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Economic News Release
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Employment Cost Index News Release

Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until                                     USDL-24-0146
8:30 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, January 31, 2024

Technical information: (202) 691-6199  •  ncsinfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/eci
Media contact:         (202) 691-5902  •  pressoffice@bls.gov

                                  EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX – DECEMBER 2023

Compensation costs for civilian workers increased 0.9 percent, seasonally adjusted, for the 3-month 
period ending in December 2023, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Wages and salaries 
increased 0.9 percent and benefit costs increased 0.7 percent from September 2023. 
(See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Compensation costs for civilian workers increased 4.2 percent for the 12-month period ending in December
2023 and increased 5.1 percent in December 2022. Wages and salaries increased 4.3 percent for the 12-month
period ending in December 2023 and increased 5.1 percent for the 12-month period ending in December 2022.
Benefit costs increased 3.8 percent over the year and increased 4.9 percent for the 12-month period ending
in December 2022. (See tables A, 4, 8, and 12.)

Compensation costs for private industry workers increased 4.1 percent over the year. In December 2022, the
increase was 5.1 percent. Wages and salaries increased 4.3 percent for the 12-month period ending in 
December 2023 and increased 5.1 percent in December 2022. The cost of benefits increased 3.6 percent for the
12-month period ending in December 2023 and increased 4.8 percent in December 2022. Inflation-adjusted 
(constant dollar) compensation costs for private industry increased 0.7 percent for the 12-month period 
ending in December 2023.Inflation-adjusted wages and salaries increased 0.9 percent for the 12 months 
ending December 2023. Inflation-adjusted benefit costs in the private sector increased 0.2 percent over
that same period. (See tables A, 5, 9, and 12.)

Within the private industry, compensation costs increased 4.5 percent for union workers and 4.0 percent for 
non-union workers for the 12-month period ending in December 2023. Wages and salaries increased 5.4 percent 
for union workers and 4.2 percent for non-union workers for the 12-month period ending in December 2023. 
Benefit costs increased 3.4 percent for union workers and 3.6 percent for non-union workers for the period 
ending in December 2023. (See tables 6, 10, and 12.)

Compensation costs for state and local government workers increased 4.6 percent for the 12-month period 
ending in December 2023 and increased 4.8 percent in the 12-month period ending December 2022. Wages and 
salaries increased 4.7 percent for the 12-month period ending in December 2023 and increased 4.7 percent
a year ago. Benefit costs increased 4.6 percent for the 12-month period ending in December 2023. The prior
year’s increase was 5.0 percent. (See tables A, 7, 11, and 12.)

Table A. Major series of the Employment Cost Index [Percent change]
Category 3-month,
seasonally adjusted
12-month, not seasonally adjusted, current dollar 12-month, not seasonally adjusted, constant dollar
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

Civilian workers(1)

Compensation(2)

1.1 0.9 5.1 4.3 4.2 -1.3 0.6 0.9

Wages and salaries

1.2 0.9 5.1 4.6 4.3 -1.2 0.9 1.0

Benefits

0.9 0.7 4.9 4.1 3.8 -1.4 0.4 0.4

Private industry

Compensation(2)

1.0 0.9 5.1 4.3 4.1 -1.2 0.6 0.7

Wages and salaries

1.1 0.9 5.1 4.5 4.3 -1.2 0.8 0.9

Benefits

0.8 0.6 4.8 3.9 3.6 -1.5 0.2 0.2

Health benefits

- - 4.7 1.9 1.8 - - -

State and local government

Compensation(2)

1.5 1.0 4.8 4.8 4.6 -1.5 1.0 1.3

Wages and salaries

1.8 1.1 4.7 4.8 4.7 -1.5 1.0 1.1

Benefits

1.2 0.9 5.0 4.7 4.6 -1.3 1.0 1.3

Footnotes
(1) Includes private industry and state and local government.
(2) Includes wages and salaries and benefits.

Note: All estimates in the table can be found in the public database at www.bls.gov/eci/data.htm. Dashes indicate data not available.



					   TECHNICAL NOTE

The Employment Cost Index (ECI) measures the change in the cost of labor, free from the influence 
of employment shifts among occupations and industries. For information on survey concepts, coverage, 
methods, nonresponse adjustment, and imputation, see National Compensation Measures Handbook of Methods
at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm.

Sample size
Data for this reference period were collected from a probability sample of approximately 23,600 
occupational observations selected from a sample of about 5,600 private industry establishments and 
approximately 7,500 occupational observations selected from a sample of about 1,400 state and local 
government establishments that provided data at the initial interview. From December 2021 to September
2023, an additional (fourth) private industry sample was used in estimation to mitigate the impact of
decreasing response rates.

Standard errors
To assist users in ascertaining the reliability of ECI series, standard errors of all current quarter 
not seasonally adjusted 3- and 12-month percent change series are also available, see www.bls.gov/eci/
factsheets/eci-standard-errors.htm and the database query tool at www.bls.gov/eci/data.htm. Standard 
errors provide users a measure of the precision of an estimate to ensure that it is within an acceptable
range for their intended purpose. 

Historical listings
Historical ECI data are available in (xlsx) format at www.bls.gov/eci/tables.htm. The continuous 
occupational and industry series listing uses the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual and 
Occupational Classification System (OCS) series from 1975 through 2005 and the North American Industry 
Classification System (NAICS) and Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) from 2006 to the present. 
It provides the official series deemed continuous after the change in classification systems. For more 
information on the criteria used in defining continuous series, see the article published in the Monthly 
Labor Review at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2006/04/art2full.pdf.

Employer Costs for Employee Compensation data
The costs per hour worked of compensation components are published as part of the Employer Costs for 
Employee Compensation (ECEC) news release. The ECEC release dates are available at www.bls.gov/schedule/
news_release/ecec.htm. Historical ECEC data are available in xlsx format at www.bls.gov/ecec/tables.htm.
Since the ECEC is calculated with current employment weights rather than the fixed weights used in 
computing the ECI, year-to-year changes in the cost levels usually differ from those in the ECI.

