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Economic News Release
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BDM BDM Program Links

Quarterly Data Series on Business Employment Dynamics News Release

For release 10:00 a.m.  (ET) Wednesday, October 30, 2024                                   	USDL-24-2231
Technical information:	(202) 691-6553  *  BDMInfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact:	      (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2024

From December 2023 to March 2024, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector
establishments were 7.6 million, a decrease of 294,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and
contracting private-sector establishments were 7.1 million, a decrease of 384,000 jobs from the
previous quarter. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses yielded a net employment gain of 493,000 jobs in the private sector during the first
quarter of 2024. (See tables A and 1.)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
|                                                                                                         |
|                        Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data                             |
|                                                                                                         |
|   Data in this release contain annual revisions in accordance with standard procedures. These           |
|   revisions include the previous four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years of        |
|   seasonally adjusted data.                                                                             |
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.

Gross Job Gains

In the first quarter of 2024, gross job gains represented 5.7 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the
addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.1
million in the first quarter of 2024, a decrease of 131,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.5 million of the jobs gained in the first quarter of 2024, a
decrease of 163,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Gross Job Losses

In the first quarter of 2024, gross job losses represented 5.4 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of
jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 5.7 million jobs in the first quarter
of 2024, a decrease of 281,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the first quarter of 2024, closing
establishments lost 1.4 million jobs, a decrease of 103,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See
tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Establishment Births and Deaths

In the first quarter of 2024, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data)
decreased by 5,000 to a total of 322,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for
934,000 jobs, a decrease of 85,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a
subset of the closings data) are available through the second quarter of 2023, when 887,000 jobs were
lost at 293,000 establishments, an increase of 70,000 jobs from the first quarter of 2023. (See
Technical Note and table 8.)


 Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          |                  3 months ended                 
                 Category                 |    Mar. |    June |   Sept. |    Dec. |    Mar.
                                          |    2023 |    2023 |    2023 |    2023 |    2024
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          |              Levels (in thousands)              
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
 Gross job gains......................... |   8,169 |   8,129 |   7,700 |   7,902 |   7,608
        At expanding establishments...... |   6,599 |   6,521 |   6,116 |   6,262 |   6,131
        At opening establishments........ |   1,570 |   1,608 |   1,584 |   1,640 |   1,477
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Gross job losses........................ |   7,146 |   7,784 |   7,758 |   7,499 |   7,115
        At contracting establishments.... |   5,712 |   6,316 |   6,237 |   5,995 |   5,714
        At closing establishments........ |   1,434 |   1,468 |   1,521 |   1,504 |   1,401
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Net employment change (1)............... |   1,023 |     345 |     -58 |     403 |     493
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
                                          |                 Rates (percent)                 
                                          |--------------------------------------------------
 Gross job gains......................... |     6.3 |     6.2 |     5.9 |     6.0 |     5.7
        At expanding establishments...... |     5.1 |     5.0 |     4.7 |     4.8 |     4.6
        At opening establishments........ |     1.2 |     1.2 |     1.2 |     1.2 |     1.1
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Gross job losses........................ |     5.5 |     5.9 |     6.0 |     5.7 |     5.4
        At contracting establishments.... |     4.4 |     4.8 |     4.8 |     4.6 |     4.3
        At closing establishments........ |     1.1 |     1.1 |     1.2 |     1.1 |     1.1
                                          |         |         |         |         |        
 Net employment change (1)............... |     0.8 |     0.3 |    -0.1 |     0.3 |     0.3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross
    job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.

Firm Size

In the first quarter of 2024, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment increase of 71,000. Firms
with 50 to 249 employees had a net employment gain of 105,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net
employment increase of 406,000. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Industries

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 10 out of the 13 industry sectors in the first quarter of
2024. The service-providing industries experienced a net job gain of 362,000. The goods-producing
industries had a net job increase of 131,000. (See table 3.)

States

Gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in 45 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin Islands in the first quarter of 2024. (See tables 6 and 7.)

For More Information

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm.
This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.

_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2024 are scheduled to be released on
Wednesday, January 29, 2025, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Technical Note


The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative
program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.

These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.

In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures

The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business
Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program websites shown in the table.

Coverage

Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad
and basically comparable from state to state.

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.

Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 9.2
million private-sector employer reports out of 11.9 million total reports of employment and wages
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2024. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data.
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2024.


                         Number of active establishments included in                       
                   Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level                 
                                                                                      Millions
 Total establishments QCEW program....................................................11.9

   Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
           Private households......................................................... 0.2
           Zero employment............................................................ 2.2

 Total establishments included in Business
 Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 9.2


Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           |         QCEW        |         BED          |         CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source     |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
           |  strative records   |  nally-linked UI ad- |  629,000 establish-
           |  submitted by 11.9  |  ministrative records|  ments
           |  million establish- |  submitted by 9.2    |
           |  ments in first qu- |  million private-sec-|
           |  arter of 2024      |  tor establishments  |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage   |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
           |  age, including all |  ing government, pri-|  jobs:
           |  employers subject  |  vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud-
           |  to state and feder-|  establishments with |  ing agriculture, pri-
           |  ral UI Laws        |  zero employment     |  vate households, and
           |                     |                      |  self-employed workers
           |                     |                      |--Other employment, 
           |                     |                      |  including railroads,
           |                     |                      |  religious organiza-
           |                     |                      |  tions, and other non-
           |                     |                      |  UI-covered jobs
           |                     |                      |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly          |--Quarterly           |--Monthly 
frequency  |  -6 months after the|  -7 months after the |  -Usually the 3rd Fri-
           |   end of each quar- |   end of each quarter|   day after the end of
           |   ter               |                      |   the week including 
           |                     |                      |   the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI  |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI   |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file       |  and publishes each |  quarter to longitu- |  pling frame and to ann-
           |  new quarter of UI  |  dinal database and  |  ually realign sample-
           |  data               |  directly summarizes |  based estimates to pop-
           |                     |  gross job gains and |  ulation counts (bench-
           |                     |  losses              |  marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal  |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly  |--Provides current month-
products   |  ly and annual uni- |  employer dynamics   |  ly estimates of employ-
           |  verse count of es- |  data on establish-  |  ment, hours, and earn-
           |  tablishments, em-  |  ment openings, clos-|  ings at the MSA, state,
           |  ployment, and wages|  ings, expansions,   |  and national levels by
           |  at the county, met-|  and contractions at |  industry
           |  ropolitan statisti-|  the national level  |
           |  cal area (MSA), st-|  by NAICS super-     |
           |  ate, and national  |  sectors, 3-digit    |
           |  levels by detailed |  NAICS, and by size  |
           |  industry           |  of firm, and at the |
           |                     |  state private-sector|
           |                     |  total level         |
           |                     |--Future expansions   |
           |                     |  will include        |
           |                     |  data with greater   |
           |                     |  industry detail and |
           |                     |  data at the county  |
           |                     |  and MSA levels      |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal  |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses       |  -Detailed locality |  -Business cycle     |  -Principal federal
           |   data              |   analysis           |   economic indicator
           |  -Periodic universe |  -Analysis of employ-|  -Official time series 
           |   counts for bench- |   er dynamics under- |   for employment change
           |   marking sample    |   lying economic ex- |   measures
           |   survey estimates  |   pansions and con-  |  -Input into other ma-
           |  -Sample frame for  |   tractions          |   jor economic indi-
           |   BLS establishment |  -Analysis of employ-|   cators
           |   surveys           |   ment expansion and |
           |                     |   contraction by size|
           |                     |   of firm            |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program    |--www.bls.gov/cew    |--www.bls.gov/bdm     |--www.bls.gov/ces 
web sites  |                     |                      |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Unit of analysis

Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry, and firms are used in the 
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that 
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or 
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may 
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of 
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification 
numbers. The firm level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of corporations as the 
economic decision makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size class.

Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size 
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment 
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net 
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally 
adjusted data.

Concepts and methodology

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the 
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in 
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in 
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the 
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all 
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference 
between gross job gains and gross job losses.

The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:

Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the 
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the 
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and 
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.

Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either
not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and 
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.

Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current 
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the 
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a 
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.

Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of 
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset 
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the 
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing 
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of 
death statistics.

All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third 
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. 
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for 
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average 
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The 
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to 
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For 
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net 
growth rate.

Establishment Births and Deaths

For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the 
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or 
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in 
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as 
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or establishments that had 
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of 
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and 
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not 
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an 
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since 
openings include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the 
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and 
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary 
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from 
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former 
is greater than the latter.

Linkage methodology

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across 
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers 
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to 
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses 
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different 
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of 
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a 
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to 
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon 
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines 
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if 
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year 
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are 
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved 
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.

Sizing methodology

The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic 
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class 
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size 
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.

Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects 
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. 
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.

Annual Data

The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the 
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the 
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March 
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and 
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly 
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come 
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the 
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation 
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not 
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year, 
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.

Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp 
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded 
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 
seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can 
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make 
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For 
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that 
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous 
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. 
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic 
activity.

The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are 
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between 
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data 
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, 
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and 
closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently 
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is 
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of 
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately 
published.

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from 
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series 
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market 
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested 
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change 
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.

Reliability of the data

Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than 
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. 
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected 
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when 
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the 
dataset.

Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can 
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The 
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these 
complications.

The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records, 
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.

Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions 
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.

Additional statistics and other information

Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program 
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed 
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also 
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover 
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/); 
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).

The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its 
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment 
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of 
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.

Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted

Total private

(In thousands)

                                                     Gross job gains                          Gross job losses
Year  3 months ended  Net change(1)     Total     Expanding      Opening         Total     Contracting    Closing
                                               establishments establishments            establishments establishments

2014  March                  419        6,953         5,687        1,266         6,534          5,380       1,154
      June                   895        7,454         6,114        1,340         6,559          5,342       1,217
      September              577        7,247         5,918        1,329         6,670          5,487       1,183
      December             1,038        7,617         6,248        1,369         6,579          5,346       1,233
 
2015  March                  216        7,046         5,733        1,313         6,830          5,626       1,204
      June                   849        7,580         6,235        1,345         6,731          5,540       1,191
      September              475        7,344         5,983        1,361         6,869          5,657       1,212
      December               944        7,817         6,360        1,457         6,873          5,607       1,266
 
2016  March                  249        7,163         5,875        1,288         6,914          5,706       1,208
      June                   318        7,443         6,070        1,373         7,125          5,820       1,305
      September              748        7,710         6,250        1,460         6,962          5,718       1,244
      December               308        7,413         6,007        1,406         7,105          5,806       1,299
 
2017  March                  651        7,434         6,090        1,344         6,783          5,599       1,184
      June                   526        7,639         6,265        1,374         7,113          5,844       1,269
      September              -39        7,321         5,975        1,346         7,360          6,065       1,295
      December               883        7,772         6,344        1,428         6,889          5,593       1,296
 
2018  March                  683        7,494         6,135        1,359         6,811          5,616       1,195
      June                   498        7,688         6,286        1,402         7,190          5,907       1,283
      September               86        7,485         6,113        1,372         7,399          6,083       1,316
      December               723        7,719         6,283        1,436         6,996          5,665       1,331
 
2019  March                  472        7,453         6,088        1,365         6,981          5,727       1,254
      June                   259        7,654         6,267        1,387         7,395          6,039       1,356
      September               72        7,385         6,011        1,374         7,313          6,049       1,264
      December               762        7,838         6,350        1,488         7,076          5,748       1,328
 
2020  March                 -862        7,024         5,702        1,322         7,886          6,408       1,478
      June               -14,509        5,725         4,433        1,292        20,234         17,311       2,923
      September            4,021       10,855         8,808        2,047         6,834          5,465       1,369
      December             2,036        8,808         7,118        1,690         6,772          5,418       1,354
 
2021  March                1,769        8,313         6,769        1,544         6,544          5,394       1,150
      June                   985        8,200         6,646        1,554         7,215          5,955       1,260
      September            1,483        8,870         7,186        1,684         7,387          5,937       1,450
      December             2,900        9,587         7,727        1,860         6,687          5,345       1,342
 
2022  March                1,551        8,541         6,962        1,579         6,990          5,569       1,421
      June                   378        8,337         6,611        1,726         7,959          6,440       1,519
      September            1,362        8,851         7,191        1,660         7,489          5,989       1,500
      December               496        8,121         6,462        1,659         7,625          6,109       1,516
 
2023  March                1,023        8,169         6,599        1,570         7,146          5,712       1,434
      June                   345        8,129         6,521        1,608         7,784          6,316       1,468
      September              -58        7,700         6,116        1,584         7,758          6,237       1,521
      December               403        7,902         6,262        1,640         7,499          5,995       1,504
 
2024  March                  493        7,608         6,131        1,477         7,115          5,714       1,401
 
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted

Total private

(Percent)

                                                     Gross job gains                          Gross job losses
Year  3 months ended  Net change(2)     Total     Expanding      Opening         Total     Contracting    Closing
                                               establishments establishments            establishments establishments

