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                          U.S. IMPORT AND EXPORT PRICE INDEXES - JANUARY 2020

U.S. import prices were unchanged in January, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today, following 
0.2-percent advances the 2 previous months. In January, falling fuel prices offset increasing prices for 
nonfuel imports. Prices for U.S. exports advanced 0.7 percent in January, after declining 0.2 percent the 
previous month.


Imports

Import prices were unchanged in January, after rising in December and November. Prices for U.S. imports 
rose 0.3 percent from January 2019 to January 2020. The price index for overall imports advanced on a 12-
month basis for the second consecutive month, after not recording an over-the-year increase since the index 
rose 0.1 percent for the year ended March 2019. (See table 1.)

Fuel Imports: Prices for import fuel declined 2.2 percent in January, led by lower prices for both petroleum 
and natural gas. The January decrease was the largest monthly drop since the index fell 4.2 percent in 
August. Petroleum prices fell 1.7 percent in January following a 1.0-percent increase in December and a 
0.9-percent advance in November. The price index for natural gas declined 11.7 percent in January, after 
rising 141.3 percent over the previous 5 months. Despite the decline in January, import fuel prices increased 
11.3 percent over the past 12 months, driven by an 11.3-percent advance in petroleum prices and a 15.7-
percent rise in natural gas prices.

All Imports Excluding Fuel: The price index for nonfuel imports increased 0.2 percent for the second 
consecutive month in January. Prior to December, the most recent advance in the index occurred in 
February 2019 when the index ticked up 0.1 percent. Higher prices for finished goods; nonfuel industrial 
supplies and materials; and foods, feeds, and beverages all contributed to the January advance. Despite the 
recent increases, nonfuel import prices fell 0.9 percent over the past year and have not increased on an over-
the-year basis since December 2018.

Nonfuel Industrial Supplies and Materials: Prices for nonfuel industrial supplies and materials rose 0.3 
percent in January following no change the previous month. The January advance was primarily driven by a 
2.2-percent rise in unfinished metals prices.

Finished Goods: Finished goods prices increased in January. Automotive vehicles prices advanced 0.5 
percent in January, led by rising prices for passenger cars. The increase in automotive vehicles prices was 
the largest monthly gain since the index rose 0.5 percent in January 2018. The price indexes for capital 
goods and consumer goods both ticked up 0.1 percent for the second consecutive month in January. 

Foods, Feeds, and Beverages: Foods, feeds, and beverages prices advanced 0.5 percent in January, after 
rising 1.1 percent in December. Higher prices for fish and shellfish more than offset declining meat prices.

Table A. Percent change in Import and Export Price Indexes, selected categories

Month	IMPORTS			EXPORTS
	All imports	Fuel imports	Nonfuel imports	All exports	Agri- cultural exports	Non- agricultural exports
2019
January	0.2	4.6	-0.3	-0.6	-2.1	-0.4
February	1.0	10.2	0.1	0.6	0.2	0.7
March	0.6	7.2	-0.2	0.7	0.9	0.7
April	0.2	1.9	-0.1	0.1	-1.4	0.2
May	0.2	3.6	-0.3	-0.3	-1.1	-0.2
June	-1.1	-7.8	-0.3	-0.6	2.4	-0.9
July	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.2
August	-0.6	-4.2	-0.1	-0.6	-2.4	-0.3
September	0.1	1.0	-0.1	-0.3	-1.6	-0.2
October	-0.4	(r)-1.6	(r)-0.3	0.0	1.7	-0.2
November	(r)0.2	(r)2.1	-0.1	(r)0.1	(r)2.4	(r)-0.1
December	(r)0.2	(r)1.7	(r)0.2	-0.2	-0.1	(r)-0.2
2020
January	0.0	-2.2	0.2	0.7	2.0	0.7
Jan. 2018 to 2019	-1.5	-12.0	-0.2	-0.2	0.1	-0.2
Jan. 2019 to 2020	0.3	11.3	-0.9	0.5	3.1	0.2
Footnotes (r) Revised

Exports 

U.S. export prices rose 0.7 percent in January, the largest monthly advance since the index increased 0.7 
percent in March. In January, rising prices for both agricultural and nonagricultural exports contributed to 
the overall increase. Prices for exports also advanced on a 12-month basis, increasing 0.5 percent in January. 
The rise in January was the first 12-month advance since the index increased 0.2 percent for the year ended 
in April. (See table 2.)

Agricultural Exports: The price index for agricultural exports advanced 2.0 percent in January following a 
decrease of 0.1 percent in December and increases of 2.4 percent in November and 1.7 percent in October. 
Rising prices for vegetables, soybeans, wheat, and corn in January more than offset lower prices for fruit, 
meat, and nuts. Prices for agricultural exports also advanced over the past 12 months, rising 3.1 percent 
from January 2019 to January 2020.  

All Exports Excluding Agriculture: Nonagricultural export prices increased 0.7 percent in January, after 
falling 0.2 percent the previous month. In January, advancing prices for nonagricultural industrial supplies 
and materials; finished goods; and nonagricultural foods all contributed to the increase in nonagricultural 
export prices. The price index for nonagricultural exports advanced 0.2 percent for the year ended in 
January, the first 12-month increase since rising 0.5 percent in April.    

Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials: Prices for nonagricultural industrial supplies and 
materials advanced 1.1 percent in January following a 0.5-percent drop the previous month. The January 
increase was led by a 1.5-percent rise in fuel prices, a 3.0-percent advance in nonferrous metals prices, and a 
0.6-percent increase in chemicals prices. 

