For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, August 16, 2012 USDL-12-1648
Technical information: (202) 691-6339 * atusinfo@bls * www.bls.gov/tus
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
ACCESS TO AND USE OF LEAVE--2011
DATA FROM THE AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY
In 2011, 90 percent of wage and salary workers had access to paid or unpaid leave
at their main jobs, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Twenty-one
percent of wage and salary workers took paid or unpaid leave during an average week.
Workers who took leave during an average week took an average of 15.6 hours of leave.
Fifty-six percent of wage and salary workers were able to adjust their work schedules
or location instead of taking leave or because they did not have access to leave in
2011. Seven percent of workers made such an adjustment in an average week.
These findings are from a supplementary set of questions asked as part of the 2011
American Time Use Survey (ATUS). The ATUS is a continuous household survey that
provides estimates on how people spend their time. The data on wage and salary
workers' access to leave, use of leave, and ability to adjust their work schedules
were collected as part of the 2011 Leave Module sponsored by the Department of
Labor's Women's Bureau. These data on leave were collected directly from wage and
salary workers. The data thus represent only workers' knowledge on these topics.
Workers sometimes do not know whether they can use leave or adjust their work
schedules or location until they have a need to do so. For more information about
the ATUS Leave Module, see the Technical Note.
Access to paid or unpaid leave in 2011:
--On average, 59 percent of wage and salary workers had access to paid leave.
Seventy-seven percent of wage and salary workers had access to unpaid leave
and an additional 7 percent of workers were unsure whether they had access
to unpaid leave. Ninety percent of workers had access to either paid or
unpaid leave. (See table 1.)
--Men and women were about equally likely to have access to paid or unpaid
leave at their main jobs in 2011. Ninety percent of men had access to paid
or unpaid leave compared with 91 percent of women. Comparisons of access
to leave in this news release are on a broad level and do not control for
many factors that can be important in explaining differences in leave access,
including differences in the distribution of workers by their full- or
part-time work status, educational attainment, and occupation. (See
table 1.)
--By occupation, workers in management, business, and financial operations
jobs were the most likely to have access to paid leave (77 percent). (See
table 1.)
--Seventy-six percent of workers in the public sector had access to paid
leave, compared with 57 percent of private-sector workers. (See
table 1.)
--Among single jobholders, full-time wage and salary workers were more
than 3 times as likely to have access to paid leave than were part-time
workers--71 percent compared with 22 percent. (See table 1.)
--Among single jobholders, 83 percent of full-time wage and salary workers
in the highest earnings range had access to paid leave, compared with
50 percent of full-time workers in the lowest earnings range. Each
earnings range represents approximately 25 percent of full-time wage
and salary workers. (See table 1.)
--Among wage and salary workers age 25 and over, 72 percent of workers with
a bachelor's degree or higher had access to paid leave, compared with 35
percent of workers with less than a high school diploma. (See table 1.)
Use of paid or unpaid leave in 2011:
--Twenty-one percent of wage and salary workers took paid or unpaid leave
during an average week. Workers who took leave during an average week
took an average of 15.6 hours of leave. (See tables 3 and 4.)
--Women were slightly more likely than men to take leave from their jobs
during an average week--23 percent compared with 20 percent. (See
table 3.)
--In an average week, 6 percent of wage and salary workers reported their
main reason for taking leave was a vacation, 5 percent took leave because
they were ill or needed medical care, and 4 percent took leave mainly to
run errands or for personal reasons. (See table 4.)
--Of those wage and salary workers who took leave from their main jobs during
an average week, 57 percent used only paid leave and 40 percent used only
unpaid leave. Three percent of these workers used a combination of paid and
unpaid leave. (See table 3.)
Ability to adjust work schedule or location instead of taking time off from work
in 2011:
--Fifty-six percent of wage and salary workers were able to adjust their work
schedules or location of their main jobs instead of taking time off from
work in 2011. This includes wage and salary workers who adjusted their work
schedules or location instead of taking leave as well as those who did so
because they did not have access to leave but needed time off from work.
(See table 5.)
--Men and women were equally likely to be able to adjust their work schedules
or location instead of taking time off from work. (See table 5.)
--Among wage and salary workers age 25 and over, 61 percent of those with a
bachelor's degree or higher were able to adjust their work schedules or
location instead of taking time off from work, compared with only 38
percent of workers with less than a high school diploma. (See table 5.)
--In an average week in 2011, 7 percent of wage and salary workers adjusted
their work schedules or location of their main jobs instead of taking time
off from work. (See table 6.)
· --Parents of a household child under the age of 13 were more likely to adjust
their work schedules or location instead of taking time off from work in an
average week than workers who were not a parent of a household child under
18--10 percent compared with 6 percent. (See table 6.)
Additional data
All ATUS 2011 data files, including the Leave Module data files, are available for
users to do their own tabulations and analyses. In accordance with BLS and Census
Bureau policies that protect survey respondents' privacy, identifying information
was removed from the data files and some responses have been edited. The 2011 data
files are available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/tus/data.htm.
Technical Note
The data in this release were collected through a supplementary set of questions,
the 2011 Leave Module, asked as part of the 2011 American Time Use Survey (ATUS).
The ATUS--a continuous survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau
of Labor Statistics--focuses on obtaining information about how individuals age 15
and over spend their time. In 2011, there were approximately 12,500 respondents to
the survey. For more information about the survey, see the ATUS User’s Guide at
www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf. The purpose of the 2011 ATUS Leave Module was
to obtain information about workers' access to leave, use of leave, and ability to
adjust their work schedules or location. The data in this release pertain to wage
and salary workers and their main job. Self-employed incorporated workers are
classified as wage and salary workers. The data exclude all unincorporated self-
employed workers. Respondents to the 2011 Leave Module answered questions about
access to paid and unpaid leave, reasons for taking leave, use of leave during the
past 7 days, ability to adjust work schedules or location, times when leave was
needed but not taken, and other related topics.
These data on leave were collected directly from wage and salary workers. The
data thus represent only workers' knowledge on these topics. Workers sometimes do
not know whether they can use leave or adjust their work schedules or location
until they have a need to do so. Leave Module data were collected from January
through December 2011.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals
upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Leave questions and concepts
In the 2011 Leave Module, questions about access to and use of leave were asked of
wage and salary workers. The survey was introduced as follows: "The next few questions
are about paid and unpaid leave from a job."
Following the introduction, respondents were asked about access to paid leave at
their main job, reasons for which they can take paid leave, and types of paid leave
available.
Respondents were then asked about access to unpaid leave and reasons for which they
can take unpaid leave from their main job.
If respondents answered that they had access to paid or unpaid leave, they were
asked whether they had taken any leave during the past 7 days. If they took leave,
they were asked about how many hours they took, the main reason for taking leave, and
if available, what type of paid leave they used.
In the next set of questions, respondents were asked about their ability to adjust
their work schedules or location instead of taking leave (asked of those with access
to leave), or because they needed time off from work (asked of those without access
to leave). If the respondents indicated they could adjust their work schedules or
location, they were asked additional questions about how they can adjust their
schedules or location and whether they adjusted their schedules or location during
the past 7 days. Respondents who adjusted their work schedules or location instead
of taking leave were asked about their reasons for doing so, and their reasons for
not using leave instead. Respondents without access to leave were asked about their
reasons for needing to adjust their work schedules or location.
