Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until                                    USDL-21-0026
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                        U.S. IMPORT AND EXPORT PRICE INDEXES - DECEMBER 2020

U.S. import prices advanced 0.9 percent in December, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today, 
following a 0.2-percent increase the previous month. Higher fuel and nonfuel prices both contributed to the 
December rise in import prices. Prices for U.S. exports also rose in December, advancing 1.1 percent, after 
increasing 0.7 percent in November.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
         Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on December 2020 Import and Export Price Index Data

The Bureau of Labor Statistics did not make changes to either the collection method or estimation 
methodology for the December release of U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes. Survey response rates for 
December were 5.3-percentage points lower than those in December 2019. A small number of indexes that 
are normally published were not published in December. Additional information is available at 
www.bls.gov/covid19/import-export-price-indexes-covid19-impacts-december-2020.htm.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Imports 

The price index for U.S. imports rose 0.9 percent in December, after advancing 0.2 percent from August to 
November. The December increase was the largest monthly advance since August. Import prices declined 
0.3 percent for the year ended in December. The last time the index rose on a 12-month basis was a 0.5-
percent increase in January 2020. (See table 1.) 

Fuel Imports: Import fuel prices rose 7.8 percent in December following a 4.8-percent increase in 
November. The December advance was the largest rise since a 15.2-percent increase in July 2020. In 
December, the advance was led by rising petroleum prices which more than offset lower natural gas prices. 
The price index for import petroleum rose 9.1 percent in December, after increasing 2.9 percent the previous 
month. In contrast, prices for natural gas fell 7.5 percent in December, after advancing 44.2 percent in 
November. Despite the recent increases, import fuel prices declined 19.5 percent in 2020, the largest 
calendar-year drop since the index fell 41.0 percent in 2015. In December, prices for petroleum decreased 
20.4 percent on a 12-month basis and natural gas prices decreased 0.2 percent.

All Imports Excluding Fuel: Prices for nonfuel imports rose 0.4 percent in December following a 0.2-
percent decrease the previous month. The December advance was driven by higher prices for nonfuel 
industrial supplies and materials and for consumer goods which more than offset declining foods, feeds, and 
beverages prices. Nonfuel import prices increased 1.9 percent in 2020, the largest calendar-year advance 
since the index rose 3.4 percent in 2011.

Nonfuel Industrial Supplies and Materials: Nonfuel industrial supplies and materials prices advanced 2.3 
percent, after declining 0.3 percent in November. The December increase was led by higher prices for 
unfinished metals, chemicals, and lumber.

Finished Goods: Finished goods prices were mostly unchanged in December. Consumer goods prices ticked 
up 0.1 percent following no change the previous month. Prices for capital goods and automotive vehicles 
were unchanged.

Foods, Feeds, and Beverages: Prices for foods, feeds, and beverages decreased 0.2 percent in December 
following a 2.2-percent drop the previous month. The December decline was driven by a 7.6-percent 
decrease in vegetable prices.

Table A. Percent change in Import and Export Price Indexes, selected categories

Month	IMPORTS			EXPORTS
	All imports	Fuel imports	Nonfuel imports	All exports	Agri- cultural exports	Non- agricultural exports
2019
December	0.2	1.3	0.1	-0.2	-0.1	-0.2
2020
January	0.2	-0.1	0.3	0.6	2.0	0.6
February	-0.7	-9.1	0.2	-1.2	-2.9	-1.1
March	-2.4	-26.5	0.0	-1.4	-1.4	-1.4
April	-2.6	-30.9	-0.5	-3.5	-3.3	-3.5
May	0.7	13.9	0.1	0.0	-0.4	0.0
June	1.3	20.6	0.3	1.8	1.6	1.7
July	1.2	15.2	0.2	1.0	1.6	0.9
August	0.9	3.7	0.7	0.5	-2.2	0.9
September	0.2	-4.7	0.5	0.6	(r)2.8	0.3
October	-0.1	(r)-1.0	(r)0.0	0.2	(r)3.5	(r)-0.2
November	(r)0.2	(r)4.8	(r)-0.2	(r)0.7	(r)3.5	0.3
December	0.9	7.8	0.4	1.1	0.6	1.3
Dec. 2018 to 2019	0.5	18.6	-1.4	-0.9	-1.2	-0.8
Dec. 2019 to 2020	-0.3	-19.5	1.9	0.2	5.1	-0.2
Footnotes (r) Revised

Exports 

U.S. export prices increased 1.1 percent in December, the largest 1-month advance since a 1.8-percent rise 
in June 2020. In December, higher agricultural and nonagricultural prices contributed to the increase in 
export prices. Prices for U.S. exports rose 0.2 percent from December 2019 to December 2020, the first 12-
month advance since January 2020. (See table 2.)

Agricultural Exports: The price index for agricultural exports rose 0.6 percent in December following 3.5-
percent increases in November and October. In December, higher prices for soybeans more than offset 
declining prices for vegetables and dairy products. Prices for agricultural exports advanced 5.1 percent over 
the past 12 months, the largest over-the-year advance since the index rose 5.3 percent from June 2017 to 
June 2018. Higher soybean prices drove the increase in agricultural prices over the past year.

All Exports Excluding Agriculture: Prices for nonagricultural exports advanced 1.3 percent in December, 
after increasing 0.3 percent in November. The December rise was the largest 1-month advance since the 
index increased 1.7 percent in June 2020. In December, the advance in export prices was led by higher 
prices for nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials. Increasing prices for consumer goods, capital 
goods, automotive vehicles, and nonagricultural foods, feeds, and beverages also contributed to the overall 
advance. Despite the December increase, the price index for nonagricultural exports declined 0.2 percent 
over the past 12 months.

Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials: Nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials prices 
rose 3.4 percent in December following a 1.5-percent advance the previous month. The December advance 
was driven by an 8.9-percent increase in export fuel prices. 