Fixed employment weights
For additional information on the use of fixed employment weights in computing the ECI, see 
www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2016/article/introducing-2012-fixed-employment-weights-for-the-employment-cost-
index.htm. Beginning with the December 2022 release, the ECI introduced new employment weights, see 
www.bls.gov/eci/notices/2022/eci-2021-fixed-weights-and-2018-soc-update.htm.

Additional information
Historical tables are available in (xlsx) format for constant dollar, current dollar, and continuous
series, see www.bls.gov/eci/tables.htm. ECI release dates are available on the release calendar at 
www.bls.gov/schedule/news_release/eci.htm. Subscribe to receive the BLS Economic News Release email 
at public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have
a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services. 

Table 1. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), by occupational group and industry [Seasonally adjusted]
Occupational group and industry Indexes (Dec.2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months ended-
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2021
Mar.
2022
Jun.
2022
Sep.
2022
Dec.
2022
Mar.
2023
Jun.
2023
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

Civilian workers

All workers(2)

160.7 162.1 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9

Industry

Goods-producing industries(3)

155.1 156.6 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.0

Manufacturing

154.6 156.1 0.9 1.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.0

Service-providing industries(4)

161.9 163.3 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.9

Education and health services

159.6 161.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.4 0.9

Educational services

158.1 159.5 0.6 1.1 0.9 1.6 1.1 1.2 0.7 1.4 0.9

Elementary and secondary schools

158.8 160.0 0.6 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.5 0.8

Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools

156.3 157.8 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.5 1.1 1.3 0.7 1.3 1.0

Health care and social assistance

161.0 162.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 0.9

Hospitals

161.4 162.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.8

Nursing and residential care facilities

161.7 163.1 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 0.9

Public administration

164.8 167.0 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.3

Private industry workers

All workers

160.5 161.9 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related

156.1 157.1 0.8 1.2 1.3 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.6

Management, business, and financial

157.1 157.8 0.6 1.2 1.4 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.4

Professional and related

155.5 156.7 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.8

Sales and office

163.6 165.0 1.1 1.6 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.9

Sales and related

161.3 163.0 1.0 1.8 2.6 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.4 1.1

Office and administrative support

165.0 166.2 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

158.1 159.8 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.1

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

157.1 158.2 0.9 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair

159.1 161.7 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.4 0.9 1.3 1.6

Production, transportation, and material moving

163.5 166.1 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.6

Production

159.8 161.5 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.4 0.9 0.8 1.1

Transportation and material moving

168.2 171.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.7 1.9

Service occupations

172.2 173.5 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8

Industry

Goods-producing industries(3)

155.0 156.5 1.0 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.3 0.7 0.8 1.0

Construction

156.2 157.8 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.1 1.0

Manufacturing

154.6 156.1 0.9 1.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.0

Aircraft manufacturing

134.5 135.1 0.4 2.1 0.7 -5.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.4

Service-providing industries(5)

161.9 163.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities

165.6 167.7 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.3

Wholesale trade

158.4 159.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 0.7 1.1 0.8 1.5 0.6 0.8

Retail trade

170.8 171.8 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.6

Transportation and warehousing

164.4 169.5 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.4 0.8 3.1

Utilities

171.1 172.5 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.2 0.8

Information

156.5 157.9 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.3 0.9

Financial activities

159.0 160.1 -0.4 1.2 1.9 1.0 1.3 0.2 1.0 1.4 0.7

Finance and insurance

159.4 160.7 -0.9 1.0 1.9 0.9 1.4 0.1 1.0 1.4 0.8

Credit intermediation and related activities

159.4 161.6 -1.3 0.0 2.0 -0.1 1.6 1.5 -0.5 1.7 1.4

Insurance carriers and related activities

160.5 160.8 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing

157.2 157.2 1.6 1.8 1.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.0

Professional and business services

160.4 161.2 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.8 0.9 0.5

Professional, scientific, and technical services

161.4 162.2 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.1 0.8 1.5 0.9 0.7 0.5

Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services

161.0 161.9 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.5 0.8 1.1 0.6

Education and health services

159.6 161.0 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 0.9

Educational services

156.0 157.5 0.5 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.6 1.3 1.0

Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools

155.1 156.4 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.2 0.8

Health care and social assistance

160.3 161.7 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.9

Hospitals

161.1 162.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.9

Nursing and residential care facilities

160.3 161.6 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.3 0.8

Leisure and hospitality

172.3 173.7 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.1 0.6 0.8

Accommodation and food services

175.9 177.3 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.2 0.5 0.8

Other services, except public administration

163.2 164.8 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.0

State and local government workers

All workers

161.6 163.2 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.0

Industry

Education and health services

159.6 160.9 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.7 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.5 0.8

Educational services

158.7 160.0 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.8 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.5 0.8

Schools

158.6 160.0 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.5 0.9

Elementary and secondary schools

159.2 160.4 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.5 0.8

Health care and social assistance

166.3 167.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.6

Hospitals

162.6 163.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.5 0.4

Public administration

164.8 167.0 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.3

Footnotes
(1) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
(2) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government.
(3) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
(4) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services, except public administration; and public administration.
(5) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 2. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, by occupational group and industry [Seasonally adjusted]
Occupational group and industry Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months ended-
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2021
Mar.
2022
Jun.
2022
Sep.
2022
Dec.
2022
Mar.
2023
Jun.
2023
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

Civilian workers

All workers(1)

160.5 162.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.9

Industry

Goods-producing industries(2)

158.5 160.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.5 0.6 0.8 1.1

Manufacturing

158.4 160.0 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.6 1.0

Service-providing industries(3)

160.9 162.4 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.9

Education and health services

155.4 156.8 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.5 0.9

Educational services

148.5 149.9 0.5 0.9 0.8 1.6 1.1 1.0 0.7 1.6 0.9

Elementary and secondary schools

147.2 148.5 0.4 1.0 0.5 1.9 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.8 0.9

Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools

149.4 150.9 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.7 1.3 1.0

Health care and social assistance

162.4 163.9 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.4 0.9

Hospitals

162.2 163.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.2 0.9

Nursing and residential care facilities

165.3 166.8 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.5 0.9

Private industry workers

All workers

162.8 164.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related

157.4 158.4 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.6

Professional and related

157.3 158.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.8

Management, business, and financial

157.8 158.5 0.4 1.0 1.5 0.4 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.5