Respondents who worked during the 7 days prior to the interview were asked if there
were situations during the past 7 days in which they needed to take off from work but
did not. If so, respondents were asked their reasons for needing leave, and their
reasons for not using leave instead. Respondents without access to leave were asked
about their reasons for needing leave.
The final two questions asked respondents about their health in general and their
average level of pain during the past 7 days. The Leave Module questionnaire is
available at www.bls.gov/tus/lvmquestionnaire.pdf.
Definitions
Employment and earnings
--Employed. All persons who, at any time during the 7 days prior to the interview:
1. Did any work at all as paid employees; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or usually worked 15 hours or more
as unpaid workers in a family-operated enterprise; or
2. Were not working but had jobs or businesses from which they were
temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, vacation, childcare
problems, labor-management disputes, maternity or paternity leave,
job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not
they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs.
--Employed full time. For the purpose of producing estimates related to leave,
full-time workers are single jobholders who usually worked 35 hours or more
per week.
--Employed part time. For the purpose of producing estimates related to leave,
part-time workers are single jobholders who usually worked fewer than 35 hours
per week.
--Main job. For persons holding more than one job, the questions in the Leave
Module referred to the characteristics of their main job--the job in which
they worked the most hours during the past 7 days.
--Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive wages, salaries,
commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes
employees in both the private and public sectors and self-employed persons
whose businesses are incorporated, but excludes self-employed persons whose
businesses are unincorporated.
--Usual weekly earnings. Estimates represent the earnings of full-time wage
and salary workers with one job only, excluding incorporated self-employed
workers, before taxes and other deductions.
--Weekly earnings ranges. The ranges used for the quartiles represent approximately
25 percent of full-time wage and salary workers (incorporated self-employed workers
are excluded) who held only one job. For example, 25 percent of full-time wage and
salary workers with one job only had weekly earnings of $540 or less.
The ranges used for the median represent approximately 50 percent of the full-time
wage and salary workers (incorporated self-employed workers are excluded) who held
only one job. For example, 50 percent of full-time wage and salary workers with one
job only had weekly earnings of $830 or less.
Leave related
--Paid leave. Respondents were asked "Do you receive paid leave on your job?" or, for
those with multiple jobs, "Thinking about the job where you worked the most hours
last week, do you receive paid leave on your job?" Respondents were identified as
having paid leave at their main job if they answered "yes" to one of these questions.
--Unpaid leave. Respondents were asked "Are you allowed to take time off from work
without pay?" or, for those with multiple jobs, "In your main job, are you allowed
to take time off from work without pay?" Respondents were identified as having
unpaid leave at their main job if they answered "yes" to one of these questions.
--Reasons for taking leave. If respondents answered "yes" to having paid or unpaid
leave, they were asked about specific reasons for which they could take paid and
unpaid leave. The reasons are: own illness or medical care; illness or medical
care of another family member; childcare, other than for illness; eldercare, other
than for illness; vacation; errands or personal reasons; and birth or adoption of
a child.
Other
--Average week. The average week reflects an average across all wage and salary
workers in the population for the period of 7 days prior to the interview day.
Interviews are conducted on nearly all days of the year. The sequence of days
included in the average week differs for respondents whose interviews were
conducted on different days of the week. For example, if the interview was
conducted on a Friday, the average week refers to the previous Friday through
Thursday (yesterday). If the interview was conducted on a Monday, the average
week refers to the previous Monday through Sunday (yesterday).
--Health. Respondents were asked "Would you say your health in general is excellent,
very good, good, fair, or poor?" Answers to this question were used to categorize
health status for the estimates in this release.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the ATUS Leave Module are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, estimates differ
from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that
occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
Sample estimates from a given survey design are unbiased when an average of the
estimates from all possible samples would yield, hypothetically, the true population
value. In this case, the sample estimate and its standard error can be used to construct
approximate confidence intervals, or ranges of values that include the true population
value with known probabilities. If the process of selecting a sample from the population
were repeated many times, an estimate made from each sample, and a suitable estimate of
its standard error calculated for each sample, then approximately 90 percent of the
intervals from 1.645 standard errors below the estimate to 1.645 standard errors above
the estimate would include the true population value. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
The ATUS Leave Module data also are affected by nonsampling error, which is the
average difference between population and sample values for samples generated by a given
process. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample
a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and
errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
Nonsampling error and leave. Data provided in the Leave Module may be affected by
nonsampling error for a variety of reasons. Access to paid or unpaid leave may be
misreported if respondents are unaware of their employers’ leave policies. For example,
newer employees may not yet know whether they can take paid or unpaid leave from their
jobs, under what circumstances or for which reasons they can take leave, or the different
types of paid leave available to them. Some employers may have formal or written leave
policies, while others may rely on employees’ supervisors to convey and implement leave
policies. Unless employees have inquired about the specific leave arrangements, they
may not know if the specific leave arrangements are possible. For example, workers with
paid leave, who have never used unpaid leave, may not know if they can use unpaid leave,
or under what circumstances they may use unpaid leave.
Differences between employer- and employee-based surveys. Estimates of access to leave
that are derived from responses to household (or employee-based) surveys may differ from
estimates produced using establishment (or employer-based) surveys. In general, employer-
based surveys often provide more detailed and accurate data on employer leave policies,
while household surveys allow researchers to examine demographic factors such as sex, age,
ethnicity, education, race, and health status and how they relate to leave availability
and usage.