Finished Goods: Finished goods prices were up in December. Consumer goods prices advanced 0.4 percent, 
after decreasing 0.8 percent in November. The December rise was led by a 0.7-percent increase in 
medicinal, dental, and pharmaceutical preparatory materials. The price indexes for capital goods and 
automotive vehicles both ticked up 0.1 percent in December. 

Measures of Import and Export Prices by Locality

Imports by Locality of Origin: The price index for imports from China rose 0.3 percent in December, after 
advancing 0.2 percent the previous month. The December increase was the largest monthly advance since 
the index rose 0.3 percent in November 2017. Import prices from China increased 0.5 percent in 2020, the 
first calendar-year increase since the index advanced 3.6 percent in 2011. Prices for imports from Japan rose 
0.2 percent in December and have not recorded a monthly drop since July 2020. The price index for imports 
from Japan increased 0.4 percent for the year ended in December, the largest over-the-year advance since 
the index rose 0.4 percent in January 2020. Import prices from Canada also increased in December, 
advancing 3.7 percent, after edging down 0.1 percent in each of the previous 3 months. Prices for imports 
from the European Union rose 0.6 percent in December and import prices from Mexico ticked up 0.1 
percent for the same period. (See table 7.)

Exports by Locality of Destination: Export prices to China increased 1.8 percent in December following a 
1.7-percent advance in November. The December rise was the largest monthly increase since the index 
advanced 3.0 percent in June 2020. Prices for exports to China rose 3.6 percent from December 2019 to 
December 2020. The price index for exports to Japan increased 1.3 percent in December, the largest 1-
month advance since the index rose 4.4 percent in June 2020. Export prices to Japan increased 1.4 percent in 
2020. Prices for exports to Canada advanced 0.4 percent in December, after rising 1.1 percent the previous 
month. The price indexes for exports to the European Union and Mexico also increased in December, 
advancing 1.6 percent and 1.0 percent, respectively. (See table 8.)

Terms of Trade Indexes: Terms of trade indexes are based on country, region, or grouping and measure 
the change in the purchasing power of exports relative to imports. The U.S. terms of trade with China rose 
1.5 percent for the second consecutive month in December. The increases were the largest monthly 
advances since the index rose 3.0 percent in June 2020. The index for U.S. terms of trade with Japan 
increased 1.1 percent in December, after advancing 0.4 percent the previous month. The December increase 
was the largest 1-month advance since the index rose 4.1 percent in June 2020. In contrast, the U.S. terms of 
trade with Canada declined 3.2 percent in December. Higher import prices from Canada more than offset 
rising export prices to Canada. The index for U.S. terms of trade with the European Union increased 0.9 
percent in December following a 0.2-percent advance in November. The U.S. terms of trade with Mexico 
also rose in December, advancing 1.0 percent, after a 1.8-percent increase the previous month. (See table 9.)

Import and Export Services

Imports: Import air passenger fares advanced 3.9 percent in December following an 8.1-percent increase 
from August to November. In December, the increase was driven by higher Asian fares which more than 
offset lower European fares. Despite the recent advances, import air passenger fares fell 16.4 percent for the 
year ended in December. The price index for import air freight increased 6.2 percent in December and rose 
21.4 percent in the fourth quarter of 2020. Import air freight prices advanced 75.8 percent, the largest 
calendar-year increase since the index was first published in December 1990. (See table 10.)

Exports: Export air passenger fares declined 9.5 percent in December, after increasing 14.5 percent in 
November. The December decline was the largest monthly drop since the index fell 11.6 percent in 
February 2017, and was led by a 24.5-percent decrease in Asian fares. Despite the December decline, export 
air passenger fares advanced 4.4 percent over the past 12 months. Export air freight prices rose 5.8 percent 
in December and 2.7 percent over the past year. The December increase was the largest monthly advance 
since the index rose 5.8 percent in May 2014.

U.S. Import and Export Price Index data for January 2021 are scheduled for release on Thursday, February 
18, 2021 at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

