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In 2015, the overall unemployment rate for the United States was 5.3 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. The rates were highest for American Indians and Alaska Natives (9.9 percent) and for Blacks (9.6 percent) and lowest for Asians (3.8 percent). The jobless rate was 4.6 percent for Whites, 5.7 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 8.4 percent for people of Two or More Races. The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity was 6.6 percent, higher than the rate of 5.0 percent for non-Hispanics.
Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations across the groups in educational attainment; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.
This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also includes a limited amount of data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Among the detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories are: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories are expanded into five additional categories—Salvadoran, Other Central American, South American, Dominican, and Other Hispanic or Latino. Estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables because of their relatively small sample sizes.
The data are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
The following sections highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2015.
By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (79 percent). Blacks and Asians made up an additional 12 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders made up less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)
Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Chinese, making up 22 percent of all Asians. Asian Indians made up 21 percent, followed by Filipinos (17 percent), Vietnamese (10 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—17 percent—were classified as Other Asian, which includes individuals who reported an Asian group not listed above—such as Pakistani, Cambodian, and Hmong—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. (See table 2.)
Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics (89 percent) in the labor force were White, 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (63 percent). Central Americans—which includes Salvadorans and Other Central Americans (excluding Salvadorans)—made up 10 percent. Eight percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 8 percent were classified as Other Hispanics or Latinos—which includes Dominicans and Other Hispanics or Latinos (excluding Dominicans). (See table 2.)
Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders and Hispanics had the highest labor force participation rates, at 66.6 percent and 65.9 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives (60.6 percent) and Blacks (61.5 percent) had the lowest participation rates. The participation rates were 62.8 percent each for Asians and Whites, and 64.5 percent for people of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 4A, and chart 1.)
Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.9 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (67.3 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (74.7 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (72.0 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (62.0 percent) were more likely than Hispanics (58.4 percent), Whites (57.5 percent), and Asians (57.2 percent) to participate in the labor force. (See table 3.)
The employment–population ratio (that is, the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 54.6 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 62.8 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 55.7 percent for Blacks, 59.0 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 59.9 percent for Whites, 60.4 percent for Asians, and 61.6 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)
Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (76.3 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Blacks (60.9 percent) had the lowest employment–population ratio, continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 71.9 percent and 68.9 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the employment–population ratios were 56.9 percent for Blacks, 55.2 percent for Asians, 55.1 percent for Whites, and 54.6 percent for Hispanics. (See table 3).
Among teenagers age 16 to 19, the employment–population ratio was higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (31.0 percent) was about 13 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (17.7 percent) and about 11 percentage points higher than the ratio for Black teens (20.1 percent). The ratio for Hispanic teens was 24.9 percent.
Among people age 25 and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was over 90 percent for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. By contrast, 72 percent of Hispanics in the labor force had completed high school. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college; 61 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 39 percent of Whites, 28 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. (See table 6 and chart 2.)
For all major race and ethnicity groups, higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment and a lower likelihood of unemployment. Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education, Blacks and Hispanics were more likely to be unemployed than were Whites and Asians. (See table 6.)
Individuals with higher levels of education are typically more likely to be employed in higher-paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. For those age 25 and older, median earnings for all major race and ethnicity groups increased with educational attainment. However, Blacks and Hispanics had lower earnings than Whites and Asians with at least some college education. (See table 17.)
Fifty-one percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 40 percent of employed Whites, 30 percent of employed Blacks, and 22 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)
Among employed men, 52 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 36 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 18 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas about 1 in 10 employed Asian and White men worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men were also more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-seven percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 12 percent of Black men, and 5 percent of Asian men.
Employed Asian and White women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations—50 percent of Asian women and 44 percent of White women, compared with 35 percent of Black women and 27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 62 percent of Hispanics worked in two job groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 57 percent of Blacks, 50 percent of Whites, and 43 percent of Asians.