Table 1. Wage and salary workers with access to paid or unpaid leave at their main job by selected characteristics, 2011 annual averages
Percent of workers with access to:
Total wage
and salary
workers Paid leave (1) Unpaid leave (1) Paid or unpaid leave (1) (2)
Characteristic (in thou-
sands)
Yes No Do not Yes No Do not Yes No Do not
know know know
Age
Total, 15 years and over.................. 139,058 59.0 39.7 1.1 76.6 15.9 7.3 90.2 7.8 1.8
15 to 24 years.......................... 20,880 26.0 71.0 3.0 80.5 15.1 4.4 86.0 11.2 2.8
25 to 34 years.......................... 30,901 63.0 35.9 0.9 79.0 13.4 7.3 92.7 5.4 1.7
35 to 44 years.......................... 28,954 65.6 33.3 .8 72.3 19.1 8.2 89.4 8.7 1.6
45 to 54 years.......................... 31,566 69.7 29.8 .5 77.3 14.7 8.0 92.2 6.3 1.5
55 to 64 years.......................... 21,254 63.9 34.6 1.0 74.5 17.3 7.7 89.2 9.1 1.4
65 years and over....................... 5,503 45.5 52.6 1.7 74.3 17.5 7.5 88.5 8.3 2.4
Sex
Men...................................... 73,430 60.3 38.6 1.0 75.4 17.3 7.0 89.8 8.4 1.5
Women.................................... 65,628 57.5 41.0 1.3 77.9 14.3 7.6 90.6 7.1 2.1
Race (3)
White.................................... 116,125 58.9 39.8 1.2 76.9 15.4 7.5 90.5 7.7 1.7
Black or African American................ 15,204 60.6 38.2 1.0 76.7 17.5 5.5 90.4 7.6 1.8
Asian.................................... 5,188 62.2 36.8 .2 72.1 20.0 6.8 87.1 9.7 2.1
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (4)
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity............. 18,511 43.0 55.1 1.9 71.2 23.3 5.6 81.8 15.6 2.6
Nonhispanic.............................. 120,548 61.4 37.3 1.0 77.4 14.8 7.5 91.5 6.6 1.7
Educational attainment (25 years
and over)
Less than a high school diploma.......... 8,002 34.9 63.9 1.2 70.4 24.9 4.8 80.7 16.6 2.7
High school graduates, no college........ 33,358 61.1 38.2 .4 75.8 18.0 5.9 88.6 9.1 2.1
Some college or associate degree......... 30,886 66.4 32.4 .9 78.2 14.6 6.9 92.8 6.1 .8
Bachelor's degree and higher............. 45,932 71.6 27.2 .9 75.3 14.1 10.3 93.1 5.0 1.6
Parent of a household child
Parent of a household child under
18 years............................... 47,401 63.2 36.0 .7 76.6 16.6 6.6 90.2 7.9 1.8
Parent of a child 13 to 17 (none
younger)............................. 9,711 66.3 33.4 .3 71.6 18.7 9.7 87.8 9.4 2.9
Parent of a child under 13............. 37,690 62.4 36.7 .7 77.9 16.1 5.8 90.9 7.5 1.5
Not a parent of a household child
under 18............................... 91,657 56.8 41.6 1.4 76.5 15.5 7.6 90.2 7.8 1.8
Health (5)
Excellent................................ 38,052 58.6 39.6 1.2 75.0 17.5 7.0 89.3 8.8 1.4
Very good................................ 52,725 62.0 36.9 1.0 79.9 13.0 7.0 92.8 5.3 1.8
Good..................................... 38,054 56.5 42.5 1.0 74.8 17.0 7.9 88.1 9.7 2.1
Fair or poor............................. 10,227 53.4 44.5 2.0 71.8 20.8 7.2 87.8 10.0 2.1
Occupation
Management, business, and financial
operations............................. 21,246 77.2 21.5 .9 72.3 16.9 10.2 92.8 5.1 1.5
Professional and related................. 32,140 69.4 29.5 .8 76.2 13.2 10.2 93.0 5.2 1.5
Services................................. 24,004 35.7 62.4 2.0 79.7 15.5 4.7 87.3 10.9 1.8
Sales and related........................ 14,042 44.6 52.2 3.1 75.3 18.1 6.5 85.4 10.5 3.9
Office and administrative support........ 18,929 66.0 33.2 .6 78.6 14.6 6.5 91.7 6.5 1.5
Farming, fishing, and forestry........... 703 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8)
Construction and extraction.............. 6,878 36.1 63.5 .4 71.3 24.2 4.5 84.7 13.7 1.6
Installation, maintenance, and repair.... 4,972 71.3 28.6 .1 79.0 16.7 4.3 91.6 7.2 1.2
Production............................... 7,688 62.9 36.4 .7 81.5 14.7 3.8 90.4 8.1 1.4
Transportation and material moving....... 8,456 58.3 41.0 .5 75.6 17.7 6.5 89.0 9.3 1.6
Industry
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
hunting................................ 1,251 32.5 67.1 ~0 83.5 16.1 ~0 87.7 11.9 ~0
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas
extraction............................. 1,014 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8)
Construction............................. 8,684 38.5 60.9 .5 71.2 23.8 4.9 85.2 13.3 1.3
Manufacturing............................ 14,272 73.2 25.9 .8 79.5 12.8 7.5 92.5 5.6 1.7
Wholesale and retail trade............... 19,279 53.5 43.7 2.8 77.6 16.1 6.2 88.8 8.3 2.8
Transportation and utilities............. 7,411 72.2 27.2 ~0 74.6 18.8 6.1 89.0 10.4 ~0
Information.............................. 3,548 59.9 38.7 1.3 69.1 20.8 9.3 85.7 10.1 3.4
Financial activities..................... 8,096 79.0 20.3 .2 74.9 13.4 11.0 95.4 3.9 .2
Professional and business services....... 15,433 56.4 42.3 1.3 77.5 13.0 9.4 89.5 7.9 2.6
Education and health services............ 34,912 65.3 33.8 .6 76.5 14.9 8.2 91.9 6.0 1.9
Leisure and hospitality.................. 13,224 24.8 71.7 3.2 80.2 16.1 3.4 86.5 11.1 2.2
Other services........................... 5,066 42.2 57.6 .2 72.9 21.2 6.0 85.7 13.5 .8
Public administration.................... 6,870 89.2 10.7 .2 76.0 14.6 9.4 98.2 1.7 .2
Class of worker (6)
Private sector........................... 111,092 56.8 41.7 1.3 77.3 15.4 7.0 90.4 7.5 1.8
Private, for profit.................... 100,795 56.2 42.2 1.4 77.7 15.3 6.7 90.2 7.7 1.8
Private, not for profit................ 10,296 63.0 36.7 .3 73.2 16.4 10.0 92.3 6.3 1.4
Public sector............................ 23,586 76.1 23.1 .7 75.5 15.2 9.2 92.9 5.1 1.9
Federal government..................... 3,878 86.3 12.0 1.7 79.2 9.1 11.7 95.7 2.6 1.7
State government....................... 8,627 75.3 24.2 .5 76.3 14.3 9.5 94.7 3.6 1.7
Local government....................... 11,082 73.1 26.0 .6 73.6 18.0 8.1 90.4 7.2 2.0
Full- and part-time status
(single jobholders only)
Full-time workers........................ 98,492 71.4 27.5 .8 76.3 15.5 7.8 92.6 6.0 1.1
Part-time workers........................ 27,743 22.4 74.8 2.6 81.4 14.3 4.3 85.2 11.8 3.0
Earnings of full-time workers
(single jobholders only) (7)
$0 - $540................................ 24,229 50.1 48.2 1.5 78.0 16.5 5.1 88.4 9.6 1.6
$541 - $830.............................. 23,989 77.1 21.9 .9 78.9 14.1 6.9 94.7 4.0 1.2
$831 - $1,230............................ 23,260 81.2 17.8 .7 74.8 15.0 9.7 95.3 3.4 1.0
$1,231 and higher........................ 24,195 82.8 16.4 .4 75.4 14.1 10.1 94.9 4.0 .7
1 The subcategories do not sum to 100 percent because a small number of workers did not provide this information.
2 Some workers have access to both paid and unpaid leave.
3 Estimates for the race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.
4 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.
5 Health status was self-reported by individuals who participated in the survey.
6 Class of worker estimates do not include self-employed incorporated workers.
7 These values are based on usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range represents approximately 25 percent of full-time wage and salary workers
(except self-employed incorporated workers) who held only one job.
8 Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.
~0 Estimate is approximately zero.
NOTE: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to wage and salary workers age 15 years and over. Self-employed workers whose businesses are
incorporated are classified as wage and salary workers.
