Technical information:(202) 691-6339 USDL 08-0619
http://www.bls.gov/tus/
For release: 10:00 A.M. (EDT)
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Thursday, May 8, 2008
MARRIED PARENTS’ USE OF TIME, 2003-06
Married mothers employed full time were more likely to do household
activities and provide childcare on an average day than were married
fathers employed full time, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of
Labor Statistics reported today. While married parents spent their
time in different ways, factors such as their employment status, the
age of their youngest child, and their spouse’s employment status were
related to the amount of time they spent in selected activities and
their likelihood of doing those activities.
The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data in this news release focus
on the activities of married parents who live in the same household as
their spouse and children under 18. The data refer to the amount of
time these parents spent doing activities on an "average day," a term
that reflects the average distribution of time across all 7 days of the
week. Many activities typically are not done on a daily basis, and some
activities only are done by a subset of married parents. The analysis
that follows uses time-use estimates that are restricted to specific pop-
ulation groups based on employment status, the age of youngest household
child, and spouse’s employment status. For a further description of ATUS
data and methodology, see the Technical Note.
Work Activities of Married Parents
-- Forty-three percent of married mothers and 88 percent of married
fathers were employed full time. Full-time workers are those who
usually work 35 hours or more per week.
-- Among full-time workers who are parents of children under 18,
married mothers were less likely to work on an average day than
were married fathers; this partly reflects the fact that married
mothers--particularly those with young children--were more likely
to be on leave from their jobs than were married fathers. Among
married mothers employed full time, 65 percent of those with a
child under age 6 worked on an average day compared to 71 percent
of married mothers whose youngest child was age 6 to 17. About
73 percent of married fathers who were employed full time worked
on an average day, regardless of the age of their youngest child.
(See table 1.)
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-- Among full-time workers who are parents of children under 18, mar-
ried fathers worked about 1.0 hour more per day than did married
mothers--6.1 versus 5.1 hours. The estimates are averages of
both workdays and non-workdays; on average, married fathers
employed full time worked 42.6 hours per week, and married
mothers employed full time worked 36.0 hours. The difference
between these estimates partly reflects married mothers’
greater likelihood of being absent from work. (See table 1.)
-- In households with children under 18, the amount of time
fathers who were employed full time worked varied by their
wives’ employment status. In households where both spouses
were employed full time, fathers spent 17 minutes fewer per
day working than did fathers whose spouses were not employed.
(See table 2.)
Childcare Activities of Married Parents
-- Among full-time workers who are parents of children under 18,
married mothers were more likely to provide childcare to house-
hold children than were married fathers. On an average day,
71 percent of these mothers and 54 percent of these fathers
spent time caring for and helping household children. Mothers
spent more time providing this care than did fathers--1.2 hours
per day versus 0.8 hour (49 minutes) per day. The difference in
the amount of time spent partly reflects mothers’ greater like-
lihood of providing childcare on an average day. (See table 1.)
-- Full-time employed married mothers of children under 18 also were
more likely to engage in travel related to childcare than were
fathers with similar characteristics. Forty percent of these
mothers and 23 percent of these fathers spent some time in travel
related to caring for and helping household children on an average
day. (See table 1.)
-- Regardless of employment status, both mothers and fathers of child-
ren under 6 spent more than twice as much time providing childcare
on an average day as did their counterparts whose youngest child was
age 6 to 17. Both mothers and fathers were more likely to provide
childcare when their children were under 6 than when their children
were older. (See table 1.)
-- In households with children under 18 where married mothers were
not employed and married fathers were employed full time, mothers
spent triple the amount of time providing childcare on average than
did fathers--2.5 hours versus 0.8 hour (50 minutes). (See table 2.)
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Household Activities of Married Parents
-- In households with children under 18, married mothers who were em-
ployed full time were more likely to do household activities--such
as housework, cooking, or lawn care--on an average day than were
fathers who were employed full time (89 versus 64 percent). (See
table 1.)
-- Among married mothers of children under 18, those who were not
employed spent an average of 3.6 hours per day doing household
activities; this was 1.6 hours more than married mothers employed
full time, and 1.0 hour more than married mothers employed part
time. (See table 1.)
