467	142,540	142,616	142,686
Civilian labor force	-	80,942	81,411	-	80,668	80,354	80,518	80,899	81,136
Participation rate	-	56.8	57.1	-	56.6	56.4	56.5	56.7	56.9
Employed	-	77,710	78,219	-	77,410	77,199	77,409	77,657	77,894
Employment-population ratio	-	54.5	54.8	-	54.4	54.2	54.3	54.5	54.6
Unemployed	-	3,232	3,191	-	3,258	3,155	3,109	3,242	3,242
Unemployment rate	-	4.0	3.9	-	4.0	3.9	3.9	4.0	4.0
Not in labor force	-	61,674	61,276	-	61,735	62,112	62,021	61,716	61,551
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	134,034	134,115	-	133,789	133,864	133,948	134,034	134,115
Civilian labor force	-	77,848	78,269	-	77,448	77,283	77,495	77,677	77,888
Participation rate	-	58.1	58.4	-	57.9	57.7	57.9	58.0	58.1
Employed	-	75,067	75,526	-	74,618	74,445	74,788	74,892	75,105
Employment-population ratio	-	56.0	56.3	-	55.8	55.6	55.8	55.9	56.0
Unemployed	-	2,781	2,743	-	2,830	2,838	2,708	2,785	2,783
Unemployment rate	-	3.6	3.5	-	3.7	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.6
Not in labor force	-	56,186	55,846	-	56,341	56,581	56,452	56,357	56,227
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	17,486	17,463	-	17,555	17,531	17,508	17,486	17,463
Civilian labor force	-	6,230	6,185	-	6,221	6,121	6,254	6,476	6,412
Participation rate	-	35.6	35.4	-	35.4	34.9	35.7	37.0	36.7
Employed	-	5,317	5,332	-	5,313	5,380	5,373	5,535	5,520
Employment-population ratio	-	30.4	30.5	-	30.3	30.7	30.7	31.7	31.6
Unemployed	-	913	853	-	907	740	880	941	892
Unemployment rate	-	14.7	13.8	-	14.6	12.1	14.1	14.5	13.9
Not in labor force	-	11,256	11,278	-	11,334	11,410	11,255	11,010	11,051
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Oct. 2025	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	June 2026	July 2026	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	202,619	202,660	-	202,497	202,529	202,572	202,619	202,660
Civilian labor force	-	123,650	124,083	-	122,956	123,005	123,432	123,561	123,961
Participation rate	-	61.0	61.2	-	60.7	60.7	60.9	61.0	61.2
Employed	-	119,404	119,856	-	118,472	118,574	118,826	119,143	119,411
Employment-population ratio	-	58.9	59.1	-	58.5	58.5	58.7	58.8	58.9
Unemployed	-	4,246	4,227	-	4,484	4,431	4,606	4,418	4,550
Unemployment rate	-	3.4	3.4	-	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.6	3.7
Not in labor force	-	78,969	78,577	-	79,541	79,524	79,140	79,058	78,698
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	-	63,821	63,848	-	63,087	63,270	63,524	63,702	63,773
Participation rate	-	68.8	68.9	-	68.1	68.3	68.5	68.7	68.8
Employed	-	61,723	61,806	-	60,881	61,085	61,192	61,440	61,519
Employment-population ratio	-	66.6	66.7	-	65.7	65.9	66.0	66.3	66.3
Unemployed	-	2,098	2,042	-	2,206	2,185	2,333	2,261	2,254
Unemployment rate	-	3.3	3.2	-	3.5	3.5	3.7	3.5	3.5
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	-	55,449	55,779	-	55,346	55,246	55,344	55,296	55,540
Participation rate	-	56.6	56.9	-	56.5	56.4	56.5	56.4	56.6
Employed	-	53,840	54,136	-	53,622	53,503	53,667	53,693	53,811
Employment-population ratio	-	54.9	55.2	-	54.8	54.6	54.8	54.8	54.9
Unemployed	-	1,609	1,643	-	1,724	1,743	1,677	1,603	1,729
Unemployment rate	-	2.9	2.9	-	3.1	3.2	3.0	2.9	3.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	-	4,380	4,456	-	4,523	4,489	4,564	4,563	4,648
Participation rate	-	36.8	37.5	-	37.9	37.6	38.3	38.4	39.2
Employed	-	3,841	3,915	-	3,968	3,986	3,968	4,009	4,081
Employment-population ratio	-	32.3	33.0	-	33.2	33.4	33.3	33.7	34.4
Unemployed	-	539	541	-	554	503	596	553	566
Unemployment rate	-	12.3	12.1	-	12.3	11.2	13.1	12.1	12.2
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	35,553	35,578	-	35,477	35,500	35,526	35,553	35,578
Civilian labor force	-	22,140	22,160	-	21,957	21,753	21,872	22,212	22,051
Participation rate	-	62.3	62.3	-	61.9	61.3	61.6	62.5	62.0
Employed	-	20,627	20,703	-	20,514	20,391	20,550	20,660	20,604
Employment-population ratio	-	58.0	58.2	-	57.8	57.4	57.8	58.1	57.9
Unemployed	-	1,513	1,457	-	1,443	1,361	1,321	1,552	1,447
Unemployment rate	-	6.8	6.6	-	6.6	6.3	6.0	7.0	6.6
Not in labor force	-	13,413	13,418	-	13,520	13,747	13,654	13,341	13,527
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	-	10,183	10,266	-	10,116	10,082	10,203	10,175	10,229
Participation rate	-	68.1	68.6	-	67.9	67.6	68.3	68.1	68.4
Employed	-	9,602	9,746	-	9,532	9,462	9,631	9,563	9,692
Employment-population ratio	-	64.2	65.1	-	63.9	63.4	64.5	64.0	64.8
Unemployed	-	580	520	-	584	620	572	612	537
Unemployment rate	-	5.7	5.1	-	5.8	6.2	5.6	6.0	5.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	-	11,093	11,089	-	10,982	10,859	10,874	11,116	11,007
Participation rate	-	61.8	61.7	-	61.3	60.6	60.6	61.9	61.3
Employed	-	10,328	10,328	-	10,353	10,270	10,264	10,359	10,287
Employment-population ratio	-	57.5	57.5	-	57.8	57.3	57.2	57.7	57.3
Unemployed	-	766	761	-	629	589	610	757	720
Unemployment rate	-	6.9	6.9	-	5.7	5.4	5.6	6.8	6.5
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	-	864	805	-	859	812	795	921	815
Participation rate	-	32.6	30.4	-	32.3	30.5	29.9	34.7	30.8
Employed	-	697	628	-	629	660	656	738	625
Employment-population ratio	-	26.3	23.7	-	23.6	24.8	24.7	27.8	23.6
Unemployed	-	167	176	-	230	153	139	183	190
Unemployment rate	-	19.3	21.9	-	26.8	18.8	17.5	19.9	23.3
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	21,022	21,012	-	20,811	20,627	20,710	21,022	21,012
Civilian labor force	-	13,787	13,733	-	13,729	13,407	13,457	13,779	13,773
Participation rate	-	65.6	65.4	-	66.0	65.0	65.0	65.5	65.5
Employed	-	13,392	13,347	-	13,194	12,875	13,021	13,382	13,381
Employment-population ratio	-	63.7	63.5	-	63.4	62.4	62.9	63.7	63.7
Unemployed	-	395	386	-	535	532	436	397	392
Unemployment rate	-	2.9	2.8	-	3.9	4.0	3.2	2.9	2.8
Not in labor force	-	7,235	7,279	-	7,082	7,220	7,253	7,243	7,239
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Oct. 2025	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	June 2026	July 2026	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	53,060	53,128	-	52,861	52,923	52,991	53,060	53,128
Civilian labor force	-	36,117	36,156	-	34,911	35,165	35,704	36,120	36,126
Participation rate	-	68.1	68.1	-	66.0	66.4	67.4	68.1	68.0
Employed	-	34,483	34,544	-	33,085	33,548	33,987	34,416	34,418
Employment-population ratio	-	65.0	65.0	-	62.6	63.4	64.1	64.9	64.8
Unemployed	-	1,634	1,612	-	1,825	1,617	1,717	1,705	1,707
Unemployment rate	-	4.5	4.5	-	5.2	4.6	4.8	4.7	4.7
Not in labor force	-	16,943	16,972	-	17,950	17,758	17,287	16,940	17,002
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	-	18,844	18,746	-	18,191	18,425	18,501	18,836	18,742
Participation rate	-	79.9	79.3	-	77.5	78.3	78.5	79.9	79.3
Employed	-	18,115	17,977	-	17,444	17,635	17,743	18,036	17,917
Employment-population ratio	-	76.8	76.1	-	74.3	75.0	75.3	76.5	75.8
Unemployed	-	729	768	-	747	790	758	800	825
Unemployment rate	-	3.9	4.1	-	4.1	4.3	4.1	4.2	4.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	-	15,672	15,827	-	15,159	15,318	15,696	15,642	15,791
Participation rate	-	63.4	64.0	-	61.6	62.2	63.6	63.3	63.8
Employed	-	15,064	15,219	-	14,395	14,630	15,017	15,036	15,139
Employment-population ratio	-	61.0	61.5	-	58.5	59.4	60.9	60.9	61.2
Unemployed	-	607	608	-	764	688	679	606	651