2014  March                  0.4          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      June                   0.8          6.5           5.3          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
      September              0.5          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      December               0.9          6.6           5.4          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
 
2015  March                  0.2          6.0           4.9          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      June                   0.7          6.4           5.3          1.1           5.7            4.7         1.0
      September              0.5          6.3           5.1          1.2           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.7          6.5           5.3          1.2           5.8            4.7         1.1
 
2016  March                  0.2          6.0           4.9          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      June                   0.2          6.2           5.1          1.1           6.0            4.9         1.1
      September              0.6          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.3          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.9            4.8         1.1
 
2017  March                  0.5          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.6            4.6         1.0
      June                   0.4          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      September             -0.1          6.0           4.9          1.1           6.1            5.0         1.1
      December               0.7          6.4           5.2          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
 
2018  March                  0.6          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.5            4.5         1.0
      June                   0.4          6.2           5.1          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      September              0.0          6.0           4.9          1.1           6.0            4.9         1.1
      December               0.6          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.6            4.5         1.1
 
2019  March                  0.3          5.9           4.8          1.1           5.6            4.6         1.0
      June                   0.2          6.1           5.0          1.1           5.9            4.8         1.1
      September              0.1          5.9           4.8          1.1           5.8            4.8         1.0
      December               0.7          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.5            4.5         1.0
 
2020  March                 -0.8          5.5           4.5          1.0           6.3            5.1         1.2
      June                 -12.0          4.8           3.7          1.1          16.8           14.4         2.4
      September              3.6          9.5           7.7          1.8           5.9            4.7         1.2
      December               1.7          7.4           6.0          1.4           5.7            4.6         1.1
 
2021  March                  1.4          6.9           5.6          1.3           5.5            4.5         1.0
      June                   0.9          6.8           5.5          1.3           5.9            4.9         1.0
      September              1.2          7.3           5.9          1.4           6.1            4.9         1.2
      December               2.3          7.7           6.2          1.5           5.4            4.3         1.1
 
2022  March                  1.2          6.7           5.5          1.2           5.5            4.4         1.1
      June                   0.3          6.5           5.2          1.3           6.2            5.0         1.2
      September              1.0          6.9           5.6          1.3           5.9            4.7         1.2
      December               0.4          6.3           5.0          1.3           5.9            4.7         1.2
 
2023  March                  0.8          6.3           5.1          1.2           5.5            4.4         1.1
      June                   0.3          6.2           5.0          1.2           5.9            4.8         1.1
      September             -0.1          5.9           4.7          1.2           6.0            4.8         1.2
      December               0.3          6.0           4.8          1.2           5.7            4.6         1.1
 
2024  March                  0.3          5.7           4.6          1.1           5.4            4.3         1.1
 
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter
    employment levels.

(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

                                   Gross job gains and job losses              Gross job gains and job losses
                                          (in thousands)                         as a percent of employment

    Category                              3 months ended                               3 months ended

                                   Mar.     June     Sept.    Dec.     Mar.    Mar.    June    Sept.   Dec.    Mar.
                                   2023     2023     2023     2023     2024    2023    2023    2023    2023    2024
Total private(1)

Gross job gains                   8,169    8,129    7,700    7,902    7,608     6.3     6.2     5.9     6.0     5.7
 At expanding establishments      6,599    6,521    6,116    6,262    6,131     5.1     5.0     4.7     4.8     4.6
 At opening establishments        1,570    1,608    1,584    1,640    1,477     1.2     1.2     1.2     1.2     1.1
Gross job losses                  7,146    7,784    7,758    7,499    7,115     5.5     5.9     6.0     5.7     5.4
 At contracting establishments    5,712    6,316    6,237    5,995    5,714     4.4     4.8     4.8     4.6     4.3
 At closing establishments        1,434    1,468    1,521    1,504    1,401     1.1     1.1     1.2     1.1     1.1
Net employment change             1,023      345      -58      403      493     0.8     0.3    -0.1     0.3     0.3
 
Goods-producing

Gross job gains                   1,386    1,369    1,255    1,319    1,357     6.1     6.0     5.5     5.8     6.0
 At expanding establishments      1,159    1,156    1,044    1,097    1,161     5.1     5.1     4.6     4.8     5.1
 At opening establishments          227      213      211      222      196     1.0     0.9     0.9     1.0     0.9
Gross job losses                  1,232    1,327    1,324    1,300    1,226     5.4     5.9     5.9     5.7     5.4
 At contracting establishments    1,022    1,107    1,106    1,091    1,021     4.5     4.9     4.9     4.8     4.5
 At closing establishments          210      220      218      209      205     0.9     1.0     1.0     0.9     0.9
Net employment change               154       42      -69       19      131     0.7     0.1    -0.4     0.1     0.6
 
Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains                     225      252      223      207      230    12.2    13.7    12.1    11.2    12.3
 At expanding establishments        195      220      193      175      205    10.6    12.0    10.5     9.5    11.0
 At opening establishments           30       32       30       32       25     1.6     1.7     1.6     1.7     1.3
Gross job losses                    232      207      219      242      223    12.6    11.3    11.9    13.1    12.0
 At contracting establishments      199      179      191      214      195    10.8     9.8    10.4    11.6    10.5
 At closing establishments           33       28       28       28       28     1.8     1.5     1.5     1.5     1.5
Net employment change                -7       45        4      -35        7    -0.4     2.4     0.2    -1.9     0.3
 
Construction

Gross job gains                     727      678      634      695      720     9.2     8.5     8.0     8.7     8.9
 At expanding establishments        578      546      501      553      593     7.3     6.8     6.3     6.9     7.3
 At opening establishments          149      132      133      142      127     1.9     1.7     1.7     1.8     1.6
Gross job losses                    587      668      645      621      596     7.4     8.4     8.2     7.8     7.3
 At contracting establishments      461      528      511      494      470     5.8     6.6     6.5     6.2     5.8
 At closing establishments          126      140      134      127      126     1.6     1.8     1.7     1.6     1.5
Net employment change               140       10      -11       74      124     1.8     0.1    -0.2     0.9     1.6
 
Manufacturing

Gross job gains                     434      439      398      417      407     3.4     3.4     3.1     3.3     3.1
 At expanding establishments        386      390      350      369      363     3.0     3.0     2.7     2.9     2.8
 At opening establishments           48       49       48       48       44     0.4     0.4     0.4     0.4     0.3
Gross job losses                    413      452      460      437      407     3.2     3.5     3.5     3.4     3.2
 At contracting establishments      362      400      404      383      356     2.8     3.1     3.1     3.0     2.8
 At closing establishments           51       52       56       54       51     0.4     0.4     0.4     0.4     0.4
Net employment change                21      -13      -62      -20        0     0.2    -0.1    -0.4    -0.1    -0.1
 