-- On an average day, married fathers who had children under 18 and
were not employed spent 2.3 hours doing household activities, about
1.1 hours more than did fathers who were employed full time. In
addition to spending more time doing household activities, married
fathers who were not employed were more likely to do household
activities on an average day than were married fathers who were
employed full time--73 versus 64 percent. (See table 1.)
-- In households with children under 18 where both spouses were employed
full time, mothers spent an average of 2.1 hours per day doing house-
hold activities, while fathers spent about 1.4 hours. However, fathers
in these households spent more time doing household activities than did
fathers whose spouses were not employed--0.3 hour (20 minutes) more per
day. (See table 2.)
Leisure Activities of Married Parents
-- Married mothers who were not employed and had children under 18 spent
4.2 hours doing leisure activities on an average day, while married
mothers who were employed full time spent 2.9 hours. By contrast,
married fathers who were not employed spent 6.3 hours doing leisure
activities, and married fathers who were employed full time spent
3.7 hours. (See table 1.)
-- In households with children under 18 where mothers were employed part
time and fathers were employed full time, mothers spent 3.4 hours doing
leisure activities on an average day and fathers spent 3.6 hours. (See
table 2.)
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Technical Note
Survey methodology
The data in this release are from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS).
The ATUS is a continuous survey, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, that
collects information about how Americans spend their time. In 2003-06,
more than 60,000 individuals were interviewed. Data from approximately
17,000 interviews were used in this release, which shows estimates for a
specific reference population--married parents age 15 or over who reside
in the same household as their spouses and at least 1 biological, adopted,
or step child under 18.
The ATUS survey sample is chosen from households that completed their
eighth (final) interview for the Current Population Survey (CPS), the
nation’s monthly household labor force survey. The ATUS sample is
selected to ensure the estimates will be nationally representative of
the civilian noninstitutionalized population age 15 and over.
All ATUS interviews are conducted using Computer Assisted Telephone
Interviewing. Procedures are in place to collect information from the
small number of households that did not provide a telephone number
during the CPS interview.
ATUS respondents are preassigned a day of the week about which to
report. Preassignment is designed to reduce variability in response
rates across the week and to allow oversampling of weekend days, so that
accurate weekend day measures can be developed. Interviews occur on the
day following the assigned day. For example, a person assigned to report
about a Monday would be contacted on the following Tuesday. Ten percent
of respondents are assigned to report about each of the five weekdays.
Twenty-five percent are assigned to report about each weekend day. House-
holds are called for up to 8 consecutive weeks (for example, 8 Tuesdays)
in order to secure an interview.
About the questionnaire
In the core part of the ATUS interview--the time diary--survey respond-
ents sequentially report activities they did between 4 a.m. on the day
before the interview ("yesterday") until 4 a.m. on the day of the interview.
For each activity, respondents are asked how long the activity lasted. If
respondents report doing more than one activity at a time, they are asked
to identify which one was the "main" activity. If none can be identified,
then the interviewer records the first activity mentioned. After completing
the time diary, interviewers ask respondents additional questions to clearly
identify work activities.
In addition, the ATUS includes an update of the household composition
information from the last CPS interview (2 to 5 months prior to the ATUS
interview) and the employment status information of the survey respondent
and his or her spouse.
After completing the interview, primary activity descriptions are assigned
a single 6-digit code using the ATUS Coding Lexicon. The 3-tier coding system
consists of 17 major activity categories, each with multiple second- and third-
tier subcategories. These coding lexicon categories are then combined into
composite categories for publication, such as in this news release. Descrip-
tions of categories shown in this release can be found in the Major activity
category definitions section of this Technical Note. The ATUS Coding Lexicon
can be accessed at http://www.bls.gov/tus/lexicons.htm.
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Concepts and definitions
Average day. The average day measure reflects an average distribution across
all persons in the reference population and all days of the week.
Average hours per day, population. The average number of hours spent in a
24-hour day doing a specified activity. This is computed using all responses
from a given population, including the responses of persons who did not do a
particular activity on the day about which they were interviewed. These esti-
mates reflect how many population members engaged in an activity and the amount
of time they spent doing it.
Employment status
-- Employed. All persons who, at any time during the 7 days prior to the
interview:
1) Did any work at all as paid employees; worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; or usually worked 15 hours or more
as unpaid workers in a family-operated enterprise; or
2) Were not working but had jobs or businesses from which they were
temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, vacation, childcare
problems, labor-management disputes, maternity or paternity leave,
job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not
they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs.
