For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Friday, April 20, 2018	                               USDL-18-0590

Technical information: 
 Employment:	(202) 691-6559  *  sminfo@bls.gov   *  www.bls.gov/sae
 Unemployment:	(202) 691-6392  *  lausinfo@bls.gov *  www.bls.gov/lau

Media contact:	(202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                 STATE EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT -- MARCH 2018


Unemployment rates were lower in March in 4 states, higher in 1 state, and stable in 45 states and
the District of Columbia, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Seventeen states had 
jobless rate decreases from a year earlier and 33 states and the District had little or no change. 
The national unemployment rate was unchanged from February at 4.1 percent but was 0.4 percentage 
point lower than in March 2017.

Nonfarm payroll employment increased in 2 states in March 2018 and was essentially unchanged in 48 
states and the District of Columbia. Over the year, 24 states added nonfarm payroll jobs and 26 
states and the District were essentially unchanged.

Unemployment

Hawaii had the lowest unemployment rate in March, 2.1 percent. The rates in Kentucky (4.0 percent) 
and Maine (2.7 percent) set new series lows. (All state series begin in 1976.) Alaska had the 
highest jobless rate, 7.3 percent. In total, 17 states had unemployment rates lower than the U.S. 
figure of 4.1 percent, 9 states and the District of Columbia had higher rates, and 24 states had 
rates that were not appreciably different from that of the nation. (See tables A and 1.)

In March, four states had unemployment rate decreases: Maine and New Mexico (-0.2 percentage point
each) and Ohio and Wyoming (-0.1 point each). The only over-the-month rate increase was in 
Maryland (+0.1 percentage point). The remaining 45 states and the District of Columbia had jobless 
rates that were not notably different from those of a month earlier, though some had changes that 
were at least as large numerically as the significant changes.

Seventeen states had unemployment rate changes from March 2017, all of which were decreases. The 
largest declines occurred in Alabama, Kentucky, and Louisiana (-1.2 percentage points each). (See 
table B.)

Nonfarm Payroll Employment

Two states had over-the-month increases in nonfarm payroll employment in March 2018: Texas 
(+32,000, or +0.3 percent) and Utah (+6,300, or +0.4 percent). (See table 3.)

Twenty-four states had over-the-year increases in nonfarm payroll employment in March. The largest 
job gains occurred in California (+321,000), Texas (+294,100), and Florida (+173,100). The largest 
percentage gains occurred in Idaho and Utah (+3.3 percent each), followed by Nevada (+2.9 percent).
(See table C.)

_____________
The Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment news release for March is scheduled to be 
released on Wednesday, May 2, 2018, at 10:00 a.m. (EDT). The State Employment and Unemployment
news release for April is scheduled to be released on Friday, May 18, 2018, at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).


Table A. States with unemployment rates significantly different
from that of the U.S., March 2018, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------
                State                |          Rate(p)
--------------------------------------------------------------
United States (1) ...................|           4.1
                                     |
Alaska ..............................|           7.3
Arizona .............................|           4.9
Colorado ............................|           3.0
District of Columbia ................|           5.6
Hawaii ..............................|           2.1
Idaho ...............................|           2.9
Indiana .............................|           3.2
Iowa ................................|           2.8
Kansas ..............................|           3.4
Maine ...............................|           2.7
                                     |
Michigan ............................|           4.7
Minnesota ...........................|           3.2
Nebraska ............................|           2.8
Nevada ..............................|           4.9
New Hampshire .......................|           2.6
New Mexico ..........................|           5.6
New York ............................|           4.6
North Dakota ........................|           2.6
Pennsylvania ........................|           4.8
South Dakota ........................|           3.4
                                     |
Tennessee ...........................|           3.4
Utah ................................|           3.1
Vermont .............................|           2.8
Virginia ............................|           3.4
Washington ..........................|           4.8
West Virginia .......................|           5.4
Wisconsin ...........................|           2.9
--------------------------------------------------------------
   (1) Data are not preliminary.
   (p) = preliminary.