Finished Goods: Finished goods prices were mostly up in January. The price index for export capital goods 
rose 0.4 percent, as higher prices for capital goods excluding computers more than offset lower prices for 
computers, peripherals, and semiconductors. Prices for automotive vehicles increased 0.5 percent in 
January, driven by advancing prices for engines and nonengine parts and accessories. The January increase 
for capital goods prices was the largest advance since January 2019 and the rise in automotive vehicles 
prices was the largest 1-month increase since February 2019. Consumer goods prices were unchanged in 
January.


Measures of Import and Export Prices by Locality

Imports by Locality of Origin: The price index for imports from China declined 0.2 percent in January, 
after no change in December. The January decline was the largest drop since September and the index has 
not risen on a monthly basis since May 2018. Prices for imports from China declined 1.7 percent over the 
past year. In contrast, import prices from Japan rose 0.2 percent in January, the largest monthly increase 
since August. The January advance was led by higher prices for machinery manufacturing. The price index 
for imports from Canada fell 0.8 percent in January, driven by lower fuel prices. Prices for imports from 
Mexico also decreased in January, falling 0.2 percent following a 0.4-percent increase the previous month. 
Import prices from the European Union rose 0.4 percent in January, the largest monthly advance since the 
index increased 0.6 percent in April 2018. (See table 7.)

Exports by Locality of Destination: Prices for exports to China increased 0.3 percent in January, after 
ticking up 0.1 percent in each of the 2 previous months. The January rise was the largest 1-month advance 
since the index increased 0.6 percent in July. Despite the recent advances, export prices to China fell 0.2 
percent from January 2019 to January 2020. The price index for exports to Japan rose 0.1 percent in January 
following no change in December. Prices for exports to Japan increased 1.8 percent over the past 12 months. 
Export prices to Canada and Mexico both advanced in January, rising 0.6 percent and 1.1 percent, 
respectively. The price index for exports to the European Union rose 0.7 percent in January, the largest 
monthly increase since July. (See table 8.)

Terms of Trade Indexes: Terms of Trade indexes are based on country, region, or grouping and measure 
the change in the purchasing power of exports relative to imports. The index for the U.S. terms of trade with 
China advanced 0.5 percent in January, the largest 1-month rise since July. Lower import prices from China 
and higher export prices to China each contributed to the January increase. The index for U.S. terms of trade 
with Japan edged down 0.1 percent in January as rising import prices from Japan more than offset higher 
export prices to Japan. The U.S. terms of trade with Canada and the U.S. terms of trade with Mexico each 
advanced 1.3 percent in January. The index for the U.S. terms of trade with the European Union also 
increased in January, rising 0.3 percent, the first monthly advance for the index since a 0.6-percent increase 
in July. (See table 9.)


Import and Export Services

Imports: Import air passenger fares fell 8.8 percent in January following a 12.3-percent advance for the 
fourth quarter of 2019. The January drop was led by lower Asian and Latin American/Caribbean fares. 
Import air passenger fares decreased 9.6 percent for the year ended in January, the largest 12-month drop 
since April. Import air freight prices declined 2.4 percent in January, the first monthly decrease since 
September. Prices for import air freight also fell over the past year, declining 4.6 percent. (See table 10.)

Exports: The index for export air passenger fares rose 8.4 percent in January, after declining 0.7 percent in 
December. The January advance was driven by a 17.4-percent increase in Asian fares, and was the largest 
rise in overall export air passenger fares since December 2013. Despite the January advance, export air 
passenger fares decreased 1.2 percent over the past year. Prices for export air freight rose 2.7 percent in 
January, the largest 1-month advance since the index increased 5.4 percent in October 2017. The January 
rise led export air freight prices up 2.2 percent over the past 12 months.  


Import and Export Price Index data for February are scheduled for release on Friday, March 13, 2020 at 
8:30 a.m. (EDT).