Unemployment rate	-	3.9	3.8	-	5.0	4.5	4.3	3.9	4.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	-	1,602	1,583	-	1,560	1,423	1,507	1,642	1,593
Participation rate	-	33.6	33.3	-	32.6	29.8	31.6	34.5	33.5
Employed	-	1,304	1,347	-	1,247	1,284	1,227	1,343	1,362
Employment-population ratio	-	27.4	28.3	-	26.1	26.9	25.7	28.2	28.6
Unemployed	-	298	236	-	314	139	280	298	231
Unemployment rate	-	18.6	14.9	-	20.1	9.8	18.6	18.2	14.5
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2025	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	June 2026	July 2026	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	-	8,134	7,703	-	8,314	8,126	7,885	8,041	7,839
Participation rate	-	44.8	44.1	-	43.1	45.5	44.7	44.3	44.9
Employed	-	7,857	7,323	-	7,856	7,688	7,513	7,693	7,387
Employment-population ratio	-	43.3	42.0	-	40.7	43.1	42.6	42.4	42.3
Unemployed	-	277	380	-	458	439	371	349	453
Unemployment rate	-	3.4	4.9	-	5.5	5.4	4.7	4.3	5.8
High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	-	36,271	36,512	-	36,935	36,862	36,176	36,157	36,453
Participation rate	-	56.1	56.7	-	56.7	56.6	56.1	55.9	56.6
Employed	-	34,788	35,205	-	35,390	35,377	34,573	34,583	35,062
Employment-population ratio	-	53.8	54.7	-	54.4	54.3	53.6	53.5	54.4
Unemployed	-	1,484	1,307	-	1,546	1,484	1,603	1,574	1,391
Unemployment rate	-	4.1	3.6	-	4.2	4.0	4.4	4.4	3.8
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	-	35,749	35,696	-	35,425	35,934	36,059	35,607	35,436
Participation rate	-	61.8	61.5	-	61.4	61.4	61.8	61.5	61.1
Employed	-	34,500	34,367	-	34,160	34,632	34,740	34,321	34,070
Employment-population ratio	-	59.6	59.3	-	59.2	59.2	59.6	59.3	58.7
Unemployed	-	1,249	1,329	-	1,266	1,302	1,319	1,286	1,367
Unemployment rate	-	3.5	3.7	-	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.6	3.9
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	-	68,255	68,920	-	66,926	66,602	67,805	68,114	68,564
Participation rate	-	71.6	71.6	-	71.7	70.7	71.1	71.5	71.2
Employed	-	66,592	67,209	-	65,144	64,779	65,997	66,392	66,814
Employment-population ratio	-	69.9	69.8	-	69.8	68.8	69.2	69.7	69.4
Unemployed	-	1,664	1,711	-	1,782	1,823	1,807	1,722	1,750
Unemployment rate	-	2.4	2.5	-	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.5	2.6
Footnotes (1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	16,827	-	14,739	-	2,088
Civilian labor force	-	7,986	-	6,889	-	1,097
Participation rate	-	47.5	-	46.7	-	52.5
Employed	-	7,774	-	6,719	-	1,054
Employment-population ratio	-	46.2	-	45.6	-	50.5
Unemployed	-	212	-	169	-	42
Unemployment rate	-	2.7	-	2.5	-	3.9
Not in labor force	-	8,841	-	7,850	-	991
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	5,679	-	4,684	-	995
Civilian labor force	-	4,310	-	3,678	-	631
Participation rate	-	75.9	-	78.5	-	63.5
Employed	-	4,165	-	3,567	-	597
Employment-population ratio	-	73.3	-	76.2	-	60.0
Unemployed	-	145	-	111	-	34
Unemployment rate	-	3.4	-	3.0	-	5.4
Not in labor force	-	1,369	-	1,006	-	364
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	3,349	-	2,808	-	541
Civilian labor force	-	2,205	-	1,894	-	312
Participation rate	-	65.8	-	67.4	-	57.6
Employed	-	2,181	-	1,869	-	312
Employment-population ratio	-	65.1	-	66.6	-	57.6
Unemployed	-	24	-	24	-	0
Unemployment rate	-	1.1	-	1.3	-	0.0
Not in labor force	-	1,144	-	915	-	229
Vietnam-era and earlier wartime veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	4,472	-	4,299	-	173
Civilian labor force	-	431	-	411	-	20
Participation rate	-	9.6	-	9.6	-	11.7
Employed	-	422	-	402	-	20
Employment-population ratio	-	9.4	-	9.3	-	11.7
Unemployed	-	10	-	10	-	0
Unemployment rate	-	2.2	-	2.3	-	-
Not in labor force	-	4,041	-	3,888	-	153
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	3,327	-	2,948	-	379
Civilian labor force	-	1,040	-	906	-	134
Participation rate	-	31.2	-	30.7	-	35.3
Employed	-	1,006	-	881	-	125
Employment-population ratio	-	30.2	-	29.9	-	33.0
Unemployed	-	33	-	25	-	8
Unemployment rate	-	3.2	-	2.7	-	6.3
Not in labor force	-	2,287	-	2,042	-	245
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	249,463	-	113,545	-	135,917
Civilian labor force	-	160,527	-	81,513	-	79,013
Participation rate	-	64.3	-	71.8	-	58.1
Employed	-	154,365	-	78,341	-	76,025
Employment-population ratio	-	61.9	-	69.0	-	55.9
Unemployed	-	6,161	-	3,173	-	2,989
Unemployment rate	-	3.8	-	3.9	-	3.8
Not in labor force	-	88,936	-	32,032	-	56,904
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	People with a disability		People with no disability
	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	36,266	-	239,416
Civilian labor force	-	8,795	-	162,111
Participation rate	-	24.3	-	67.7
Employed	-	8,127	-	156,055
Employment-population ratio	-	22.4	-	65.2
Unemployed	-	668	-	6,056
Unemployment rate	-	7.6	-	3.7
Not in labor force	-	27,471	-	77,304
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	-	3,470	-	79,432
Participation rate	-	42.2	-	83.4
Employed	-	3,189	-	76,362
Employment-population ratio	-	38.8	-	80.2
Unemployed	-	281	-	3,070
Unemployment rate	-	8.1	-	3.9
Not in labor force	-	4,752	-	15,778
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	-	3,736	-	72,011
Participation rate	-	44.3	-	73.3
Employed	-	3,450	-	69,320
Employment-population ratio	-	40.9	-	70.5
Unemployed	-	286	-	2,691
Unemployment rate	-	7.7	-	3.7
Not in labor force	-	4,694	-	26,289
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	-	1,589	-	10,668
Participation rate	-	8.1	-	23.2
Employed	-	1,488	-	10,373
Employment-population ratio	-	7.6	-	22.6
Unemployed	-	101	-	295
Unemployment rate	-	6.3	-	2.8
Not in labor force	-	18,025	-	35,237
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	49,786	-	24,015	-	25,771
Civilian labor force	-	33,121	-	18,489	-	14,633
Participation rate	-	66.5	-	77.0	-	56.8
Employed	-	32,062	-	17,970	-	14,092
Employment-population ratio	-	64.4	-	74.8	-	54.7
Unemployed	-	1,059	-	519	-	541
Unemployment rate	-	3.2	-	2.8	-	3.7
Not in labor force	-	16,664	-	5,526	-	11,138
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	-	225,896	-	108,981	-	116,916
Civilian labor force	-	137,785	-	71,007	-	66,778
Participation rate	-	61.0	-	65.2	-	57.1
Employed	-	132,121	-	67,993	-	64,127
Employment-population ratio	-	58.5	-	62.4	-	54.8
Unemployed	-	5,664	-	3,014	-	2,651
Unemployment rate	-	4.1	-	4.2	-	4.0
Not in labor force	-	88,111	-	37,974	-	50,138
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed people by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]

Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2025	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	June 2026	July 2026	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	-	2,636	2,537	-	2,291	2,216	2,444	2,596	2,444
Wage and salary workers(1)	-	1,937	1,828	-	1,595	1,508	1,630	1,832	1,742
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	-	688	686	-	638	670	770	692	668
Unpaid family workers	-	11	23	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	-	160,802	161,645	-	160,100	160,093	160,325	160,442	161,091
Wage and salary workers(1)	-	151,837	152,744	-	151,206	150,852	151,467	151,540	152,333
Government	-	22,181	22,001	-	21,812	21,881	22,198	22,012	21,759
Private industries	-	129,656	130,742	-	129,330	128,906	129,200	129,607	130,625
Private households	-	499	614	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	-	129,157	130,128	-	128,657	128,382	128,651	129,132	130,064