Sales and office

165.7 167.4 1.1 1.5 2.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.0

Office and administrative support

166.4 167.7 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

159.6 161.7 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.9 1.2 1.3

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

159.0 160.1 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair

160.5 163.6 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.7 0.8 1.4 1.9

Production, transportation, and material moving

167.6 170.5 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.7

Production

163.6 165.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.1 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.1

Transportation and material moving

172.5 176.1 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.8 2.1

Service occupations

177.1 178.4 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.7

Industry

Goods-producing industries(2)

158.6 160.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.5 0.6 0.8 1.1

Construction

158.6 160.5 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.8 0.4 1.1 1.2

Manufacturing

158.4 160.0 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.6 1.0

Aircraft manufacturing

160.1 161.0 0.5 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.5 0.5

Service-providing industries(4)

163.8 165.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

166.9 169.3 2.1 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.4

Wholesale trade

155.8 157.1 1.8 1.5 1.8 0.5 1.1 0.7 1.6 0.6 0.9

Retail trade

174.0 175.2 2.8 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.7

Transportation and warehousing

167.7 173.8 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.5 0.8 3.6

Utilities

164.9 167.3 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.4

Information

155.3 156.6 0.7 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.2 0.8

Financial activities

160.7 161.9 -1.1 0.7 1.8 0.9 1.6 -0.4 1.3 1.8 0.7

Finance and insurance

161.3 162.7 -1.8 0.5 1.8 1.0 1.6 -0.7 1.3 1.9 0.9

Credit intermediation and related activities

159.0 161.8 -2.3 -0.9 1.7 -0.6 1.9 1.3 -0.7 1.9 1.7

Insurance carriers and related activities

160.0 159.7 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.2 -0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing

158.4 158.4 1.8 1.9 2.0 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 0.0

Professional and business services

162.1 163.0 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.8 0.9 0.6

Professional, scientific, and technical services

162.5 163.4 0.7 1.1 1.6 1.2 0.7 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.5

Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services

165.4 166.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.5 0.8 1.1 0.7

Education and health services

161.3 162.8 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.4 0.9

Educational services

154.9 156.4 0.4 1.2 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.6 1.3 1.0

Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools

152.1 153.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.2 0.8

Health care and social assistance

162.6 164.2 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.0

Hospitals

163.0 164.7 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.1

Nursing and residential care facilities

166.3 167.7 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 0.8

Leisure and hospitality

178.4 180.0 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.9

Accommodation and food services

182.0 183.7 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.3 0.4 0.9

Other services, except public administration

165.5 167.4 1.7 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.9 1.4 1.0 1.2

State and local government workers

All workers

150.6 152.2 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.8 1.1

Industry

Education and health services

148.5 149.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.7 0.9

Educational services

147.2 148.5 0.5 0.9 0.6 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.7 0.9

Schools

147.2 148.5 0.5 0.9 0.6 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.7 0.9

Elementary and secondary schools

146.7 148.0 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.9 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.8 0.9

Health care and social assistance

159.5 160.4 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.3 0.8 1.8 0.6

Hospitals

158.3 159.0 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.4 0.9 1.9 0.4

Public administration

154.3 156.4 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.2 0.7 1.0 2.1 1.4

Footnotes
(1) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government.
(2) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
(3) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services, except public administration; and public administration.
(4) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 3. Employment Cost Index for benefits, by occupational group and industry [Seasonally adjusted]
Occupational group and industry Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months ended-
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2021
Mar.
2022
Jun.
2022
Sep.
2022
Dec.
2022
Mar.
2023
Jun.
2023
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

Civilian workers

All workers(1)

161.3 162.4 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.7

Private industry workers

All workers

155.0 156.0 1.1 1.7 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related

153.1 154.0 1.1 1.6 1.3 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.6

Sales and office

158.3 159.1 1.2 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

154.8 156.0 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.8

Production, transportation, and material moving

155.4 157.2 0.7 1.9 1.0 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.2

Service occupations

156.5 157.4 1.3 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6

Industry

Goods-producing industries(2)

147.9 149.0 0.6 1.8 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.7

Manufacturing

147.5 148.6 0.4 2.2 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.7

Service-providing industries(3)

157.4 158.4 1.1 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

State and local government workers

All workers(1)

183.3 185.0 0.9 1.4 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.2 0.9

Footnotes
(1) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government.
(2) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
(3) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 4. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for civilian workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]
Occupational group and industry Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

All workers(2)

155.4 160.8 161.9 0.8 1.1 0.7 5.1 4.3 4.2

Excluding incentive paid occupations(3)

155.2 160.7 161.7 0.8 1.1 0.6 5.0 4.4 4.2

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related

151.5 157.0 157.7 0.8 1.3 0.4 4.5 4.5 4.1

Management, business, and financial

152.1 157.6 158.0 0.7 1.1 0.3 4.2 4.3 3.9

Professional and related

151.2 156.7 157.6 0.9 1.4 0.6 4.6 4.6 4.2

Sales and office

159.1 164.2 165.4 1.0 0.7 0.7 6.0 4.3 4.0

Sales and related

157.0 161.3 163.0 1.2 0.2 1.1 6.7 3.9 3.8

Office and administrative support

160.0 165.7 166.6 0.9 1.1 0.5 5.5 4.5 4.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

153.3 158.6 160.1 0.7 1.1 0.9 4.3 4.2 4.4

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

152.9 157.7 158.6 0.7 1.0 0.6 4.1 3.9 3.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair

153.7 159.7 161.8 0.7 1.3 1.3 4.5 4.7 5.3

Production, transportation, and material moving

158.5 163.5 165.8 0.8 0.8 1.4 4.9 3.9 4.6

Production

154.9 159.8 161.4 0.8 0.7 1.0 5.0 4.0 4.2

Transportation and material moving

163.8 168.9 171.8 0.7 0.9 1.7 4.9 3.9 4.9

Service occupations

165.8 171.8 172.9 1.1 1.2 0.6 6.6 4.8 4.3

Industry

Goods-producing industries(4)