Hispanics accounted for 16 percent of total employment but were over represented by a substantial amount in several detailed occupational categories, including miscellaneous agricultural workers (51 percent), painters, construction and maintenance (49 percent), maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent), and construction laborers (46 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for one-quarter or more of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (38 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (29 percent), licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses (29 percent), and bus drivers (28 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (57 percent), software developers (34 percent), and physicians and surgeons (18 percent). Whites made up 79 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 97 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 91 percent of construction managers; and 90 percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)
Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (19 percent) than were Whites (13 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than other employed men to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent). Nineteen percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of Whites (13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), and Black men (11 percent). A large share of employed women in all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services—Blacks (41 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (29 percent). (See table 9.)
Among Asian families, 89 percent had an employed family member, compared with 86 percent of Hispanic families, 80 percent of White families, and 78 percent of Black families. (See table 10.)
Families maintained by Black women (that is, without a spouse present) comprised 44 percent of Black families, and Hispanics women without a spouse present maintained 26 percent of Hispanic families. Women without a spouse present maintained about 16 percent of White families and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (84 percent). In comparison, 73 percent of Black families, 76 percent of White families, and 78 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women without a spouse present are less likely to have an employed family member than married-couple families and families maintained by men.
Among mothers with children under 18, 76.6 percent of Black mothers were in the labor force, higher than the participation rates for White (69.4 percent), Asian (62.4 percent), or Hispanic (61.4 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)
Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (9.9 percent) and Blacks (9.6 percent) had the highest unemployment rates while the rate was lowest for Asians (3.8 percent). The jobless rate was 4.6 percent for Whites, 5.7 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 8.4 percent for people of Two or More Races. The unemployment rate was 6.6 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A and charts 4 and 5.)
Among the largest race and ethnicity groups, adult Black men and women (age 20 and older) had jobless rates of 9.5 percent and 8.2 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 5.7 percent, and the rate for adult Hispanic women was 6.5 percent. In comparison, the jobless rate for adult White men was 4.3 percent, and the rate for adult White women was 4.1 percent. For adult Asian men and women, the unemployment rates were 3.7 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively. (See table 3.)
Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate—28.4 percent. The unemployment rate for Hispanic teenagers was 19.3 percent; White teenagers, 14.8 percent; and Asian teenagers 14.4 percent.
Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 15.5 weeks and 13.1 weeks, respectively, compared with 10.5 weeks for Whites and 10.4 weeks for Hispanics. (See table 13.)
Of the 8.3 million unemployed people, 49 percent were job losers (that is, workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (31 percent), new entrants (11 percent), and job leavers (10 percent) constituted the balance of unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each large race and ethnicity group, 51 percent of Whites and 50 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 46 percent of Blacks and 42 percent of Asians. Eighteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent each of unemployed Hispanics and unemployed Blacks, and 9 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)
Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian labor force, but 23 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. People marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force, wanted to work and were available to work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months—but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force—79 percent of the labor force versus 66 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (28 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)
Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were $604 for Hispanics and $641 for Blacks, compared with $835 for Whites and $993 for Asians. Among men, the earnings for Whites ($920), Blacks ($680), and Hispanics ($631) were 81 percent, 60 percent, and 56 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asians ($1,129). The median earnings of White women ($743), Black women ($615), and Hispanic women ($566) were 85 percent, 70 percent, and 65 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($877). (See table 16.)
The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,560) and White men ($1,399) working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupation group) were well above the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,127) and Black men ($1,075) in the same occupation group. (See table 18.)
Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were fairly close across some occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $489 for Asians, $467 for Whites, $440 for Blacks, and $430 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.