Table B. States with statistically significant unemployment rate changes
from March 2017 to March 2018, seasonally adjusted
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                |          Rate         |
                                |-----------|-----------|  Over-the-year
             State              |   March   |    March  |    change(p)
                                |    2017   |   2018(p) |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama ........................|     5.0   |     3.8   |      -1.2
California .....................|     5.0   |     4.3   |       -.7
Florida ........................|     4.4   |     3.9   |       -.5
Georgia ........................|     5.0   |     4.4   |       -.6
Hawaii .........................|     2.6   |     2.1   |       -.5
Idaho ..........................|     3.3   |     2.9   |       -.4
Iowa ...........................|     3.3   |     2.8   |       -.5
Kentucky .......................|     5.2   |     4.0   |      -1.2
Louisiana ......................|     5.6   |     4.4   |      -1.2
Maine ..........................|     3.3   |     2.7   |       -.6
                                |           |           |
Mississippi ....................|     5.3   |     4.5   |       -.8
New Mexico .....................|     6.3   |     5.6   |       -.7
Ohio ...........................|     5.1   |     4.4   |       -.7
Tennessee ......................|     4.2   |     3.4   |       -.8
Texas ..........................|     4.6   |     4.0   |       -.6
Vermont ........................|     3.1   |     2.8   |       -.3
Virginia .......................|     3.9   |     3.4   |       -.5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.


Table C. States with statistically significant employment changes from
March 2017 to March 2018, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              |             |             | Over-the-year change(p)
           State              |    March    |    March    |---------------------------
                              |     2017    |    2018(p)  |    Level    |    Percent
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arizona ......................|   2,755,300 |   2,818,600 |      63,300 |      2.3
California ...................|  16,724,800 |  17,045,800 |     321,000 |      1.9
Colorado .....................|   2,645,600 |   2,707,800 |      62,200 |      2.4
Florida ......................|   8,543,700 |   8,716,800 |     173,100 |      2.0
Georgia ......................|   4,436,100 |   4,501,300 |      65,200 |      1.5
Idaho ........................|     710,800 |     734,000 |      23,200 |      3.3
Massachusetts ................|   3,599,100 |   3,640,900 |      41,800 |      1.2
Michigan .....................|   4,363,000 |   4,424,300 |      61,300 |      1.4
Missouri .....................|   2,865,700 |   2,894,200 |      28,500 |      1.0
Nevada .......................|   1,334,400 |   1,373,700 |      39,300 |      2.9
                              |             |             |             |       
New Jersey ...................|   4,113,200 |   4,180,300 |      67,100 |      1.6
New York .....................|   9,489,400 |   9,602,700 |     113,300 |      1.2
North Carolina ...............|   4,398,700 |   4,472,000 |      73,300 |      1.7
Ohio .........................|   5,524,800 |   5,579,200 |      54,400 |      1.0
Oklahoma .....................|   1,654,500 |   1,682,400 |      27,900 |      1.7
Oregon .......................|   1,865,600 |   1,906,600 |      41,000 |      2.2
Pennsylvania .................|   5,920,600 |   6,004,600 |      84,000 |      1.4
South Carolina ...............|   2,087,200 |   2,122,800 |      35,600 |      1.7
Tennessee ....................|   3,000,300 |   3,049,300 |      49,000 |      1.6
Texas ........................|  12,169,600 |  12,463,700 |     294,100 |      2.4
                              |             |             |             |       
Utah .........................|   1,458,300 |   1,506,300 |      48,000 |      3.3
Virginia .....................|   3,947,700 |   3,987,200 |      39,500 |      1.0
Washington ...................|   3,302,000 |   3,393,600 |      91,600 |      2.8
Wisconsin ....................|   2,944,200 |   2,973,900 |      29,700 |      1.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.

Technical Note

  
   This news release presents civilian labor force and unemployment data for states
   and selected substate areas from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS)
   program (tables 1 and 2). Also presented are nonfarm payroll employment estimates
   by state and industry supersector from the Current Employment Statistics (CES)
   program (tables 3 and 4). The LAUS and CES programs are both federal-state cooperative
   endeavors.

Civilian labor force and unemployment--from the LAUS program

   Definitions. The civilian labor force and unemployment data are based on the same
   concepts and definitions as those used for the official national estimates obtained
   from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of households that is
   conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau.
   The LAUS program measures employed people and unemployed people on a place-of-
   residence basis. The universe for each is the civilian noninstitutional population
   16 years of age and older. Employed people are those who did any work at all for
   pay or profit in the reference week (typically the week including the 12th of the
   month) or worked 15 hours or more without pay in a family business or farm, plus
   those not working who had a job from which they were temporarily absent, whether
   or not paid, for such reasons as bad weather, labor-management dispute, illness,
   or vacation. 
     