150.6 155.1 156.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 4.6 3.8 3.9

Manufacturing

150.3 154.6 155.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 4.7 3.7 3.7

Service-providing industries(5)

156.3 161.9 162.9 0.9 1.3 0.6 5.1 4.5 4.2

Education and health services

154.1 159.7 161.0 1.1 1.8 0.8 5.2 4.8 4.5

Educational services

152.8 158.4 159.5 0.9 2.4 0.7 4.7 4.6 4.4

Elementary and secondary schools

153.2 158.9 159.9 0.9 2.5 0.6 4.7 4.6 4.4

Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools

151.5 156.7 157.9 0.9 2.2 0.8 4.6 4.4 4.2

Health care and social assistance

155.4 161.1 162.5 1.3 1.3 0.9 5.5 5.0 4.6

Hospitals

155.7 161.3 162.8 1.3 1.2 0.9 5.4 4.9 4.6

Nursing and residential care facilities

155.8 161.7 163.0 1.2 1.5 0.8 6.4 5.0 4.6

Public administration

158.6 165.1 166.7 0.8 2.4 1.0 5.3 4.9 5.1

Footnotes
(1) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
(2) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government.
(3) The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.
(4) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
(5) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services, except public administration; and public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 5. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for private industry workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]
Occupational group and industry Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

All workers

155.3 160.6 161.6 0.8 0.9 0.6 5.1 4.3 4.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

155.0 160.4 161.4 0.8 0.9 0.6 5.0 4.4 4.1

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related

150.8 156.2 156.8 0.8 1.0 0.4 4.4 4.4 4.0

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

149.8 155.2 155.9 0.7 0.9 0.5 4.5 4.4 4.1

Management, business, and financial

151.8 157.2 157.5 0.6 0.9 0.2 4.1 4.2 3.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

150.4 155.8 156.2 0.6 0.8 0.3 4.4 4.2 3.9

Professional and related

150.1 155.5 156.4 0.9 1.0 0.6 4.7 4.6 4.2

Sales and office

159.1 164.0 165.2 1.1 0.6 0.7 6.1 4.2 3.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

160.3 166.0 166.9 0.9 0.7 0.5 5.7 4.5 4.1

Sales and related

156.9 161.2 162.9 1.2 0.2 1.1 6.7 3.9 3.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

160.6 166.5 167.6 0.9 0.5 0.7 6.0 4.6 4.4

Office and administrative support

159.6 165.1 165.8 0.9 0.9 0.4 5.6 4.4 3.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

152.9 158.2 159.7 0.7 1.0 0.9 4.2 4.2 4.4

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

152.5 157.3 158.1 0.7 1.0 0.5 4.0 3.9 3.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair

153.3 159.2 161.5 0.7 1.2 1.4 4.4 4.6 5.3

Production, transportation, and material moving

158.2 163.2 165.5 0.8 0.8 1.4 4.8 3.9 4.6

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

157.9 162.9 165.3 0.8 0.7 1.5 4.8 4.0 4.7

Production

154.9 159.8 161.3 0.9 0.7 0.9 5.2 4.1 4.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

155.3 160.2 161.8 0.8 0.7 1.0 5.0 4.0 4.2

Transportation and material moving

163.4 168.5 171.5 0.7 0.8 1.8 4.7 3.9 5.0

Service occupations

166.6 172.3 173.2 1.0 0.9 0.5 6.9 4.5 4.0

Industry and occupational group

Goods-producing industries(3)

150.6 155.1 156.3 0.8 0.6 0.8 4.6 3.8 3.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

150.3 154.8 155.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 4.4 3.7 3.7

Management, professional, and related

144.3 148.4 148.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 3.6 3.5 3.2

Sales and office

158.0 163.0 167.1 1.7 0.2 2.5 6.5 4.9 5.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

151.8 156.6 157.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 4.0 3.8 3.8

Production, transportation, and material moving

153.2 157.7 159.2 0.8 0.6 1.0 5.2 3.7 3.9

Construction

151.4 156.3 157.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 4.3 4.1 4.2

Manufacturing

150.3 154.6 155.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 4.7 3.7 3.7

Management, professional, and related

145.5 149.5 150.1 0.6 0.4 0.4 3.6 3.3 3.2

Sales and office occupations

155.0 159.4 160.4 1.2 0.6 0.6 6.4 4.0 3.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

150.1 154.4 156.0 1.1 0.7 1.0 4.1 4.0 3.9

Production, transportation, and material moving

153.0 157.4 159.0 0.9 0.6 1.0 5.4 3.8 3.9

Aircraft manufacturing

131.3 134.6 134.7 0.4 0.0 0.1 -4.1 2.9 2.6

Service-providing industries(4)

156.6 162.1 163.1 0.8 0.9 0.6 5.2 4.4 4.2

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

156.4 162.0 163.0 0.9 0.9 0.6 5.2 4.5 4.2

Management, professional, and related

151.9 157.5 158.1 0.8 1.0 0.4 4.5 4.5 4.1

Sales and office

159.2 164.1 164.9 1.0 0.6 0.5 6.1 4.1 3.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

154.5 160.6 163.0 0.8 1.3 1.5 4.5 4.8 5.5

Production, transportation, and material moving

163.8 169.2 172.1 0.7 0.9 1.7 4.5 4.1 5.1

Service occupations

166.6 172.4 173.3 1.0 1.0 0.5 6.9 4.5 4.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

160.1 165.6 167.5 0.8 0.7 1.1 4.9 4.3 4.6

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

160.1 166.0 168.1 0.8 0.8 1.3 4.9 4.5 5.0

Wholesale trade

153.2 158.5 159.1 0.7 0.4 0.4 5.2 4.1 3.9

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

155.9 161.8 162.2 0.8 0.7 0.2 5.2 4.6 4.0

Retail trade

164.7 170.6 171.5 0.9 0.8 0.5 5.6 4.5 4.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