Service-providing(1)

Gross job gains                   6,783    6,760    6,445    6,583    6,251     6.2     6.2     6.0     6.0     5.7
 At expanding establishments      5,440    5,365    5,072    5,165    4,970     5.0     4.9     4.7     4.7     4.5
 At opening establishments        1,343    1,395    1,373    1,418    1,281     1.2     1.3     1.3     1.3     1.2
Gross job losses                  5,914    6,457    6,434    6,199    5,889     5.4     6.0     5.9     5.7     5.4
 At contracting establishments    4,690    5,209    5,131    4,904    4,693     4.3     4.8     4.7     4.5     4.3
 At closing establishments        1,224    1,248    1,303    1,295    1,196     1.1     1.2     1.2     1.2     1.1
Net employment change               869      303       11      384      362     0.8     0.2     0.1     0.3     0.3
 
Wholesale trade

Gross job gains                     289      282      266      276      261     4.7     4.6     4.3     4.5     4.3
 At expanding establishments        238      231      215      222      214     3.9     3.8     3.5     3.6     3.5
 At opening establishments           51       51       51       54       47     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.9     0.8
Gross job losses                    252      261      260      255      253     4.2     4.3     4.2     4.1     4.1
 At contracting establishments      194      205      202      198      196     3.2     3.4     3.3     3.2     3.2
 At closing establishments           58       56       58       57       57     1.0     0.9     0.9     0.9     0.9
Net employment change                37       21        6       21        8     0.5     0.3     0.1     0.4     0.2
 
Retail trade

Gross job gains                     898      867      841      762      826     5.8     5.5     5.4     5.0     5.3
 At expanding establishments        779      742      721      642      716     5.0     4.7     4.6     4.2     4.6
 At opening establishments          119      125      120      120      110     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.7
Gross job losses                    739      898      906      873      725     4.8     5.7     5.8     5.7     4.7
 At contracting establishments      636      783      777      753      615     4.1     5.0     5.0     4.9     4.0
 At closing establishments          103      115      129      120      110     0.7     0.7     0.8     0.8     0.7
Net employment change               159      -31      -65     -111      101     1.0    -0.2    -0.4    -0.7     0.6
 
Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains                     320      332      345      504      272     4.9     5.2     5.3     7.7     4.1
 At expanding establishments        265      281      291      449      232     4.1     4.4     4.5     6.9     3.5
 At opening establishments           55       51       54       55       40     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.6
Gross job losses                    436      373      344      292      452     6.7     5.8     5.4     4.5     6.9
 At contracting establishments      390      321      293      241      406     6.0     5.0     4.6     3.7     6.2
 At closing establishments           46       52       51       51       46     0.7     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.7
Net employment change              -116      -41        1      212     -180    -1.8    -0.6    -0.1     3.2    -2.8
 
Utilities

Gross job gains                      17       21       19       19       15     3.1     3.6     3.2     3.3     2.5
 At expanding establishments         15       19       17       16       13     2.7     3.3     2.9     2.8     2.2
 At opening establishments            2        2        2        3        2     0.4     0.3     0.3     0.5     0.3
Gross job losses                     12       16       13       15       13     2.2     2.7     2.2     2.6     2.2
 At contracting establishments       10       14       11       12       11     1.8     2.4     1.9     2.1     1.9
 At closing establishments            2        2        2        3        2     0.4     0.3     0.3     0.5     0.3
Net employment change                 5        5        6        4        2     0.9     0.9     1.0     0.7     0.3
 
Information

Gross job gains                     146      149      134      157      146     4.8     5.0     4.6     5.4     5.0
 At expanding establishments        115      116       97      122      120     3.8     3.9     3.3     4.2     4.1
 At opening establishments           31       33       37       35       26     1.0     1.1     1.3     1.2     0.9
Gross job losses                    184      221      197      160      139     6.0     7.4     6.7     5.5     4.8
 At contracting establishments      150      183      158      127      111     4.9     6.1     5.4     4.4     3.8
 At closing establishments           34       38       39       33       28     1.1     1.3     1.3     1.1     1.0
Net employment change               -38      -72      -63       -3        7    -1.2    -2.4    -2.1    -0.1     0.2
 
Financial activities

Gross job gains                     424      451      395      399      363     4.9     5.2     4.5     4.6     4.2
 At expanding establishments        333      354      298      291      284     3.8     4.1     3.4     3.4     3.3
 At opening establishments           91       97       97      108       79     1.1     1.1     1.1     1.2     0.9
Gross job losses                    409      412      420      425      383     4.8     4.8     4.8     4.9     4.4
 At contracting establishments      300      311      314      323      286     3.5     3.6     3.6     3.7     3.3
 At closing establishments          109      101      106      102       97     1.3     1.2     1.2     1.2     1.1
Net employment change                15       39      -25      -26      -20     0.1     0.4    -0.3    -0.3    -0.2
 
Professional and business services

Gross job gains                   1,511    1,516    1,445    1,426    1,364     6.7     6.7     6.3     6.4     6.0
 At expanding establishments      1,193    1,183    1,120    1,098    1,087     5.3     5.2     4.9     4.9     4.8
 At opening establishments          318      333      325      328      277     1.4     1.5     1.4     1.5     1.2
Gross job losses                  1,448    1,583    1,546    1,550    1,351     6.4     7.0     6.8     6.9     6.0
 At contracting establishments    1,129    1,264    1,209    1,216    1,050     5.0     5.6     5.3     5.4     4.7
 At closing establishments          319      319      337      334      301     1.4     1.4     1.5     1.5     1.3
Net employment change                63      -67     -101     -124       13     0.3    -0.3    -0.5    -0.5     0.0
 
Education and health services

Gross job gains                   1,265    1,274    1,246    1,184    1,196     5.3     5.3     5.1     4.8     4.8
 At expanding establishments      1,035    1,034    1,010      937      975     4.3     4.3     4.1     3.8     3.9
 At opening establishments          230      240      236      247      221     1.0     1.0     1.0     1.0     0.9
Gross job losses                    916      980      971    1,024      921     3.8     4.1     3.9     4.2     3.6
 At contracting establishments      704      772      747      758      709     2.9     3.2     3.0     3.1     2.8
 At closing establishments          212      208      224      266      212     0.9     0.9     0.9     1.1     0.8
Net employment change               349      294      275      160      275     1.5     1.2     1.2     0.6     1.2
 
Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains                   1,494    1,443    1,363    1,460    1,360     9.2     8.8     8.3     8.8     8.1
 At expanding establishments      1,190    1,133    1,052    1,131    1,067     7.3     6.9     6.4     6.8     6.4
 At opening establishments          304      310      311      329      293     1.9     1.9     1.9     2.0     1.7
Gross job losses                  1,192    1,375    1,436    1,278    1,315     7.4     8.3     8.8     7.7     7.8
 At contracting establishments      955    1,121    1,179    1,047    1,073     5.9     6.8     7.2     6.3     6.4
 At closing establishments          237      254      257      231      242     1.5     1.5     1.6     1.4     1.4
Net employment change               302       68      -73      182       45     1.8     0.5    -0.5     1.1     0.3
 
Other services

Gross job gains                     340      337      315      320      312     7.9     7.7     7.2     7.2     7.0
 At expanding establishments        262      258      238      244      244     6.1     5.9     5.4     5.5     5.5
 At opening establishments           78       79       77       76       68     1.8     1.8     1.8     1.7     1.5
Gross job losses                    286      298      303      290      298     6.6     6.9     6.9     6.6     6.8
 At contracting establishments      211      225      229      219      225     4.9     5.2     5.2     5.0     5.1
 At closing establishments           75       73       74       71       73     1.7     1.7     1.7     1.6     1.7
Net employment change                54       39       12       30       14     1.3     0.8     0.3     0.6     0.2
 
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

                   Total private by firm(1)          Firm size 1 - 49 employees       Firm size 50 - 249 employees     Firm size 250 or more employees
Year  3 months      Net           Gross job           Net          Gross job           Net          Gross job           Net          Gross job
        ended      change       gains   losses       change      gains   losses       change      gains   losses       change      gains   losses

2014  March          442        5,665    5,223         231       3,070    2,839         149       1,035      886          62       1,560    1,498
      June           893        6,134    5,241         302       3,178    2,876         214       1,119      905         377       1,837    1,460
      September      560        5,865    5,305         197       3,064    2,867         117       1,066      949         246       1,735    1,489
      December       951        6,155    5,204         212       3,105    2,893         150       1,085      935         589       1,965    1,376
 
2015  March          226        5,677    5,451         168       3,098    2,930          75       1,025      950         -17       1,554    1,571
      June           846        6,243    5,397         323       3,196    2,873         187       1,128      941         336       1,919    1,583
      September      456        5,914    5,458         148       3,057    2,909          79       1,047      968         229       1,810    1,581
      December       830        6,245    5,415         227       3,172    2,945          90       1,074      984         513       1,999    1,486
 
2016  March          254        5,754    5,500         191       3,114    2,923          59       1,022      963           4       1,618    1,614
      June           331        6,048    5,717          74       3,123    3,049         114       1,101      987         143       1,824    1,681
      September      752        6,266    5,514         192       3,160    2,968         102       1,089      987         458       2,017    1,559
      December       245        5,886    5,641          71       3,065    2,994          37       1,026      989         137       1,795    1,658
 
2017  March          662        6,007    5,345         346       3,236    2,890         191       1,085      894         125       1,686    1,561
      June           570        6,216    5,646         145       3,161    3,016         151       1,127      976         274       1,928    1,654
      September      -90        5,826    5,916        -100       2,999    3,099         -44       1,013    1,057          54       1,814    1,760
      December       804        6,185    5,381         235       3,184    2,949         142       1,082      940         427       1,919    1,492
 
2018  March          729        6,072    5,343         297       3,210    2,913         164       1,071      907         268       1,791    1,523
      June           515        6,214    5,699         134       3,194    3,060         162       1,135      973         219       1,885    1,666
      September       24        5,967    5,943         -83       3,027    3,110         -34       1,025    1,059         141       1,915    1,774
      December       663        6,087    5,424         198       3,171    2,973         138       1,076      938         327       1,840    1,513
 
2019  March          536        5,998    5,462         254       3,191    2,937         151       1,064      913         131       1,743    1,612
      June           269        6,157    5,888          64       3,161    3,097         104       1,121    1,017         101       1,875    1,774
      September       13        5,865    5,852           4       3,050    3,046         -30       1,017    1,047          39       1,798    1,759
      December       660        6,206    5,546         195       3,180    2,985          94       1,065      971         371       1,961    1,590
 
2020  March         -689        5,595    6,284        -373       3,027    3,400        -103         968    1,071        -213       1,600    1,813
      June       -15,060        4,506   19,566      -4,689       2,557    7,246      -2,793         581    3,374      -7,578       1,368    8,946
      September    4,049        9,442    5,393       1,531       4,492    2,961         539       1,421      882       1,979       3,529    1,550
      December     1,870        7,083    5,213         498       3,483    2,985         348       1,191      843       1,024       2,409    1,385
 
2021  March        1,804        6,872    5,068         968       3,639    2,671         220       1,099      879         616       2,134    1,518
      June         1,015        6,650    5,635         731       3,523    2,792         218       1,143      925          66       1,984    1,918
      September    1,445        7,156    5,711         409       3,534    3,125         254       1,196      942         782       2,426    1,644
      December     2,754        7,661    4,907         903       3,762    2,859         469       1,306      837       1,382       2,593    1,211
 
2022  March        1,633        6,970    5,337         308       3,389    3,081         270       1,161      891       1,055       2,420    1,365
      June           329        6,591    6,262         180       3,353    3,173         144       1,155    1,011           5       2,083    2,078
      September    1,394        7,115    5,721          83       3,327    3,244         256       1,234      978       1,055       2,554    1,499
      December       475        6,306    5,831         197       3,299    3,102         157       1,131      974         121       1,876    1,755
 
2023  March        1,139        6,623    5,484         359       3,398    3,039         289       1,196      907         491       2,029    1,538
      June           304        6,450    6,146          22       3,252    3,230         141       1,169    1,028         141       2,029    1,888
      September     -106        6,037    6,143        -114       3,101    3,215           2       1,053    1,051           6       1,883    1,877
      December       341        6,143    5,802         252       3,273    3,021         115       1,106      991         -26       1,764    1,790
 
2024  March          582        6,106    5,524          71       3,115    3,044         105       1,084      979         406       1,907    1,501
 
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
    establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

                                   Gross job gains and job losses              Gross job gains and job losses
                                          (in thousands)                         as a percent of employment

    Category                              3 months ended                               3 months ended

                                   Mar.     June     Sept.    Dec.     Mar.    Mar.    June    Sept.   Dec.    Mar.
                                   2023     2023     2023     2023     2024    2023    2023    2023    2023    2024
Total private by firm(1)