Gender and race | Civilian noninstitutional population | Civilian labor force | Not in labor force | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Percent of population | Employed | Unemployed | |||||
Total | Percent of population | Total | Percent of labor force | |||||
Total |
250,801 | 157,130 | 62.7 | 148,834 | 59.3 | 8,296 | 5.3 | 93,671 |
Men |
121,101 | 83,620 | 69.1 | 79,131 | 65.3 | 4,490 | 5.4 | 37,481 |
Women |
129,700 | 73,510 | 56.7 | 69,703 | 53.7 | 3,807 | 5.2 | 56,190 |
White |
196,868 | 123,607 | 62.8 | 117,944 | 59.9 | 5,662 | 4.6 | 73,261 |
Men |
96,147 | 67,018 | 69.7 | 63,892 | 66.5 | 3,126 | 4.7 | 29,129 |
Women |
100,720 | 56,589 | 56.2 | 54,052 | 53.7 | 2,537 | 4.5 | 44,132 |
Black |
31,386 | 19,318 | 61.5 | 17,472 | 55.7 | 1,846 | 9.6 | 12,068 |
Men |
14,268 | 9,099 | 63.8 | 8,164 | 57.2 | 935 | 10.3 | 5,169 |
Women |
17,118 | 10,218 | 59.7 | 9,308 | 54.4 | 911 | 8.9 | 6,899 |
Asian |
14,420 | 9,053 | 62.8 | 8,706 | 60.4 | 347 | 3.8 | 5,366 |
Men |
6,737 | 4,811 | 71.4 | 4,620 | 68.6 | 191 | 4.0 | 1,925 |
Women |
7,683 | 4,242 | 55.2 | 4,086 | 53.2 | 156 | 3.7 | 3,441 |
American Indian and Alaska Native |
2,844 | 1,724 | 60.6 | 1,553 | 54.6 | 171 | 9.9 | 1,120 |
Men |
1,400 | 923 | 65.9 | 820 | 58.6 | 103 | 11.1 | 477 |
Women |
1,444 | 801 | 55.5 | 733 | 50.8 | 68 | 8.5 | 643 |
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander |
1,007 | 671 | 66.6 | 633 | 62.8 | 38 | 5.7 | 336 |
Men |
497 | 367 | 73.7 | 346 | 69.5 | 21 | 5.7 | 131 |
Women |
510 | 304 | 59.7 | 287 | 56.3 | 17 | 5.6 | 206 |
Two or More Races |
4,276 | 2,757 | 64.5 | 2,525 | 59.0 | 232 | 8.4 | 1,519 |
Men |
2,051 | 1,402 | 68.4 | 1,288 | 62.8 | 114 | 8.1 | 649 |
Women |
2,225 | 1,355 | 60.9 | 1,236 | 55.6 | 118 | 8.7 | 870 |
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Characteristic | Civilian noninstitutional population | Civilian labor force | Not in labor force | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Percent of population | Employed | Unemployed | |||||
Total | Percent of population | Total | Percent of labor force | |||||
Total |
250,801 | 157,130 | 62.7 | 148,834 | 59.3 | 8,296 | 5.3 | 93,671 |
Men |
121,101 | 83,620 | 69.1 | 79,131 | 65.3 | 4,490 | 5.4 | 37,481 |
Women |
129,700 | 73,510 | 56.7 | 69,703 | 53.7 | 3,807 | 5.2 | 56,190 |
Asian |
14,420 | 9,053 | 62.8 | 8,706 | 60.4 | 347 | 3.8 | 5,366 |
Men |
6,737 | 4,811 | 71.4 | 4,620 | 68.6 | 191 | 4.0 | 1,925 |
Women |
7,683 | 4,242 | 55.2 | 4,086 | 53.2 | 156 | 3.7 | 3,441 |
Asian Indian |