162.8 169.2 170.1 0.7 0.8 0.5 5.8 4.7 4.5

Transportation and warehousing

159.8 164.5 169.8 0.9 0.9 3.2 3.3 3.9 6.3

Utilities

164.2 170.9 171.9 0.7 1.0 0.6 3.6 4.8 4.7

Information

152.3 156.4 157.5 1.1 0.1 0.7 5.3 3.9 3.4

Financial activities

153.8 159.1 159.0 0.6 0.8 -0.1 5.3 4.1 3.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

154.0 159.2 159.3 0.5 0.4 0.1 5.5 3.9 3.4

Finance and insurance

154.3 159.5 159.5 0.7 0.7 0.0 5.3 4.0 3.4

Credit intermediation and related activities

154.1 160.4 160.5 0.3 1.3 0.1 3.6 4.4 4.2

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

157.6 163.4 163.5 0.4 0.6 0.1 6.2 4.1 3.7

Insurance carriers and related activities

155.1 160.6 159.9 0.5 0.4 -0.4 5.4 4.0 3.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

152.9 157.9 158.2 0.5 0.1 0.2 4.9 3.8 3.5

Real estate and rental and leasing

151.9 157.4 156.9 0.5 1.2 -0.3 5.6 4.2 3.3

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

156.0 161.2 160.8 0.6 0.7 -0.2 5.3 3.9 3.1

Professional and business services

155.2 160.7 161.0 0.7 0.9 0.2 4.9 4.3 3.7

Professional, scientific, and technical services

156.1 161.7 161.9 0.4 0.9 0.1 4.6 4.0 3.7

Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services

155.5 161.0 161.6 0.9 0.9 0.4 5.4 4.5 3.9

Education and health services

154.1 159.7 161.1 1.2 1.4 0.9 5.5 4.9 4.5

Educational services

151.4 156.5 157.7 1.0 2.0 0.8 5.1 4.4 4.2

Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools

150.8 155.6 156.5 0.7 2.0 0.6 4.1 3.9 3.8

Health care and social assistance

154.7 160.4 161.8 1.3 1.3 0.9 5.5 5.0 4.6

Hospitals

155.4 160.9 162.5 1.3 0.9 1.0 5.4 4.9 4.6

Nursing and residential care facilities

154.5 160.4 161.6 1.2 1.5 0.7 6.6 5.0 4.6

Nursing care facilities(2)

154.2 160.2 161.6 1.4 1.5 0.9 7.0 5.3 4.8

Leisure and hospitality

166.3 172.5 173.0 0.7 0.8 0.3 6.4 4.4 4.0

Accommodation and food service

169.8 176.1 176.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 6.4 4.3 4.1

Other services, except public administration

156.3 163.4 164.3 0.3 1.1 0.6 4.1 4.9 5.1

Footnotes
(1) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
(2) The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.
(3) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
(4) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 6. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for private industry workers, by bargaining status and Census region and division [Not seasonally adjusted]
Bargaining status and Census region and division Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

Bargaining status

Union

156.6 160.9 163.7 1.0 0.8 1.7 3.6 3.8 4.5

Goods-producing industries(2)

150.0 153.2 154.9 0.7 0.7 1.1 2.6 2.8 3.3

Manufacturing

144.0 146.1 148.7 0.8 0.3 1.8 2.3 2.3 3.3

Service-providing industries(3)

161.3 166.4 169.8 1.2 0.9 2.0 4.1 4.4 5.3

Nonunion

155.0 160.4 161.2 0.8 0.9 0.5 5.3 4.4 4.0

Goods-producing industries(2)

150.5 155.3 156.5 0.9 0.6 0.8 5.0 4.1 4.0

Manufacturing

151.8 156.6 157.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 5.1 3.9 3.8

Service-providing industries(3)

156.1 161.6 162.4 0.8 0.9 0.5 5.3 4.4 4.0

Census region and division(4)

Northeast

157.0 162.2 163.0 1.0 0.9 0.5 4.9 4.3 3.8

New England

162.1 166.7 167.1 1.1 1.0 0.2 5.7 4.0 3.1

Middle Atlantic

155.2 160.5 161.5 0.9 0.8 0.6 4.7 4.4 4.1

South

152.9 158.8 159.7 0.7 1.1 0.6 5.0 4.6 4.4

South Atlantic

155.8 162.2 162.9 0.8 1.2 0.4 5.6 5.0 4.6

East South Central

152.3 158.1 159.4 0.9 1.0 0.8 4.6 4.7 4.7

West South Central

148.2 153.4 154.3 0.4 0.8 0.6 4.0 3.9 4.1

Midwest

152.8 157.5 158.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 5.0 3.8 3.7

East North Central

151.4 156.3 157.4 0.9 0.8 0.7 5.3 4.1 4.0

West North Central

156.2 160.2 161.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 4.4 2.8 3.1

West

159.5 164.8 166.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 5.4 4.4 4.1

Mountain

157.0 162.9 164.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 5.2 4.8 5.0

Pacific

160.6 165.7 166.9 1.1 0.7 0.7 5.4 4.3 3.9

Footnotes
(1) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
(2) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
(3) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.
(4) The Census divisions are defined as follows: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.

NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, occupation, and industry series.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 7. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for state and local government workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]
Occupational group and industry Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

All workers

155.8 161.8 163.0 0.9 2.3 0.7 4.8 4.8 4.6

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related

153.3 159.1 160.2 0.9 2.5 0.7 4.6 4.7 4.5

Professional and related

153.2 158.8 159.8 0.9 2.3 0.6 4.6 4.6 4.3

Sales and office

159.0 165.5 167.0 0.8 2.2 0.9 5.0 4.9 5.0

Office and administrative support

159.1 165.5 167.0 0.8 2.2 0.9 5.1 4.9 5.0

Service occupations

163.3 169.6 171.4 1.2 2.0 1.1 6.0 5.1 5.0

Industry

Education and health services

154.0 159.7 160.8 0.9 2.4 0.7 4.8 4.7 4.4

Educational services

153.2 158.9 159.9 0.9 2.5 0.6 4.6 4.7 4.4

Schools

153.2 158.8 159.9 0.9 2.5 0.7 4.7 4.6 4.4

Elementary and secondary schools

153.6 159.3 160.2 0.9 2.5 0.6 4.6 4.6 4.3

Health care and social assistance

160.4 166.3 167.4 1.3 2.0 0.7 5.5 5.0 4.4

Hospitals

156.9 162.7 163.6 1.2 1.9 0.6 5.2 5.0 4.3

Public administration

158.6 165.1 166.7 0.8 2.4 1.0 5.3 4.9 5.1

Footnotes
(1) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 8. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for civilian workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]
Occupational group and industry Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

