Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment (Monthly) News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, December 2, 2021				USDL-21-2074

Technical information: 
 Employment:     (202) 691-6559  *  sminfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/sae 
 Unemployment:   (202) 691-6392  *  lausinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/lau 

Media contact:   (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


	      METROPOLITAN AREA EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT -- OCTOBER 2021


Unemployment rates were lower in October than a year earlier in 386 of the 389 metropolitan
areas, higher in 1 area, and unchanged in 2 areas, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
reported today. A total of 110 areas had jobless rates of less than 3.0 percent and 2
areas had rates of at least 10.0 percent. Nonfarm payroll employment increased over the
year in 96 metropolitan areas and was essentially unchanged in 293 areas. The national
unemployment rate in October was 4.3 percent, not seasonally adjusted, down from 6.6
percent a year earlier.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly programs. The civilian labor force 
and unemployment data are based on the same concepts and definitions as those used for the
national household survey estimates. These data pertain to individuals by where they 
reside. The employment data are from an establishment survey that measures nonfarm 
employment, hours, and earnings by industry. These data pertain to jobs on payrolls 
defined by where the establishments are located. For more information about the concepts
and statistical methodologies used by these two programs, see the Technical Note.

 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|                   Revisions to Unemployment Data for September 2021                   |
|											|
| Due to the implementation of an improvement in a prior outlier treatment, model-based |
| unemployment levels and rates for the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, 	|
| and Wisconsin were subject to larger than typical revisions for September 2021. Data  |
| for non-modeled metropolitan areas and metropolitan divisions were affected in 	|
| proportion to the effects on their model-based control areas. See 			|
| www.bls.gov/lau/launews1.htm for additional information.				|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|


Metropolitan Area Unemployment (Not Seasonally Adjusted)

In October, Logan, UT-ID, and Provo-Orem, UT, had the lowest unemployment rates, 1.1 
percent and 1.2 percent, respectively. El Centro, CA, had the highest rate, 17.7 percent.
A total of 252 areas had October jobless rates below the U.S. rate of 4.3 percent, 127
areas had rates above it, and 10 areas had rates equal to that of the nation. 
(See table 1.)

The largest over-the-year unemployment rate decrease in October occurred in Kahului-
Wailuku-Lahaina, HI (-14.6 percentage points). Rates fell over the year by at least 5.0 
percentage points in an additional six areas. The only unemployment rate increase was in
Springfield, OH (+0.4 percentage point).

Of the 51 metropolitan areas with a 2010 Census population of 1 million or more, Salt Lake
City, UT, had the lowest jobless rate in October, 1.4 percent, followed by Oklahoma City,
OK, 1.9 percent. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA, had the highest unemployment rate, 
7.1 percent. All 51 large areas had over-the-year unemployment rate decreases. The largest
jobless rate decline was in Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV (-7.1 percentage points). The
smallest over-the-year rate decrease occurred in Jacksonville, FL (-0.6 percentage point).

Metropolitan Division Unemployment (Not Seasonally Adjusted)

Eleven of the most populous metropolitan areas are made up of 38 metropolitan divisions,
which are essentially separately identifiable employment centers. In October, Nashua, 
NH-MA, had the lowest division unemployment rate, 2.4 percent. Los Angeles-Long Beach-
Glendale, CA, had the highest rate among the divisions, 7.8 percent. (See table 2.)

In October, all 38 metropolitan divisions had over-the-year unemployment rate decreases. 
Detroit-Dearborn-Livonia, MI, had the largest rate decline (-6.5 percentage points). The 
smallest rate decrease occurred in Wilmington, DE-MD-NJ (-0.8 percentage point).