2,854 | 1,884 | 66.0 | 1,807 | 63.3 | 78 | 4.1 | 970 |
Chinese |
3,332 | 1,997 | 59.9 | 1,932 | 58.0 | 64 | 3.2 | 1,335 |
Filipino |
2,271 | 1,546 | 68.1 | 1,479 | 65.1 | 67 | 4.3 | 726 |
Japanese |
798 | 447 | 56.0 | 436 | 54.6 | 11 | 2.4 | 351 |
Korean |
1,301 | 765 | 58.8 | 740 | 56.9 | 25 | 3.3 | 535 |
Vietnamese |
1,439 | 906 | 62.9 | 872 | 60.6 | 34 | 3.7 | 533 |
Other Asian |
2,424 | 1,508 | 62.2 | 1,440 | 59.4 | 69 | 4.6 | 916 |
Hispanic or Latino |
39,617 | 26,126 | 65.9 | 24,400 | 61.6 | 1,726 | 6.6 | 13,491 |
Men |
19,745 | 15,054 | 76.2 | 14,111 | 71.5 | 943 | 6.3 | 4,691 |
Women |
19,872 | 11,072 | 55.7 | 10,289 | 51.8 | 783 | 7.1 | 8,800 |
Mexican |
24,711 | 16,392 | 66.3 | 15,342 | 62.1 | 1,050 | 6.4 | 8,319 |
Men |
12,476 | 9,675 | 77.5 | 9,099 | 72.9 | 576 | 6.0 | 2,801 |
Women |
12,234 | 6,716 | 54.9 | 6,243 | 51.0 | 474 | 7.1 | 5,518 |
Puerto Rican |
3,679 | 2,220 | 60.4 | 2,022 | 55.0 | 198 | 8.9 | 1,459 |
Men |
1,756 | 1,172 | 66.7 | 1,062 | 60.5 | 110 | 9.4 | 584 |
Women |
1,923 | 1,048 | 54.5 | 961 | 50.0 | 88 | 8.4 | 874 |
Cuban |
1,760 | 1,079 | 61.3 | 1,010 | 57.4 | 69 | 6.4 | 681 |
Men |
883 | 610 | 69.1 | 566 | 64.1 | 44 | 7.3 | 273 |
Women |
876 | 468 | 53.5 | 444 | 50.6 | 25 | 5.3 | 408 |
Central American |
3,609 | 2,552 | 70.7 | 2,392 | 66.3 | 160 | 6.3 | 1,057 |
Men |
1,863 | 1,543 | 82.8 | 1,455 | 78.1 | 87 | 5.7 | 321 |
Women |
1,746 | 1,010 | 57.8 | 937 | 53.7 | 73 | 7.2 | 736 |
Salvadoran |
1,401 | 1,000 | 71.3 | 945 | 67.4 | 55 | 5.5 | 401 |
Men |
706 | 585 | 82.9 | 558 | 79.0 | 28 | 4.7 | 121 |
Women |
695 | 414 | 59.6 | 387 | 55.7 | 27 | 6.5 | 280 |
Other Central American(1) |
2,208 | 1,553 | 70.3 | 1,447 | 65.5 | 106 | 6.8 | 655 |
Men |
1,157 | 957 | 82.7 | 897 | 77.6 | 60 | 6.2 | 200 |
Women |
1,051 | 596 | 56.7 | 550 | 52.3 | 46 | 7.7 | 455 |
South American |
2,517 | 1,776 | 70.5 | 1,689 | 67.1 | 86 | 4.9 | 741 |
Men |
1,185 | 953 | 80.4 | 910 | 76.8 | 43 | 4.5 | 232 |
Women |
1,332 | 823 | 61.8 | 779 | 58.5 | 43 | 5.3 | 509 |
Other Hispanic or Latino |
3,342 | 2,107 | 63.0 | 1,944 | 58.2 | 163 | 7.7 | 1,235 |
Men |
1,581 | 1,101 | 69.6 | 1,019 | 64.4 | 82 | 7.5 | 480 |
Women |
1,761 | 1,006 | 57.1 | 925 | 52.5 | 81 | 8.0 | 755 |
Dominican |
1,371 | 896 | 65.4 | 817 | 59.6 | 79 | 8.9 | 475 |
Men |
616 | 434 | 70.5 | 400 | 64.9 | 35 | 8.0 | 182 |
Women |
755 | 462 | 61.2 | 417 | 55.2 | 45 | 9.7 | 293 |
Other Hispanic or Latino(2) |
1,971 | 1,211 | 61.4 | 1,127 | 57.2 | 84 | 6.9 | 760 |
Men |
965 | 667 | 69.1 | 619 | 64.1 | 48 | 7.1 | 298 |