All workers(1)

155.2 160.7 161.9 1.0 1.3 0.7 5.1 4.6 4.3

Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)

154.4 160.1 161.3 0.8 1.3 0.7 5.0 4.6 4.5

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related

149.6 155.1 155.9 0.8 1.4 0.5 4.3 4.5 4.2

Management, business, and financial

151.8 157.2 157.6 0.6 1.4 0.3 3.9 4.2 3.8

Professional and related

148.5 154.1 155.1 1.0 1.6 0.6 4.6 4.8 4.4

Sales and office

160.1 165.2 166.8 1.2 0.8 1.0 6.1 4.4 4.2

Sales and related

160.2 164.3 166.4 1.3 0.2 1.3 6.8 3.9 3.9

Office and administrative support

159.6 165.6 166.7 1.1 1.3 0.7 5.6 4.9 4.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

153.5 159.2 161.0 0.9 1.2 1.1 4.6 4.6 4.9

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

153.3 158.5 159.5 0.9 1.0 0.6 4.5 4.3 4.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair

153.8 160.1 162.8 0.8 1.5 1.7 4.7 4.9 5.9

Production, transportation, and material moving

161.6 166.9 169.5 0.9 0.9 1.6 5.2 4.2 4.9

Production

158.2 163.5 165.2 1.0 0.7 1.0 5.4 4.4 4.4

Transportation and material moving

166.4 171.8 175.1 0.8 1.1 1.9 5.1 4.1 5.2

Service occupations

166.8 173.1 174.3 1.1 1.3 0.7 6.9 4.9 4.5

Industry

Goods-producing industries(3)

153.8 158.5 160.1 1.0 0.6 1.0 5.0 4.1 4.1

Manufacturing

153.9 158.4 159.7 0.9 0.6 0.8 5.1 3.9 3.8

Service-providing industries(4)

155.4 161.1 162.2 0.9 1.4 0.7 5.1 4.6 4.4

Education and health services

150.0 155.7 157.0 1.2 2.0 0.8 5.2 5.1 4.7

Educational services

144.0 149.2 150.2 0.8 2.6 0.7 4.5 4.5 4.3

Elementary and secondary schools

142.6 148.0 148.8 0.8 2.8 0.5 4.5 4.6 4.3

Junior colleges, colleges, and universities

145.4 150.1 151.3 0.9 2.3 0.8 4.4 4.2 4.1

Health care and social assistance

156.3 162.4 164.1 1.5 1.4 1.0 5.8 5.5 5.0

Hospitals

155.9 162.1 163.9 1.5 1.3 1.1 5.6 5.5 5.1

Nursing and residential care facilities

158.7 165.4 166.9 1.3 1.7 0.9 6.9 5.6 5.2

Public administration

148.5 154.8 156.4 0.8 2.9 1.0 5.5 5.1 5.3

Footnotes
(1) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government.
(2) The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.
(3) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
(4) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services, except public administration; and public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 9. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]
Occupational group and industry Index value (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

All workers

157.4 162.9 164.1 1.0 1.0 0.7 5.1 4.5 4.3

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

156.7 162.3 163.5 0.9 0.9 0.7 5.2 4.5 4.3

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related

152.0 157.6 158.2 0.8 1.2 0.4 4.3 4.5 4.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

150.5 155.9 156.7 0.8 1.0 0.5 4.4 4.4 4.1

Management, business, and financial

152.8 158.0 158.3 0.7 1.1 0.2 3.9 4.1 3.6

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

150.2 155.3 155.8 0.5 0.8 0.3 4.3 3.9 3.7

Professional and related

151.5 157.3 158.4 1.0 1.1 0.7 4.6 4.9 4.6

Sales and office

161.3 166.3 167.8 1.2 0.6 0.9 6.2 4.3 4.0

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

162.0 168.1 169.2 1.1 0.8 0.7 5.7 4.9 4.4

Sales and related

160.3 164.5 166.5 1.3 0.2 1.2 6.8 3.9 3.9

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

163.4 169.5 170.8 1.0 0.6 0.8 6.0 4.8 4.5

Office and administrative support

160.6 166.4 167.4 1.1 1.0 0.6 5.7 4.8 4.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

153.9 159.7 161.5 0.9 1.1 1.1 4.6 4.7 4.9

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

153.7 159.0 159.9 0.9 1.0 0.6 4.4 4.3 4.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair

154.2 160.6 163.4 0.9 1.3 1.7 4.8 5.0 6.0

Production, transportation, and material moving

161.9 167.2 169.9 0.9 0.8 1.6 5.2 4.2 4.9

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

161.6 167.0 169.8 0.9 0.8 1.7 5.2 4.3 5.1

Production

158.3 163.6 165.3 1.0 0.7 1.0 5.5 4.4 4.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

158.7 164.0 165.7 1.0 0.7 1.0 5.4 4.4 4.4

Transportation and material moving

167.2 172.6 176.0 0.8 1.0 2.0 5.0 4.1 5.3

Service occupations

170.7 177.1 178.2 1.1 1.0 0.6 7.0 4.9 4.4

Industry and occupational group

Goods-producing industries(2)

153.9 158.6 160.2 1.0 0.6 1.0 5.0 4.1 4.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

153.5 158.2 159.4 0.9 0.6 0.8 4.8 3.9 3.8

Management, professional, and related

148.2 152.4 152.9 0.7 0.3 0.3 3.9 3.5 3.2

Sales and office

163.2 168.6 174.5 2.1 0.2 3.5 7.1 5.4 6.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