-- Employed full time. Full-time workers are those who usually worked
35 hours or more per week at all jobs combined.
-- Employed part time. Part-time workers are those who usually worked
fewer than 35 hours per week at all jobs combined.
-- Not employed. Persons are not employed if they do not meet the condi-
tions for employment. The not employed include those classified as
unemployed as well as those classified as not in the labor force
(using CPS definitions).
The numbers of employed and not employed persons in this release do not corres-
pond to published totals from the CPS for several reasons. First, the reference
population for the ATUS is age 15 years and over, whereas it is age 16 years and
over for the CPS. Second, ATUS data are collected continuously, the employment
reference period being the 7 days prior to the interview. By contrast, CPS data
are usually collected during the week including the 19th of the month and refer
to employment during the week containing the 12th of the month. Finally, the CPS
accepts answers from household members about other household members whereas such
proxy responses are not allowed in the ATUS. While the information on employment
from the ATUS is useful for assessing work in the context of other daily activi-
ties, the employment data are not intended for analysis of current employment
trends. Compared with the CPS and other estimates of employment, the ATUS esti-
mates are based on a much smaller sample and are only available with a substantial
lag since ATUS publication occurs during the year following data collection.
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Married fathers. Married men age 15 or over who reside in the same household
as their spouses and at least one biological, adopted, or step child under age 18.
Married mothers. Married women age 15 or over who reside in the same household
as their spouses and at least one biological, adopted, or step child under age 18.
Primary activity. A primary activity is the main activity a respondent was
doing at a specified time. The estimates in this release reflect time spent in
primary activities.
Major activity category definitions
The following definitions describe the main activity categories shown in this
report:
Personal care activities. Personal care activities include sleeping, bathing,
dressing, health-related self-care, and personal or private activities.
Household activities. Household activities are those done by respondents to
maintain their households. These include housework; cooking; yard care; pet care;
vehicle maintenance and repair; home maintenance, repair, decoration, and renova-
tion; and household management and organizational activities.
Purchasing goods and services. This category includes the purchase of consumer
goods as well as the purchase or use of professional and personal care services,
household services, and government services.
Caring for and helping household members. Time spent doing activities to care
for or help any child or adult in the respondent’s household is classified here.
Household members under age 18 are classified as children.
Working and work-related activities. This category includes time spent working,
doing activities as part of one’s job, engaging in income-generating activities
(not as part of one’s job), and job search activities. "Working" includes hours
spent doing the specific tasks required of one’s main or other job. "Work-related
activities" include activities that are not obviously work but are identified by
the respondent as being done as part of one’s job, such as having a business lunch
or playing golf with clients.
Leisure and sports. The leisure and sports category includes sports, exercise,
and recreation; socializing and communicating; watching television; reading; re-
laxing or thinking; playing computer, board, or card games; using a computer or the
Internet for personal interest; playing or listening to music; and other activities,
such as attending arts, cultural, and entertainment events.
Travel. The category includes time spent traveling from one destination to
another.
Other activities, not elsewhere classified. This residual category includes:
caring for and helping nonhousehold members; educational activities; eating and
drinking; organizational, civic, and religious activities; telephone calls; mis-
cellaneous activities not related to a specific category; ambiguous activities
that could not be coded; and missing activities. Missing activities result when
respondents did not remember what they did for a period of time, or when they
considered an activity too private or personal to report.
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Processing and estimation
After ATUS data are collected, they go through an editing and imputation pro-
cedure. Responses to CPS questions that are re-asked in the ATUS go through the
regular CPS edit and imputation procedures.
ATUS records are weighted to reduce bias in estimates due to differences in sam-
pling and response rates across subpopulations and days of the week. Data in this
release are weighted to ensure the following:
-- Weekdays represent about 5/7 of the weighted data, and weekend days each
represent about 1/7 for the population as a whole. The actual proportions
depend on the number of weekdays and weekend days in a given quarter.
-- The sum of the weights is equal to the number of person-days in the quarter
(or the number of days in the quarter times the population) for the popula-
tion as a whole and for selected subpopulations.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the ATUS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance
that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they repre-
sent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular
sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the es-
timate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an esti-
mate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the
"true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
The ATUS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can
occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the popula-
tion, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability
or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in
the collection or processing of the data. Errors also could occur if nonresponse
is correlated with time use.