Table 1. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2019 to December 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Nov. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2019 to Dec. 2020	Aug. 2020 to Sep. 2020	Sep. 2020 to Oct. 2020	Oct. 2020 to Nov. 2020	Nov. 2020 to Dec. 2020
All commodities		100.000	123.5	124.6	-0.3	0.2	-0.1	0.2	0.9
All imports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		86.432	100.4	100.8	2.0	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.4
All imports excluding petroleum		93.179	113.6	114.0	1.8	0.6	-0.1	0.0	0.4
All imports excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		92.542	117.4	117.9	1.9	0.5	0.0	-0.2	0.4
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	6.110	175.9	175.6	-1.2	1.1	-0.1	-2.2	-0.2
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	4.734	191.1	190.5	-1.3	1.3	-0.4	-2.8	-0.3
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	1.377	142.0	142.6	-0.5	0.2	1.2	-0.1	0.4
Industrial supplies & materials	1	22.161	175.0	182.3	-3.0	0.1	-0.1	1.3	4.2
Industrial supplies & materials excluding petroleum		15.503	165.1	168.3	8.2	3.1	-0.1	0.9	1.9
Industrial supplies & materials excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		14.720	185.0	189.3	8.9	2.6	0.3	-0.3	2.3
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		9.600	184.8	189.9	14.1	3.9	0.1	-0.7	2.8
Industrial supplies & materials nondurable excluding petroleum		5.740	140.5	141.3	-0.5	1.9	-0.5	3.5	0.6
Fuels & lubricants	10	7.458	158.6	171.0	-19.5	-4.7	-1.0	4.8	7.8
Petroleum & petroleum products	100	6.821	165.6	180.6	-20.4	-6.1	-0.2	2.9	9.1
Crude	10000	4.658	168.7	188.5	-19.3	-5.5	-0.2	4.5	11.7
Fuels, n.e.s.-coals & gas	101	0.536	147.8	138.2	0.4	19.8	-12.7	38.1	-6.5
Gas-natural	10110	0.477	139.4	129.0	-0.2	23.6	-14.7	44.2	-7.5
Paper & paper base stocks	11	0.507	109.3	109.7	-1.6	-0.5	-0.5	1.1	0.4
Materials associated with nondurable supplies & materials	12	4.597	153.4	155.9	0.3	0.5	0.9	0.5	1.6
Selected building materials	13	1.824	171.9	177.2	23.7	10.7	1.6	-9.4	3.1
Unfinished metals related to durable goods	14	4.097	272.9	285.5	22.9	3.9	-0.2	2.5	4.6
Finished metals related to durable goods	15	1.860	162.3	163.4	3.7	0.6	-0.4	0.9	0.7
Nonmetals related to durable goods	16	1.818	113.2	113.6	-0.1	0.0	-0.2	0.4	0.4
Capital goods	2	28.962	88.4	88.4	1.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Electric generating equipment	20	3.669	121.3	121.4	0.9	0.1	-0.1	0.0	0.1
Nonelectrical machinery	21	22.900	80.3	80.2	1.0	0.1	-0.1	0.1	-0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	2.393	136.1	136.2	0.9	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.1
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	15.847	110.9	110.9	1.1	0.3	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	26.920	106.9	107.0	0.2	0.0	-0.1	0.0	0.1
Nondurables, manufactured	40	13.288	124.3	124.4	0.5	0.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.1
Durables, manufactured	41	12.357	90.8	91.0	0.0	0.0	-0.1	0.1	0.2
Nonmanufactured consumer goods	42	1.275	116.5	117.3	0.7	0.3	-0.1	0.1	0.7
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 2. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2019 to December 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Nov. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2019 to Dec. 2020	Aug. 2020 to Sep. 2020	Sep. 2020 to Oct. 2020	Oct. 2020 to Nov. 2020	Nov. 2020 to Dec. 2020
All commodities		100.000	123.8	125.2	0.2	0.6	0.2	0.7	1.1
Agricultural commodities		9.964	188.5	189.7	5.1	2.8	3.5	3.5	0.6
All exports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		81.979	102.8	103.2	2.2	0.5	0.0	0.2	0.4
Nonagricultural commodities		90.036	118.9	120.4	-0.2	0.3	-0.2	0.3	1.3
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	9.239	192.7	193.8	5.0	2.8	3.6	3.3	0.6
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	8.709	192.3	193.4	5.7	2.9	3.7	3.5	0.6
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	0.530	203.2	204.4	-5.8	1.1	2.6	0.4	0.6
Industrial supplies & materials	1	31.535	144.0	148.8	-1.5	0.7	-0.4	1.6	3.3
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		11.511	183.0	184.5	10.8	1.3	-0.3	0.8	0.8
Industrial supplies & materials, nondurable		20.024	128.0	134.1	-7.3	0.4	-0.5	2.0	4.8
Agricultural industrial supplies & materials	10	1.226	170.2	173.2	1.2	2.3	2.0	2.7	1.8
Nonagricultural industrial supplies & materials		30.309	143.2	148.1	-1.6	0.6	-0.5	1.5	3.4
Fuels & lubricants	11	8.783	130.9	142.6	-17.6	-0.6	-2.1	2.2	8.9
Nonagricultural supplies & materials excluding fuels & building materials	12	20.522	165.1	167.0	7.3	1.1	0.1	1.2	1.2
Selected building materials	13	1.005	126.7	129.4	10.8	1.9	1.6	1.8	2.1
Capital goods	2	36.870	111.1	111.2	0.5	-0.1	-0.2	-0.2	0.1
Electrical generating equipment	20	3.850	120.6	120.8	3.0	0.3	-0.1	0.2	0.2
Nonelectrical machinery	21	23.868	94.4	94.3	-0.2	-0.2	-0.3	-0.2	-0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	9.152	185.0	186.0	1.6	0.2	0.1	-0.3	0.5
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	9.923	114.4	114.5	0.7	0.0	0.3	0.2	0.1
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	12.433	109.8	110.2	-0.1	0.7	0.2	-0.8	0.4
Nondurables, manufactured	40	6.008	108.0	108.4	0.2	0.6	0.1	-0.9	0.4
Durables, manufactured	41	5.021	107.7	107.8	0.8	0.9	0.3	-0.9	0.1