   Unemployed people are those who were not employed during the reference week
   (based on the definition above), had actively looked for a job sometime in the
   4-week period ending with the reference week, and were currently available for
   work; people on layoff expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted 
   as unemployed. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed people.
   The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor
   force.

   Method of estimation. Estimates for 48 states, the District of Columbia, the Los
   Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale metropolitan division, New York City, and the balances
   of California and New York State are produced using time-series models. This method,
   which underwent substantial enhancement at the beginning of 2015, utilizes data from
   several sources, including the CPS, the CES, and state unemployment insurance (UI) 
   programs. Estimates for the state of California are derived by summing the estimates
   for the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale metropolitan division and the balance of
   California. Similarly, estimates for New York State are derived by summing the estimates
   for New York City and the balance of New York State. Estimates for the five additional
   substate areas contained in this release (the Cleveland-Elyria and Detroit-Warren-
   Dearborn metropolitan areas and the Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, Miami-
   Miami Beach-Kendall, and Seattle-Bellevue-Everett metropolitan divisions) and their
   respective balances of state are produced using a similar model-based approach.
    
   Each month, estimates for the nine census divisions first are modeled using inputs
   from the CPS only and controlled to the national totals. State estimates then are
   controlled to their respective census division totals. Substate and balance-of-state
   estimates for the five areas noted above also are controlled to their respective state
   totals. This tiered process of controlling model-based estimates to the U.S. totals is 
   called real-time benchmarking. Estimates for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly
   household survey similar to the CPS. A more detailed description of the estimation
   procedures is available from BLS upon request.
   
   Annual revisions. Civilian labor force and unemployment data for prior years reflect
   adjustments made after the end of each year. The adjusted estimates reflect updated
   population data from the U.S. Census Bureau, any revisions in the other data sources,
   and model re-estimation. In most years, historical data for the most recent five years
   are revised near the beginning of each calendar year, prior to the release of January
   estimates. With the introduction of a new generation of times-series models in early
   2015, historical data were re-estimated back to the series beginnings in 1976, 1990,
   or 1994.

   Seasonal adjustment. The LAUS models decompose the estimates of employed and unemployed
   people into trend, seasonal, and irregular components. Prior to 2018, the benchmarked
   trend component of each measure had been smoothed using a Trend-Cycle Cascade Filter.
   With changes implemented in early 2018, the benchmarked signals of employed and 
   unemployed people first are adjusted using an X-11 type of seasonal adjustment filter.
   The adjusted data then are smoothed using a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS)
   filter. The smoothed-seasonally adjusted estimates of employed and unemployed people
   are summed to derive the civilian labor force, and the unemployment rate then is
   calculated as the unemployed percent of the civilian labor force. The resulting
   smoothed-seasonally adjusted unemployment rate estimates are analyzed in this news

   release and published on the BLS website. 

   During estimation for the current year, the smoothed-seasonally adjusted estimates
   for a given month are created using an asymmetric filter that incorporates information
   from previous observations only. For annual revisions, historical data are smoothed
   using a two-sided filter.
   
   In early 2018, historical data were re-estimated back to the series beginnings in
   1976, 1990, or 1994 to incorporate the changes to the seasonal adjustment and smoothing
   procedures described above.

   Area definitions. The substate area data published in this release reflect the
   delineations that were issued by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget on July 15,
   2015. A detailed list of the geographic definitions is available online at
   www.bls.gov/lau/lausmsa.htm. 

Employment--from the CES program

   Definitions. Employment data refer to persons on establishment payrolls who receive
   pay for any part of the pay period that includes the 12th of the month. Persons are
   counted at their place of work rather than at their place of residence; those appearing
   on more than one payroll are counted on each payroll. Industries are classified on
   the basis of their principal activity in accordance with the 2017 version of the North 
   American Industry Classification System. 