Table 1. Time spent in primary activities (1) and the percent of married mothers and fathers who did the activities on an average day by employment status and age of
youngest own household child, average for the combined years 2003-06
Own household children under 18
Average hours per day spent in primary activities (1) Percent doing the activity on an average day
Activity Married mothers Married fathers (2) Married mothers Married fathers (2)
Employed Employed Not Employed Not Employed Employed Not Employed Not
full time part time Employed full time Employed full time part time Employed full time Employed
Total, all activities............................. 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Personal care activities........................ 9.00 9.08 9.42 8.62 9.66 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Sleeping..................................... 8.18 8.32 8.77 8.03 8.98 99.9 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0
Household activities............................ 2.05 2.63 3.64 1.24 2.32 88.6 92.4 95.8 64.2 73.1
Housework.................................... .89 1.16 1.69 .22 .52 55.5 68.3 77.4 18.3 30.5
Food preparation and cleanup................. .78 1.01 1.44 .28 .60 73.9 81.2 88.6 38.5 49.4
Lawn and garden care......................... .10 .12 .14 .23 .35 6.4 8.8 9.8 11.0 15.2
Purchasing goods and services................... .60 .77 .82 .38 .54 53.1 61.7 57.5 40.5 45.5
Grocery shopping............................. .14 .19 .23 .07 .11 19.1 25.7 26.3 9.8 13.6
Consumer goods purchases, except grocery
shopping.................................... .37 .44 .47 .25 .26 38.9 43.7 39.4 31.8 30.0
Caring for and helping household members........ 1.22 1.87 2.48 .84 1.26 72.1 82.6 86.0 55.4 60.6
Caring for and helping household children.... 1.19 1.83 2.45 .81 1.21 70.7 81.1 85.0 53.8 58.7
Physical care.............................. .52 .75 1.07 .26 .32 50.6 63.7 72.3 32.0 31.9
Education-related activities............... .10 .16 .23 .06 .15 11.0 18.6 20.0 6.2 13.7
Reading to/with children................... .04 .08 .09 .02 .03 9.0 14.5 15.3 5.2 4.6
Playing/doing hobbies with children........ .19 .35 .52 .26 .31 14.1 20.0 27.9 15.9 17.8
Working and work-related activities (3)......... 5.18 2.74 .10 6.12 .50 69.1 53.8 3.3 73.7 15.4
Working (3).................................. 5.14 2.70 .02 6.08 .10 68.7 52.5 .8 73.3 2.6
Leisure and sports.............................. 2.93 3.42 4.19 3.66 6.30 93.1 96.3 96.4 94.2 97.3
Socializing and communicating................ .66 .81 .92 .64 1.07 41.1 48.3 48.5 37.9 46.0
Watching television.......................... 1.46 1.66 2.22 1.96 3.70 71.4 76.3 80.0 76.5 85.7
Participating in sports, exercise, and
recreation.................................. .16 .21 .23 .30 .24 13.3 18.2 16.2 16.2 14.1
Travel.......................................... 1.39 1.40 1.17 1.47 1.21 94.5 93.0 85.0 94.9 77.7
Travel related to caring for and helping
household children.......................... .23 .28 .28 .12 .17 39.6 44.6 41.9 22.8 29.4
Other activities, not elsewhere classified...... 1.63 2.10 2.19 1.66 2.22 97.6 98.5 98.2 97.6 95.8
Own household children, youngest under 6
Personal care activities........................ 9.06 9.06 9.48 8.63 9.59 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Sleeping..................................... 8.31 8.38 8.89 8.06 9.02 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0
Household activities............................ 1.92 2.44 3.42 1.15 2.13 88.1 89.8 95.5 63.1 71.6
Housework.................................... .84 1.09 1.61 .24 .42 52.5 64.9 78.0 19.7 27.8
Food preparation and cleanup................. .77 1.00 1.41 .29 .64 75.3 80.1 88.5 39.5 50.5
Lawn and garden care......................... .08 .08 .11 .21 .30 4.7 6.4 7.9 9.8 11.9
Purchasing goods and services................... .61 .73 .76 .41 .54 52.7 57.4 54.6 40.3 43.3
Grocery shopping............................. .15 .17 .20 .08 .12 18.9 20.9 22.5 10.4 12.6
Consumer goods purchases, except grocery