Nonmanufactured consumer goods (Dec. 2018=100)	42	1.404	93.5	94.4	-4.6	0.5	0.0	0.1	1.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 3. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: December 2019 to December 2020 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Nov. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2019 to Dec. 2020	Aug. 2020 to Sep. 2020	Sep. 2020 to Oct. 2020	Oct. 2020 to Nov. 2020	Nov. 2020 to Dec. 2020
Nonmanufacturing		7.268	90.0	96.7	-14.7	-2.5	-0.8	2.3	7.4
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	1.841	171.6	169.7	-2.2	2.4	-0.4	-6.5	-1.1
Crop production	111	1.503	182.5	179.7	-1.1	2.7	-0.9	-7.9	-1.5
Mining	21	5.428	79.9	88.2	-17.9	-4.4	-0.8	5.5	10.4
Oil and gas extraction	211	5.169	78.7	87.2	-18.6	-4.5	-0.9	5.9	10.8
Manufacturing		92.403	111.3	111.8	1.1	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.4
Manufacturing, part 1	31	11.470	125.6	125.9	0.5	0.2	0.2	-0.1	0.2
Food manufacturing	311	3.556	154.9	155.7	0.4	0.5	0.3	0.6	0.5
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	1.177	128.3	128.6	2.1	0.0	0.1	-1.2	0.2
Textile mills (Dec. 2011=100)	313	0.381	101.1	101.2	1.9	0.1	-0.8	0.0	0.1
Textile product mills	314	0.939	106.6	106.7	-0.5	-0.2	0.8	-0.2	0.1
Apparel manufacturing	315	3.777	113.0	112.9	0.4	0.0	0.1	0.0	-0.1
Leather and allied product manufacturing	316	1.640	123.0	123.3	-0.3	-0.2	0.1	-0.8	0.2
Manufacturing, part 2	32	18.096	122.1	123.5	-1.2	0.3	0.2	-0.9	1.1
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2019=100)	321	1.106	137.8	144.3	44.3	17.9	2.3	-14.9	4.7
Paper manufacturing	322	0.992	106.7	107.3	-0.7	-0.7	-0.9	0.8	0.6
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	1.986	73.3	75.5	-23.7	-8.0	0.1	-0.5	3.0
Chemical manufacturing	325	10.267	137.1	138.3	0.0	0.4	0.1	0.2	0.9
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.468	122.6	122.9	3.1	0.2	0.2	0.7	0.2
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	1.083	130.8	131.4	0.0	0.1	-0.1	0.2	0.5
Manufacturing, part 3	33	62.837	104.8	105.2	1.9	0.4	-0.1	0.2	0.4
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.688	180.0	186.7	21.0	3.4	-0.3	2.7	3.7
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.261	126.8	127.2	0.4	0.2	-0.1	0.2	0.3
Machinery manufacturing	333	7.855	120.2	120.4	1.4	0.3	0.2	0.0	0.2
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	17.114	71.6	71.5	-0.3	-0.1	-0.3	0.0	-0.1
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	5.544	117.8	118.1	0.6	0.1	-0.1	0.0	0.3
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	16.929	110.2	110.2	1.2	0.4	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Furniture and related product manufacturing	337	1.906	114.9	115.1	-0.3	-0.1	0.0	0.1	0.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.540	120.2	120.7	1.3	0.6	-0.1	0.3	0.4
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 4. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: December 2019 to December 2020 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Nov. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2019 to Dec. 2020	Aug. 2020 to Sep. 2020	Sep. 2020 to Oct. 2020	Oct. 2020 to Nov. 2020	Nov. 2020 to Dec. 2020
Nonmanufacturing		9.557	119.9	123.9	-3.7	1.3	1.6	5.0	3.3
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	5.083	163.5	163.7	7.8	5.7	5.6	4.9	0.1
Crop production	111	4.723	172.2	172.3	8.5	5.9	5.5	5.1	0.1
Mining	21	4.474	63.9	68.4	-13.4	-2.8	-2.6	4.9	7.0
Mining (except oil and gas)	212	1.108	89.1	90.8	-11.1	-0.4	-4.1	1.9	1.9
Manufacturing		88.979	115.3	116.3	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.9
Manufacturing, part 1	31	6.905	143.1	143.7	1.4	0.3	1.2	1.7	0.4
Food manufacturing	311	4.738	161.4	162.0	0.6	0.1	1.5	2.1	0.4
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	0.674	127.9	130.2	7.3	1.2	2.0	0.6	1.8
Manufacturing, part 2	32	23.059	105.2	108.4	-3.6	0.9	0.0	0.5	3.0
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2017=100)	321	0.512	104.1	105.9	13.0	2.5	2.3	1.5	1.7
Paper manufacturing	322	1.499	117.9	118.4	-0.9	0.3	0.1	-0.2	0.4
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	4.236	74.2	82.8	-21.4	1.3	-1.4	-1.2	11.6
Chemical manufacturing	325	13.467	118.4	120.1	2.6	1.0	0.6	1.0	1.4
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.301	115.5	116.0	-0.8	-0.4	-1.1	0.0	0.4
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	0.841	118.5	120.3	3.4	-0.3	-0.5	1.7	1.5
Manufacturing, part 3	33	59.015	117.0	116.9	1.7	0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.908	181.7	179.8	17.9	0.5	-0.8	1.3	-1.0
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.099	150.1	150.3	0.9	0.6	0.1	-0.9	0.1
Machinery manufacturing	333	9.821	129.5	129.4	-0.3	0.2	-0.2	-0.5	-0.1
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	13.768	81.6	81.4	-0.1	-0.2	-0.4	-0.5	-0.2
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	3.846	118.8	119.1	1.4	0.3	0.0	0.2	0.3
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	17.802	130.0	130.3	1.1	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.2
Furniture and related product manufacturing (Dec. 2011=100)	337	0.410	126.8	127.0	3.7	0.1	1.6	0.0	0.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.361	118.9	119.2	-0.6	0.8	-0.1	0.1	0.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 5. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2019 to December 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative importance Nov. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2019 to Dec. 2020	Aug. 2020 to Sep. 2020	Sep. 2020 to Oct. 2020	Oct. 2020 to Nov. 2020	Nov. 2020 to Dec. 2020
Live animals; animal products	I	1.339	191.0	192.6	-3.4	0.4	0.6	-0.1	0.8
Meat and edible meat offal	02	0.384	270.0	273.9	-1.6	0.4	-0.9	0.4	1.4
Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates	03	0.691	131.6	132.3	-5.2	0.5	2.4	-0.7	0.5
Vegetable products	II	1.859	202.9	199.3	-0.6	2.4	-0.5	-7.3	-1.8
Edible vegetables, roots, and tubers	07	0.428	451.8	408.4	-17.7	1.3	1.7	-14.8	-9.6
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.581	98.5	97.4	-2.4	5.9	-2.0	-11.6	-1.1
Coffee, tea, mate and spices	09	0.341	217.3	222.6	5.6	1.4	-3.5	0.3	2.4
Animal or vegetable fats and oils (Dec. 2009=100)	III	0.288	100.6	103.9	21.0	1.2	1.2	10.3	3.3
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	3.017	169.0	169.3	0.7	0.4	0.2	-0.4	0.2
Cocoa and cocoa preparations (Dec. 2009=100)	18	0.204	99.8	100.6	-0.8	1.0	0.0	-0.2	0.8
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts, or other parts of plants	20	0.366	168.6	168.9	-1.7	0.2	0.0	-0.1	0.2
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar	22	1.133	140.0	140.5	3.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.4
Mineral products	V	7.601	161.6	173.6	-18.4	-4.7	-1.0	4.8	7.4
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	7.254	157.3	169.3	-19.3	-4.9	-1.1	5.1	7.6
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	9.599	154.9	156.4	-0.3	0.3	-0.1	0.2	1.0
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.461	271.9	280.5	-8.5	0.2	0.0	1.6	3.2
Organic chemicals	29	2.122	123.4	126.5	0.5	0.2	0.5	0.6	2.5
Pharmaceutical products	30	4.954	154.4	154.4	0.1	0.1	-0.5	-0.1	0.0
Essential oils and resinoids (Dec. 2016=100)	33	0.613	101.0	101.0	-2.1	-0.2	-1.0	-0.4	0.0
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	0.608	103.2	104.4	1.9	0.6	1.0	0.8	1.2
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	3.874	147.3	148.6	6.2	1.0	0.8	1.1	0.9
Plastics and articles thereof	39	2.539	146.1	147.0	3.2	0.6	0.3	0.7	0.6
Rubber and articles thereof	40	1.335	151.9	154.1	12.5	1.7	1.4	2.1	1.4
Raw hides, skins, leather, furskins, travel goods, etc	VIII	0.623	124.3	124.5	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
Articles of leather; travel goods, bags, etc. of various materials	42	0.596	131.1	131.3	0.6	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.2
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, basketware and wickerwork	IX	1.149	201.9	211.1	45.6	17.5	2.6	-14.1	4.6
Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal (Dec. 2019=100)	44	1.125	140.4	146.9	46.9	17.9	2.7	-14.4	4.6
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.019	111.8	111.6	-2.4	-0.4	-0.7	1.0	-0.2
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	0.691	103.8	103.9	-4.3	-0.9	-0.7	0.5	0.1
Textile and textile articles	XI	4.885	114.4	114.4	0.2	-0.1	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted	61	1.974	104.8	104.8	-0.7	-0.1	0.2	-0.2	0.0
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted	62	1.644	122.5	122.2	1.4	0.2	-0.3	0.2	-0.2
Made-up or worn textile articles	63	0.635	100.2	100.2	-1.2	-0.5	1.0	-0.5	0.0
Headgear, umbrellas, artificial flowers, etc.	XII	1.377	123.2	123.6	-0.3	0.0	-0.1	-1.0	0.3
Footwear and parts of such articles	64	1.151	121.5	121.9	-0.2	-0.1	0.1	-1.1	0.3
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.971	131.5	132.4	-0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.0	0.7
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	3.306	223.4	226.1	17.4	2.4	-1.7	0.6	1.2
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	5.715	174.9	179.9	6.3	1.7	0.0	2.0	2.9
Iron and steel	72	1.133	202.1	212.3	6.5	2.7	2.1	1.2	5.0
Articles of iron or steel	73	1.700	147.3	147.9	0.3	0.5	0.1	0.5	0.4
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.496	316.2	335.7	24.0	2.3	0.8	4.1	6.2
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	1.002	139.9	147.4	15.9	2.2	0.2	5.7	5.4
Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof	82	0.464	122.5	122.5	-0.2	-0.1	-0.2	0.1	0.0
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.534	133.7	133.9	-0.8	0.0	0.5	0.1	0.1
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	30.726	79.0	79.0	0.4	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	15.676	85.0	84.9	1.0	0.0	-0.1	0.0	-0.1
Electrical machinery and equip, sound and TV recorders & reproducers, parts	85	15.050	73.3	73.4	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.992	114.8	114.8	1.2	0.3	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	12.860	114.0	114.0	1.3	0.4	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	4.127	102.3	102.4	0.5	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.1
Optical, photographic, measuring and medical instruments	90	3.855	98.5	98.5	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	4.455	110.6	110.8	-0.6	0.1	-0.2	-0.2	0.2
Furniture & stuffed furnishings; lamps & lighting fittings, nesoi; prefab bldgs	94	2.809	116.5	116.7	-0.3	0.1	0.0	-0.2	0.2
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	1.377	101.0	101.1	-1.2	0.1	-0.4	-0.3	0.1
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	96	0.270	126.6	126.7	-0.3	-0.1	-0.1	0.0	0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 6. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2019 to December 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative import- ance Nov. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2019 to Dec. 2020	Aug. 2020 to Sep. 2020	Sep. 2020 to Oct. 2020	Oct. 2020 to Nov. 2020	Nov. 2020 to Dec. 2020
Live animals; animal products	I	2.001	217.2	213.8	-1.1	-1.0	3.1	2.9	-1.6
Meat & edible meat offal (Dec. 2006=100)	02	1.195	168.7	168.0	0.2	1.4	1.5	1.4	-0.4