153.4 158.7 159.7 0.9 1.0 0.6 4.4 4.3 4.1

Production, transportation, and material moving

157.0 161.7 163.4 1.0 0.6 1.1 5.7 4.0 4.1

Construction

153.6 158.7 160.5 1.1 0.7 1.1 4.8 4.5 4.5

Manufacturing

153.9 158.4 159.7 0.9 0.6 0.8 5.1 3.9 3.8

Management, professional, and related

148.9 153.0 153.8 0.6 0.3 0.5 3.8 3.4 3.3

Sales and office

158.0 162.8 164.0 1.4 0.6 0.7 6.8 4.5 3.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

154.2 159.4 161.1 1.2 0.9 1.1 4.5 4.7 4.5

Production, transportation, and material moving

157.0 161.7 163.4 1.0 0.6 1.1 5.8 4.1 4.1

Aircraft manufacturing

155.9 159.9 159.9 0.4 0.1 0.0 3.8 3.0 2.6

Service-providing industries(3)

158.3 164.0 165.2 0.9 1.0 0.7 5.2 4.5 4.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

157.5 163.4 164.6 0.9 1.1 0.7 5.1 4.7 4.5

Management, professional, and related

152.6 158.3 159.0 0.8 1.2 0.4 4.3 4.6 4.2

Sales and office

161.1 166.0 167.1 1.1 0.7 0.7 6.1 4.2 3.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

154.5 161.2 164.2 0.8 1.4 1.9 4.7 5.2 6.3

Production, transportation, and material moving

166.9 172.6 176.0 0.8 1.0 2.0 4.8 4.3 5.5

Service occupations

170.7 177.2 178.3 1.1 1.1 0.6 7.0 4.9 4.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities

161.2 166.8 169.0 0.9 0.8 1.3 4.9 4.4 4.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

160.8 166.9 169.4 0.9 0.9 1.5 5.0 4.7 5.3

Wholesale trade

150.8 155.9 156.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 5.0 4.1 3.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

152.8 158.5 159.1 0.8 0.8 0.4 5.2 4.6 4.1

Retail trade

167.8 173.9 175.0 1.0 0.9 0.6 5.5 4.7 4.3

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

165.2 172.0 173.1 0.8 0.9 0.6 5.7 4.9 4.8

Transportation and warehousing

162.5 167.6 174.0 1.1 1.0 3.8 3.5 4.2 7.1

Utilities

158.6 164.8 166.7 0.6 1.0 1.2 3.4 4.5 5.1

Information

151.4 155.1 156.5 1.4 0.0 0.9 4.9 3.9 3.4

Financial activities

155.2 160.8 160.7 0.7 1.1 -0.1 5.0 4.3 3.5

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

153.5 159.0 159.2 0.5 0.5 0.1 5.1 4.1 3.7

Finance and insurance

155.9 161.3 161.3 0.7 0.9 0.0 4.8 4.2 3.5

Credit intermediation and related activities

153.9 160.3 160.6 0.3 1.6 0.2 2.1 4.5 4.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

156.2 161.8 162.0 0.5 0.6 0.1 5.9 4.1 3.7

Insurance carriers and related activities

153.7 160.0 159.0 0.5 0.8 -0.6 5.1 4.6 3.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

149.7 155.4 155.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 4.2 4.4 4.0

Real estate and rental and leasing

152.2 158.5 158.0 0.6 1.4 -0.3 5.8 4.8 3.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)

157.1 162.8 162.4 0.8 1.0 -0.2 5.7 4.4 3.4

Professional and business services

157.0 162.4 162.8 0.7 1.1 0.2 5.0 4.2 3.7

Professional, scientific, and technical services

157.5 162.8 163.2 0.4 1.1 0.2 4.7 3.8 3.6

Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services

159.8 165.5 166.2 0.8 1.0 0.4 5.8 4.4 4.0

Education and health services

155.4 161.4 163.0 1.4 1.5 1.0 5.6 5.3 4.9

Educational services

150.3 155.5 156.6 0.9 2.1 0.7 5.1 4.4 4.2

Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools

148.0 152.7 153.6 0.6 2.0 0.6 3.9 3.8 3.8

Health care and social assistance

156.5 162.7 164.4 1.5 1.4 1.0 5.7 5.5 5.0

Hospitals

156.7 162.8 164.9 1.6 1.1 1.3 5.7 5.5 5.2

Nursing and residential care facilities

159.6 166.4 167.8 1.4 1.7 0.8 7.2 5.7 5.1

Nursing care facilities(1)

158.9 165.9 167.4 1.7 1.8 0.9 7.7 6.2 5.3

Leisure and hospitality

172.3 178.8 179.4 0.7 0.8 0.3 6.6 4.5 4.1

Accommodation and food service

175.8 182.4 183.1 0.6 0.6 0.4 6.5 4.4 4.2

Other services, except public administration

158.4 165.8 167.0 0.3 1.1 0.7 4.3 5.0 5.4

Footnotes
(1) The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.
(2) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
(3) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 10. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by bargaining status and Census region and division [Not seasonally adjusted]
Bargaining status and Census region and division Indexes (Dec.2005=100) Percent changes for
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

Bargaining status

Union

154.4 159.3 162.7 1.2 1.0 2.1 3.9 4.5 5.4

Goods-producing industries(1)

147.3 150.9 153.0 0.9 0.7 1.4 3.3 3.4 3.9

Manufacturing

146.2 149.0 152.0 1.2 0.4 2.0 3.4 3.2 4.0

Service-providing industries(2)

158.9 164.5 168.7 1.5 1.1 2.6 4.3 5.0 6.2

Nonunion

157.7 163.3 164.3 0.9 1.0 0.6 5.3 4.5 4.2

Goods-producing industries(1)

155.3 160.3 161.7 1.0 0.6 0.9 5.3 4.2 4.1

Manufacturing

155.4 160.3 161.4 0.8 0.6 0.7 5.4 4.0 3.9

Service-providing industries(2)

158.3 164.0 164.9 0.9 1.1 0.5 5.3 4.5 4.2

Census region and division(3)

Northeast

158.1 163.3 164.3 1.1 1.1 0.6 4.9 4.4 3.9

New England

165.5 170.1 170.6 1.2 1.2 0.3 5.9 4.0 3.1

Middle Atlantic

155.4 160.7 162.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 4.5 4.5 4.2