Table 2. Wage and salary workers who took leave from their main job during an average week: percent of workers taking leave, hours of leave taken, and
main reason for taking leave, 2011 annual averages
Workers who took paid or unpaid leave during an average week for any reason
Total Percent distribution by main reason for taking leave
wage and
salary Number Average Illness Child-
workers (in thou- Percent hours of Own or care or Errands Birth or
Characteristic (in thou- sands) leave illness medical elder- or adoption
sands) taken Total or care of care Vacation personal of a Other
medical a family (other reasons child
care member than for
illness)
Age
Total, 15 years and over......... 139,058 29,653 21.3 15.61 100.0 21.9 5.6 2.3 29.5 16.5 1.7 22.5
15 to 24 years................. 20,880 4,253 20.4 13.81 100.0 22.6 0.5 1.1 21.3 23.4 ~0 31.0
25 to 34 years................. 30,901 6,252 20.2 13.94 100.0 17.0 7.7 3.7 25.6 20.3 5.7 20.1
35 to 44 years................. 28,954 5,972 20.6 17.49 100.0 18.8 6.1 3.5 32.8 14.6 2.4 21.7
45 to 54 years................. 31,566 7,674 24.3 16.23 100.0 24.6 7.0 2.2 32.7 12.1 ~0 21.4
55 to 64 years................. 21,254 4,742 22.3 16.09 100.0 27.3 4.3 0.4 31.8 14.3 ~0 21.8
65 years and over.............. 5,503 760 13.8 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Sex
Men............................. 73,430 14,456 19.7 15.73 100.0 16.9 5.1 2.6 30.8 19.5 0.1 25.0
Women........................... 65,628 15,198 23.2 15.50 100.0 26.8 6.1 1.9 28.3 13.7 3.2 20.1
Race (1)
White........................... 116,125 25,228 21.7 15.45 100.0 20.8 5.7 2.4 29.8 16.6 1.4 23.3
Black or African American....... 15,204 3,219 21.2 16.25 100.0 31.1 4.9 1.0 26.0 14.9 2.7 19.5
Asian........................... 5,188 822 15.8 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (2)
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.... 18,511 2,564 13.9 15.93 100.0 22.8 6.2 6.2 23.1 18.0 .9 22.8
Nonhispanic..................... 120,548 27,089 22.5 15.58 100.0 21.8 5.5 1.9 30.1 16.4 1.7 22.5
Educational attainment (25
years and over)
Less than a high school diploma. 8,002 1,050 13.1 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
High school graduates, no
college....................... 33,358 7,170 21.5 17.29 100.0 24.8 7.3 2.3 26.7 17.2 1.4 20.4
Some college or associate
degree........................ 30,886 6,538 21.2 15.06 100.0 20.7 7.7 2.0 31.2 15.2 2.1 21.1
Bachelor's degree and higher.... 45,932 10,642 23.2 15.42 100.0 19.7 4.5 2.2 36.0 14.0 2.2 21.3
Parent of a household child
Parent of a household child
under 18 years................ 47,401 10,260 21.6 16.21 100.0 18.2 8.6 6.0 26.5 15.2 3.8 21.8
Parent of a child 13 to 17
(none younger)................ 9,711 1,865 19.2 16.48 100.0 21.8 7.6 7.5 38.2 11.6 ~0 13.3
Parent of a child under 13.... 37,690 8,396 22.3 16.15 100.0 17.4 8.8 5.6 23.9 16.0 4.6 23.6
Not a parent of a household
child under 18................ 91,657 19,393 21.2 15.29 100.0 23.9 4.0 .3 31.1 17.2 .6 22.9
Health (3)
Excellent....................... 38,052 8,253 21.7 16.00 100.0 12.8 4.4 1.2 39.5 17.5 2.0 22.6
Very good....................... 52,725 10,855 20.6 15.31 100.0 17.8 4.9 2.6 30.6 15.9 1.1 27.1
Good............................ 38,054 8,596 22.6 15.46 100.0 32.2 6.7 2.3 21.7 17.2 2.0 17.8
Fair or poor.................... 10,227 1,950 19.1 16.37 100.0 38.2 9.9 4.7 15.5 12.1 2.3 17.2
Occupation
Management, business, and
financial operations.......... 21,246 4,465 21.0 15.88 100.0 17.6 5.6 2.9 36.9 13.5 .3 23.3
Professional and related........ 32,140 8,110 25.2 15.97 100.0 19.4 4.6 2.2 36.3 14.4 2.8 20.3
Services........................ 24,004 4,369 18.2 14.00 100.0 27.6 9.0 1.1 20.2 20.5 1.1 20.6
Sales and related............... 14,042 2,480 17.7 14.73 100.0 21.1 1.9 3.7 35.5 15.8 3.1 18.9
Office and administrative
support....................... 18,929 4,633 24.5 12.68 100.0 24.5 4.6 1.5 25.2 17.6 1.6 25.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry.. 703 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Construction and extraction..... 6,878 1,141 16.6 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Installation, maintenance, and
repair........................ 4,972 1,141 23.0 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Production...................... 7,688 1,527 19.9 20.33 100.0 22.4 2.2 2.7 33.0 19.2 ~0 20.5
Transportation and material
moving........................ 8,456 1,541 18.2 16.92 100.0 30.0 3.6 3.9 12.8 21.5 1.5 26.6
Industry
Agriculture, forestry, fishing,
and hunting.................... 1,251 423 33.8 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Mining, quarrying, and oil and
gas extraction................ 1,014 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Construction.................... 8,684 1,517 17.5 16.14 100.0 12.1 9.9 5.6 19.6 13.9 2.5 36.3
Manufacturing................... 14,272 3,037 21.3 17.95 100.0 16.1 4.2 3.3 37.5 18.2 .6 20.2
Wholesale and retail trade...... 19,279 3,179 16.5 14.89 100.0 23.1 4.4 3.3 27.6 11.0 2.5 28.1
Transportation and utilities.... 7,411 1,763 23.8 20.32 100.0 35.2 4.5 1.8 23.5 13.1 1.7 20.2
Information.................... 3,548 871 24.6 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Financial activities............ 8,096 1,780 22.0 16.49 100.0 17.2 6.0 3.4 42.0 18.2 ~0 13.2
Professional and business .