   Method of estimation. CES State and Area employment data are produced using several
   estimation procedures. Where possible these data are produced using a "weighted link
   relative" estimation technique in which a ratio of current month weighted employment
   to that of the previous-month weighted employment is computed from a sample of
   establishments reporting for both months. The estimates of employment for the current 
   month are then obtained by multiplying these ratios by the previous month's employment
   estimates. The weighted link relative technique is utilized for data series where
   the sample size meets certain statistical criteria. 

   For some employment series, the sample of establishments is very small or highly
   variable. In these cases, a model-based approach is used in estimation. These models
   use the direct sample estimates (described above), combined with forecasts of
   historical (benchmarked) data to decrease volatility in estimation. Two different 
   models (Fay-Herriot Model and Small Domain Model) are used depending on the industry
   level being estimated.For more detailed information about each model, refer to
   the BLS Handbook of Methods.
    
   Annual revisions. Employment estimates are adjusted annually to a complete count
   of jobs, called benchmarks, derived principally from tax reports that are submitted
   by employers who are covered under state unemployment insurance (UI) laws. The
   benchmark information is used to adjust the monthly estimates between the new
   benchmark and the preceding one and also to establish the level of employment
   for the new benchmark month. Thus, the benchmarking process establishes the
   level of employment, and the sample is used to measure the month-to-month
   changes in the level for the subsequent months. Information on recent benchmark
   revisions is available online at www.bls.gov/web/laus/benchmark.pdf.

   Seasonal adjustment. Payroll employment data are seasonally adjusted at the
   statewide expanded supersector level. In some cases, the seasonally adjusted
   payroll employment total is computed by aggregating the independently adjusted
   supersector series. In other cases, the seasonally adjusted payroll employment
   total is independently adjusted. Revisions to historical data for the most recent
   five years are made once a year, coincident with annual benchmark adjustments.
     
   Beginning with the release of January 2018 preliminary estimates, payroll employment
   data are seasonally adjusted concurrently, using all available estimates including
   those for the current month, to develop sample-based seasonal factors. Concurrent
   sample-based factors are created every month for the current month's preliminary
   estimate as well as the previous month's final estimate in order to incorporate
   real-time estimates. Previously, the sample-based seasonal factors were forecasted
   once annually at the beginning of the year and applied to the sample-based estimates
   for the 12 months of the year. 

   Caution on aggregating state data. State estimation procedures are designed to
   produce accurate data for each individual state. BLS independently develops a
   national employment series; state estimates are not forced to sum to national
   totals. Because each state series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling
   errors than the national series, summing them cumulates individual state-level 
   errors and can cause significant distortions at an aggregate level. Due to
   these statistical limitations, BLS does not compile a "sum-of-states" employment
   series, and cautions users that such a series is subject to a relatively large
   and volatile error structure.

Reliability of the estimates

   The estimates presented in this release are based on sample surveys, administrative
   data, and modeling and, thus, are subject to sampling and other types of errors.
   Sampling error is a measure of sampling variability--that is, variation that occurs
   by chance because a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed. Survey
   data also are subject to nonsampling errors, such as those which can be introduced
   into the data collection and processing operations. Estimates not directly derived
   from sample surveys are subject to additional errors resulting from the specific
   estimation processes used.

   Use of error measures. Changes in state unemployment rates and state nonfarm payroll
   employment are cited in the analysis of this release only if they have been determined
   to be statistically significant at the 90-percent confidence level. Furthermore, state
   unemployment rates for the current month generally are cited only if they have been
   determined to be significantly different from the U.S. rate at the 90-percent confidence
   level. The underlying model-based standard error measures for unemployment rates
   and over-the-month and over-the-year changes in rates are available at
   www.bls.gov/lau/lastderr.htm. The underlying standard error measures for over-the-month
   and over-the-year changes in state payroll employment data at the total nonfarm and
   supersector levels are available at www.bls.gov/web/laus/790stderr.htm. Measures of 
   nonsampling error are not available.

Additional information

   Estimates of civilian labor force and unemployment from the LAUS program, as well
   as nonfarm payroll employment from the CES program, for metropolitan areas and
   metropolitan divisions are available in the news release Metropolitan Area Employment
   and Unemployment. Estimates of civilian labor force, employed people, unemployed
   people, and unemployment rates for approximately 7,000 subnational areas are
   available online at www.bls.gov/lau/. Employment data from the CES program for
   states and metropolitan areas are available online at www.bls.gov/sae/. Information
   in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request.
   Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.