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	-	8,891	8,832	-	8,792	9,066	8,778	8,830	8,743
Unpaid family workers	-	74	69	-	-	-	-	-	-
PEOPLE AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	-	4,159	4,530	-	4,681	4,804	4,390	4,501	4,840
Slack work or business conditions	-	2,667	3,056	-	3,010	3,019	2,815	2,896	3,252
Could only find part-time work	-	1,242	1,218	-	1,409	1,428	1,263	1,267	1,265
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	-	22,965	23,039	-	22,618	22,770	22,752	22,813	22,664
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	-	4,037	4,315	-	4,615	4,743	4,341	4,357	4,614
Slack work or business conditions	-	2,558	2,873	-	2,964	2,968	2,776	2,762	3,028
Could only find part-time work	-	1,242	1,203	-	1,398	1,426	1,262	1,264	1,253
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	-	22,511	22,475	-	22,213	22,345	22,291	22,361	22,129
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed people who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to people who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes people who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2025	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	June 2026	July 2026	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	-	163,439	164,183	-	162,264	162,177	162,746	163,152	163,615
16 to 19 years	-	5,317	5,332	-	5,313	5,380	5,373	5,535	5,520
16 to 17 years	-	2,035	2,043	-	1,856	1,771	1,856	1,973	2,028
18 to 19 years	-	3,282	3,288	-	3,464	3,594	3,499	3,556	3,466
20 years and over	-	158,121	158,851	-	156,951	156,797	157,373	157,617	158,095
20 to 24 years	-	14,384	14,747	-	14,507	14,433	14,573	14,540	14,705
25 years and over	-	143,737	144,104	-	142,421	142,405	142,752	143,126	143,431
25 to 54 years	-	105,450	105,559	-	104,401	104,674	104,668	105,101	105,161
25 to 34 years	-	36,506	36,631	-	35,906	36,189	36,428	36,462	36,480
35 to 44 years	-	37,136	37,056	-	36,755	36,826	36,810	36,972	36,949
45 to 54 years	-	31,808	31,871	-	31,740	31,659	31,429	31,667	31,732
55 years and over	-	38,287	38,545	-	38,019	37,731	38,085	38,025	38,270
Men, 16 years and over	-	85,728	85,963	-	84,854	84,978	85,337	85,495	85,721
16 to 19 years	-	2,674	2,639	-	2,521	2,626	2,752	2,770	2,731
16 to 17 years	-	897	903	-	841	821	880	874	906
18 to 19 years	-	1,778	1,736	-	1,691	1,800	1,859	1,894	1,808
20 years and over	-	83,054	83,324	-	82,333	82,352	82,585	82,725	82,990
20 to 24 years	-	7,480	7,668	-	7,678	7,667	7,698	7,560	7,697
25 years and over	-	75,575	75,656	-	74,606	74,662	74,852	75,184	75,309
25 to 54 years	-	55,402	55,481	-	54,781	54,827	54,856	55,176	55,303
25 to 34 years	-	19,323	19,424	-	19,115	19,104	19,190	19,279	19,348
35 to 44 years	-	19,489	19,439	-	19,250	19,312	19,339	19,397	19,395
45 to 54 years	-	16,590	16,619	-	16,416	16,411	16,327	16,500	16,559
55 years and over	-	20,173	20,175	-	19,825	19,835	19,995	20,008	20,006
Women, 16 years and over	-	77,710	78,219	-	77,410	77,199	77,409	77,657	77,894
16 to 19 years	-	2,643	2,693	-	2,792	2,754	2,621	2,765	2,789
16 to 17 years	-	1,138	1,140	-	1,015	950	976	1,099	1,121
18 to 19 years	-	1,505	1,553	-	1,774	1,794	1,640	1,662	1,658
20 years and over	-	75,067	75,526	-	74,618	74,445	74,788	74,892	75,105
20 to 24 years	-	6,905	7,079	-	6,829	6,766	6,874	6,980	7,008
25 years and over	-	68,162	68,448	-	67,815	67,743	67,901	67,942	68,123
25 to 54 years	-	50,048	50,078	-	49,621	49,847	49,811	49,925	49,859
25 to 34 years	-	17,183	17,208	-	16,792	17,085	17,239	17,183	17,131
35 to 44 years	-	17,646	17,617	-	17,505	17,514	17,471	17,575	17,555
45 to 54 years	-	15,218	15,253	-	15,324	15,248	15,102	15,168	15,173
55 years and over	-	18,115	18,370	-	18,194	17,896	18,089	18,017	18,264
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	-	45,229	45,435	-	44,947	44,764	45,086	44,968	45,353
Married women, spouse present(1)	-	38,260	37,902	-	37,920	37,626	37,322	37,977	37,747
Women who maintain families(2)	-	10,225	10,404	-	-	-	-	-	-
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	-	134,953	135,540	-	133,659	133,553	134,288	134,376	135,090
Part-time workers(4)	-	28,485	28,642	-	28,626	28,764	28,541	28,746	28,504
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	-	9,000	9,009	-	8,554	8,693	8,805	8,986	8,805
Percent of total employed	-	5.5	5.5	-	5.3	5.4	5.4	5.5	5.4
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	-	6,897	6,961	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	-	9,580	9,518	-	9,431	9,735	9,548	9,522	9,411
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to people in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to people in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are people who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are people who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic	Number of unemployed people (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
	Oct. 2025	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	June 2026	July 2026	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	-	7,109	7,068	-	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.1
16 to 19 years	-	941	892	-	14.6	12.1	14.1	14.5	13.9
16 to 17 years	-	402	390	-	17.1	13.6	14.9	16.9	16.1
18 to 19 years	-	547	496	-	13.0	11.3	13.7	13.3	12.5
20 years and over	-	6,169	6,176	-	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8
20 to 24 years	-	1,269	1,190	-	7.1	7.1	7.1	8.0	7.5
25 years and over	-	4,898	4,998	-	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.3	3.4
25 to 54 years	-	3,892	3,898	-	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6
25 to 34 years	-	1,654	1,717	-	4.6	4.6	4.3	4.3	4.5
35 to 44 years	-	1,276	1,288	-	3.3	2.9	3.1	3.3	3.4
45 to 54 years	-	963	893	-	3.1	3.1	3.3	3.0	2.7
55 years and over	-	1,022	1,121	-	2.8	3.1	3.0	2.6	2.8
Men, 16 years and over	-	3,867	3,826	-	4.3	4.2	4.4	4.3	4.3
16 to 19 years	-	483	433	-	16.0	13.9	14.8	14.9	13.7
16 to 17 years	-	179	217	-	17.0	16.5	16.0	17.0	19.3
18 to 19 years	-	307	230	-	15.1	12.1	14.4	14.0	11.3
20 years and over	-	3,384	3,393	-	3.9	3.9	4.0	3.9	3.9
20 to 24 years	-	659	675	-	6.7	6.6	7.2	8.0	8.1
25 years and over	-	2,736	2,715	-	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.5	3.5
25 to 54 years	-	2,122	2,142	-	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.7	3.7
25 to 34 years	-	953	995	-	4.8	5.2	5.1	4.7	4.9
35 to 44 years	-	687	678	-	3.6	3.1	3.1	3.4	3.4
45 to 54 years	-	482	468	-	3.1	3.2	3.3	2.8	2.8
55 years and over	-	614	573	-	2.8	2.9	3.3	3.0	2.8
Women, 16 years and over	-	3,242	3,242	-	4.0	3.9	3.9	4.0	4.0
16 to 19 years	-	458	459	-	13.3	10.3	13.3	14.2	14.1
16 to 17 years	-	223	174	-	17.2	10.8	14.0	16.9	13.4
18 to 19 years	-	239	266	-	10.9	10.4	12.8	12.6	13.8
20 years and over	-	2,785	2,783	-	3.7	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.6
20 to 24 years	-	610	515	-	7.6	7.6	7.0	8.0	6.8
25 years and over	-	2,162	2,283	-	3.3	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.2
25 to 54 years	-	1,770	1,757	-	3.5	3.3	3.3	3.4	3.4
25 to 34 years	-	701	722	-	4.3	4.1	3.5	3.9	4.0
35 to 44 years	-	589	610	-	2.9	2.7	3.2	3.2	3.4
45 to 54 years	-	481	425	-	3.1	3.0	3.3	3.1	2.7
55 years and over	-	400	549	-	2.7	3.3	2.7	2.2	2.9