Metropolitan Area Nonfarm Employment (Not Seasonally Adjusted)

In October, 96 metropolitan areas had over-the-year increases in nonfarm payroll 
employment and 293 were essentially unchanged. The largest over-the-year employment 
increases occurred in Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA (+326,400), New York-Newark-Jersey
City, NY-NJ-PA (+302,600), and Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX (+176,300). The largest 
over-the-year percentage gains in employment occurred in Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI (+17.2
percent), Urban Honolulu, HI (+10.5 percent), and Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, AL (+10.3 percent).
(See table 3.)

Over the year, nonfarm employment increased in 47 metropolitan areas with a 2010 Census 
population of 1 million or more, while employment was essentially unchanged in 4 areas. The
largest over-the-year percentage increases in employment in these large metropolitan areas
occurred in Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV (+8.5 percent), and Austin-Round Rock, TX, and
Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL (+7.0 percent each). 

Metropolitan Division Nonfarm Employment (Not Seasonally Adjusted)

In October, nonfarm payroll employment increased in 26 metropolitan divisions and was 
essentially unchanged in 12 divisions over the year. The largest over-the-year increase in
employment among the metropolitan divisions occurred in New York-Jersey City-White Plains,
NY-NJ (+247,300), followed by Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA (+227,500), and Dallas-
Plano-Irving, TX (+135,200). (See table 4.)

The largest over-the-year percentage increases in employment occurred in San Francisco-
Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA (+6.6 percent), Anaheim-Santa Ana-Irvine, CA (+6.5 
percent), and Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, FL (+6.2 percent). 

_____________
The State Employment and Unemployment news release for November is scheduled to be released
on Friday, December 17, 2021, at 10:00 a.m. (ET). The Metropolitan Area Employment and
Unemployment news release for November is scheduled to be released on Thursday, December
30, 2021, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).


 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|                Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on October 2021                 |
|			Establishment and Household Survey Data				|
|											|
| Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment 	|
| survey, more data continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the 	|
| pandemic. In the household survey, for the safety of both interviewers and 		|
| respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone interviews could |
| not be done.										|
|											|
| To reflect the net effect of the contribution of business births (openings) and 	|
| deaths (closings) to the establishment survey estimates, BLS uses a model to account  |
| for the relatively stable net employment change generated by business births and 	|
| deaths. Beginning with data for March 2020, BLS introduced special adjustments to its |
| birth-death model to better reflect the net contribution of births and deaths during  |
| the pandemic. BLS has determined that these adjustments are no longer necessary. 	|
| Therefore, beginning with data for October 2021, BLS reverted back to the methodology |
| used prior to the onset of the pandemic. More information about changes to the 	|
| establishment survey's birth-death model is available at 				|
| www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbdqa.htm#qa9.						|
|											|
| For the October 2021 estimates of household employment and unemployment from the 	|
| Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, BLS continued to implement level-	|
| shift outliers in the employment and/or unemployment inputs to the state models, 	|
| based on statistical evaluation of movements in each area's inputs. These level 	|
| shifts preserved movements in the published estimates that the models otherwise would |
| have discounted, without requiring changes to how the models create estimates at 	|
| other points in the time series.							|
|											|
| The "Frequently asked questions" document at 						|
| www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-october-2021.htm extensively 	|
| discusses the impact of a misclassification in the household survey on the national   |
| estimates for October 2021. Despite the considerable decline in its degree relative 	|
| to prior months, this misclassification continued to be widespread geographically, 	|
| which in turn affected the official LAUS estimates for October 2021.			|
|											|
| Household data for substate areas are controlled to the employment and unemployment	|
| totals for their respective model-based areas. Hence, the preliminary October and 	|
| revised September estimates for substate areas reflect the use of level-shift 	|
| outliers, where implemented, in the inputs for their model-based control areas. The 	|
| substate area estimates also were impacted by misclassification in the household 	|
| survey, in proportion to the impacts of the misclassifications on the data for their  |
| model-based control areas.								|
|											|
| Household data for Puerto Rico are not modeled, but rather are derived from a monthly |
| household survey similar to the Current Population Survey. The Puerto Rico Department |
| of Labor has reported a misclassification in its household survey similar in nature 	|
| to the misclassification in the Current Population Survey, which has affected the 	|
| local area data proportionally.							|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|