South

155.9 162.1 163.1 0.8 1.2 0.6 5.1 4.8 4.6

South Atlantic

159.1 166.0 166.9 1.0 1.4 0.5 5.6 5.3 4.9

East South Central

154.2 160.1 161.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 5.0 4.9 4.7

West South Central

151.4 156.5 157.6 0.5 1.0 0.7 4.0 3.8 4.1

Midwest

154.0 158.9 160.1 0.7 0.8 0.8 5.0 3.9 4.0

East North Central

152.4 157.6 158.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 5.1 4.3 4.2

West North Central

157.8 162.0 163.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 4.5 2.7 3.4

West

162.3 167.9 169.5 1.2 0.9 1.0 5.7 4.7 4.4

Mountain

160.1 166.3 168.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 5.4 5.1 5.2

Pacific

163.4 168.8 170.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 5.8 4.5 4.2

Footnotes
(1) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
(2) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.
(3) The Census divisions are defined as follows: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.

NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, occupation, and industry series.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 11. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for state and local government workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]
Occupational group and industry Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

All workers

145.6 151.2 152.4 0.9 2.7 0.8 4.7 4.8 4.7

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related

143.4 148.7 149.8 0.8 2.8 0.7 4.4 4.6 4.5

Professional and related

143.2 148.4 149.3 0.9 2.7 0.6 4.4 4.6 4.3

Sales and office

146.2 152.7 154.2 0.8 2.8 1.0 5.0 5.3 5.5

Office and administrative support

146.6 153.2 154.8 0.8 2.7 1.0 4.9 5.4 5.6

Service occupations

153.9 159.9 161.4 1.3 2.4 0.9 6.2 5.2 4.9

Industry

Education and health services

143.9 149.1 150.1 0.9 2.7 0.7 4.5 4.6 4.3

Educational services

142.8 147.9 148.9 0.8 2.8 0.7 4.5 4.4 4.3

Schools

142.8 147.9 148.8 0.8 2.8 0.6 4.5 4.4 4.2

Elementary and secondary schools

142.2 147.5 148.3 0.8 2.9 0.5 4.3 4.5 4.3

Health care and social assistance

153.9 159.6 160.9 1.5 2.2 0.8 5.7 5.3 4.5

Hospitals

152.4 158.4 159.5 1.4 2.3 0.7 5.4 5.4 4.7

Public administration

148.5 154.8 156.4 0.8 2.9 1.0 5.5 5.1 5.3

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 12. Employment Cost Index for benefits, by occupational group, industry, and bargaining status [Not seasonally adjusted]
Occupational group, industry, and bargaining status Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

Civilian workers

All workers(1)

155.9 161.1 161.9 0.7 0.9 0.5 4.9 4.1 3.8

Private industry workers

All workers

150.1 155.0 155.5 0.6 0.6 0.3 4.8 3.9 3.6

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related

147.9 153.1 153.5 0.7 0.6 0.3 4.7 4.2 3.8

Sales and office

153.2 158.0 158.3 0.7 0.4 0.2 5.9 3.8 3.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

150.6 154.9 155.7 0.4 0.9 0.5 3.4 3.3 3.4

Production, transportation, and material moving

150.6 154.9 156.6 0.5 0.6 1.1 4.1 3.4 4.0

Service occupations

152.7 156.5 156.9 0.9 0.6 0.3 6.0 3.4 2.8

Industry

Goods-producing industries(2)

143.9 147.9 148.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 3.7 3.2 3.3

Manufacturing

143.5 147.4 148.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 3.8 3.2 3.3

Aircraft manufacturing

105.0 107.7 107.7 0.3 -0.1 0.0 -14.2 2.9 2.6

Service-providing industries(3)

152.3 157.4 157.9 0.7 0.6 0.3 5.2 4.0 3.7

Bargaining status

Union

160.2 163.8 165.6 0.6 0.7 1.1 3.0 2.9 3.4

Nonunion

148.1 153.0 153.4 0.7 0.6 0.3 5.2 4.0 3.6

State and local government workers

All workers

176.9 183.7 185.1 0.9 1.8 0.8 5.0 4.7 4.6

Footnotes
(1) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government.
(2) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
(3) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Table 13. Employment Cost Index for total compensation and wages and salaries, for private industry workers by area [Not seasonally adjusted]
Census region and metropolitan area(1) Percent changes for 12-months ended-
Total compensation(2) Wages and salaries
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023
Dec.
2022
Sep.
2023
Dec.
2023

Northeast

Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT CSA

5.5 4.1 3.1 5.8 4.7 3.4

New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA

5.1 4.7 4.2 5.0 4.8 4.3

Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD CSA

4.1 5.2 4.4 4.4 5.5 4.7

South

Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs, GA CSA

4.4 4.0 3.8 4.8 4.6 4.4

Dallas-Fort Worth, TX-OK CSA

5.5 3.6 3.5 5.5 3.8 3.7

Houston-The Woodlands, TX CSA

3.1 4.3 5.2 3.3 3.9 4.9

Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie, FL CSA

6.3 5.2 5.5 6.8 4.9 5.1

Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA CSA

4.3 5.2 4.4 4.3 5.5 4.9

Midwest

Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI CSA

4.4 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.1

Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor, MI CSA

4.9 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.3

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI CSA

4.9 3.6 3.6 5.3 3.6 3.7

West

Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA CSA

5.7 4.6 4.5 5.9 4.9 5.0

Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ MSA

4.4 3.5 4.1 5.0 3.8 4.4

San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA CSA

4.6 3.3 2.7 4.5 3.5 2.8

Seattle-Tacoma, WA CSA

3.2 4.3 3.8 6.2 4.9 4.3

Footnotes
(1) These areas include Consolidated Statistical Areas (CSAs) and Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Beginning with the December 2018 release, area definitions are based on Office of Management and Budget Bulletin No. 13-01, dated February 28, 2013. Previous area definitions are based on Office of Management and Budget Bulletin No. 04-03, dated February 18, 2004. For more information on metropolitan area definitions, see www.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro.html.
(2) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey


Last Modified Date: January 31, 2024