Gross job gains                   6,623    6,450    6,037    6,143    6,106     5.1     4.9     4.6     4.7     4.6
 At expanding firms               5,587    5,440    5,016    5,074    5,154     4.3     4.1     3.8     3.9     3.9
 At opening firms                 1,036    1,010    1,021    1,069      952     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.7
 
Gross job losses                  5,484    6,146    6,143    5,802    5,524     4.2     4.7     4.6     4.4     4.2
 At contracting firms             4,493    5,158    5,160    4,875    4,559     3.4     3.9     3.9     3.7     3.5
 At closing firms                   991      988      983      927      965     0.8     0.8     0.7     0.7     0.7
 
Net employment change             1,139      304     -106      341      582     0.9     0.2     0.0     0.3     0.4
 

Firm size 1 to 49 employees

Gross job gains                   3,398    3,252    3,101    3,273    3,115     9.5     9.1     8.8     9.2     8.8
 At expanding firms               2,395    2,282    2,122    2,241    2,197     6.7     6.4     6.0     6.3     6.2
 At opening firms                 1,003      970      979    1,032      918     2.8     2.7     2.8     2.9     2.6
 
Gross job losses                  3,039    3,230    3,215    3,021    3,044     8.6     9.1     9.1     8.5     8.5
 At contracting firms             2,077    2,279    2,262    2,125    2,114     5.9     6.4     6.4     6.0     5.9
 At closing firms                   962      951      953      896      930     2.7     2.7     2.7     2.5     2.6
 
Net employment change               359       22     -114      252       71     0.9     0.0    -0.3     0.7     0.3
 

Firm size 50 to 249 employees

Gross job gains                   1,196    1,169    1,053    1,106    1,084     5.2     5.1     4.6     4.8     4.7
 At expanding firms               1,164    1,133    1,021    1,072    1,053     5.1     4.9     4.5     4.7     4.6
 At opening firms                    32       36       32       34       31     0.1     0.2     0.1     0.1     0.1
 
Gross job losses                    907    1,028    1,051      991      979     4.0     4.5     4.6     4.3     4.2
 At contracting firms               882      999    1,025      962      951     3.9     4.4     4.5     4.2     4.1
 At closing firms                    25       29       26       29       28     0.1     0.1     0.1     0.1     0.1
 
Net employment change               289      141        2      115      105     1.2     0.6     0.0     0.5     0.5
 

Firm size 250 or more employees

Gross job gains                   2,029    2,029    1,883    1,764    1,907     2.8     2.8     2.6     2.4     2.6
 At expanding firms               2,028    2,025    1,873    1,761    1,904     2.8     2.8     2.6     2.4     2.6
 At opening firms                     1        4       10        3        3     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0
 
Gross job losses                  1,538    1,888    1,877    1,790    1,501     2.1     2.6     2.6     2.5     2.0
 At contracting firms             1,534    1,880    1,873    1,788    1,494     2.1     2.6     2.6     2.5     2.0
 At closing firms                     4        8        4        2        7     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0     0.0
 
Net employment change               491      141        6      -26      406     0.7     0.2     0.0    -0.1     0.6
 
 
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
    establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.

Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

                                           Gross job gains                                         Gross job losses
State                                      3 months ended                                          3 months ended

                           Mar.       June       Sept.      Dec.       Mar.        Mar.       June       Sept.      Dec.       Mar.
                           2023       2023       2023       2023       2024        2023       2023       2023       2023       2024

United States(1)....  8,169,000  8,129,000  7,700,000  7,902,000  7,608,000   7,146,000  7,784,000  7,758,000  7,499,000  7,115,000
 
Alabama.............    109,836    102,681    102,525    105,481     97,926      93,815     96,418    101,092     98,028     94,618
Alaska..............     25,708     27,478     21,287     25,419     26,560      21,126     22,214     26,295     24,585     21,647
Arizona.............    165,105    193,152    187,565    179,807    235,926     151,044    174,195    156,859    184,201    177,592
Arkansas............     62,668     64,041     61,366     67,364     60,550      54,583     64,817     61,852     54,535     57,049
California..........    979,136  1,039,377    980,219    989,074    901,094   1,016,612  1,003,771  1,001,105    992,517    859,064
Colorado............    175,158    176,914    132,528    199,676    155,829     157,322    157,983    148,362    184,285    189,072
Connecticut.........     88,900     91,954     84,094     81,927     82,391      74,141     82,001     90,637     83,179     75,630
Delaware............     27,064     25,805     24,368     24,771     24,458      20,806     23,209     26,026     23,563     20,535
District of Columbia     30,973     28,248     28,355     27,126     26,690      25,411     27,819     28,127     29,050     25,610
Florida.............    537,362    579,538    564,003    522,115    502,352     476,457    500,994    504,260    511,720    468,811
 
Georgia.............    270,796    262,324    253,474    259,589    251,318     246,010    265,285    251,559    236,746    236,982
Hawaii..............     28,768     29,286     27,047     31,427     28,206      26,240     27,279     35,242     25,549     26,471
Idaho...............     56,847     55,694     51,259     61,176     57,320      51,918     52,514     56,682     41,703     60,854
Illinois............    305,298    284,509    250,297    257,689    265,871     249,208    275,623    282,780    264,465    254,116
Indiana.............    155,136    154,911    157,233    151,352    146,170     140,497    160,863    156,332    142,846    138,756
Iowa................     80,427     79,331     73,525     79,668     80,687      70,784     77,980     76,218     75,075     74,669
Kansas..............     71,454     71,528     66,797     68,723     67,587      63,718     69,821     70,581     63,206     65,919
Kentucky............    103,666     93,641     95,598     95,856     97,949      82,454     98,508     92,584     87,816     83,470
Louisiana...........    102,603     96,049     97,519    101,138     99,148      88,240    102,368     95,262     92,509     91,885
Maine...............     42,104     40,923     37,509     39,721     39,538      33,480     41,268     42,012     37,744     33,379
 
Maryland............    155,593    145,566    137,001    136,697    126,204     130,127    143,399    139,447    126,936    125,028
Massachusetts.......    186,144    188,649    174,818    172,906    168,574     155,574    180,189    189,824    176,465    162,277
Michigan............    223,058    227,572    200,421    207,909    207,857     189,937    204,482    225,394    210,627    198,797
Minnesota...........    144,982    152,628     83,684    172,857    147,189     120,964    139,937    108,074    173,549    145,765
Mississippi.........     59,787     59,432     57,864     57,103     53,493      56,484     60,477     57,529     52,763     56,662
Missouri............    159,679    144,612    138,211    146,769    143,939     125,940    146,316    144,299    138,564    133,471
Montana.............     36,561     32,887     32,252     36,942     34,688      30,444     35,720     35,092     30,420     32,351
Nebraska............     54,228     52,096     51,123     50,016     49,388      43,714     48,047     49,837     47,749     43,759
Nevada..............     82,926     87,792     87,797     91,350     80,893      77,227     79,148     75,937     74,522     85,249
New Hampshire.......     42,201     40,297     34,830     37,421     39,118      35,317     38,061     40,096     35,364     35,326
 