Table 1. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: January 2019 to January 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Dec. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Jan. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020
All commodities		100.000	125.0	125.0	0.3	-0.4	0.2	0.2	0.0
All imports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		84.019	98.8	99.0	-0.8	-0.2	-0.1	0.0	0.2
All imports excluding petroleum		90.619	112.0	112.2	-0.7	-0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2
All imports excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		90.108	115.8	116.0	-0.9	-0.3	-0.1	0.2	0.2
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	6.089	177.5	178.4	-0.7	-0.3	-0.4	1.1	0.5
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	4.720	192.9	193.3	-1.8	-0.3	-0.5	1.4	0.2
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	1.369	143.1	145.3	3.4	-0.2	0.1	0.0	1.5
Industrial supplies & materials	1	23.535	188.2	186.8	3.7	-1.0	0.9	0.7	-0.7
Industrial supplies & materials excluding petroleum		14.420	155.7	155.3	-0.7	0.1	1.3	0.8	-0.3
Industrial supplies & materials excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		13.658	173.8	174.3	-1.3	-0.6	0.0	0.0	0.3
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		8.535	166.4	167.5	0.8	-0.8	0.2	-0.3	0.7
Industrial supplies & materials nondurable excluding petroleum		5.619	142.4	140.2	-3.0	1.4	2.9	2.4	-1.5
Fuels & lubricants	10	9.892	213.1	208.5	11.3	-1.6	2.1	1.7	-2.2
Petroleum & petroleum products	100	9.381	227.5	223.6	11.3	-2.4	0.9	1.0	-1.7
Crude	10000	6.477	234.3	226.0	12.4	-3.3	1.8	1.5	-3.5
Fuels, n.e.s.-coals & gas	101	0.511	140.8	127.3	10.6	21.5	33.3	16.0	-9.6
Gas-natural	10110	0.454	132.7	117.2	15.7	32.0	42.0	19.2	-11.7
Paper & paper base stocks	11	0.511	111.5	109.1	-12.7	-1.5	-1.5	-0.8	-2.2
Materials associated with nondurable supplies & materials	12	4.597	155.4	155.1	-3.8	-0.2	-0.1	0.6	-0.2
Selected building materials	13	1.501	143.3	142.9	-0.5	0.4	-0.2	0.4	-0.3
Unfinished metals related to durable goods	14	3.445	232.3	237.4	3.4	-1.8	0.6	-1.1	2.2
Finished metals related to durable goods	15	1.786	157.8	157.7	-1.3	-0.8	0.0	0.6	-0.1
Nonmetals related to durable goods	16	1.803	113.6	112.8	-1.0	0.3	0.0	0.1	-0.7
Capital goods	2	28.330	87.6	87.7	-1.6	-0.2	-0.2	0.1	0.1
Electric generating equipment	20	3.593	120.3	120.6	2.1	0.4	0.0	0.1	0.2
Nonelectrical machinery	21	22.369	79.4	79.4	-2.6	-0.4	-0.3	0.1	0.0
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	2.368	136.4	137.6	1.3	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.9
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	15.488	109.7	110.2	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.5
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	26.558	106.8	106.9	-0.2	-0.2	-0.1	0.1	0.1
Nondurables, manufactured	40	13.063	123.8	124.1	0.8	-0.1	0.0	0.1	0.2
Durables, manufactured	41	12.235	91.0	90.9	-1.2	-0.2	-0.1	0.0	-0.1
Nonmanufactured consumer goods	42	1.259	116.5	116.6	-0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 2. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: January 2019 to January 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Dec. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Jan. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020
All commodities		100.000	125.0	125.9	0.5	0.0	0.1	-0.2	0.7
Agricultural commodities		9.457	180.6	184.2	3.1	1.7	2.4	-0.1	2.0
All exports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		79.749	101.0	101.4	0.1	-0.3	0.0	-0.1	0.4
Nonagricultural commodities		90.543	120.7	121.5	0.2	-0.2	-0.1	-0.2	0.7
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	8.767	184.7	188.7	3.9	1.7	2.2	-0.1	2.2
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	8.207	183.0	187.0	4.0	1.7	2.5	-0.1	2.2
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	0.559	216.6	220.9	1.9	0.9	-0.9	-0.8	2.0
Industrial supplies & materials	1	32.770	151.1	152.8	-0.3	-0.3	-0.2	-0.5	1.1
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		10.389	166.7	169.2	3.5	-0.8	0.3	-0.1	1.5
Industrial supplies & materials, nondurable		22.381	144.4	145.8	-2.1	0.0	-0.5	-0.6	1.0
Agricultural industrial supplies & materials	10	1.221	171.1	172.2	-3.1	1.3	1.4	0.1	0.6
Nonagricultural industrial supplies & materials		31.549	150.5	152.2	-0.3	-0.3	-0.3	-0.5	1.1
Fuels & lubricants	11	11.484	172.9	175.5	0.5	0.7	-0.6	-0.9	1.5
Nonagricultural supplies & materials excluding fuels & building materials	12	19.148	155.6	157.2	-0.4	-0.8	-0.1	-0.2	1.0
Selected building materials	13	0.917	116.8	116.1	-4.8	-0.9	-0.4	-0.8	-0.6
Capital goods	2	36.343	110.6	111.0	0.5	-0.2	0.0	0.0	0.4
Electrical generating equipment	20	3.709	117.3	118.2	0.8	-0.2	0.0	0.2	0.8
Nonelectrical machinery	21	23.668	94.5	94.7	-0.4	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1	0.2
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	8.966	183.0	183.9	2.7	-0.1	0.1	0.1	0.5
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	9.760	113.6	114.2	0.1	-0.2	0.0	-0.4	0.5
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	12.361	110.3	110.3	0.6	-0.2	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Nondurables, manufactured	40	5.957	108.1	108.3	1.6	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.2
Durables, manufactured	41	4.932	106.9	106.9	0.1	-0.4	0.0	-0.3	0.0