Fish and crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic invertebrates (Dec. 2016=100)	03	0.325	109.1	109.7	-8.1	1.4	3.3	0.7	0.5
Vegetable products	II	4.762	216.9	216.6	10.1	5.9	5.5	5.9	-0.1
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.893	126.6	129.6	-10.6	4.1	-0.7	1.6	2.4
Cereals	10	1.561	216.2	218.3	12.5	8.4	6.2	6.4	1.0
Oilseeds and misc. grains, seeds, fruits, plants, straw and fodder	12	1.731	228.0	240.3	26.3	5.8	3.8	7.6	5.4
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	3.121	156.7	157.9	1.1	2.0	1.2	0.7	0.8
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants (Dec. 2019=100)	20	0.322	96.0	96.3	-3.7	0.2	0.5	-0.6	0.3
Miscellaneous edible preparations (Dec. 2017=100)	21	0.594	100.4	101.0	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.5	0.6
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar (Dec. 2008=100)	22	0.573	108.7	108.8	-2.5	5.4	0.0	0.0	0.1
Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed	23	0.779	234.6	239.8	8.0	3.5	5.8	2.3	2.2
Mineral products	V	8.759	158.6	173.2	-16.8	-0.8	-2.1	2.3	9.2
Ores, slag and ash (Dec. 2012=100)	26	0.425	100.5	106.3	12.7	3.5	-1.4	0.7	5.8
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	8.138	149.1	163.5	-18.2	-1.0	-2.2	2.4	9.7
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	11.102	138.7	140.2	2.1	0.9	0.7	0.4	1.1
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.686	134.2	134.4	-8.2	0.3	-3.0	0.0	0.1
Organic chemicals	29	2.680	149.1	154.6	11.8	2.3	3.9	4.4	3.7
Pharmaceutical products	30	3.178	107.8	108.6	0.8	0.8	0.3	-1.7	0.7
Tanning or dyeing extracts, dyes, paints varnish, putty, & inks (Dec. 2015=100)	32	0.518	101.2	101.2	-3.6	0.7	-0.1	-0.7	0.0
Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery cosmetic or toilet preparations	33	0.869	128.1	128.1	-1.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soap; lubricants; waxes, polishing or scouring products; candles, pastes	34	0.496	125.6	125.6	0.6	0.0	0.0	-0.2	0.0
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	2.018	156.7	156.3	0.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.2	-0.3
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	5.209	142.8	145.4	3.0	0.8	0.2	1.8	1.8
Plastics and articles thereof	39	4.329	140.4	143.4	3.8	1.3	0.3	2.1	2.1
Rubber and articles thereof	40	0.879	150.7	151.1	-0.6	-1.6	0.3	0.1	0.3
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, baskets and wickerwork (Dec. 2014=100)	IX	0.628	102.8	104.8	15.0	2.1	2.1	1.9	1.9
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.800	121.7	124.6	5.1	0.7	-1.6	0.1	2.4
Woodpulp and recovered paper (Dec. 2019=100)	47	0.483	114.3	123.7	23.7	0.8	-6.3	0.6	8.2
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	1.026	122.6	122.7	-1.3	0.6	0.3	-0.2	0.1
Textile and textile articles	XI	1.691	119.4	119.8	0.5	1.0	0.3	0.8	0.3
Cotton, including yarns and woven fabrics thereof	52	0.468	116.3	118.0	1.1	2.9	1.3	3.2	1.5
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.830	129.8	130.8	3.3	0.2	0.3	0.6	0.8
Glass and glassware (Dec. 2019=100)	70	0.469	99.2	99.1	-0.9	-0.2	0.0	-0.1	-0.1
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	5.344	304.2	300.1	14.9	1.3	-0.6	0.4	-1.3
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	4.812	162.4	167.3	7.7	2.5	0.8	1.0	3.0
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.576	202.0	218.5	24.9	2.5	0.0	4.4	8.2
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.760	108.5	119.0	21.1	5.4	2.3	2.7	9.7
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.350	158.5	158.5	3.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.0
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	28.531	97.6	97.6	0.3	0.0	-0.1	-0.4	0.0
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	16.945	115.0	115.0	-0.3	-0.1	-0.2	-0.4	0.0
Electrical machinery and equipment and parts and accessories thereof	85	11.586	78.8	78.8	1.2	0.0	0.0	-0.4	0.0
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.484	138.1	138.5	1.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	8.091	116.5	116.5	0.3	0.0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	6.046	109.9	110.1	-0.3	-0.1	-0.5	0.1	0.2
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	1.356	113.6	113.6	0.6	-0.4	0.4	-0.2	0.0
Furniture; stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings nesoi;	94	0.764	133.8	133.7	2.5	0.2	0.7	-0.1	-0.1
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	0.436	87.0	87.2	-1.9	-1.3	0.3	0.0	0.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 7. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes by locality of origin: December 2019 to December 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2019 to Dec. 2020	Aug. 2020 to Sep. 2020	Sep. 2020 to Oct. 2020	Oct. 2020 to Nov. 2020	Nov. 2020 to Dec. 2020
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	125.5	127.5	0.5	0.1	-0.2	-0.1	1.6
Nonmanufacturing	8.951	145.5	158.7	-12.4	-6.0	0.6	4.0	9.1
Manufacturing	90.440	123.1	124.0	1.9	0.6	-0.3	-0.5	0.7
Canada	100.000	133.3	138.2	0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	3.7
Nonmanufacturing	25.911	141.8	155.3	-12.3	-6.3	0.4	4.2	9.5
Manufacturing	73.076	134.3	136.2	5.3	1.9	-0.3	-1.5	1.4
European Union	100.000	139.1	139.9	2.1	0.9	0.1	-0.2	0.6
Manufacturing	98.996	135.3	136.0	2.0	0.9	0.1	-0.2	0.5
France (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	129.1	129.5	1.6	0.5	0.0	-0.2	0.3
Germany (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	114.3	115.0	1.8	1.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.6
United Kingdom (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	122.0	123.7	1.0	1.2	0.3	0.2	1.4