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	-	951	936	-	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.0
Married women, spouse present(1)	-	817	869	-	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.1	2.3
Women who maintain families(2)	-	530	631	-	4.6	5.8	5.2	4.9	5.7
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	-	5,732	5,772	-	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1
Part-time workers(4)	-	1,343	1,303	-	4.5	4.2	4.4	4.5	4.4
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to people in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to people in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed people who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed people who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2025	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	June 2026	July 2026	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and people who completed temporary jobs	-	2,832	2,807	-	3,278	3,309	3,245	3,200	3,166
On temporary layoff	-	498	441	-	768	921	839	845	766
Not on temporary layoff	-	2,334	2,367	-	2,511	2,388	2,406	2,354	2,400
Permanent job losers	-	1,733	1,727	-	1,769	1,715	1,777	1,750	1,733
People who completed temporary jobs	-	600	640	-	741	673	629	605	667
Job leavers	-	798	786	-	776	793	914	741	766
Reentrants	-	2,393	2,361	-	2,237	2,123	2,137	2,289	2,297
New entrants	-	836	769	-	772	761	702	818	778
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and people who completed temporary jobs	-	41.3	41.8	-	46.4	47.4	46.4	45.4	45.2
On temporary layoff	-	7.3	6.6	-	10.9	13.2	12.0	12.0	10.9
Not on temporary layoff	-	34.0	35.2	-	35.5	34.2	34.4	33.4	34.2
Job leavers	-	11.6	11.7	-	11.0	11.3	13.1	10.5	10.9
Reentrants	-	34.9	35.1	-	31.7	30.4	30.5	32.5	32.8
New entrants	-	12.2	11.4	-	10.9	10.9	10.0	11.6	11.1
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and people who completed temporary jobs	-	1.7	1.6	-	1.9	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.9
Job leavers	-	0.5	0.5	-	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4
Reentrants	-	1.4	1.4	-	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3
New entrants	-	0.5	0.4	-	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2025	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	June 2026	July 2026	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	-	2,036	1,990	-	2,182	1,960	2,000	2,098	2,170
5 to 14 weeks	-	1,801	1,612	-	1,936	2,049	2,077	1,956	1,737
15 weeks and over	-	3,023	3,122	-	2,989	2,929	3,077	3,133	3,205
15 to 26 weeks	-	1,086	1,192	-	1,052	1,157	1,147	1,189	1,242
27 weeks and over	-	1,937	1,930	-	1,937	1,771	1,930	1,944	1,963
Average (mean) duration, in weeks	-	25.4	28.1	-	25.5	24.9	26.3	24.8	27.1
Median duration, in weeks	-	12.1	12.4	-	11.0	10.5	11.4	11.5	11.9
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	-	29.7	29.6	-	30.7	28.2	28.0	29.2	30.5
5 to 14 weeks	-	26.3	24.0	-	27.2	29.5	29.0	27.2	24.4
15 weeks and over	-	44.1	46.4	-	42.1	42.2	43.0	43.6	45.1
15 to 26 weeks	-	15.8	17.7	-	14.8	16.7	16.0	16.5	17.5
27 weeks and over	-	28.2	28.7	-	27.3	25.5	27.0	27.1	27.6
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed people by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026
Total, 16 years and over(1)	-	164,183	-	6,724	-	3.9
Management, professional, and related occupations	-	73,797	-	1,602	-	2.1
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	-	31,953	-	681	-	2.1
Professional and related occupations	-	41,844	-	921	-	2.2
Service occupations	-	26,373	-	1,539	-	5.5
Sales and office occupations	-	30,134	-	1,284	-	4.1
Sales and related occupations	-	13,933	-	663	-	4.5
Office and administrative support occupations	-	16,201	-	621	-	3.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	-	13,431	-	479	-	3.4
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	-	1,144	-	45	-	3.8
Construction and extraction occupations	-	7,766	-	326	-	4.0
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	-	4,522	-	108	-	2.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	-	20,448	-	1,040	-	4.8
Production occupations	-	8,192	-	306	-	3.6
Transportation and material moving occupations	-	12,256	-	733	-	5.6
Footnotes (1) People with no previous work experience and people whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed people by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed people (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026
Total, 16 years and over(1)	-	6,724	-	3.9
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	-	5,030	-	3.7
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	-	5	-	0.8
Construction	-	363	-	3.6
Manufacturing	-	413	-	2.7
Durable goods	-	251	-	2.5
Nondurable goods	-	162	-	3.1
Wholesale and retail trade	-	918	-	4.7
Transportation and utilities	-	335	-	3.7
Information	-	171	-	6.4
Financial activities	-	242	-	2.3
Professional and business services	-	673	-	3.4
Education and health services	-	853	-	3.0
Leisure and hospitality	-	847	-	6.2
Other services	-	212	-	3.1
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	-	87	-	4.7
Government workers	-	450	-	2.0
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	-	388	-	3.9
Footnotes (1) People with no previous work experience and people whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2025 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2022 Census industry classification system, derived from the 2022 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Data for 2025 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]

Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2025	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	June 2026	July 2026	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026	Oct. 2026
U-1 People unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	-	1.8	1.8	-	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.9
U-2 Job losers and people who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	-	1.7	1.6	-	1.9	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.9
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	-	4.0	3.9	-	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.1
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	-	4.2	4.2	-	4.5	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.4
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other people marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all people marginally attached to the labor force	-	4.9	4.8	-	5.2	5.1	5.1	5.0	5.1
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all people marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all people marginally attached to the labor force	-	7.3	7.5	-	7.9	7.9	7.7	7.6	7.9
NOTE: People marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. People employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. People not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Total		Men		Women
	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026	Oct. 2025	Oct. 2026
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	-	104,775	-	43,500	-	61,276
People who currently want a job	-	5,709	-	2,685	-	3,024
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	-	1,610	-	838	-	772