Women |
1,006 | 544 | 54.1 | 508 | 50.5 | 36 | 6.6 | 462 |
Hispanic or Latino |
39,617 | 26,126 | 65.9 | 24,400 | 61.6 | 1,726 | 6.6 | 13,491 |
Men |
19,745 | 15,054 | 76.2 | 14,111 | 71.5 | 943 | 6.3 | 4,691 |
Women |
19,872 | 11,072 | 55.7 | 10,289 | 51.8 | 783 | 7.1 | 8,800 |
White Hispanic or Latino |
35,314 | 23,199 | 65.7 | 21,710 | 61.5 | 1,489 | 6.4 | 12,116 |
Men |
17,635 | 13,486 | 76.5 | 12,664 | 71.8 | 821 | 6.1 | 4,149 |
Women |
17,680 | 9,713 | 54.9 | 9,046 | 51.2 | 667 | 6.9 | 7,967 |
Black Hispanic or Latino |
1,669 | 1,122 | 67.3 | 1,017 | 60.9 | 106 | 9.4 | 546 |
Men |
767 | 549 | 71.7 | 500 | 65.3 | 49 | 8.9 | 217 |
Women |
902 | 573 | 63.5 | 516 | 57.2 | 57 | 9.9 | 329 |
Asian Hispanic or Latino |
390 | 281 | 72.1 | 272 | 69.8 | 9 | 3.2 | 109 |
Men |
200 | 157 | 78.2 | 154 | 76.7 | 3 | 2.0 | 44 |
Women |
189 | 124 | 65.6 | 118 | 62.4 | 6 | 4.8 | 65 |
Non-Hispanic or Latino |
211,183 | 131,004 | 62.0 | 124,434 | 58.9 | 6,570 | 5.0 | 80,179 |
Men |
101,356 | 68,566 | 67.6 | 65,020 | 64.2 | 3,546 | 5.2 | 32,789 |
Women |
109,828 | 62,438 | 56.9 | 59,414 | 54.1 | 3,024 | 4.8 | 47,390 |
White non-Hispanic or Latino |
161,553 | 100,408 | 62.2 | 96,234 | 59.6 | 4,174 | 4.2 | 61,145 |
Men |
78,513 | 53,532 | 68.2 | 51,228 | 65.2 | 2,304 | 4.3 | 24,981 |
Women |
83,041 | 46,876 | 56.4 | 45,006 | 54.2 | 1,870 | 4.0 | 36,165 |
Black non-Hispanic or Latino |
29,717 | 18,195 | 61.2 | 16,455 | 55.4 | 1,740 | 9.6 | 11,522 |
Men |
13,501 | 8,550 | 63.3 | 7,664 | 56.8 | 886 | 10.4 | 4,952 |
Women |
16,216 | 9,645 | 59.5 | 8,792 | 54.2 | 854 | 8.9 | 6,570 |
Asian non-Hispanic or Latino |
14,030 | 8,773 | 62.5 | 8,435 | 60.1 | 338 | 3.9 | 5,258 |
Men |
6,536 | 4,654 | 71.2 | 4,467 | 68.3 | 188 | 4.0 | 1,882 |
Women |
7,494 | 4,118 | 55.0 | 3,968 | 52.9 | 150 | 3.6 | 3,376 |
(1) Excludes Salvadoran. (2) Excludes Dominican. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | Civilian noninstitutional population | Civilian labor force | Not in labor force | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Percent of population | Employed | Unemployed | |||||
Total | Percent of population | Total | Percent of labor force | |||||
Total |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
250,801 | 157,130 | 62.7 | 148,834 | 59.3 | 8,296 | 5.3 | 93,671 |
16 to 19 years |
16,619 | 5,700 | 34.3 | 4,734 | 28.5 | 966 | 16.9 | 10,919 |
20 years and older |
234,182 | 151,430 | 64.7 | 144,099 | 61.5 | 7,330 | 4.8 | 82,752 |
20 to 24 years |