Nonmanufactured consumer goods (Dec. 2018=100)	42	1.472	99.0	98.9	-1.1	-0.2	-0.2	0.2	-0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 3. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: January 2019 to January 2020 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Dec. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Jan. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020
Nonmanufacturing		9.067	113.8	110.8	9.1	-2.2	1.9	2.4	-2.6
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	1.840	173.7	176.8	-2.6	-1.0	-1.4	3.4	1.8
Crop production	111	1.477	181.7	183.0	-6.2	-1.4	-2.2	3.1	0.7
Mining	21	7.228	107.8	103.8	12.2	-2.6	2.8	2.1	-3.7
Oil and gas extraction	211	6.971	107.6	103.4	12.4	-2.6	2.8	2.3	-3.9
Manufacturing		90.642	110.6	110.9	-0.4	-0.2	-0.1	0.0	0.3
Manufacturing, part 1	31	11.294	125.3	125.5	0.4	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2
Food manufacturing	311	3.510	154.9	155.0	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	1.137	125.6	125.8	3.2	-0.1	0.2	0.0	0.2
Textile mills (Dec. 2011=100)	313	0.369	99.3	99.2	-1.0	0.0	-0.5	0.0	-0.1
Textile product mills	314	0.933	107.4	107.7	-1.4	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.3
Apparel manufacturing	315	3.714	112.5	112.9	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.4
Leather and allied product manufacturing	316	1.629	123.8	124.2	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.0	0.3
Manufacturing, part 2	32	18.295	125.0	125.4	0.0	-0.2	-0.4	-0.1	0.3
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2019=100)	321	0.792	100.0	99.7	-	-	-	-	-0.3
Paper manufacturing	322	0.993	108.1	107.0	-8.0	-1.0	-0.8	-0.4	-1.0
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	2.643	98.9	101.7	8.7	-0.3	-1.7	-1.3	2.8
Chemical manufacturing	325	10.225	138.3	138.4	-0.9	-0.3	-0.1	0.3	0.1
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.370	119.3	119.1	-0.3	0.6	0.1	-0.1	-0.2
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	1.073	131.3	131.4	0.5	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Manufacturing, part 3	33	61.053	103.2	103.5	-0.7	-0.3	0.0	0.0	0.3
Primary metal manufacturing	331	3.968	154.3	157.4	2.1	-1.9	0.6	-0.9	2.0
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.220	126.8	126.2	-0.4	-0.2	-0.2	0.4	-0.5
Machinery manufacturing	333	7.658	118.8	118.8	-0.1	-0.3	0.1	0.0	0.0
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	16.926	71.7	71.8	-3.1	-0.1	-0.4	0.0	0.1
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	5.452	117.4	117.5	0.9	-0.1	-0.4	0.4	0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	16.536	109.0	109.7	0.3	-0.1	0.1	0.1	0.6
Furniture and related product manufacturing	337	1.889	115.4	115.4	-1.9	-0.3	-0.3	-0.2	0.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.406	118.8	118.4	-0.4	-0.2	0.3	0.1	-0.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 4. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: January 2019 to January 2020 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Dec. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Jan. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020
Nonmanufacturing		10.143	128.5	129.5	-3.2	1.9	0.9	-0.5	0.8
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	4.671	151.7	157.2	3.3	3.5	3.2	-1.3	3.6
Crop production	111	4.312	158.8	164.8	3.3	3.7	3.3	-1.2	3.8
Mining	21	5.472	78.9	77.6	-9.6	0.0	-1.6	0.5	-1.6
Mining (except oil and gas)	212	1.266	102.8	97.9	-17.2	-1.1	-3.5	-1.2	-4.8
Manufacturing		88.667	116.1	116.9	0.9	-0.2	0.0	-0.2	0.7
Manufacturing, part 1	31	6.778	141.8	142.9	1.9	-0.3	0.9	0.6	0.8
Food manufacturing	311	4.688	161.3	162.4	3.6	-0.2	1.3	1.1	0.7
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	0.633	121.3	122.5	-2.2	-0.7	0.0	-0.2	1.0
Manufacturing, part 2	32	24.412	112.5	113.7	0.7	-0.1	-0.1	-0.7	1.1
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2017=100)	321	0.457	93.8	92.9	-9.4	-1.0	-0.7	-0.3	-1.0
Paper manufacturing	322	1.505	119.5	118.7	-8.8	-1.4	-0.1	-0.3	-0.7
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	5.950	105.3	110.0	9.9	0.9	0.3	-1.9	4.5
Chemical manufacturing	325	13.169	116.9	117.2	-1.4	-0.3	-0.3	-0.4	0.3
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.307	117.0	117.0	0.9	0.1	0.0	-0.3	0.0
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	0.822	117.0	117.1	0.4	-0.1	-0.2	-0.5	0.1
Manufacturing, part 3	33	57.477	115.0	115.6	1.0	-0.2	0.0	-0.2	0.5
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.080	152.5	156.3	7.9	-0.7	0.2	-0.2	2.5
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.047	149.1	150.4	3.4	0.5	-0.1	0.1	0.9
Machinery manufacturing	333	9.763	130.0	130.8	1.6	0.4	-0.2	-0.2	0.6
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	13.596	81.4	81.5	-1.7	-0.7	0.0	-0.1	0.1
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	3.764	117.5	117.6	-0.3	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	17.479	128.9	129.5	1.3	-0.1	0.0	0.1	0.5
Furniture and related product manufacturing (Dec. 2011=100)	337	0.392	122.5	122.5	1.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.356	119.9	120.0	0.0	-0.2	-0.1	-0.3	0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 5. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: January 2019 to January 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative importance Dec. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Jan. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020
Live animals; animal products	I	1.380	199.1	201.4	5.0	-0.4	0.9	1.5	1.2
Meat and edible meat offal	02	0.390	277.3	264.3	6.5	-0.1	3.0	2.7	-4.7
Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates	03	0.723	139.3	144.1	4.0	-0.9	0.2	1.0	3.4
Vegetable products	II	1.817	200.6	202.2	-5.5	-1.5	-2.3	2.7	0.8