services...................... 15,433 4,246 27.5 13.60 100.0 12.3 6.4 .4 26.3 26.8 1.7 26.1
Education and health services... 34,912 7,076 20.3 16.75 100.0 26.8 4.8 2.2 29.5 12.4 3.1 21.2
Leisure and hospitality......... 13,224 2,556 19.3 15.75 100.0 22.5 6.5 3.1 32.0 20.1 1.3 14.5
Other services.................. 5,066 652 12.9 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Public administration........... 6,870 2,395 34.9 10.99 100.0 30.8 7.4 1.1 32.2 11.3 ~0 17.1
Class of worker (4)
Private sector.................. 111,092 21,788 19.6 15.37 100.0 21.4 5.7 2.2 28.6 16.8 1.8 23.5
Private, for profit........... 100,795 19,854 19.7 15.40 100.0 20.7 5.7 2.2 28.2 17.4 1.5 24.4
Private, not for profit....... 10,296 1,935 18.8 15.06 100.0 28.5 5.7 2.4 33.1 11.0 5.0 14.3
Public sector................... 23,586 6,792 28.8 16.12 100.0 25.7 5.4 2.3 32.6 14.4 1.6 18.1
Federal government............ 3,878 1,419 36.6 11.02 100.0 34.7 4.2 .3 28.8 17.4 .5 14.2
State government.............. 8,627 2,122 24.6 14.64 100.0 25.8 7.6 1.9 26.3 14.1 2.6 21.7
Local government.............. 11,082 3,251 29.3 19.31 100.0 21.7 4.5 3.4 38.3 13.4 1.4 17.4
Full- and part-time status
(single jobholders only)
Full-time workers............... 98,492 21,628 22.0 16.26 100.0 22.9 5.4 2.4 30.7 14.6 2.2 21.9
Part-time workers............... 27,743 5,477 19.7 13.72 100.0 17.8 6.5 1.3 27.2 20.5 .4 26.4
Earnings of full-time workers
(single jobholders only) (5)
$0 - $540....................... 24,229 4,208 17.4 14.14 100.0 30.1 5.2 4.3 19.9 17.7 2.5 20.3
$541 - $830..................... 23,989 5,241 21.8 15.77 100.0 26.5 6.0 2.1 27.8 10.0 1.1 26.4
$831 - $1,230................... 23,260 5,527 23.8 17.84 100.0 21.4 5.3 .9 31.9 16.4 1.5 22.6
$1,231 and higher............... 24,195 6,083 25.1 16.47 100.0 17.1 5.3 2.0 39.4 15.0 3.8 17.3
1 Estimates for the race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.
2 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.
3 Health status was self-reported by individuals who participated in the survey.
4 Class of worker estimates do not include self-employed incorporated workers.
5 These values are based on usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range represents approximately 25 percent of full-time wage and salary workers
(except self-employed incorporated workers) who held only one job.
6 Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.
~0 Estimate is approximately zero.
NOTE: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to wage and salary workers age 15 years and over. Self-employed workers whose businesses are
incorporated are classified as wage and salary workers.
Table 3. Wage and salary workers who took leave from their main job during an average week: percent of workers taking leave and
type of leave used, 2011 annual averages
Workers who took paid or unpaid leave during an average week for any reason
Total wage
and salary
workers Percent distribution by type of leave used
Characteristic (in thou- Number
sands) (in thou- Percent
sands) Total Paid leave Unpaid leave Paid and
only only unpaid leave
Age
Total, 15 years and over......... 139,058 29,653 21.3 100.0 57.1 40.0 2.9
15 to 24 years................. 20,880 4,253 20.4 100.0 19.8 78.3 2.0
25 to 34 years................. 30,901 6,252 20.2 100.0 57.7 38.4 3.9
35 to 44 years................. 28,954 5,972 20.6 100.0 63.1 33.9 2.9
45 to 54 years................. 31,566 7,674 24.3 100.0 68.9 27.2 3.9
55 to 64 years................. 21,254 4,742 22.3 100.0 65.8 32.9 1.3
65 years and over.............. 5,503 760 13.8 (6) (6) (6) (6)
Sex
Men............................. 73,430 14,456 19.7 100.0 58.7 38.0 3.3
Women........................... 65,628 15,198 23.2 100.0 55.6 41.9 2.5
Race (1)
White........................... 116,125 25,228 21.7 100.0 57.7 39.5 2.8
Black or African American....... 15,204 3,219 21.2 100.0 54.6 43.8 1.6
Asian........................... 5,188 822 15.8 (6) (6) (6) (6)
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (2)
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.... 18,511 2,564 13.9 100.0 41.6 54.7 3.7
Nonhispanic..................... 120,548 27,089 22.5 100.0 58.6 38.6 2.8
Educational attainment (25
years and over)
Less than a high school diploma. 8,002 1,050 13.1 (6) (6) (6) (6)
High school graduates, no
college....................... 33,358 7,170 21.5 100.0 57.4 40.4 2.1
Some college or associate
degree........................ 30,886 6,538 21.2 100.0 61.4 33.8 4.9
Bachelor's degree and higher.... 45,932 10,642 23.2 100.0 72.2 25.3 2.5
Parent of a household child
Parent of a household child
under 18 years................ 47,401 10,260 21.6 100.0 63.1 33.5 3.5
Parent of a child 13 to 17
(none younger)................ 9,711 1,865 19.2 100.0 67.8 31.5 .7
Parent of a child under 13.... 37,690 8,396 22.3 100.0 62.0 33.9 4.1
Not a parent of a household
child under 18................ 91,657 19,393 21.2 100.0 53.9 43.5 2.6
Health (3)
Excellent....................... 38,052 8,253 21.7 100.0 57.4 38.9 3.7
Very good....................... 52,725 10,855 20.6 100.0 58.9 38.1 3.0
Good............................ 38,054 8,596 22.6 100.0 58.7 39.0 2.3
Fair or poor.................... 10,227 1,950 19.1 100.0 38.8 59.7 1.5
Occupation
Management, business, and
financial operations.......... 21,246 4,465 21.0 100.0 77.2 20.2 2.5
Professional and related........ 32,140 8,110 25.2 100.0 68.3 28.8 2.8
Services........................ 24,004 4,369 18.2 100.0 33.2 65.8 1.0
Sales and related............... 14,042 2,480 17.7 100.0 34.6 64.1 1.2
Office and administrative
support....................... 18,929 4,633 24.5 100.0 59.6 36.9 3.6
Farming, fishing, and forestry . 703 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Construction and extraction..... 6,878 1,141 16.6 (6) (6) (6) (6)
Installation, maintenance, and
repair........................ 4,972 1,141 23.0 (6) (6) (6) (6)
Production...................... 7,688 1,527 19.9 100.0 51.2 41.3 7.5
Transportation and material
moving........................ 8,456 1,541 18.2 100.0 46.6 49.4 4.0
Industry
Agriculture, forestry, fishing,
and hunting................... 1,251 423 33.8 (6) (6) (6) (6)
Mining, quarrying, and oil and
gas extraction................ 1,014 (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Construction.................... 8,684 1,517 17.5 100.0 43.1 56.2 .6
Manufacturing................... 14,272 3,037 21.3 100.0 67.9 27.8 4.4
Wholesale and retail trade...... 19,279 3,179 16.5 100.0 48.9 46.0 5.1
Transportation and utilities.... 7,411 1,763 23.8 100.0 71.4 25.0 3.5
Information..................... 3,548 871 24.6 (6) (6) (6) (6)
Financial activities............ 8,096 1,780 22.0 100.0 68.3 28.5 3.2
Professional and business
services...................... 15,433 4,246 27.5 100.0 46.4 50.0 3.5
Education and health services... 34,912 7,076 20.3 100.0 66.7 30.2 3.2
Leisure and hospitality......... 13,224 2,556 19.3 100.0 12.8 86.0 1.2
Other services.................. 5,066 652 12.9 (6) (6) (6) (6)
Public administration........... 6,870 2,395 34.9 100.0 91.2 8.8 ~0
Class of worker (4)
Private sector.................. 111,092 21,788 19.6 100.0 53.5 43.3 3.2
Private, for profit........... 100,795 19,854 19.7 100.0 51.3 45.2 3.5
Private, not for profit....... 10,296 1,935 18.8 100.0 76.5 23.5 ~0
Public sector................... 23,586 6,792 28.8 100.0 74.9 22.8 2.3
Federal government............ 3,878 1,419 36.6 100.0 94.4 5.0 .6
State government.............. 8,627 2,122 24.6 100.0 77.5 19.8 2.7
Local government.............. 11,082 3,251 29.3 100.0 64.8 32.4 2.8
Full- and part-time status
(single jobholders only)
Full-time workers............... 98,492 21,628 22.0 100.0 67.6 29.0 3.3
Part-time workers............... 27,743 5,477 19.7 100.0 10.6 86.9 2.4
Earnings of full-time workers
(single jobholders only) (5)
$0 - $540....................... 24,229 4,208 17.4 100.0 39.8 55.3 5.0
$541 - $830..................... 23,989 5,241 21.8 100.0 68.8 26.9 4.3
$831 - $1,230................... 23,260 5,527 23.8 100.0 76.2 20.5 3.3
$1,231 and higher............... 24,195 6,083 25.1 100.0 82.3 16.0 1.7
1 Estimates for the race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races.
2 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.