21,971 | 15,523 | 70.7 | 14,022 | 63.8 | 1,501 | 9.7 | 6,448 |
25 to 54 years |
125,109 | 101,152 | 80.9 | 96,638 | 77.2 | 4,515 | 4.5 | 23,957 |
55 to 64 years |
40,594 | 25,954 | 63.9 | 24,975 | 61.5 | 978 | 3.8 | 14,640 |
65 years and older |
46,509 | 8,801 | 18.9 | 8,465 | 18.2 | 337 | 3.8 | 37,708 |
Men, 16 years and older |
121,101 | 83,620 | 69.1 | 79,131 | 65.3 | 4,490 | 5.4 | 37,481 |
16 to 19 years |
8,430 | 2,885 | 34.2 | 2,354 | 27.9 | 531 | 18.4 | 5,545 |
20 years and older |
112,671 | 80,735 | 71.7 | 76,776 | 68.1 | 3,959 | 4.9 | 31,936 |
20 to 24 years |
11,012 | 8,038 | 73.0 | 7,173 | 65.1 | 865 | 10.8 | 2,974 |
25 to 54 years |
61,425 | 54,226 | 88.3 | 51,851 | 84.4 | 2,374 | 4.4 | 7,199 |
55 to 64 years |
19,518 | 13,627 | 69.8 | 13,092 | 67.1 | 536 | 3.9 | 5,891 |
65 years and older |
20,717 | 4,845 | 23.4 | 4,661 | 22.5 | 184 | 3.8 | 15,872 |
Women, 16 years and older |
129,700 | 73,510 | 56.7 | 69,703 | 53.7 | 3,807 | 5.2 | 56,190 |
16 to 19 years |
8,189 | 2,815 | 34.4 | 2,380 | 29.1 | 435 | 15.5 | 5,374 |
20 years and older |
121,511 | 70,695 | 58.2 | 67,323 | 55.4 | 3,371 | 4.8 | 50,816 |
20 to 24 years |
10,959 | 7,485 | 68.3 | 6,849 | 62.5 | 636 | 8.5 | 3,474 |
25 to 54 years |
63,684 | 46,926 | 73.7 | 44,786 | 70.3 | 2,140 | 4.6 | 16,758 |
55 to 64 years |
21,076 | 12,326 | 58.5 | 11,884 | 56.4 | 442 | 3.6 | 8,749 |
65 years and older |
25,792 | 3,957 | 15.3 | 3,804 | 14.7 | 153 | 3.9 | 21,835 |
White |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
196,868 | 123,607 | 62.8 | 117,944 | 59.9 | 5,662 | 4.6 | 73,261 |
16 to 19 years |
12,323 | 4,487 | 36.4 | 3,824 | 31.0 | 662 | 14.8 | 7,836 |
20 years and older |
184,545 | 119,120 | 64.5 | 114,120 | 61.8 | 5,000 | 4.2 | 65,425 |
20 to 24 years |
16,171 | 11,755 | 72.7 | 10,784 | 66.7 | 970 | 8.3 | 4,416 |
25 to 54 years |
95,856 | 78,300 | 81.7 | 75,276 | 78.5 | 3,024 | 3.9 | 17,556 |
55 to 64 years |
33,005 | 21,534 | 65.2 | 20,783 | 63.0 | 751 | 3.5 | 11,471 |
65 years and older |
39,513 | 7,531 | 19.1 | 7,276 | 18.4 | 255 | 3.4 | 31,982 |
Men, 16 years and older |
96,147 | 67,018 | 69.7 | 63,892 | 66.5 | 3,126 | 4.7 | 29,129 |
16 to 19 years |
6,282 | 2,308 | 36.7 | 1,934 | 30.8 | 375 | 16.2 | 3,974 |
20 years and older |
89,865 | 64,710 | 72.0 | 61,959 | 68.9 | 2,751 | 4.3 | 25,155 |
20 to 24 years |
8,164 | 6,165 | 75.5 | 5,585 | 68.4 | 581 | 9.4 | 1,999 |
25 to 54 years |
47,831 | 42,829 | 89.5 | 41,198 | 86.1 | 1,630 | 3.8 | 5,003 |
55 to 64 years |
16,067 | 11,489 | 71.5 | 11,088 | 69.0 | 400 | 3.5 | 4,579 |