Edible vegetables, roots, and tubers	07	0.485	496.2	499.8	-1.1	-5.2	-1.3	5.6	0.7
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.607	99.8	101.2	-17.3	-0.2	-7.0	2.1	1.4
Coffee, tea, mate and spices	09	0.341	210.8	207.1	1.3	-1.6	2.6	2.6	-1.8
Animal or vegetable fats and oils (Dec. 2009=100)	III	0.243	85.9	89.6	-2.6	1.9	1.1	0.1	4.3
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	2.964	167.9	167.9	1.5	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.0
Cocoa and cocoa preparations (Dec. 2009=100)	18	0.205	101.4	100.9	5.3	3.1	0.4	2.7	-0.5
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts, or other parts of plants	20	0.369	171.9	171.7	-1.2	-0.3	0.0	0.1	-0.1
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar	22	1.088	136.0	136.3	3.2	-0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mineral products	V	9.930	213.5	208.9	11.2	-1.5	2.1	1.7	-2.2
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	9.605	210.6	206.0	11.4	-1.6	2.3	1.7	-2.2
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	9.609	156.8	156.9	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	0.3	0.1
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.515	306.8	298.5	-7.4	2.0	3.3	3.7	-2.7
Organic chemicals	29	2.139	125.8	125.7	-1.6	0.0	-0.6	0.3	-0.1
Pharmaceutical products	30	4.898	154.4	154.9	2.6	-0.1	-0.1	0.0	0.3
Essential oils and resinoids (Dec. 2016=100)	33	0.619	103.2	104.2	1.4	0.0	0.1	-0.1	1.0
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	0.597	102.4	101.4	-4.4	0.0	-0.1	0.3	-1.0
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	3.637	139.9	139.8	-0.9	0.3	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1
Plastics and articles thereof	39	2.445	142.4	142.2	-1.7	0.1	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1
Rubber and articles thereof	40	1.192	137.1	137.0	1.0	0.7	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Raw hides, skins, leather, furskins, travel goods, etc	VIII	0.616	124.4	124.7	-0.6	0.2	0.4	-0.2	0.2
Articles of leather; travel goods, bags, etc. of various materials	42	0.590	131.1	131.4	-0.4	0.1	0.5	-0.3	0.2
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, basketware and wickerwork	IX	0.816	145.0	144.7	-1.8	0.3	-0.8	0.6	-0.2
Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal (Dec. 2019=100)	44	0.780	100.0	99.7	-	-	-	-	-0.3
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.031	114.3	111.7	-9.0	-0.9	-0.9	-0.3	-2.3
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	0.715	108.6	107.9	-3.4	-0.4	-0.5	0.3	-0.6
Textile and textile articles	XI	4.820	114.2	114.5	-0.2	0.1	-0.2	0.1	0.3
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted	61	1.963	105.5	105.2	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.3	-0.3
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted	62	1.598	120.5	121.7	1.1	-0.2	-0.2	0.0	1.0
Made-up or worn textile articles	63	0.637	101.6	101.7	-2.0	0.2	-0.2	0.0	0.1
Headgear, umbrellas, artificial flowers, etc.	XII	1.361	123.2	123.5	0.3	0.4	0.5	-0.1	0.2
Footwear and parts of such articles	64	1.125	122.3	122.8	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.0	0.4
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.966	132.5	132.3	0.7	0.1	0.1	0.2	-0.2
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	2.819	192.6	197.7	11.8	-0.6	0.9	0.1	2.6
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	5.471	169.4	169.6	-3.9	-1.3	-0.3	-0.4	0.1
Iron and steel	72	1.105	199.3	199.1	-10.4	-3.8	-2.1	-0.7	-0.1
Articles of iron or steel	73	1.683	147.5	146.9	-2.6	-0.9	-0.5	0.5	-0.4
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.420	270.8	276.8	-0.3	-0.7	2.7	0.3	2.2
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.906	127.9	128.2	-3.5	-1.0	1.5	0.2	0.2
Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof	82	0.459	122.7	122.7	-1.0	-0.2	-0.6	-0.2	0.0
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.533	135.0	134.6	-2.3	-0.6	-0.1	-0.1	-0.3
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	30.283	78.7	78.8	-1.5	-0.1	-0.3	0.0	0.1
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	15.355	84.2	84.1	-2.9	-0.5	-0.5	0.0	-0.1
Electrical machinery and equip, sound and TV recorders & reproducers, parts	85	14.928	73.6	73.7	-0.3	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.663	113.4	114.1	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.6
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	12.544	112.5	113.3	0.4	-0.1	0.1	0.1	0.7
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	4.063	101.9	102.0	0.1	-0.2	0.1	0.3	0.1
Optical, photographic, measuring and medical instruments	90	3.808	98.4	98.0	-0.4	-0.2	0.1	0.3	-0.4
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	4.438	111.5	111.3	-1.3	-0.3	0.0	0.1	-0.2
Furniture & stuffed furnishings; lamps & lighting fittings, nesoi; prefab bldgs	94	2.791	117.1	116.9	-1.6	-0.2	-0.3	0.1	-0.2
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	1.379	102.3	102.2	-0.5	-0.2	0.7	0.0	-0.1
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	96	0.268	127.1	127.2	-1.9	-1.2	0.0	0.0	0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 6. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: January 2019 to January 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative import- ance Dec. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Jan. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020
Live animals; animal products	I	1.986	217.4	216.2	3.8	-0.7	1.5	0.9	-0.6
Meat & edible meat offal (Dec. 2006=100)	02	1.238	169.5	166.1	3.0	-2.4	3.2	2.1	-2.0