3 Health status was self-reported by individuals who participated in the survey.
4 Class of worker estimates do not include self-employed incorporated workers.
5 These values are based on usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range represents approximately 25 percent of full-time wage
and salary workers (except self-employed incorporated workers) who held only one job.
6 Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.
~0 Estimate is approximately zero.
NOTE: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to wage and salary workers age 15 years and over. Self-employed workers whose
businesses are incorporated are classified as wage and salary workers.
Table 4. Wage and salary workers who took leave from their main job during an average week: percent of workers taking leave,
hours of leave taken, and type of leave used by main reason for taking leave, 2011 annual averages
Workers who took paid or unpaid leave during an average week
Percent distribution by type of leave
Number Average
Main reason for taking leave (in thou- Percent hours of
sands) leave taken Paid leave Unpaid Paid and
Total only leave only unpaid
leave
Total..................................... 29,653 21.3 15.61 100.0 57.1 40.0 2.9
Own illness or medical care............. 6,502 4.7 13.79 100.0 62.6 34.8 2.7
Illness or medical care of another
family member......................... 1,656 1.2 11.52 100.0 65.0 30.7 4.2
Childcare or eldercare (other than for
illness).............................. 677 0.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Vacation................................ 8,758 6.3 21.53 100.0 68.3 28.9 2.7
Errands or personal reasons............. 4,890 3.5 8.79 100.0 47.1 51.3 1.6
Birth or adoption of a child............ 497 .4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Other................................... 6,673 4.8 14.29 100.0 44.8 51.4 3.8
1 Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.
NOTE: Data refer to wage and salary workers age 15 years and over. Self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated
are classified as wage and salary workers.
Table 5. Wage and salary workers who can adjust their schedule or location (1) at their main job by selected characteristics, 2011 annual averages
Wage and salary workers Percent of workers who can adjust their:
(in thousands)
Schedule Location Schedule or Location
Characteristic
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women
Age
Total, 15 years and over................ 139,058 73,430 65,628 53.1 52.5 53.8 22.1 23.3 20.7 55.9 55.6 56.3
15 to 24 years........................ 20,880 10,535 10,346 62.6 59.8 65.6 16.0 16.6 15.3 65.4 61.4 69.4
25 to 34 years........................ 30,901 16,712 14,189 55.3 53.1 57.9 23.8 24.0 23.6 57.9 56.0 60.2
35 to 44 years........................ 28,954 15,939 13,015 51.8 51.2 52.5 25.0 25.0 24.9 55.4 55.6 55.0
45 to 54 years........................ 31,566 16,297 15,268 49.0 49.0 49.1 23.5 25.7 21.2 51.7 51.8 51.5
55 to 64 years........................ 21,254 11,264 9,990 48.9 51.9 45.6 20.4 23.0 17.6 51.5 55.0 47.6
65 years and over..................... 5,503 2,684 2,819 51.2 52.4 50.2 18.5 22.1 15.0 53.0 53.9 52.2
Race (2)
White.................................. 116,125 62,571 53,554 53.7 53.3 54.1 22.3 23.8 20.6 56.6 56.5 56.7
Black or African American.............. 15,204 6,809 8,395 47.9 41.2 53.4 18.2 17.5 18.8 49.8 43.2 55.2
Asian.................................. 5,188 2,565 2,623 57.6 60.7 54.6 30.5 35.9 25.3 59.8 64.9 54.8
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (3)
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity........... 18,511 10,938 7,573 44.1 40.8 48.9 14.9 12.3 18.6 48.2 45.7 51.9
Nonhispanic............................ 120,548 62,492 58,055 54.5 54.6 54.4 23.2 25.2 21.0 57.1 57.3 56.9
Educational attainment (25 years
and over)
Less than a high school diploma........ 8,002 5,286 2,716 32.0 29.8 36.1 11.7 11.2 12.5 37.6 35.8 41.3
High school graduates, no college...... 33,358 19,044 14,313 44.4 40.2 50.1 13.3 11.1 16.2 48.2 45.1 52.5
Some college or associate degree....... 30,886 15,043 15,843 53.8 52.6 55.0 18.8 18.8 18.8 55.8 54.6 56.9
Bachelor's degree and higher........... 45,932 23,522 22,410 58.3 64.3 52.0 35.3 41.9 28.4 60.5 66.5 54.2
Parent of a household child
Parent of a household child under
18 years............................. 47,401 24,631 22,770 52.5 51.2 54.0 24.6 26.8 22.3 55.1 54.5 55.7
Parent of a child 13 to 17 (none
younger)........................... 9,711 4,937 4,774 46.4 48.1 44.6 21.6 23.9 19.2 50.3 53.8 46.8
Parent of a child under 13.......... 37,690 19,695 17,996 54.1 52.0 56.5 25.4 27.5 23.1 56.3 54.7 58.1
Not a parent of a household child
under 18............................. 91,657 48,799 42,858 53.4 53.2 53.7 20.8 21.6 19.9 56.3 56.1 56.7
Health (4)
Excellent.............................. 38,052 19,423 18,629 56.7 59.4 53.9 25.4 28.8 21.9 59.1 61.7 56.3
Very good.............................. 52,725 28,664 24,061 56.1 55.3 57.1 24.4 25.4 23.2 58.3 57.6 59.1
Good................................... 38,054 20,092 17,962 48.7 45.1 52.6 17.2 17.6 16.8 52.7 49.7 56.1
Fair or poor........................... 10,227 5,252 4,975 40.8 40.0 41.6 16.0 13.7 18.4 43.8 44.0 43.6
Occupation
Management, business, and financial
operations........................... 21,246 12,324 8,922 64.7 65.5 63.5 38.6 39.5 37.3 67.1 68.2 65.5
Professional and related............... 32,140 13,599 18,540 51.3 59.9 45.1 28.4 36.7 22.3 53.5 62.7 46.7
Services............................... 24,004 10,660 13,343 55.5 55.5 55.4 12.3 12.4 12.2 58.7 58.6 58.7
Sales and related...................... 14,042 6,857 7,185 68.5 68.2 68.7 27.2 32.5 22.2 71.1 69.2 72.8
Office and administrative support....... 18,929 5,166 13,762 55.7 59.4 54.3 17.1 18.1 16.8 57.0 60.4 55.7
Farming, fishing, and forestry......... 703 430 273 (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7)
Construction and extraction............ 6,878 6,629 249 31.1 30.9 (7) 14.8 15.1 (7) 38.7 37.2 (7)
Installation, maintenance, and repair.. 4,972 4,819 153 44.1 43.2 (7) 13.0 11.9 (7) 45.5 44.7 (7)
Production............................. 7,688 5,661 2,027 35.5 34.0 39.8 8.7 7.2 12.8 40.4 39.3 43.2
Transportation and material moving..... 8,456 7,285 1,171 32.7 32.9 (7) 12.0 10.5 (7) 36.5 36.4 (7)
Industry
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
hunting.............................. 1,251 981 270 55.2 (7) (7) 17.2 (7) (7) 58.1 (7) (7)
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas
extraction........................... 1,014 925 90 (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7)
Construction........................... 8,684 7,924 760 33.5 30.9 (7) 20.4 18.0 (7) 38.1 34.6 (7)
Manufacturing.......................... 14,272 10,735 3,537 48.1 47.6 49.7 20.9 19.3 25.5 52.1 52.0 52.5