Discouraged workers(2)	-	451	-	278	-	173
Other people marginally attached to the labor force(3)	-	1,159	-	560	-	599
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	-	9,009	-	4,215	-	4,794
Percent of total employed	-	5.5	-	4.9	-	6.1
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	-	5,276	-	2,642	-	2,634
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	-	2,209	-	781	-	1,429
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	-	310	-	188	-	122
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	-	1,169	-	582	-	587
Footnotes (1) Data refer to people who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of people who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]

Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)	Change from: Sept.2026 - Oct.2026(p)
Total nonfarm	159,355	158,910	159,254	160,277	158,408	159,068	159,128	159,293	165
Total private	135,666	136,408	135,899	136,624	135,018	135,724	135,802	135,961	159
Goods-producing	21,629	21,885	21,798	21,827	21,452	21,611	21,638	21,653	15
Mining and logging	610	615	610	609	606	608	606	605	-1
Logging	39.2	40.7	40.5	39.9	38.6	39.3	39.5	39.1	-0.4
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	570.6	574.6	569.5	569.0	567.3	569.0	566.4	565.9	-0.5
Oil and gas extraction	116.1	115.5	114.1	113.7	115.7	114.8	114.5	113.9	-0.6
Mining (except oil and gas)	189.5	193.1	191.6	191.2	188.1	189.8	189.3	189.6	0.3
Coal mining	39.4	38.0	37.9	38.0	39.3	38.0	37.9	38.0	0.1
Metal ore mining	44.9	47.0	46.9	46.7	44.9	46.8	46.9	46.8	-0.1
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	105.2	108.1	106.8	106.5	103.9	105.0	104.4	104.8	0.4
Support activities for mining	265.0	266.0	263.8	264.1	263.5	264.4	262.6	262.4	-0.2
Construction	8,413	8,555	8,512	8,525	8,243	8,354	8,370	8,367	-3
Construction of buildings	1,867.4	1,897.2	1,882.2	1,892.6	1,843.6	1,868.4	1,871.8	1,873.5	1.7
Residential building construction	939.1	931.9	928.1	934.3	925.3	919.4	922.1	920.9	-1.2
Nonresidential building construction	928.3	965.3	954.1	958.3	918.3	949.0	949.7	952.6	2.9
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,237.0	1,257.2	1,259.0	1,263.1	1,183.5	1,208.1	1,210.2	1,212.7	2.5
Specialty trade contractors	5,308.6	5,400.1	5,370.3	5,368.9	5,215.7	5,277.8	5,288.3	5,281.0	-7.3
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,406.8	2,404.3	2,381.4	2,363.2	2,368.2	2,349.6	2,347.6	2,332.4	-15.2
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,901.8	2,995.8	2,988.9	3,005.7	2,847.5	2,928.2	2,940.7	2,948.6	7.9
Manufacturing	12,606	12,715	12,676	12,693	12,603	12,649	12,662	12,681	19
Durable goods	7,795	7,925	7,901	7,924	7,805	7,894	7,903	7,928	25
Wood product manufacturing	398.3	395.4	395.5	393.0	399.8	392.1	394.3	393.9	-0.4
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	420.1	426.1	424.8	424.1	418.0	421.7	421.4	421.4	0.0
Primary metal manufacturing	362.1	371.5	369.4	373.5	362.6	369.9	369.9	373.6	3.7
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	1,437.6	1,463.7	1,459.7	1,468.6	1,438.7	1,463.0	1,462.7	1,468.6	5.9
Machinery manufacturing	1,081.6	1,098.3	1,096.2	1,101.3	1,084.6	1,096.1	1,100.1	1,104.0	3.9
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	990.7	1,007.1	1,001.2	1,009.6	990.7	1,001.0	1,001.6	1,008.3	6.7
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	98.6	101.1	99.9	99.8	98.2	100.1	99.8	99.7	-0.1
Communications equipment manufacturing	80.6	83.9	82.4	84.2	81.1	83.7	82.6	84.0	1.4
Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	369.9	374.8	373.1	376.6	369.5	372.0	373.5	376.8	3.3
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	413.2	421.1	419.9	423.4	413.4	419.5	420.0	422.2	2.2
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing	28.4	26.2	25.9	25.6	28.5	25.8	25.6	25.6	0.0
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	429.9	445.0	447.0	448.7	429.8	445.3	447.3	448.4	1.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing(1)	1,730.0	1,771.9	1,770.5	1,768.4	1,731.0	1,763.5	1,765.7	1,769.5	3.8
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	953.8	965.7	964.6	963.8	955.6	961.6	961.4	965.5	4.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing	334.4	331.9	326.4	327.2	337.8	329.6	327.9	329.5	1.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing	610.3	613.8	610.2	609.8	611.5	611.8	612.1	610.8	-1.3
Nondurable goods	4,811	4,790	4,775	4,769	4,798	4,755	4,759	4,753	-6
Food manufacturing	1,792.4	1,786.7	1,781.2	1,780.5	1,785.0	1,769.2	1,770.3	1,771.0	0.7
Textile mills	81.8	78.4	78.4	78.0	81.6	78.3	78.0	77.7	-0.3
Textile product mills	92.7	93.5	93.4	92.8	92.9	93.5	93.7	93.0	-0.7
Apparel manufacturing	78.0	72.6	71.6	71.9	78.1	72.1	71.6	71.2	-0.4
Paper manufacturing	356.2	356.4	353.7	352.3	356.6	356.5	353.8	352.9	-0.9
Printing and related support activities	340.8	337.9	335.2	335.7	339.6	337.9	336.4	335.8	-0.6
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	110.8	110.5	110.7	111.1	109.0	109.0	109.3	109.4	0.1
Chemical manufacturing	902.0	908.7	905.9	906.7	903.6	904.9	906.6	906.9	0.3
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	700.6	693.1	694.1	694.9	701.8	690.9	696.7	695.4	-1.3
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing	355.7	352.4	350.6	344.9	349.7	342.4	342.3	339.9	-2.4
Private service-providing	114,037	114,523	114,101	114,797	113,566	114,113	114,164	114,308	144
Trade, transportation, and utilities	28,757	28,657	28,670	28,891	28,714	28,767	28,796	28,818	22
Wholesale trade	6,061.1	6,079.6	6,077.1	6,076.1	6,054.6	6,069.8	6,077.9	6,068.8	-9.1
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	3,403.9	3,421.5	3,424.4	3,427.2	3,401.0	3,419.2	3,426.7	3,423.6	-3.1
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	2,213.4	2,211.1	2,207.3	2,198.7	2,213.1	2,205.6	2,206.0	2,198.3	-7.7
Wholesale trade agents and brokers	443.8	447.0	445.4	450.2	440.5	445.0	445.2	446.9	1.7
Retail trade	15,444.5	15,459.8	15,381.8	15,516.6	15,438.0	15,482.6	15,495.3	15,501.3	6.0
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,053.1	2,060.0	2,055.1	2,054.7	2,047.4	2,050.7	2,052.5	2,049.6	-2.9
Automobile dealers	1,296.2	1,285.4	1,281.6	1,281.1	1,292.1	1,282.5	1,281.6	1,277.9	-3.7
Other motor vehicle dealers	158.4	164.8	162.6	157.5	158.5	159.3	161.1	159.0	-2.1
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers	598.5	609.8	610.9	616.1	596.8	608.9	609.9	612.7	2.8
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers	1,346.0	1,358.2	1,345.9	1,325.6	1,366.0	1,352.4	1,359.4	1,344.0	-15.4
Food and beverage retailers	3,262.2	3,247.1	3,226.2	3,242.1	3,266.0	3,245.2	3,246.1	3,243.4	-2.7
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers	774.1	742.5	743.5	756.6	764.8	752.9	750.5	749.7	-0.8
Furniture and home furnishings retailers	393.5	381.7	379.4	389.3	388.9	387.9	385.7	386.0	0.3
Electronics and appliance retailers	380.6	360.8	364.1	367.3	375.9	365.0	364.8	363.7	-1.1
General merchandise retailers	3,242.7	3,240.2	3,237.7	3,302.5	3,234.4	3,269.3	3,269.2	3,287.5	18.3
Department stores	924.8	934.3	931.1	960.8	924.4	951.7	953.5	960.3	6.8
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers	2,317.9	2,305.9	2,306.6	2,341.7	2,310.1	2,317.6	2,315.7	2,327.3	11.6
Health and personal care retailers	1,056.1	1,043.5	1,050.0	1,063.9	1,050.1	1,056.7	1,056.6	1,055.9	-0.7