Technical Note
  
   This news release presents civilian labor force and unemployment data from the
Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program (tables 1 and 2) for 389
metropolitan statistical areas and metropolitan New England City and Town Areas
(NECTAs), plus 7 areas in Puerto Rico. Estimates for 38 metropolitan and NECTA
divisions also are presented. Nonfarm payroll employment estimates from the
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program (tables 3 and 4) are provided for
the same areas. State estimates were previously published in the news release
State Employment and Unemployment, and are republished in this news release for
ease of reference. The LAUS and CES programs are both federal-state cooperative
endeavors.

Civilian labor force and unemployment--from the LAUS program

   Definitions. The civilian labor force and unemployment data are based on the
same concepts and definitions as those used for the official national estimates
obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of households
that is conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census
Bureau. The LAUS program measures employed persons and unemployed persons on a
place-of-residence basis.  The universe for each is the civilian noninstitutional
population 16 years of age and older. Employed persons are those who did any work
at all for pay or profit in the reference week (typically the week including the
12th of the month) or worked 15 hours or more without pay in a family business or
farm, plus those not working who had a job from which they were temporarily absent,
whether or not paid, for such reasons as labor-management dispute, illness, or
vacation. Unemployed persons are those who were not employed during the reference
week (based on the definition above), had actively looked for a job sometime in the
4-week period ending with the reference week, and were currently available for work;
persons on layoff expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as
unemployed. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor
force.

   Method of estimation. Estimates for states, the District of Columbia, the Los
Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale metropolitan division, and New York City are produced
using time-series models with real-time benchmarking to national CPS totals. Model-
based estimates are also produced for the following areas and their respective
balances: the Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division;
Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area; Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI
Metropolitan Statistical Area; Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, FL Metropolitan Division;
and Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division. Modeling improves the
statistical basis of the estimation for these areas and provides important tools
for analysis, such as measures of errors and seasonally adjusted series. For all
other substate areas in this news release, estimates are prepared through indirect
estimation procedures using a building-block approach.  Estimates of employed
persons, which are based largely on “place of work” estimates from the CES program,
are adjusted to refer to place of residence as used in the CPS. Unemployment
estimates are aggregates of persons previously employed in industries covered by
state unemployment insurance (UI) laws and entrants to the labor force from the
CPS. The substate estimates of employment and unemployment, which geographically
exhaust the entire state, are adjusted proportionally to ensure that they add to
the independently estimated model-based area totals. A detailed description of the
estimation procedures is available from BLS upon request.

   Annual revisions. Civilian labor force and unemployment data shown for the prior
year reflect adjustments made at the beginning of each year, usually implemented with
the issuance of January estimates. The adjusted model-based estimates typically reflect
updated population data from the U.S. Census Bureau, any revisions in other input
data sources, and model re-estimation. All substate estimates then are re-estimated
using updated inputs and adjusted to add to the revised model-based totals. In early
2021, a new generation of time-series models was implemented, resulting in the
replacement of data back to the series beginnings.

Employment--from the CES program 

   Definitions. Employment data refer to persons on establishment payrolls who receive
pay for any part of the pay period that includes the 12th of the month. Persons are
counted at their place of work rather than at their place of residence; those appearing
on more than one payroll are counted on each payroll. Industries are classified on the
basis of their principal activity in accordance with the 2017 version of the North
American Industry Classification System.

   Method of estimation. CES State and Area employment data are produced using several
estimation procedures. Where possible these data are produced using a "weighted link
relative" estimation technique in which a ratio of current-month weighted employment
to that of the previous-month weighted employment is computed from a sample of
establishments reporting for both months. The estimates of employment for the current
month are then obtained by multiplying these ratios by the previous month's employment
estimates. The weighted link relative technique is utilized for data series where the
sample size meets certain statistical criteria.