Wholesale and retail trade............. 19,279 10,295 8,983 63.1 63.6 62.5 22.8 25.4 19.8 66.2 65.3 67.2
Transportation and utilities........... 7,411 5,633 1,778 34.3 30.5 46.1 14.1 11.3 23.2 38.2 34.7 49.2
Information............................ 3,548 1,789 1,759 67.8 67.0 68.5 42.4 41.5 43.4 69.0 68.3 69.6
Financial activities................... 8,096 3,321 4,775 58.4 62.9 55.4 31.4 45.1 21.9 60.9 67.9 56.1
Professional and business services..... 15,433 9,814 5,619 61.2 60.9 61.9 36.8 38.8 33.2 65.1 64.8 65.6
Education and health services.......... 34,912 9,458 25,453 44.6 48.2 43.2 16.6 19.5 15.5 46.5 50.9 44.9
Leisure and hospitality................ 13,224 6,276 6,948 69.1 69.3 68.9 14.7 12.7 16.5 70.5 69.8 71.2
Other services......................... 5,066 2,269 2,797 58.6 53.9 62.4 25.5 23.8 26.8 60.9 54.9 65.8
Public administration.................. 6,870 4,011 2,859 58.0 57.5 58.7 21.4 21.1 21.8 59.6 59.6 59.6
Class of worker (5)
Private sector......................... 111,092 59,928 51,164 54.9 52.4 57.9 22.6 22.9 22.2 58.0 55.6 60.8
Private, for profit.................. 100,795 56,456 44,339 54.4 52.0 57.3 22.0 22.3 21.7 57.6 55.3 60.5
Private, not for profit.............. 10,296 3,472 6,825 60.4 58.6 61.4 28.2 33.7 25.3 62.2 61.1 62.8
Public sector.......................... 23,586 10,474 13,112 39.6 45.4 35.0 14.9 18.3 12.1 40.8 46.8 36.0
Federal government................... 3,878 2,404 1,473 49.5 49.0 50.4 20.6 20.9 20.3 52.7 53.3 51.7
State government..................... 8,627 3,587 5,039 45.4 53.0 40.0 20.1 29.3 13.4 46.3 54.0 40.8
Local government..................... 11,082 4,482 6,599 31.7 37.4 27.9 8.8 8.0 9.3 32.4 37.5 28.9
Full- and part-time status
(single jobholders only)
Full-time workers...................... 98,492 56,935 41,557 50.0 50.3 49.6 22.5 23.9 20.7 52.8 53.4 52.0
Part-time workers...................... 27,743 10,021 17,722 63.0 62.3 63.4 19.2 17.5 20.2 65.7 64.9 66.2
Earnings of full-time workers
(single jobholders only) (6)
$0 - $540.............................. 24,229 11,941 12,287 43.9 41.9 45.8 11.7 11.6 11.8 47.2 45.1 49.3
$541 - $830............................ 23,989 12,260 11,729 46.3 44.1 48.5 14.4 13.5 15.5 48.8 47.4 50.3
$831 - $1,230.......................... 23,260 14,367 8,892 48.6 47.3 50.8 22.4 20.3 25.8 51.5 51.1 52.1
$1,231 and higher...................... 24,195 16,243 7,952 58.1 60.0 54.1 39.3 41.5 34.7 60.2 62.1 56.4
1 Data refer to workers who can adjust their schedule or location instead of taking leave or because they need to take time off from work.
2 Estimates for the race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.
3 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.
4 Health status was self-reported by individuals who participated in the survey.
5 Class of worker estimates do not include self-employed incorporated workers.
6 These values are based on usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range represents approximately 25 percent of full-time wage and salary workers
(except self-employed incorporated workers) who held only one job.
7 Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.
NOTE: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to wage and salary workers age 15 years and over. Self-employed workers whose businesses are
incorporated are classified as wage and salary workers.
Table 6. Wage and salary workers who adjusted their schedule or location (1) at their main job during an average week by selected
characteristics, 2011 annual averages
Percent of workers who adjusted
Wage and salary workers (in thousands) their schedule or location during
an average week
Characteristic
Total Men Women Total Men Women
Age
Total, 15 years and over..................... 139,058 73,430 65,628 6.8 6.4 7.2
15 to 24 years............................. 20,880 10,535 10,346 5.5 4.6 6.3
25 to 34 years............................. 30,901 16,712 14,189 8.0 7.6 8.6
35 to 44 years............................. 28,954 15,939 13,015 8.4 6.7 10.5
45 to 54 years............................. 31,566 16,297 15,268 6.3 5.9 6.7
55 to 64 years............................. 21,254 11,264 9,990 4.6 5.4 3.7
65 years and over.......................... 5,503 2,684 2,819 7.4 11.4 3.5
Race (2)
White....................................... 116,125 62,571 53,554 7.0 6.4 7.6
Black or African American................... 15,204 6,809 8,395 3.9 3.0 4.6
Asian....................................... 5,188 2,565 2,623 8.8 12.2 5.5
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (3)
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................ 18,511 10,938 7,573 3.3 2.8 4.1
Nonhispanic................................. 120,548 62,492 58,055 7.3 7.0 7.6
Educational attainment (25 years
and over)
Less than a high school diploma............. 8,002 5,286 2,716 1.6 2.1 .7
High school graduates, no college........... 33,358 19,044 14,313 3.7 3.4 4.0
Some college or associate degree............ 30,886 15,043 15,843 6.9 6.7 7.1
Bachelor's degree and higher................ 45,932 23,522 22,410 10.4 10.4 10.5
Parent of a household child
Parent of a household child under
18 years.................................. 47,401 24,631 22,770 9.1 8.9 9.4
Parent of a child 13 to 17 (none
younger)................................ 9,711 4,937 4,774 7.2 8.2 6.1
Parent of a child under 13.................. 37,690 19,695 17,996 9.6 9.1 10.3
Not a parent of a household child
under 18................................... 91,657 48,799 42,858 5.6 5.1 6.0
Health (4)
Excellent................................... 38,052 19,423 18,629 6.7 6.1 7.3
Very good................................... 52,725 28,664 24,061 7.8 7.8 7.9
Good........................................ 38,054 20,092 17,962 5.9 5.1 6.7
Fair or poor................................ 10,227 5,252 4,975 5.2 5.0 5.3
Occupation
Management, business, and financial
operations................................ 21,246 12,324 8,922 12.0 11.4 12.9
Professional and related.................... 32,140 13,599 18,540 9.9 11.1 9.0
Services.................................... 24,004 10,660 13,343 4.4 4.4 4.4
Sales and related........................... 14,042 6,857 7,185 5.3 5.6 5.0
Office and administrative support........... 18,929 5,166 13,762 6.2 5.3 6.6
Farming, fishing, and forestry.............. 703 430 273 (7) (7) (7)
Construction and extraction................. 6,878 6,629 249 2.4 2.5 (7)
Installation, maintenance, and repair....... 4,972 4,819 153 4.7 4.8 (7)
Production.................................. 7,688 5,661 2,027 2.8 2.9 2.5
Transportation and material moving.......... 8,456 7,285 1,171 1.1 1.3 (7)
Industry
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting. 1,251 981 270 2.8 (7) (7)
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas
extraction................................ 1,014 925 90 (7) (7) (7)
Construction................................ 8,684 7,924 760 3.4 2.9 (7)