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers	1,058.0	1,067.3	1,067.3	1,067.7	1,057.0	1,057.4	1,065.1	1,066.3	1.2
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers	1,143.9	1,154.2	1,125.6	1,165.7	1,151.4	1,156.2	1,155.3	1,167.8	12.5
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers	1,508.4	1,546.8	1,530.5	1,537.8	1,500.9	1,541.8	1,540.6	1,537.1	-3.5
Transportation and warehousing	6,649.7	6,505.6	6,600.8	6,687.8	6,619.1	6,603.9	6,611.3	6,636.1	24.8
Air transportation	568.7	569.6	569.2	572.5	570.8	567.9	570.5	574.0	3.5
Rail transportation	153.1	149.2	149.6	149.6	153.3	149.6	149.7	149.6	-0.1
Water transportation	70.9	74.0	72.1	69.7	70.8	70.6	70.6	70.0	-0.6
Truck transportation	1,485.2	1,487.3	1,487.0	1,485.1	1,472.6	1,469.5	1,471.3	1,471.3	0.0
Transit and ground passenger transportation	510.9	434.7	511.2	517.0	491.9	497.7	496.7	497.6	0.9
Pipeline transportation	56.5	57.1	56.8	57.6	56.8	56.9	56.9	57.6	0.7
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	35.8	41.5	38.8	31.5	35.5	31.7	32.4	30.7	-1.7
Support activities for transportation	830.9	832.5	831.7	842.6	830.2	830.2	833.7	838.7	5.0
Couriers and messengers	1,064.3	1,031.0	1,038.9	1,095.9	1,097.3	1,090.1	1,090.0	1,107.4	17.4
Warehousing and storage	1,873.4	1,828.7	1,845.5	1,866.3	1,839.9	1,839.7	1,839.5	1,839.2	-0.3
Utilities	601.3	612.4	609.8	610.6	601.9	611.0	611.4	611.5	0.1
Information	2,851	2,759	2,732	2,737	2,853	2,746	2,735	2,734	-1
Motion picture and sound recording industries	345.6	334.5	316.4	327.9	348.0	324.6	325.2	328.4	3.2
Publishing industries	905.1	890.5	893.4	880.1	903.5	886.7	884.1	880.0	-4.1
Broadcasting and content providers	344.2	329.8	327.3	329.0	342.8	331.0	327.4	327.6	0.2
Telecommunications	594.3	563.6	558.3	560.1	594.1	564.7	559.8	559.1	-0.7
Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services	478.6	456.1	453.3	454.7	480.7	455.7	454.8	454.8	0.0
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services	183.6	184.7	183.7	185.6	183.7	183.1	183.3	184.3	1.0
Financial activities	9,200	9,141	9,073	9,102	9,184	9,092	9,078	9,085	7
Finance and insurance	6,741.1	6,672.6	6,628.5	6,647.3	6,737.8	6,652.8	6,639.5	6,640.8	1.3
Monetary authorities-central bank	19.3	18.4	18.3	18.1	19.5	18.3	18.2	18.1	-0.1
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,555.8	2,533.8	2,517.5	2,523.6	2,563.1	2,528.0	2,524.1	2,528.1	4.0
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,781.6	1,772.3	1,763.6	1,763.5	1,787.5	1,768.3	1,768.0	1,767.6	-0.4
Commercial banking	1,367.1	1,351.7	1,344.6	1,342.5	1,372.3	1,347.9	1,347.4	1,346.2	-1.2
Nondepository credit intermediation	496.0	488.4	485.4	489.0	496.1	488.5	487.4	488.5	1.1
Activities related to credit intermediation	278.2	273.1	268.5	271.1	279.4	271.2	268.8	272.0	3.2
Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities	1,154.8	1,184.0	1,171.5	1,181.3	1,147.7	1,174.0	1,173.9	1,176.8	2.9
Insurance carriers and related activities	3,011.2	2,936.4	2,921.2	2,924.3	3,007.5	2,932.5	2,923.3	2,917.8	-5.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,458.6	2,468.6	2,444.5	2,454.5	2,445.8	2,439.0	2,438.3	2,443.9	5.6
Real estate	1,863.6	1,858.5	1,841.4	1,858.4	1,852.7	1,846.6	1,844.5	1,848.8	4.3
Rental and leasing services	573.2	589.0	582.3	575.0	571.4	571.4	572.9	574.1	1.2
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works)	21.8	21.1	20.8	21.1	21.7	21.0	20.9	21.0	0.1
Professional and business services	22,588	22,632	22,547	22,828	22,335	22,526	22,534	22,604	70
Professional, scientific, and technical services	10,788.6	10,840.9	10,749.1	10,907.6	10,754.1	10,843.8	10,848.4	10,881.3	32.9
Legal services	1,232.3	1,245.1	1,238.9	1,256.0	1,228.4	1,248.0	1,248.8	1,251.2	2.4
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,096.4	1,082.1	1,073.5	1,093.6	1,126.4	1,124.5	1,123.6	1,125.9	2.3
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,741.2	1,791.7	1,779.4	1,791.7	1,736.8	1,774.4	1,782.1	1,787.0	4.9
Specialized design services	150.6	151.8	153.2	154.0	147.3	151.2	153.1	151.3	-1.8
Computer systems design and related services	2,397.3	2,370.0	2,331.1	2,369.4	2,379.7	2,357.6	2,350.9	2,354.1	3.2
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,880.4	1,888.8	1,877.3	1,924.1	1,860.0	1,892.0	1,888.4	1,905.7	17.3
Scientific research and development services	909.3	926.2	917.2	925.7	906.9	917.8	921.0	925.1	4.1
Advertising, public relations, and related services	484.8	477.8	476.5	481.7	481.1	476.7	477.8	478.2	0.4
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	896.3	907.4	902.0	911.4	887.5	901.6	902.8	902.9	0.1
Management of companies and enterprises	2,622.5	2,631.7	2,618.7	2,630.4	2,625.2	2,621.3	2,622.1	2,630.8	8.7
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	9,176.4	9,159.0	9,178.7	9,289.6	8,955.9	9,060.5	9,063.3	9,091.4	28.1
Administrative and support services	8,653.9	8,628.8	8,649.5	8,755.8	8,435.0	8,534.7	8,535.5	8,559.9	24.4
Office administrative services	618.7	643.3	642.9	646.9	615.0	640.7	642.0	644.0	2.0
Facilities support services	184.0	180.5	181.9	183.1	182.4	179.5	180.9	181.2	0.3
Employment services(1)	3,274.5	3,201.9	3,247.1	3,342.7	3,137.7	3,214.0	3,208.6	3,228.9	20.3
Temporary help services	2,572.2	2,501.9	2,545.4	2,631.2	2,451.8	2,513.0	2,507.4	2,526.0	18.6
Business support services	647.1	618.8	621.8	627.4	643.4	624.2	622.2	622.1	-0.1
Travel arrangement and reservation services	189.9	187.0	187.0	189.6	188.8	185.8	186.3	186.9	0.6
Investigation and security services	1,057.5	1,050.8	1,057.7	1,058.0	1,049.8	1,049.1	1,052.0	1,048.8	-3.2
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,347.1	2,414.6	2,376.2	2,369.3	2,287.1	2,308.8	2,309.4	2,312.9	3.5
Other support services	335.1	331.9	334.9	338.8	330.8	332.6	334.1	335.0	0.9
Waste management and remediation services	522.5	530.2	529.2	533.8	520.9	525.8	527.8	531.5	3.7
Private education and health services	27,722	27,707	27,949	28,239	27,533	27,984	28,005	28,058	53
Private educational services	4,175.1	3,796.2	4,049.3	4,186.7	4,047.2	4,054.4	4,055.3	4,053.3	-2.0
Health care and social assistance	23,547.2	23,910.5	23,899.6	24,052.5	23,485.8	23,929.7	23,949.5	24,004.6	55.1
Health care(3)	18,267.0	18,529.0	18,525.1	18,635.8	18,215.4	18,532.5	18,550.4	18,592.0	41.6
Ambulatory health care services	9,118.9	9,234.5	9,239.2	9,314.4	9,081.4	9,250.9	9,261.1	9,280.5	19.4
Offices of physicians	3,044.1	3,053.9	3,049.3	3,070.2	3,029.9	3,058.8	3,059.4	3,058.6	-0.8
Offices of dentists	1,057.9	1,055.3	1,051.1	1,058.6	1,052.0	1,053.2	1,056.4	1,055.2	-1.2
Offices of other health practitioners	1,321.1	1,350.4	1,359.9	1,376.4	1,315.4	1,356.8	1,363.7	1,369.1	5.4
Outpatient care centers	1,183.8	1,194.2	1,196.7	1,206.2	1,181.4	1,196.5	1,199.6	1,204.4	4.8
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	313.3	310.6	309.5	310.4	312.4	310.5	310.0	309.4	-0.6
Home health care services	1,830.7	1,891.2	1,894.6	1,912.8	1,823.5	1,896.3	1,893.1	1,903.6	10.5
Other ambulatory health care services	368.0	378.9	378.1	379.8	366.9	378.7	378.9	380.2	1.3
Hospitals	5,702.9	5,788.6	5,800.3	5,826.5	5,690.2	5,786.4	5,800.0	5,816.0	16.0
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,445.2	3,505.9	3,485.6	3,494.9	3,443.8	3,495.2	3,489.3	3,495.5	6.2