New Jersey..........    227,953    237,500    219,139    215,567    204,533     209,424    218,679    222,354    214,035    198,422
New Mexico..........     47,143     44,582     42,983     47,356     41,391      39,328     42,338     46,079     39,377     41,064
New York............    522,904    508,264    473,385    461,485    488,342     415,828    471,042    488,435    459,785    409,509
North Carolina......    267,982    248,920    236,764    261,585    226,681     216,247    236,074    252,527    203,579    226,676
North Dakota........     26,288     24,058     23,159     23,549     24,451      19,715     23,535     22,901     22,048     21,536
Ohio................    281,957    267,782    248,820    254,665    263,201     226,372    267,638    264,283    247,346    228,393
Oklahoma............     83,818     83,811     84,727     82,628     76,918      72,044     81,668     80,262     77,515     71,037
Oregon..............    128,284    109,006    101,949    104,824    107,689      99,788    113,616    113,756    104,873    103,780
Pennsylvania........    293,099    279,643    273,967    277,807    272,677     244,248    289,708    271,715    257,613    244,174
Rhode Island........     31,697     29,039     27,420     28,835     29,862      25,230     29,333     28,999     27,265     24,846
 
South Carolina......    126,532    119,860    124,869    118,122    123,861     110,072    123,341    106,590    100,598    120,378
South Dakota........     27,190     25,446     23,680     25,014     24,201      21,824     22,861     24,063     22,271     22,300
Tennessee...........    164,400    163,383    156,864    173,332    157,457     139,682    153,178    161,268    155,145    137,922
Texas...............    699,178    677,532    662,610    677,439    638,289     586,970    628,833    643,975    609,870    610,710
Utah................    100,442     99,142     98,829     95,280     95,737      90,220     90,825     95,522     93,465     86,315
Vermont.............     21,357     18,937     16,263     18,369     18,497      15,235     19,204     20,076     16,626     16,093
Virginia............    206,511    200,818    195,386    199,237    191,176     172,366    192,946    199,133    183,131    174,641
Washington..........    195,738    182,877    171,735    178,596    172,535     189,054    170,039    180,958    162,462    160,252
West Virginia.......     40,042     34,051     35,632     35,511     38,745      29,891     35,607     36,423     32,129     31,878
Wisconsin...........    154,614    144,437    133,161    138,483    140,097     121,645    149,574    147,352    130,816    124,737
 
Wyoming.............     19,300     18,024     17,591     19,120     17,964      16,761     18,474     17,550     17,843     18,063
Puerto Rico.........     38,299     43,671     43,090     36,870     40,330      42,980     36,890     40,034     36,472     34,865
Virgin Islands......      1,946      1,856      2,058      1,521      1,423       1,821      1,614      1,705      1,471      1,140
 
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

                        Gross job gains as a percent of employment    Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State                               3 months ended                                3 months ended

                        Mar.    June    Sept.   Dec.    Mar.          Mar.    June    Sept.   Dec.    Mar.
                        2023    2023    2023    2023    2024          2023    2023    2023    2023    2024

United States.......     6.3     6.2     5.9     6.0     5.7           5.5     5.9     6.0     5.7     5.4
 
Alabama.............     6.5     6.0     6.0     6.2     5.7           5.6     5.7     6.0     5.7     5.5
Alaska..............    10.5    11.0     8.5    10.2    10.5           8.6     8.9    10.5     9.9     8.6
Arizona.............     6.0     7.0     6.8     6.5     8.4           5.6     6.3     5.7     6.6     6.4
Arkansas............     5.8     5.9     5.6     6.2     5.6           5.1     6.0     5.8     5.0     5.2
California..........     6.3     6.8     6.4     6.4     5.8           6.6     6.4     6.5     6.4     5.6
Colorado............     7.2     7.3     5.4     8.2     6.4           6.5     6.5     6.1     7.6     7.7
Connecticut.........     6.2     6.4     5.8     5.6     5.6           5.1     5.7     6.2     5.7     5.2
Delaware............     6.7     6.4     6.0     6.1     6.0           5.2     5.8     6.5     5.8     5.1
District of Columbia     6.0     5.4     5.4     5.2     5.1           4.9     5.3     5.4     5.6     4.9
Florida.............     6.3     6.8     6.5     6.1     5.8           5.7     5.9     5.9     5.9     5.4
 
Georgia.............     6.5     6.3     6.1     6.2     6.0           6.0     6.4     6.1     5.7     5.7
Hawaii..............     5.6     5.7     5.3     6.1     5.4           5.1     5.3     6.8     5.0     5.1
Idaho...............     7.9     7.8     7.2     8.5     7.9           7.3     7.4     7.9     5.8     8.3
Illinois............     5.8     5.4     4.8     5.0     5.1           4.8     5.2     5.3     5.1     4.8
Indiana.............     5.6     5.6     5.7     5.5     5.3           5.1     5.8     5.7     5.1     5.0
Iowa................     6.1     6.0     5.6     6.1     6.1           5.4     5.9     5.8     5.7     5.6
Kansas..............     6.1     6.1     5.7     5.8     5.7           5.4     6.0     6.0     5.3     5.6
Kentucky............     6.1     5.6     5.7     5.7     5.7           4.9     5.9     5.6     5.2     5.0
Louisiana...........     6.5     6.0     6.2     6.3     6.2           5.5     6.5     6.0     5.8     5.7
Maine...............     7.8     7.6     7.0     7.4     7.2           6.3     7.6     7.8     7.0     6.1
 
Maryland............     7.2     6.7     6.3     6.2     5.8           6.0     6.6     6.4     5.8     5.7
Massachusetts.......     5.8     5.9     5.4     5.5     5.2           4.9     5.6     5.9     5.5     5.1
Michigan............     5.8     5.9     5.2     5.5     5.4           5.0     5.3     5.9     5.5     5.2
Minnesota...........     5.8     6.0     3.3     6.9     5.8           4.8     5.5     4.3     6.9     5.7
Mississippi.........     6.5     6.4     6.2     6.1     5.7           6.1     6.5     6.2     5.7     6.1
Missouri............     6.5     5.8     5.6     6.0     5.7           5.1     5.9     5.8     5.6     5.3
Montana.............     8.7     7.8     7.7     8.8     8.1           7.2     8.4     8.4     7.2     7.5
Nebraska............     6.5     6.2     6.0     5.9     5.8           5.2     5.7     5.9     5.7     5.1
Nevada..............     6.2     6.5     6.5     6.7     5.9           5.8     5.9     5.6     5.4     6.2
New Hampshire.......     7.0     6.7     5.8     6.2     6.5           5.9     6.3     6.7     5.9     5.8
 