Manufacturing............................... 14,272 10,735 3,537 7.4 6.2 11.2
Wholesale and retail trade.................. 19,279 10,295 8,983 4.2 4.0 4.5
Transportation and utilities................ 7,411 5,633 1,778 2.8 1.8 5.9
Information................................. 3,548 1,789 1,759 12.8 9.5 16.2
Financial activities........................ 8,096 3,321 4,775 10.3 9.5 10.9
Professional and business services.......... 15,433 9,814 5,619 12.6 12.3 13.2
Education and health services............... 34,912 9,458 25,453 6.1 8.0 5.4
Leisure and hospitality..................... 13,224 6,276 6,948 5.7 4.9 6.3
Other services.............................. 5,066 2,269 2,797 8.4 8.7 8.2
Public administration....................... 6,870 4,011 2,859 6.6 6.9 6.1
Class of worker (5)
Private sector.............................. 111,092 59,928 51,164 6.9 6.2 7.7
Private, for profit....................... 100,795 56,456 44,339 6.9 6.0 8.0
Private, not for profit................... 10,296 3,472 6,825 7.6 10.4 6.1
Public sector............................... 23,586 10,474 13,112 5.1 4.8 5.2
Federal government........................ 3,878 2,404 1,473 5.3 4.6 6.4
State government.......................... 8,627 3,587 5,039 7.0 7.7 6.4
Local government.......................... 11,082 4,482 6,599 3.5 2.7 4.1
Full- and part-time status
(single jobholders only)
Full-time workers........................... 98,492 56,935 41,557 6.8 6.3 7.4
Part-time workers........................... 27,743 10,021 17,722 6.4 5.7 6.8
Earnings of full-time workers
(single jobholders only) (6)
$0 - $540................................... 24,229 11,941 12,287 3.9 3.3 4.6
$541 - $830................................. 23,989 12,260 11,729 4.4 4.8 3.9
$831 - $1,230............................... 23,260 14,367 8,892 7.4 4.4 12.3
$1,231 and higher........................... 24,195 16,243 7,952 10.8 10.6 11.2
1 Data refer to workers who can adjust their schedule or location instead of taking leave or because they need to take time
off from work.
2 Estimates for the race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races.
3 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.
4 Health status was self-reported by individuals who participated in the survey.
5 Class of worker estimates do not include self-employed incorporated workers.
6 These values are based on usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range represents approximately 25 percent of full-time wage
and salary workers (except self-employed incorporated workers) who held only one job.
7 Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.
NOTE: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to wage and salary workers age 15 years and over. Self-employed workers whose
businesses are incorporated are classified as wage and salary workers.
Table 7. Wage and salary workers who adjusted their schedule or location (1) at their main job: reasons for not taking leave by selected
characteristics, 2011 annual averages
Workers who adjusted their schedule or location during an average week
Percent distribution by reasons for not taking leave (2)
Characteristic Feared
negative Did not
employment have
Did not Could not conse- access Other
Number Too Wanted have afford quences to paid
(in thou- much to save enough loss in or leave or unpaid
sands) work leave leave income denied leave
Total..................................... 9,426 16.6 26.3 2.7 12.9 0.7 9.5 32.0
Men...................................... 4,699 17.2 20.3 2.3 12.1 1.3 7.5 39.0
Women.................................... 4,727 15.9 32.4 3.1 13.6 .1 11.5 25.1
Race (3)
White.................................... 8,074 15.2 26.2 3.0 14.4 .8 8.7 32.5
Black or African American................ 596 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8)
Asian.................................... 458 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8)
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (4)
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity............. 616 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8)
Nonhispanic.............................. 8,810 17.6 27.1 2.0 12.5 .8 9.0 32.0
Educational attainment (25 years
and over)
High school graduate or less (5)......... 1,363 10.1 32.0 5.0 18.5 2.9 8.5 23.3
Some college or associate degree......... 2,125 18.5 22.0 .4 16.5 1.3 8.5 32.9
Bachelor's degree and higher............. 4,797 19.9 27.5 3.3 5.0 ~0 9.0 36.6
Parent of a household child
Parent of a household child under
18 years............................... 4,332 17.8 24.6 3.2 12.1 .5 8.5 34.5
Parent of a child 13 to 17 (none
younger)............................. 697 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8)
Parent of a child under 13............. 3,635 18.5 25.6 1.6 13.8 .2 7.9 33.6
Not a parent of a household child
under 18............................... 5,095 15.5 27.8 2.4 13.5 .9 10.3 29.9
Health (6)
Excellent................................ 2,541 13.6 35.0 1.4 4.8 ~0 9.2 36.0
Very good................................ 4,128 17.4 25.4 1.1 19.8 .8 6.5 31.6
Good..................................... 2,230 20.2 19.1 4.4 7.0 1.5 16.6 30.9
Fair or poor............................. 528 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8)
Full- and part-time status
(single jobholders only)
Full-time workers........................ 6,658 19.4 30.3 2.4 9.9 1.0 4.8 33.2
Part-time workers........................ 1,773 8.5 11.6 5.4 20.0 ~0 24.7 29.9
Earnings of full-time workers
(single jobholders only) (7)
$0 - $830................................ 2,001 7.0 26.6 5.8 19.6 3.4 3.2 32.9
$831 and higher.......................... 4,332 25.0 33.8 1.1 5.8 ~0 4.4 32.5
1 Data refer to workers who can adjust their schedule or location instead of taking leave or because they need to take time off from
work.
2 Estimates for reasons may sum to more than 100 percent because some people had multiple reasons for not taking leave.
3 Estimates for the race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for
all races.
4 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.
5 The categories for persons with a high school diploma only and those with less than a high school diploma are combined because there
were insufficient data to produce estimates for each category.
6 Health status was self-reported by individuals who participated in the survey.
7 These values are based on usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range represents approximately 50 percent of full-time wage and salary
workers (except self-employed incorporated workers) who held only one job.
8 Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.
~0 Estimate is approximately zero.
NOTE: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to wage and salary workers age 15 years and over. Self-employed workers whose businesses
are incorporated are classified as wage and salary workers.
United States Department of Labor