Fish and crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic invertebrates (Dec. 2016=100)	03	0.366	119.2	121.5	0.9	1.1	-1.5	-0.9	1.9
Vegetable products	II	4.278	196.5	204.0	3.7	3.4	3.3	-1.3	3.8
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	1.014	144.9	137.7	-2.8	-1.6	3.1	1.5	-5.0
Cereals	10	1.386	193.5	200.1	-	7.0	2.5	-0.7	3.4
Oilseeds and misc. grains, seeds, fruits, plants, straw and fodder	12	1.432	190.2	199.0	-	4.0	2.9	-2.8	4.6
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	3.086	156.2	157.4	2.9	1.2	0.7	0.5	0.8
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants (Dec. 2019=100)	20	0.333	100.0	99.9	-	-	-	-	-0.1
Miscellaneous edible preparations (Dec. 2017=100)	21	0.590	100.4	100.4	5.5	0.9	0.6	0.2	0.0
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar (Dec. 2008=100)	22	0.583	111.6	106.7	1.7	6.8	-1.7	-1.1	-4.4
Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed	23	0.732	222.5	237.7	5.3	-0.5	3.6	3.2	6.8
Mineral products	V	11.401	208.2	211.4	0.7	0.2	-0.5	-0.9	1.5
Ores, slag and ash (Dec. 2012=100)	26	0.403	96.2	94.9	-1.0	-0.2	0.7	-2.8	-1.4
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	10.802	199.6	202.9	0.8	0.2	-0.6	-0.8	1.7
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	10.899	137.3	137.6	-1.0	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.2
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.743	146.4	147.7	2.1	-0.7	-0.7	-0.4	0.9
Organic chemicals	29	2.470	138.6	138.8	-7.0	-0.6	-0.6	0.1	0.1
Pharmaceutical products	30	3.148	107.7	108.1	3.1	-0.1	0.3	0.0	0.4
Tanning or dyeing extracts, dyes, paints varnish, putty, & inks (Dec. 2015=100)	32	0.533	105.0	104.9	3.1	1.2	-0.1	-0.7	-0.1
Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery cosmetic or toilet preparations	33	0.877	130.4	128.8	-2.0	0.1	-0.2	0.1	-1.2
Soap; lubricants; waxes, polishing or scouring products; candles, pastes	34	0.489	124.9	124.9	1.6	-0.2	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	1.994	156.2	158.2	1.5	-0.2	0.0	0.1	1.3
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	5.089	140.7	141.4	-1.6	-0.6	0.0	-0.4	0.5
Plastics and articles thereof	39	4.210	137.7	138.4	-1.5	-0.6	0.0	-0.2	0.5
Rubber and articles thereof	40	0.879	151.9	152.6	-1.7	0.1	-0.3	-0.8	0.5
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, baskets and wickerwork (Dec. 2014=100)	IX	0.553	91.3	90.8	-8.8	-1.4	-0.6	-1.0	-0.5
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.740	118.6	117.8	-9.9	-1.9	-0.4	0.0	-0.7
Woodpulp and recovered paper (Dec. 2019=100)	47	0.419	100.0	97.7	-	-	-	-	-2.3
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	1.032	124.3	124.0	-3.3	-0.6	0.2	-0.2	-0.2
Textile and textile articles	XI	1.673	119.1	121.4	-1.2	0.7	0.8	0.0	1.9
Cotton, including yarns and woven fabrics thereof	52	0.474	116.7	121.3	-2.3	3.1	3.2	0.3	3.9
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.805	127.0	127.0	0.9	0.0	-0.1	-0.2	0.0
Glass and glassware (Dec. 2019=100)	70	0.392	100.0	100.0	-	-	-	-	0.0
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	4.550	261.2	266.1	10.7	-0.4	0.2	-0.4	1.9
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	4.566	155.4	158.4	-0.6	-1.4	0.8	0.3	1.9
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.491	174.9	183.8	3.4	-1.6	2.2	0.4	5.1
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.678	98.3	99.3	-8.0	-0.1	-0.1	-0.2	1.0
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.334	153.3	156.1	2.0	-0.2	-0.1	-0.2	1.8
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	28.192	97.2	97.6	-0.2	-0.4	0.0	-0.2	0.4
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	16.862	115.5	116.0	0.0	-0.3	-0.1	-0.2	0.4
Electrical machinery and equipment and parts and accessories thereof	85	11.329	77.7	77.9	-0.5	-0.5	0.0	0.0	0.3
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.272	137.1	137.6	1.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.4
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	8.000	116.1	116.6	0.3	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.4
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	6.021	110.4	110.8	1.9	0.3	-0.3	-0.1	0.4
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	1.335	112.8	112.4	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	0.2	-0.4
Furniture; stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings nesoi;	94	0.739	130.5	131.2	1.0	0.0	0.0	-0.1	0.5
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	0.441	88.8	87.1	-0.5	-0.2	-0.1	0.6	-1.9
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 7. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes by locality of origin: January 2019 to January 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Dec. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Annual	Monthly
				Jan. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	127.1	127.0	3.3	-0.3	0.5	0.2	-0.1
Nonmanufacturing	11.128	183.2	177.9	22.3	-2.1	2.5	-0.2	-2.9
Manufacturing	88.408	121.8	122.1	1.5	0.0	0.3	0.1	0.2
Canada	100.000	138.6	137.5	6.1	-0.9	1.0	-0.3	-0.8
Nonmanufacturing	31.468	179.1	173.5	24.1	-2.4	2.6	-0.4	-3.1
Manufacturing	67.797	129.5	129.7	0.2	-0.3	0.4	-0.3	0.2
European Union	100.000	137.1	137.6	0.7	-0.1	0.1	0.1	0.4
Manufacturing	98.571	133.4	133.9	0.6	-0.2	0.3	0.0	0.4
France (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	127.5	128.0	0.5	-0.1	0.2	-0.2	0.4
Germany (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	113.0	113.4	1.0	-0.2	0.0	0.4	0.4