Skilled nursing care facilities	1,564.3	1,594.3	1,591.7	1,594.8	1,558.7	1,589.3	1,589.7	1,591.8	2.1
Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities	697.1	707.9	706.5	710.0	697.2	707.6	708.5	710.5	2.0
Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	1,012.3	1,030.9	1,016.2	1,018.3	1,016.5	1,025.9	1,020.2	1,021.6	1.4
Other residential care facilities	171.5	172.8	171.2	171.8	171.4	172.3	171.0	171.6	0.6
Social assistance	5,280.2	5,381.5	5,374.5	5,416.7	5,270.4	5,397.2	5,399.1	5,412.6	13.5
Individual and family services	3,668.8	3,794.1	3,783.6	3,818.8	3,665.2	3,791.9	3,797.5	3,813.9	16.4
Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services	233.9	237.2	237.5	238.6	235.2	238.3	239.3	239.5	0.2
Vocational rehabilitation services	278.3	282.8	277.2	277.6	278.1	280.3	279.1	279.0	-0.1
Child care services	1,099.2	1,067.4	1,076.2	1,081.7	1,092.0	1,086.7	1,083.3	1,080.2	-3.1
Leisure and hospitality	16,916	17,549	17,106	16,956	16,948	16,964	16,977	16,964	-13
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,654.2	2,927.6	2,710.4	2,632.0	2,697.6	2,661.9	2,662.5	2,659.9	-2.6
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	619.1	613.7	616.5	606.7	605.0	589.8	594.4	592.9	-1.5
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	181.8	193.9	184.4	185.3	181.0	184.2	183.2	184.4	1.2
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,853.3	2,120.0	1,909.5	1,840.0	1,911.6	1,887.9	1,884.9	1,882.6	-2.3
Accommodation and food services	14,262.0	14,621.3	14,395.9	14,324.3	14,250.7	14,302.4	14,314.7	14,304.1	-10.6
Accommodation	1,911.6	2,041.2	1,963.8	1,910.0	1,924.2	1,922.5	1,923.8	1,920.4	-3.4
Food services and drinking places	12,350.4	12,580.1	12,432.1	12,414.3	12,326.5	12,379.9	12,390.9	12,383.7	-7.2
Other services	6,003	6,078	6,024	6,044	5,999	6,034	6,039	6,045	6
Repair and maintenance	1,475.0	1,483.5	1,470.6	1,480.2	1,469.3	1,478.1	1,473.7	1,476.3	2.6
Personal and laundry services	1,607.1	1,627.6	1,623.5	1,631.9	1,597.8	1,620.3	1,622.1	1,624.0	1.9
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations	2,921.2	2,966.8	2,929.7	2,931.7	2,932.3	2,935.1	2,943.6	2,944.2	0.6
Government	23,689	22,502	23,355	23,653	23,390	23,344	23,326	23,332	6
Federal	2,747	2,685	2,684	2,684	2,748	2,681	2,678	2,677	-1
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,158.3	2,089.7	2,091.2	2,085.2	2,156.8	2,080.6	2,079.8	2,074.8	-5.0
U.S. Postal Service	588.4	594.9	593.2	598.9	591.2	600.8	598.2	602.5	4.3
State government	5,640	5,208	5,545	5,632	5,493	5,475	5,471	5,479	8
State government education	2,765.7	2,320.5	2,667.3	2,762.3	2,622.4	2,605.7	2,599.3	2,610.8	11.5
State government, excluding education	2,874.1	2,887.0	2,877.5	2,869.4	2,870.7	2,869.6	2,871.2	2,868.6	-2.6
Local government	15,302	14,609	15,126	15,337	15,149	15,188	15,177	15,176	-1
Local government education	8,441.3	7,453.4	8,167.4	8,417.4	8,239.6	8,208.4	8,204.5	8,209.3	4.8
Local government, excluding education	6,860.9	7,155.8	6,958.8	6,919.3	6,909.7	6,979.3	6,972.7	6,966.4	-6.3
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2025 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.2	34.4	34.4	34.4
Goods-producing	39.7	40.3	40.2	40.2
Mining and logging	45.2	45.7	45.9	45.8
Construction	38.9	39.4	39.3	39.4
Manufacturing	40.0	40.6	40.5	40.5
Durable goods	40.5	41.0	41.0	41.0
Nondurable goods	39.1	39.8	39.8	39.5
Private service-providing	33.2	33.2	33.3	33.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.1	34.2	34.2	34.2
Wholesale trade	39.2	39.4	39.4	39.5
Retail trade	29.9	30.2	30.3	30.2
Transportation and warehousing	38.3	37.9	38.0	37.8
Utilities	42.4	42.9	42.5	43.1
Information	37.3	37.1	36.9	37.0
Financial activities	37.5	37.6	37.5	37.5
Professional and business services	36.6	36.7	36.7	36.8
Private education and health services	32.7	32.7	32.8	32.8
Leisure and hospitality	25.6	25.4	25.5	25.5
Other services	32.0	32.2	32.1	32.1
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	2.9	3.1	3.0	3.1
Durable goods	2.8	3.1	3.0	3.1
Nondurable goods	3.0	3.2	3.1	3.2
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2025 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)
Total private	$36.85	$37.76	$37.86	$38.00	$1,260.27	$1,298.94	$1,302.38	$1,307.20
Goods-producing	37.63	38.87	38.96	39.22	1,493.91	1,566.46	1,566.19	1,576.64
Mining and logging	40.64	41.92	42.23	42.35	1,836.93	1,915.74	1,938.36	1,939.63
Construction	40.14	41.64	41.65	42.03	1,561.45	1,640.62	1,636.85	1,655.98
Manufacturing	35.87	36.93	37.06	37.24	1,434.80	1,499.36	1,500.93	1,508.22
Durable goods	38.06	39.11	39.36	39.53	1,541.43	1,603.51	1,613.76	1,620.73
Nondurable goods	32.17	33.20	33.13	33.29	1,257.85	1,321.36	1,318.57	1,314.96
Private service-providing	36.68	37.51	37.61	37.72	1,217.78	1,245.33	1,252.41	1,256.08
Trade, transportation, and utilities	31.31	32.07	32.12	32.19	1,067.67	1,096.79	1,098.50	1,100.90
Wholesale trade	39.17	39.86	40.00	39.99	1,535.46	1,570.48	1,576.00	1,579.61
Retail trade	25.72	26.41	26.47	26.55	769.03	797.58	802.04	801.81
Transportation and warehousing	31.93	32.65	32.68	32.74	1,222.92	1,237.44	1,241.84	1,237.57
Utilities	53.20	56.26	56.24	56.33	2,255.68	2,413.55	2,390.20	2,427.82
Information	53.27	55.52	55.96	55.70	1,986.97	2,059.79	2,064.92	2,060.90
Financial activities	48.18	49.75	49.67	49.74	1,806.75	1,870.60	1,862.63	1,865.25
Professional and business services	44.90	45.83	46.10	46.25	1,643.34	1,681.96	1,691.87	1,702.00
Private education and health services	35.95	36.44	36.55	36.67	1,175.57	1,191.59	1,198.84	1,202.78
Leisure and hospitality	23.01	23.74	23.84	23.90	589.06	603.00	607.92	609.45
Other services	33.47	34.23	34.34	34.43	1,071.04	1,102.21	1,102.31	1,105.20
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2025 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2026 - Oct. 2026(p)	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2026 - Oct. 2026(p)
Total private	115.9	117.2	117.3	117.4	0.1	204.2	211.6	212.3	213.3	0.5
Goods-producing	97.1	99.3	99.1	99.2	0.1	165.1	174.4	174.6	175.9	0.7
Mining and logging	86.1	87.3	87.4	87.1	-0.3	140.4	147.0	148.2	148.0	-0.1
Construction	110.5	113.5	113.4	113.6	0.2	192.8	205.3	205.2	207.5	1.1
Manufacturing	90.7	92.4	92.3	92.4	0.1	151.4	158.8	159.1	160.1	0.6
Durable goods	89.0	91.2	91.3	91.5	0.2	150.5	158.4	159.6	160.8	0.8
Nondurable goods	93.6	94.5	94.5	93.7	-0.8	152.9	159.1	158.9	158.3	-0.4
Private service-providing	121.4	122.0	122.4	122.5	0.1	216.4	222.3	223.7	224.6	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	107.0	107.5	107.6	107.7	0.1	180.6	185.9	186.4	186.9	0.3
Wholesale trade	104.7	105.5	105.6	105.7	0.1	171.5	175.9	176.7	176.9	0.1
Retail trade	93.9	95.2	95.6	95.3	-0.3	159.8	166.2	167.3	167.3	0.0
Transportation and warehousing	145.7	143.8	144.4	144.1	-0.2	236.6	238.9	240.0	240.1	0.0
Utilities	110.5	113.5	112.5	114.1	1.4	194.1	210.9	209.0	212.3	1.6
Information	97.2	93.1	92.2	92.4	0.2	184.4	184.0	183.7	183.2	-0.3
Financial activities	112.8	112.0	111.5	111.6	0.1	212.0	217.3	216.1	216.5	0.2
Professional and business services	127.8	129.3	129.3	130.1	0.6	232.5	240.0	241.5	243.7	0.9
Private education and health services	147.0	149.5	150.0	150.3	0.2	254.3	262.0	263.8	265.2	0.5