   For some employment series, the sample of establishments is very small or highly
variable. In these cases, a model-based approach is used in estimation. These models
use the direct sample estimates (described above), combined with forecasts of historical
(benchmarked) data to decrease volatility in estimation. Two different models
(Fay-Herriot Model and Small Domain Model) are used depending on the industry level
being estimated. For more detailed information about each model, refer to the BLS
Handbook of Methods.

   Annual revisions.  Employment estimates are adjusted annually to a complete count
of jobs, called benchmarks, derived principally from tax reports that are submitted by
employers who are covered under state unemployment insurance (UI) laws. The benchmark
information is used to adjust the monthly estimates between the new benchmark and the
preceding one and also to establish the level of employment for the new benchmark month.
Thus, the benchmarking process establishes the level of employment, and the sample is used
to measure the month-to-month changes in the level for the subsequent months.

   Seasonal adjustment. Payroll employment data are seasonally adjusted for states,
metropolitan areas, and metropolitan divisions at the total nonfarm level. For states,
data are seasonally adjusted at the supersector level as well. Revisions to historical
data for the most recent 5 years are made once a year, coincident with annual benchmark
adjustments.

   Payroll employment data are seasonally adjusted concurrently, using all available
estimates including those for the current month, to develop sample-based seasonal factors.
Concurrent sample-based factors are created every month for the current month's preliminary
estimate as well as the previous month's final estimate.

Reliability of the estimates

   The estimates presented in this news release are based on sample surveys, administrative data,
and modeling and, thus, are subject to sampling and other types of errors. Sampling error
is a measure of sampling variability—that is, variation that occurs by chance because a
sample rather than the entire population is surveyed. Survey data also are subject to
nonsampling errors, such as those which can be introduced into the data collection and
processing operations. Estimates not directly derived from sample surveys are subject to
additional errors resulting from the specific estimation processes used. The sums of
individual items may not always equal the totals shown in the same tables because of
rounding.

Use of error measures

   Civilian labor force and unemployment estimates. Measures of sampling error are not
available for metropolitan areas or metropolitan divisions. Model-based error measures for
states are available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/laus/lastderr.htm. Measures of
nonsampling error are not available for the areas contained in this news release. Information
on recent data revisions for states and local areas is available online at
www.bls.gov/lau/launews1.htm.

   Employment estimates. Changes in metropolitan area nonfarm payroll employment are cited
in the analysis of this news release only if they have been determined to be statistically
significant at the 90-percent confidence level.  Measures of sampling error for the total
nonfarm employment series are available for metropolitan areas and metropolitan divisions
at www.bls.gov/web/laus/790stderr.htm. Measures of sampling error for more detailed series
at the area and division level are available upon request. Measures of sampling error for
states  at the supersector level and for the private service-providing, goods-producing,
total private and total nonfarm levels are available on the BLS website at 
www.bls.gov/web/laus/790stderr.htm. Information on recent benchmark revisions
is available online at www.bls.gov/web/laus/benchmark.pdf.

Area definitions

   The substate area data published in this news release reflect the delineations issued by the
U.S. Office of Management and Budget on April 10, 2018. Data reflect New England City and
Town Area (NECTA) definitions, rather than county-based definitions, in the six New England
States. A detailed list of the geographic definitions is available online at
www.bls.gov/lau/lausmsa.htm.

Additional information

   Estimates of unadjusted and seasonally adjusted civilian labor force and unemployment
data for states and seven substate areas are available in the news release State Employment
and Unemployment. Estimates of civilian labor force and unemployment for all states,
metropolitan areas, counties, cities with a population of 25,000 or more, and other areas
used in the administration of various federal economic assistance programs are available
on the Internet at www.bls.gov/lau/. Employment data from the CES program are available on
the BLS website at www.bls.gov/sae/.

   Information in this news release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals
upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.