United Kingdom (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	122.6	122.8	1.9	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin America(3)	100.000	144.9	144.5	-1.2	-1.0	-0.6	0.3	-0.3
Nonmanufacturing	15.225	257.0	252.0	4.0	-1.8	-0.8	4.2	-1.9
Manufacturing	84.488	118.1	118.2	-2.1	-0.8	-0.6	-0.4	0.1
Mexico (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	126.0	125.7	-1.0	-0.2	-1.0	0.4	-0.2
Nonmanufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	8.041	132.6	131.5	0.9	1.2	-6.5	5.5	-0.8
Manufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	91.669	86.8	86.7	-1.1	-0.3	-0.6	0.0	-0.1
Pacific Rim (Dec. 2003=100)(4)	100.000	97.6	97.5	-1.2	-0.2	-0.1	0.1	-0.1
China (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	98.1	97.9	-1.7	-0.1	-0.1	0.0	-0.2
Japan	100.000	96.9	97.1	0.6	0.1	0.1	-0.1	0.2
Taiwan (Dec. 2018=100)	100.000	98.6	98.6	-1.3	-0.2	-0.1	0.0	0.0
Asian NICs(5)	100.000	86.5	86.2	-2.2	-0.5	-0.1	-0.2	-0.3
ASEAN (Dec. 2003=100)(6)	100.000	97.1	97.5	0.2	-0.1	-0.1	0.1	0.4
Asia Near East (Dec. 2003=100)(7)	100.000	178.0	175.0	1.5	-2.8	3.8	-0.6	-1.7
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries. (5) Asian Newly Industrialized Countries - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. (6) Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. (7) Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 8. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes by locality of destination: January 2019 to January 2020 [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Dec. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Annual	Monthly
				Jan. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	103.0	103.7	1.6	0.1	0.2	-0.1	0.7
Nonmanufacturing	10.438	105.3	106.4	-0.5	1.2	1.1	-0.2	1.0
Manufacturing	88.331	103.0	103.7	1.7	0.0	0.1	-0.1	0.7
Canada	100.000	104.7	105.3	1.3	0.2	0.7	-0.1	0.6
European Union	100.000	104.5	105.2	1.5	-0.2	-0.2	0.0	0.7
Nonmanufacturing	9.673	100.9	100.2	-5.0	1.0	-1.4	1.1	-0.7
Manufacturing	88.913	104.8	105.6	1.9	-0.3	-0.1	-0.1	0.8
Germany	100.000	104.6	105.7	3.4	-0.2	0.1	0.2	1.1
Latin America(3)	100.000	100.1	101.7	1.2	0.3	0.3	-0.5	1.6
Nonmanufacturing	7.365	103.8	105.2	-1.3	3.9	1.2	-1.6	1.3
Manufacturing	92.151	99.9	101.4	1.3	0.1	0.2	-0.4	1.5
Mexico	100.000	99.8	100.9	0.6	0.1	0.5	-0.5	1.1
Nonmanufacturing	5.693	96.4	96.3	-5.8	3.9	2.2	-3.6	-0.1
Manufacturing	93.731	100.0	101.2	1.1	-0.1	0.4	-0.3	1.2
Pacific Rim(4)	100.000	99.2	99.6	-0.2	0.1	-0.6	-0.2	0.4
Nonmanufacturing	14.756	95.5	97.1	1.1	2.7	-3.7	-0.6	1.7
Manufacturing	83.665	100.5	100.6	0.0	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.1
China	100.000	97.4	97.7	-0.2	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.3
Nonmanufacturing	13.293	94.8	95.5	1.9	1.5	1.2	-0.1	0.7
Manufacturing	84.769	100.0	100.2	0.8	-0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2
Japan	100.000	100.5	100.6	1.8	0.6	-0.4	0.0	0.1
Nonmanufacturing	20.760	98.5	98.5	-0.2	2.5	-1.3	0.9	0.0
Manufacturing	77.687	100.3	100.3	1.6	0.2	-0.4	-0.2	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 9. U.S. terms of trade indexes and percent changes by locality: January 2019 to January 2020(1) [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Index		Percent change
	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Annual	Monthly
			Jan. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020
Industrialized Countries(2)	99.2	99.9	-1.8	0.4	-0.3	-0.2	0.7
Canada	99.3	100.6	-4.6	1.1	-0.3	0.2	1.3
European Union	102.6	102.9	0.8	0.0	-0.4	-0.1	0.3
Germany	106.5	107.3	2.5	0.0	0.1	-0.3	0.8
Latin America(3)	102.9	104.8	2.3	1.4	0.9	-0.8	1.8
Mexico	102.2	103.5	1.6	0.3	1.6	-0.9	1.3
Pacific Rim(4)	100.0	100.5	1.0	0.3	-0.5	-0.3	0.5
China	99.4	99.9	1.5	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.5
Japan	99.0	98.9	1.1	0.4	-0.5	0.1	-0.1
Footnotes (1) Terms of trade indexes are derived by dividing the export price index by the corresponding import price index and multiplying by 100. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 10. U.S. international price indexes and percent changes for selected transportation services: January 2019 to January 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Dec. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Annual	Monthly
				Jan. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020
Air Freight
Import Air Freight	100.000	182.2	177.9	-4.6	1.2	2.2	1.8	-2.4
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	26.354	143.3	144.1	-4.9	-0.2	-1.2	-0.1	0.6
Asia	59.942	175.0	167.4	-5.8	2.2	4.0	2.8	-4.3
Export Air Freight	100.000	163.8	168.3	2.2	0.4	-0.2	0.8	2.7
Europe (Dec. 2006=100)	31.671	152.4	157.1	3.2	-0.1	0.6	0.7	3.1
Inbound Air Freight	100.000	165.8	163.9	-5.9	1.1	1.3	1.2	-1.1
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	27.919	131.1	132.8	-6.1	-0.1	-1.0	-0.1	1.3
Asia	58.225	155.6	151.6	-6.8	2.0	2.6	1.9	-2.6
Outbound Air Freight	100.000	147.6	149.9	4.0	1.0	2.2	0.9	1.6
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	33.596	158.6	162.3	6.7	0.1	1.0	1.3	2.3
Asia	47.802	141.1	143.0	3.2	1.8	4.3	1.0	1.3
Air Passenger Fares
Import Air Passenger Fares	100.000	188.2	171.7	-9.6	3.4	2.7	5.7	-8.8
Europe	42.830	205.4	206.9	-9.6	0.2	8.0	-1.4	0.7
Asia	23.612	153.3	131.0	-5.0	3.5	0.1	19.3	-14.5
Latin America/Caribbean	8.954	185.3	148.8	0.5	4.0	4.0	16.1	-19.7
Export Air Passenger Fares	100.000	146.9	159.3	-1.2	-2.1	3.3	-0.7	8.4
Europe	29.135	184.8	184.1	-7.5	-2.9	4.5	-2.2	-0.4
Asia	25.406	129.2	151.7	1.1	-4.1	5.2	-1.9	17.4
Latin America/Caribbean	26.556	158.5	177.2	4.5	-1.7	0.9	3.7	11.8
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