Latin America(3)	100.000	143.9	145.7	0.6	-0.4	-0.5	0.0	1.3
Nonmanufacturing	12.439	208.5	219.9	-14.6	0.4	-3.5	-2.5	5.5
Manufacturing	87.286	121.1	121.9	3.2	-0.6	0.0	0.3	0.7
Mexico (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	127.0	127.1	0.9	0.0	-0.2	-0.9	0.1
Nonmanufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	6.478	107.7	110.3	-16.8	7.1	-3.5	-12.0	2.4
Manufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	93.248	89.0	88.9	2.4	-0.6	0.0	0.0	-0.1
Pacific Rim (Dec. 2003=100)(4)	100.000	98.0	98.3	0.6	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.3
China (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	98.4	98.7	0.5	0.0	-0.1	0.2	0.3
Japan	100.000	97.0	97.2	0.4	0.1	0.3	0.0	0.2
Taiwan (Dec. 2018=100)	100.000	98.4	98.6	-0.1	0.1	0.1	0.6	0.2
Asian NICs(5)	100.000	86.0	86.5	0.0	-0.1	-0.1	-0.2	0.6
ASEAN (Dec. 2003=100)(6)	100.000	98.1	98.6	1.4	0.2	0.0	0.4	0.5
Asia Near East (Dec. 2003=100)(7)	100.000	151.2	160.4	-10.4	-0.5	0.3	0.9	6.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries. (5) Asian Newly Industrialized Countries - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. (6) Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. (7) Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 8. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes by locality of destination: December 2019 to December 2020 [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2019 to Dec. 2020	Aug. 2020 to Sep. 2020	Sep. 2020 to Oct. 2020	Oct. 2020 to Nov. 2020	Nov. 2020 to Dec. 2020
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	103.5	104.2	1.2	0.6	0.2	0.5	0.7
Nonmanufacturing	9.468	96.0	98.8	-6.2	1.0	1.9	5.8	2.9
Manufacturing	89.090	104.4	104.8	1.7	0.6	-0.1	0.0	0.4
Canada	100.000	104.9	105.3	0.7	0.9	0.6	1.1	0.4
European Union	100.000	103.0	104.6	0.1	0.4	-0.4	-0.1	1.6
Nonmanufacturing	8.235	84.3	91.4	-9.6	0.0	0.4	4.1	8.4
Manufacturing	90.391	104.7	105.7	0.9	0.4	-0.6	-0.5	1.0
Germany	100.000	107.1	107.9	3.2	0.4	-0.4	-0.4	0.7
Latin America(3)	100.000	96.7	98.6	-1.4	0.2	0.6	0.7	2.0
Nonmanufacturing	8.262	112.4	115.0	10.8	3.2	3.5	8.6	2.3
Manufacturing	91.182	95.5	97.3	-2.5	0.1	0.4	0.1	1.9
Mexico	100.000	98.1	99.1	-0.7	0.5	0.8	0.9	1.0
Nonmanufacturing	6.805	113.3	112.6	16.8	4.7	0.7	17.9	-0.6
Manufacturing	92.542	97.1	98.2	-1.8	0.2	0.9	-0.1	1.1
Pacific Rim(4)	100.000	99.7	100.9	1.7	0.1	0.5	0.9	1.2
Nonmanufacturing	13.507	87.9	92.2	-3.6	0.7	1.7	2.9	4.9
Manufacturing	84.522	102.0	102.3	1.8	-0.1	0.3	0.6	0.3
China	100.000	99.0	100.8	3.6	-1.2	0.7	1.7	1.8
Nonmanufacturing	11.503	83.3	90.7	-4.5	-3.2	1.8	4.1	8.9
Manufacturing	86.306	103.4	103.9	4.1	-1.1	1.0	1.5	0.5
Japan	100.000	100.6	101.9	1.4	0.7	0.8	0.5	1.3
Nonmanufacturing	18.816	89.4	95.3	-3.4	2.2	2.6	4.8	6.6
Manufacturing	79.178	102.4	102.1	1.8	0.2	0.3	-0.3	-0.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 9. U.S. terms of trade indexes and percent changes by locality: December 2019 to December 2020(1) [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Index		Percent change
	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Annual	Monthly
			Dec. 2019 to Dec. 2020	Aug. 2020 to Sep. 2020	Sep. 2020 to Oct. 2020	Oct. 2020 to Nov. 2020	Nov. 2020 to Dec. 2020
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.9	100.0	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.5	-0.9
Canada	103.4	100.1	0.5	1.1	0.6	1.2	-3.2
European Union	99.7	100.6	-2.0	-0.5	-0.6	0.2	0.9
Germany	107.8	108.0	1.4	-0.7	-0.2	-0.4	0.2
Latin America(3)	100.1	100.8	-1.9	0.6	1.1	0.8	0.7
Mexico	99.6	100.6	-1.6	0.5	1.0	1.8	1.0
Pacific Rim(4)	100.1	101.0	1.1	0.0	0.5	0.9	0.9
China	100.7	102.2	3.0	-1.2	0.8	1.5	1.5
Japan	99.0	100.1	0.9	0.6	0.5	0.4	1.1
Footnotes (1) Terms of trade indexes are derived by dividing the export price index by the corresponding import price index and multiplying by 100. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 10. U.S. international price indexes and percent changes for selected transportation services: December 2019 to December 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2019 to Dec. 2020	Aug. 2020 to Sep. 2020	Sep. 2020 to Oct. 2020	Oct. 2020 to Nov. 2020	Nov. 2020 to Dec. 2020
Air Freight
Import Air Freight	100.000	301.6	320.3	75.8	-2.9	4.1	9.8	6.2
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	26.979	240.9	242.1	68.9	-3.6	10.9	0.5	0.5
Asia	65.378	313.3	342.4	95.7	-2.9	1.8	15.7	9.3
Export Air Freight	100.000	159.0	168.2	2.7	-2.9	-6.7	3.4	5.8
Europe (Dec. 2006=100)	29.958	139.9	153.9	1.0	-2.5	-11.6	6.1	10.0
Inbound Air Freight	100.000	228.7	243.3	46.7	-5.1	3.0	6.3	6.4
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	26.307	168.9	167.6	27.8	-7.9	8.3	-0.8	-0.8
Asia	64.204	234.5	258.6	66.2	-4.5	1.3	10.8	10.3
Outbound Air Freight	100.000	144.1	154.6	4.7	-4.3	-4.6	4.9	7.3
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	32.931	157.1	176.4	11.2	-2.9	-15.2	8.0	12.3
Asia	45.628	136.1	146.1	3.5	-6.4	4.0	3.3	7.3
Air Passenger Fares
Import Air Passenger Fares	100.000	151.4	157.3	-16.4	4.4	3.9	-0.3	3.9
Europe	37.718	145.5	137.9	-32.9	9.9	3.6	-3.1	-5.2
Asia	34.909	182.3	200.6	30.9	4.8	3.9	5.4	10.0
Latin America/Caribbean	7.072	117.7	120.7	-34.9	-0.5	7.8	-0.8	2.5
Export Air Passenger Fares	100.000	169.4	153.3	4.4	5.9	-4.0	14.5	-9.5
Europe	24.761	181.0	180.7	-2.2	1.4	2.4	13.3	-0.2
Asia	37.148	217.8	164.4	27.2	16.9	-21.0	46.5	-24.5
Latin America/Caribbean	21.055	144.9	140.2	-11.5	-1.8	11.2	-6.5	-3.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