Leisure and hospitality	123.8	122.9	123.5	123.4	-0.1	229.8	235.5	237.6	238.0	0.2
Other services	110.7	112.0	111.8	111.9	0.1	203.0	210.2	210.4	211.1	0.3
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2025 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)
Total nonfarm	79,185	79,700	79,702	79,793	50.0	50.1	50.1	50.1
Total private	65,469	66,030	66,041	66,127	48.5	48.7	48.6	48.6
Goods-producing	4,871	4,912	4,920	4,928	22.7	22.7	22.7	22.8
Mining and logging	83	85	85	85	13.7	14.0	14.0	14.0
Construction	1,185	1,196	1,199	1,201	14.4	14.3	14.3	14.4
Manufacturing	3,603	3,631	3,636	3,642	28.6	28.7	28.7	28.7
Durable goods	1,893	1,912	1,915	1,922	24.3	24.2	24.2	24.2
Nondurable goods	1,710	1,719	1,721	1,720	35.6	36.2	36.2	36.2
Private service-providing	60,598	61,118	61,121	61,199	53.4	53.6	53.5	53.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,139	11,182	11,199	11,209	38.8	38.9	38.9	38.9
Wholesale trade	1,838.8	1,840.7	1,844.3	1,831.0	30.4	30.3	30.3	30.2
Retail trade	7,401.3	7,450.5	7,456.1	7,475.1	47.9	48.1	48.1	48.2
Transportation and warehousing	1,742.0	1,734.7	1,743.5	1,748.8	26.3	26.3	26.4	26.4
Utilities	156.4	155.9	155.2	153.9	26.0	25.5	25.4	25.2
Information	1,145	1,125	1,118	1,117	40.1	41.0	40.9	40.9
Financial activities	5,027	4,939	4,932	4,928	54.7	54.3	54.3	54.2
Professional and business services	10,099	10,269	10,241	10,272	45.2	45.6	45.4	45.4
Private education and health services	21,073	21,426	21,441	21,480	76.5	76.6	76.6	76.6
Leisure and hospitality	8,886	8,921	8,929	8,930	52.4	52.6	52.6	52.6
Other services	3,229	3,256	3,261	3,263	53.8	54.0	54.0	54.0
Government	13,716	13,670	13,661	13,666	58.6	58.6	58.6	58.6
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2025 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]

Industry	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)
Total private	109,849	110,760	110,773	110,894
Goods-producing	15,232	15,277	15,287	15,284
Mining and logging	452	456	454	452
Construction	5,989	6,065	6,079	6,075
Manufacturing	8,791	8,756	8,754	8,757
Durable goods	5,290	5,318	5,320	5,330
Nondurable goods	3,501	3,438	3,434	3,427
Private service-providing	94,617	95,483	95,486	95,610
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24,315	24,452	24,463	24,491
Wholesale trade	4,780.3	4,795.9	4,795.7	4,795.8
Retail trade	13,292.3	13,378.1	13,383.9	13,403.0
Transportation and warehousing	5,765.5	5,793.8	5,799.4	5,807.8
Utilities	476.8	483.8	484.1	483.9
Information	2,267	2,194	2,187	2,191
Financial activities	6,977	6,884	6,871	6,874
Professional and business services	17,514	17,741	17,722	17,778
Private education and health services	24,138	24,553	24,575	24,617
Leisure and hospitality	14,522	14,756	14,761	14,741
Other services	4,884	4,903	4,907	4,918
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2025 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	33.7	33.8	33.9	33.8
Goods-producing	40.7	41.3	41.3	41.3
Mining and logging	45.2	47.0	47.4	47.1
Construction	39.8	40.1	40.0	40.1
Manufacturing	41.1	41.8	41.9	41.8
Durable goods	41.4	42.3	42.4	42.4
Nondurable goods	40.7	40.9	41.1	40.9
Private service-providing	32.6	32.6	32.7	32.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.2	34.3	34.4	34.3
Wholesale trade	39.3	39.6	39.5	39.5
Retail trade	30.5	30.6	30.8	30.7
Transportation and warehousing	37.9	37.6	37.6	37.4
Utilities	42.6	43.4	42.8	43.1
Information	36.2	35.6	35.6	35.7
Financial activities	37.4	37.4	37.5	37.4
Professional and business services	36.7	36.6	36.7	36.8
Private education and health services	31.7	31.8	31.9	31.8
Leisure and hospitality	24.2	24.1	24.1	24.1
Other services	31.3	31.2	31.1	31.0
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.7	4.1	4.0	4.1
Durable goods	3.7	4.1	4.1	4.2
Nondurable goods	3.8	4.0	3.8	3.9
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2025 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)
Total private	$31.70	$32.55	$32.63	$32.75	$1,068.29	$1,100.19	$1,106.16	$1,106.95
Goods-producing	32.84	34.10	34.08	34.29	1,336.59	1,408.33	1,407.50	1,416.18
Mining and logging	37.62	38.80	38.97	38.67	1,700.42	1,823.60	1,847.18	1,821.36
Construction	37.74	39.28	39.23	39.70	1,502.05	1,575.13	1,569.20	1,591.97
Manufacturing	29.33	30.38	30.38	30.43	1,205.46	1,269.88	1,272.92	1,271.97
Durable goods	31.08	32.29	32.38	32.43	1,286.71	1,365.87	1,372.91	1,375.03
Nondurable goods	26.64	27.34	27.19	27.22	1,084.25	1,118.21	1,117.51	1,113.30
Private service-providing	31.47	32.23	32.34	32.44	1,025.92	1,050.70	1,057.52	1,057.54
Trade, transportation, and utilities	27.13	27.86	27.86	27.89	927.85	955.60	958.38	956.63
Wholesale trade	32.67	33.19	33.25	33.29	1,283.93	1,314.32	1,313.38	1,314.96
Retail trade	21.82	22.37	22.43	22.45	665.51	684.52	690.84	689.22
Transportation and warehousing	30.39	31.42	31.40	31.42	1,151.78	1,181.39	1,180.64	1,175.11
Utilities	46.71	49.75	49.31	49.49	1,989.85	2,159.15	2,110.47	2,133.02
Information	43.75	45.47	46.08	45.77	1,583.75	1,618.73	1,640.45	1,633.99
Financial activities	37.89	38.99	39.08	39.06	1,417.09	1,458.23	1,465.50	1,460.84
Professional and business services	37.55	38.75	38.87	39.07	1,378.09	1,418.25	1,426.53	1,437.78
Private education and health services	33.11	33.43	33.61	33.74	1,049.59	1,063.07	1,072.16	1,072.93
Leisure and hospitality	20.45	21.24	21.34	21.40	494.89	511.88	514.29	515.74
Other services	29.08	29.84	29.88	29.99	910.20	931.01	929.27	929.69
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2025 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2026 - Oct. 2026(p)	Oct. 2025	Aug. 2026	Sept. 2026(p)	Oct. 2026(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2026 - Oct. 2026(p)
Total private	123.4	124.8	125.1	124.9	-0.2	261.3	271.4	272.9	273.4	0.2
Goods-producing	94.7	96.4	96.5	96.5	0.0	190.5	201.3	201.3	202.5	0.6
Mining and logging	108.6	113.9	114.4	113.1	-1.1	237.5	257.0	259.2	254.4	-1.9
Construction	119.3	121.8	121.7	122.0	0.2	243.2	258.3	257.9	261.5	1.4
Manufacturing	82.9	84.0	84.2	84.0	-0.2	159.1	166.9	167.3	167.2	-0.1
Durable goods	82.3	84.5	84.7	84.9	0.2	159.6	170.4	171.3	171.9	0.4
Nondurable goods	84.0	82.8	83.2	82.6	-0.7	158.0	160.1	159.8	158.8	-0.6
Private service-providing	131.4	132.6	133.0	132.8	-0.2	283.7	293.2	295.1	295.5	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	116.4	117.4	117.8	117.6	-0.2	225.7	233.8	234.5	234.4	0.0
Wholesale trade	111.5	112.7	112.4	112.4	0.0	215.0	220.8	220.6	220.9	0.1
Retail trade	102.8	103.8	104.5	104.3	-0.2	192.3	199.1	201.0	200.8	-0.1
Transportation and warehousing	165.4	164.9	165.0	164.4	-0.4	319.9	329.7	329.8	328.8	-0.3
Utilities	103.8	107.4	105.9	106.6	0.7	202.5	222.9	218.0	220.3	1.1
Information	93.7	89.1	88.9	89.3	0.4	202.9	200.7	202.7	202.3	-0.2
Financial activities	122.8	121.2	121.3	121.0	-0.2	286.3	290.7	291.6	290.8	-0.3
Professional and business services	143.5	144.9	145.2	146.0	0.6	320.5	334.1	335.7	339.4	1.1
Private education and health services	163.1	166.5	167.1	166.9	-0.1	356.5	367.3	370.8	371.7	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	128.7	130.3	130.3	130.1	-0.2	299.0	314.2	315.8	316.2	0.1
Other services	107.2	107.3	107.0	106.9	-0.1	227.2	233.3	233.0	233.6	0.3
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2025 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.