                                                TECHNICAL NOTE                                                

Import and Export Goods and Services Price Indexes - All indexes use a modified Laspeyres 
formula and are not seasonally adjusted. Price indexes are reweighted annually, with a 2-year lag in the 
weights. Published series use a base year of 2000=100 where possible. More detailed index series and 
additional information may be obtained at www.bls.gov/mxp or by calling (202) 691-7101.

Merchandise Goods Classification Systems - The merchandise price indexes are published using three 
classification systems. Items are classified by end use according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis 
Classification System, by industry according to the North American Industry Classification System 
(NAICS), and by product category according to the Harmonized System (HS). While classification by 
end use and product category are self-explanatory, some notes are in order for classifying items by 
industry. In the NAICS imports and exports tables, items are classified by output industry, not input 
industry. As an example, NAICS import index 326 (plastics and rubber products manufacturing) 
includes outputs such as manufactured plastic rather than inputs such as petroleum. The NAICS 
classification structure also matches the classification system used by the Producer Price Index (PPI) to 
produce the NAICS primary products indexes.

Import Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United 
States Annotated (TSUSA). Import prices are based on U.S. dollar prices paid by the U.S. importer. The 
prices are generally either "free on board" (f.o.b.) foreign port or "cost, insurance, and freight" (c.i.f.) 
U.S. port transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual industry. The index for crude 
petroleum is calculated from data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy.  

Export Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Schedule B classification system 
of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The prices used are generally either "free alongside ship" (f.a.s.) 
factory or "free on board" (f.o.b.) transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual 
industry. Prices used in the grain index, excluding rice, are obtained from the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture.

Services Price Indexes - Indexes for import and export air passenger fares calculate changes in the 
average revenue received per passenger by foreign carriers from U.S. residents and by U.S. carriers from 
foreign residents, respectively. Data are obtained from an airline consulting service and report on tickets 
sold by travel agencies, travel websites, and directly by the airlines. Taxes and fees are included in both 
the import and export air passenger fares indexes. Import air passenger fares data have used the airline 
consulting service source since September 2008. Before April 2018, the export air passenger fares data 
were collected directly by BLS from U.S. airlines. The air freight indexes are calculated from data 
collected directly from airlines. These data exclude mail and passenger baggage. The scope of the 
service being priced is the movement of freight from airport to airport only, and does not include any 
ground transportation or port service. The air freight indexes are presented using two definitions: 
balance of payments (which represents transactions between U.S. and foreign residents) and 
international (which represents transactions inbound to and outbound from the United States.) Fact 
sheets specifying detailed information for each services industry are available at www.bls.gov/mxp 
under "MXP Publications."

Import Price Indexes by Locality of Origin - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the import price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and, 
beginning with January 2002, are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
covering goods-producing industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and 
manufactured goods are defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Export Price Indexes by Locality of Destination - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the export price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and are 
based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) covering goods-producing 
industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and manufactured goods are 
defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Terms of Trade Indexes - Terms of trade indexes measure the relative price of exports in terms of 
import prices for a specific country, region, or grouping. The indexes are calculated as one country, 
region, or grouping's all-export goods price index divided by the corresponding all-import goods price 
index on a scale of 100. 
   
Relative Importance - A relative importance is a specific index's price-updated value share (expressed 
as a percentage) of overall imports or exports at a specific point in time. Relative importance values are 
affected by the trade weights at the point indexes are reweighted and index changes relative to other 
indexes since the reweight point. If an index is rising in value relative to other indexes over time, the 
relative importance will increase as well. 
 
Revision Policy - To reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents, monthly data 
may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. After 3 months, no further data 
revisions take place. For example, data first published in the January release will be subject to revision 
in the releases for February, March, and April.

Rounding Policy - Index values are rounded to the tenth decimal place after being calculated. All 
percent changes are then derived from the rounded index values and subsequently rounded to the tenth 
decimal place.

Uses of the Data - The primary use of the indexes is to deflate trade statistics, notably the foreign trade 
sector of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) constructed by the Department of 
Commerce. Other published indexes are useful for general market analysis. For trade in international 
services, balance of payments indexes are used for deflating NIPA, while international indexes are more 
appropriate for market analysis. 

Email Subscription - The U.S. import and export price indexes news release is available through an 
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Additional Information - More detailed data are available on the Import/Export Price Indexes home 
page at www.bls.gov/mxp. For import and export price indexes data requests, send an email to 
mxpinfo@bls.gov.   
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