                                                TECHNICAL NOTE                                                

Import and Export Goods and Services Price Indexes - All indexes use a modified Laspeyres 
formula and are not seasonally adjusted. Price indexes are reweighted annually, with a 2-year lag in the 
weights. Published series use a base year of 2000=100 where possible. More detailed index series and 
additional information may be obtained at www.bls.gov/mxp or by calling (202) 691-7101.

Merchandise Goods Classification Systems - The merchandise price indexes are published using three 
classification systems. Items are classified by end use according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis 
Classification System, by industry according to the North American Industry Classification System 
(NAICS), and by product category according to the Harmonized System (HS). While classification by 
end use and product category are self-explanatory, some notes are in order for classifying items by 
industry. In the NAICS imports and exports tables, items are classified by output industry, not input 
industry. As an example, NAICS import index 326 (plastics and rubber products manufacturing) 
includes outputs such as manufactured plastic rather than inputs such as petroleum. The NAICS 
classification structure also matches the classification system used by the Producer Price Index (PPI) to 
produce the NAICS primary products indexes.

Import Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United 
States Annotated (TSUSA). Import prices are based on U.S. dollar prices paid by the U.S. importer. The 
prices are generally either "free on board" (f.o.b.) foreign port or "cost, insurance, and freight" (c.i.f.) 
U.S. port transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual industry. The index for crude 
petroleum is calculated from data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy.  

Export Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Schedule B classification system 
of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The prices used are generally either "free alongside ship" (f.a.s.) 
factory or "free on board" (f.o.b.) transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual 
industry. Prices used in the grain index, excluding rice, are obtained from the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture.

Services Price Indexes - Indexes for import and export air passenger fares calculate changes in the 
average revenue received per passenger by foreign carriers from U.S. residents and by U.S. carriers from 
foreign residents, respectively. Data are obtained from an airline consulting service and report on tickets 
sold by travel agencies, travel websites, and directly by the airlines. Taxes and fees are included in both 
the import and export air passenger fares indexes. Import air passenger fares data have used the airline 
consulting service source since September 2008. Before April 2018, the export air passenger fares data 
were collected directly by BLS from U.S. airlines. The air freight indexes are calculated from data 
collected directly from airlines. These data exclude mail and passenger baggage. The scope of the 
service being priced is the movement of freight from airport to airport only, and does not include any 
ground transportation or port service. The air freight indexes are presented using two definitions: 
balance of payments (which represents transactions between U.S. and foreign residents) and 
international (which represents transactions inbound to and outbound from the United States.) Fact 
sheets specifying detailed information for each services industry are available at www.bls.gov/mxp 
under "MXP Publications."

Import Price Indexes by Locality of Origin - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the import price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and, 
beginning with January 2002, are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
covering goods-producing industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and 
manufactured goods are defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Export Price Indexes by Locality of Destination - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the export price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and are 
based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) covering goods-producing 
industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and manufactured goods are 
defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Terms of Trade Indexes - Terms of trade indexes measure the relative price of exports in terms of 
import prices for a specific country, region, or grouping. The indexes are calculated as one country, 
region, or grouping's all-export goods price index divided by the corresponding all-import goods price 
index on a scale of 100. 
   
Relative Importance - A relative importance is a specific index's price-updated value share (expressed 
as a percentage) of overall imports or exports at a specific point in time. Relative importance values are 
affected by the trade weights at the point indexes are reweighted and index changes relative to other 
indexes since the reweight point. If an index is rising in value relative to other indexes over time, the 
relative importance will increase as well. 
 
Revision Policy - To reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents, monthly data 
may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. After 3 months, no further data 
revisions take place. For example, data first published in the January release will be subject to revision 
in the releases for February, March, and April.

Rounding Policy - Index values are rounded to the tenth decimal place after being calculated. All 
percent changes are then derived from the rounded index values and subsequently rounded to the tenth 
decimal place.

Uses of the Data - The primary use of the indexes is to deflate trade statistics, notably the foreign trade 
sector of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) constructed by the Department of 
Commerce. Other published indexes are useful for general market analysis. For trade in international 
services, balance of payments indexes are used for deflating NIPA, while international indexes are more 
appropriate for market analysis. 

Email Subscription - The U.S. import and export price indexes news release is available through an 
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Additional Information - More detailed data are available on the Import/Export Price Indexes home 
page at www.bls.gov/mxp. For import and export price indexes data requests, send an email to 
mxpinfo@bls.gov.   
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