shopping.................................... .36 .42 .45 .27 .31 38.2 41.0 38.2 31.8 33.0
Caring for and helping household members........ 1.99 2.72 3.24 1.23 1.81 89.4 93.3 93.2 67.9 72.1
Caring for and helping household children.... 1.97 2.70 3.21 1.21 1.75 89.1 92.8 93.1 67.0 71.4
Physical care.............................. 1.04 1.30 1.54 .45 .57 80.5 86.6 88.2 49.4 47.5
Education-related activities............... .07 .10 .17 .05 .09 8.2 13.3 16.1 5.0 10.4
Reading to/with children................... .08 .12 .12 .04 .05 18.4 22.3 21.3 8.6 8.0
Playing/doing hobbies with children........ .42 .70 .82 .46 .60 31.1 39.0 43.0 26.4 31.5
Working and work-related activities (3)......... 4.84 2.58 .07 6.05 .48 65.6 50.7 2.5 73.1 14.8
Working (3).................................. 4.81 2.52 .02 6.01 .17 65.3 49.4 .7 72.7 3.0
Leisure and sports.............................. 2.70 3.14 3.89 3.50 5.58 92.3 95.6 96.0 93.7 97.9
Socializing and communicating................ .66 .84 .89 .68 .97 40.4 48.4 47.8 38.9 45.6
Watching television.......................... 1.38 1.50 2.10 1.87 3.18 70.2 74.2 78.9 74.5 81.9
Participating in sports, exercise, and
recreation.................................. .14 .18 .18 .27 .23 12.5 14.8 14.4 15.0 12.6
Travel.......................................... 1.39 1.30 1.06 1.41 1.23 93.9 91.8 83.5 94.8 78.1
Travel related to caring for and helping
household children.......................... .28 .27 .25 .11 .19 45.4 42.8 40.5 22.8 31.2
Other activities, not elsewhere classified...... 1.50 2.03 2.09 1.61 2.63 97.3 98.0 98.7 97.8 95.9
Own household children 6-17, none younger
Personal care activities........................ 8.96 9.11 9.33 8.61 9.70 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Sleeping..................................... 8.09 8.27 8.61 8.00 8.95 99.9 100.0 100.0 99.9 99.9
Household activities............................ 2.13 2.78 3.96 1.32 2.45 88.9 94.7 96.2 65.3 74.3
Housework.................................... .92 1.22 1.80 .20 .60 57.3 71.2 76.6 17.0 32.5
Food preparation and cleanup................. .78 1.02 1.47 .27 .57 73.1 82.2 88.8 37.5 48.5
Lawn and garden care......................... .12 .16 .17 .25 .39 7.4 10.8 12.5 12.1 17.6
Purchasing goods and services................... .60 .80 .90 .35 .54 53.3 65.2 61.8 40.7 47.0
Grocery shopping............................. .13 .21 .27 .06 .11 19.2 29.7 31.7 9.3 14.3
Consumer goods purchases, except grocery
shopping.................................... .37 .45 .50 .23 .22 39.3 45.9 41.0 31.9 27.9
Caring for and helping household members........ .74 1.16 1.39 .47 .86 61.3 73.8 75.5 43.6 52.3
Caring for and helping household children.... .71 1.11 1.34 .43 .82 59.1 71.4 73.3 41.3 49.6
Physical care.............................. .20 .30 .38 .08 .14 31.8 44.6 49.1 15.6 20.7
Education-related activities............... .12 .21 .32 .07 .19 12.8 23.0 25.7 7.3 16.0
Reading to/with children................... .02 .04 .04 .01 .02 3.1 8.1 6.7 2.0 2.2
Playing/doing hobbies with children........ .04 .05 .08 .08 .10 3.4 4.3 6.0 5.9 8.0
Working and work-related activities (3)......... 5.39 2.87 .15 6.19 .51 71.3 56.4 4.5 74.3 15.8
Working (3).................................. 5.35 2.84 .03 6.15 .05 70.8 55.2 .9 73.9 2.4
Leisure and sports.............................. 3.08 3.64 4.64 3.81 6.82 93.6 96.9 97.1 94.7 96.9
Socializing and communicating................ .65 .78 .96 .61 1.13 41.5 48.2 49.4 37.0 46.3
Watching television.......................... 1.51 1.80 2.39 2.05 4.07 72.1 78.0 81.6 78.3 88.5
Participating in sports, exercise, and
recreation.................................. .17 .24 .29 .32 .25 13.8 20.9 18.7 17.3 15.2
Travel.......................................... 1.39 1.48 1.32 1.53 1.20 94.9 94.0 87.2 94.9 77.4
Travel related to caring for and helping
household children.......................... .20 .29 .33 .12 .15 36.1 46.2 44.0 22.9 28.2
Other activities, not elsewhere classified...... 1.71 2.15 2.32 1.71 1.93 97.8 98.9 97.5 97.4 95.8