New Jersey..........     6.3     6.4     6.0     5.9     5.5           5.8     6.0     6.0     5.8     5.4
New Mexico..........     7.0     6.6     6.4     6.9     6.0           5.8     6.3     6.8     5.8     6.0
New York............     6.5     6.2     5.8     5.7     5.9           5.2     5.8     6.0     5.6     5.0
North Carolina......     6.6     6.1     5.7     6.3     5.4           5.3     5.7     6.1     4.9     5.5
North Dakota........     7.6     6.9     6.6     6.7     6.9           5.7     6.7     6.6     6.3     6.1
Ohio................     6.0     5.6     5.2     5.4     5.5           4.8     5.6     5.6     5.2     4.8
Oklahoma............     6.3     6.3     6.3     6.1     5.6           5.4     6.1     6.0     5.8     5.2
Oregon..............     7.6     6.4     6.1     6.2     6.4           5.9     6.6     6.7     6.2     6.1
Pennsylvania........     5.5     5.2     5.2     5.2     5.1           4.7     5.5     5.1     4.8     4.6
Rhode Island........     7.4     6.7     6.4     6.8     6.9           5.9     6.8     6.7     6.3     5.7
 
South Carolina......     6.8     6.4     6.6     6.2     6.4           5.9     6.6     5.7     5.3     6.3
South Dakota........     7.3     6.7     6.3     6.6     6.3           5.9     6.0     6.3     5.8     5.8
Tennessee...........     5.9     5.8     5.6     6.2     5.5           5.0     5.5     5.7     5.5     4.9
Texas...............     6.0     5.8     5.7     5.7     5.4           5.1     5.4     5.5     5.2     5.1
Utah................     7.0     6.9     6.9     6.6     6.7           6.3     6.4     6.6     6.5     6.0
Vermont.............     8.4     7.4     6.4     7.3     7.2           6.0     7.5     7.9     6.6     6.3
Virginia............     6.2     6.1     5.9     5.9     5.7           5.2     5.9     6.0     5.5     5.2
Washington..........     6.6     6.1     5.8     6.0     5.7           6.3     5.7     6.0     5.4     5.3
West Virginia.......     7.3     6.1     6.5     6.5     6.9           5.5     6.4     6.6     5.8     5.7
Wisconsin...........     6.1     5.6     5.2     5.5     5.5           4.8     5.8     5.8     5.2     4.8
 
Wyoming.............     9.0     8.4     8.3     8.9     8.4           7.8     8.7     8.2     8.4     8.3
Puerto Rico.........     5.1     5.9     5.7     4.9     5.4           5.8     5.0     5.3     4.8     4.6
Virgin Islands......     7.9     7.5     8.2     6.0     5.6           7.4     6.5     6.8     5.9     4.5
 
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted

Total private

(Levels in thousands)

                           Number of Establishments                           Employment
                             Births              Deaths(1)            Births              Deaths
Year  3 months ended     Level     Rate(2)   Level     Rate       Level     Rate      Level     Rate

2014  March                220      2.9        190      2.5         784      0.7        635      0.6
      June                 221      2.9        204      2.7         806      0.7        711      0.6
      September            225      3.0        199      2.6         825      0.7        703      0.6
      December             224      2.9        198      2.6         836      0.7        705      0.6
 
2015  March                233      3.0        207      2.7         818      0.7        696      0.6
      June                 234      3.1        211      2.8         838      0.7        728      0.6
      September            243      3.2        207      2.7         881      0.7        699      0.6
      December             247      3.2        209      2.7         892      0.7        733      0.6
 
2016  March                236      3.0        204      2.6         789      0.7        671      0.6
      June                 241      3.1        213      2.7         838      0.7        719      0.6
      September            238      3.0        214      2.7         872      0.7        745      0.6
      December             238      3.0        217      2.8         865      0.7        729      0.6
 
2017  March                242      3.0        203      2.6         806      0.7        668      0.5
      June                 240      3.0        223      2.8         848      0.7        752      0.6
      September            244      3.1        225      2.8         851      0.7        760      0.6
      December             246      3.1        216      2.7         849      0.7        731      0.6
 
2018  March                248      3.1        215      2.7         816      0.7        668      0.5
      June                 263      3.3        228      2.8         879      0.7        769      0.6
      September            250      3.1        231      2.8         863      0.7        785      0.6
      December             249      3.1        222      2.7         855      0.7        758      0.6
 
2019  March                260      3.2        220      2.7         814      0.6        700      0.6
      June                 258      3.1        240      2.9         846      0.7        801      0.6
      September            251      3.0        230      2.8         847      0.7        763      0.6
      December             269      3.2        235      2.8         903      0.7        783      0.6
 
2020  March                278      3.3        240      2.9         812      0.6        737      0.6
      June                 228      2.8        326      4.0         659      0.5      1,150      1.0
      September            278      3.4        232      2.8         821      0.7        689      0.6
      December             287      3.5        218      2.6         913      0.8        688      0.6
 
2021  March                308      3.6        210      2.5         836      0.7        607      0.5
      June                 351      4.1        226      2.6         978      0.8        663      0.5
      September            359      4.1        244      2.8       1,026      0.8        734      0.6
      December             380      4.3        254      2.9       1,115      0.9        779      0.6
 
2022  March                350      3.9        255      2.9         962      0.8        748      0.6
      June                 365      4.1        322      3.6       1,062      0.8        926      0.7
      September            350      3.9        294      3.3       1,031      0.8        912      0.7
      December             343      3.8        289      3.2       1,044      0.8        897      0.7
 
2023  March                329      3.6        291      3.2         945      0.7        817      0.6
      June                 332      3.6        293      3.2       1,011      0.8        887      0.7
      September            318      3.5        N/A      N/A         980      0.7        N/A      N/A
      December             327      3.5        N/A      N/A       1,019      0.8        N/A      N/A
 
2024  March                322      3.5        N/A      N/A         934      0.7        N/A      N/A
 
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the
    Technical Note for more informations.

(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
    quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.

Last Modified Date: October 30, 2024