1 A primary activity refers to an individual's main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included.
2 Estimates for part-time workers are not shown because it is uncommon for fathers of household children to work part time.
3 Estimates include a small amount of work time done by persons who do not meet the ATUS definition of employed.
NOTE: Data refer to persons 15 years and over.
Table 2. Time spent in primary activities (1) by married mothers and fathers with own household children under 18 by employment status of self and
spouse, average for the combined years 2003-06
Differences in married mothers'
Average hours per day and fathers' time use on an
average day (hours) (2)
Activity Both spouses work Mother employed part Mother not employed Mother Mother not
full time time and father and father employed Both employed employed
employed full time full time spouses part time and father
work full and father employed
time employed full time
Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers full time
Total, all activities............................. 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Personal care activities........................ 8.97 8.63 9.05 8.46 9.38 8.72 .34 .59 .67
Sleeping..................................... 8.15 8.04 8.28 7.89 8.73 8.10 .11 .39 .63
Household activities............................ 2.08 1.39 2.62 1.21 3.69 1.05 .69 1.41 2.64
Housework.................................... .91 .28 1.16 .20 1.71 .16 .63 .96 1.55
Food preparation and cleanup................. .79 .32 1.01 .31 1.45 .22 .47 .69 1.23
Lawn and garden care......................... .10 .25 .12 .22 .14 .21 -.14 -.11 -.07
Purchasing goods and services................... .62 .39 .77 .35 .81 .40 .23 .42 .41
Grocery shopping............................. .14 .07 .19 .05 .24 .08 .07 .14 .15
Consumer goods purchases, except grocery
shopping.................................... .38 .25 .45 .24 .46 .26 .13 .21 .20
Caring for and helping household members........ 1.23 .81 1.92 .87 2.57 .86 .42 1.05 1.71
Caring for and helping household children.... 1.20 .79 1.88 .84 2.54 .83 .42 1.04 1.71
Physical care.............................. .52 .25 .78 .28 1.10 .26 .27 .49 .84
Education-related activities............... .10 .07 .16 .05 .25 .06 .03 .11 .19
Reading to/with children................... .04 .02 .08 .03 .09 .03 .02 .05 .07
Playing/doing hobbies with children........ .19 .23 .36 .26 .54 .30 -.04 .10 .24
Working and work-related activities (3)......... 5.14 5.98 2.72 6.17 .11 6.26 -.83 -3.46 -6.15
Working (3).................................. 5.12 5.94 2.67 6.13 .03 6.23 -.81 -3.45 -6.20
Leisure and sports.............................. 2.92 3.73 3.39 3.64 4.09 3.60 -.81 -.25 .49
Socializing and communicating................ .65 .61 .79 .65 .90 .68 .04 .14 .22
Watching television.......................... 1.44 2.05 1.63 1.90 2.15 1.90 -.61 -.27 .25
Participating in sports, exercise, and
recreation.................................. .16 .29 .22 .30 .24 .30 -.13 -.08 -.07
Travel.......................................... 1.41 1.47 1.42 1.51 1.17 1.46 -.06 -.09 -.29
Travel related to caring for and helping
household children.......................... .24 .14 .29 .11 .29 .09 .10 .17 .20
Other activities, not elsewhere classified...... 1.63 1.61 2.11 1.79 2.17 1.66 .03 .33 .51
1 A primary activity refers to an individual's main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included.
2 In each employment category, differences are calculated by subtracting fathers' average hours from mothers' average hours.
3 Estimates include a small amount of work time done by persons who do not meet the ATUS definition of employed.
NOTE: Data refer to persons 15 years and over.
United States Department of Labor