65 years and older |
17,802 | 4,227 | 23.7 | 4,088 | 23.0 | 139 | 3.3 | 13,575 |
Women, 16 years and older |
100,720 | 56,589 | 56.2 | 54,052 | 53.7 | 2,537 | 4.5 | 44,132 |
16 to 19 years |
6,040 | 2,178 | 36.1 | 1,891 | 31.3 | 288 | 13.2 | 3,862 |
20 years and older |
94,680 | 54,410 | 57.5 | 52,161 | 55.1 | 2,249 | 4.1 | 40,270 |
20 to 24 years |
8,007 | 5,589 | 69.8 | 5,200 | 64.9 | 390 | 7.0 | 2,418 |
25 to 54 years |
48,024 | 35,472 | 73.9 | 34,078 | 71.0 | 1,393 | 3.9 | 12,553 |
55 to 64 years |
16,938 | 10,045 | 59.3 | 9,695 | 57.2 | 351 | 3.5 | 6,893 |
65 years and older |
21,711 | 3,304 | 15.2 | 3,188 | 14.7 | 116 | 3.5 | 18,407 |
Black or African American |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
31,386 | 19,318 | 61.5 | 17,472 | 55.7 | 1,846 | 9.6 | 12,068 |
16 to 19 years |
2,491 | 701 | 28.1 | 502 | 20.1 | 199 | 28.4 | 1,790 |
20 years and older |
28,895 | 18,616 | 64.4 | 16,970 | 58.7 | 1,646 | 8.8 | 10,278 |
20 to 24 years |
3,425 | 2,337 | 68.2 | 1,953 | 57.0 | 384 | 16.4 | 1,089 |
25 to 54 years |
16,545 | 12,984 | 78.5 | 11,924 | 72.1 | 1,061 | 8.2 | 3,561 |
55 to 64 years |
4,718 | 2,584 | 54.8 | 2,433 | 51.6 | 151 | 5.8 | 2,134 |
65 years and older |
4,207 | 711 | 16.9 | 660 | 15.7 | 51 | 7.2 | 3,496 |
Men, 16 years and older |
14,268 | 9,099 | 63.8 | 8,164 | 57.2 | 935 | 10.3 | 5,169 |
16 to 19 years |
1,237 | 326 | 26.3 | 226 | 18.2 | 100 | 30.8 | 911 |
20 years and older |
13,031 | 8,773 | 67.3 | 7,938 | 60.9 | 835 | 9.5 | 4,258 |
20 to 24 years |
1,662 | 1,145 | 68.9 | 936 | 56.3 | 209 | 18.3 | 517 |
25 to 54 years |
7,547 | 6,105 | 80.9 | 5,591 | 74.1 | 514 | 8.4 | 1,442 |
55 to 64 years |
2,130 | 1,204 | 56.5 | 1,115 | 52.3 | 89 | 7.4 | 927 |
65 years and older |
1,692 | 320 | 18.9 | 297 | 17.5 | 23 | 7.2 | 1,372 |
Women, 16 years and older |
17,118 | 10,218 | 59.7 | 9,308 | 54.4 | 911 | 8.9 | 6,899 |
16 to 19 years |
1,254 | 376 | 29.9 | 276 | 22.0 | 99 | 26.4 | 879 |
20 years and older |
15,863 | 9,843 | 62.0 | 9,032 | 56.9 | 811 | 8.2 | 6,021 |
20 to 24 years |
1,764 | 1,192 | 67.6 | 1,017 | 57.7 | 174 | 14.6 | 572 |
25 to 54 years |
8,998 | 6,880 | 76.5 | 6,333 | 70.4 | 547 | 8.0 | 2,118 |
55 to 64 years |
2,588 | 1,381 | 53.4 | 1,319 | 51.0 | 62 | 4.5 | 1,207 |
65 years and older |
2,515 | 391 | 15.6 | 363 | 14.4 | 28 | 7.2 | 2,123 |
Asian |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
14,420 | 9,053 | 62.8 | 8,706 | 60.4 | 347 | 3.8 | 5,366 |
16 to 19 years |
833 | 172 | 20.6 | 147 | 17.7 | 25 | 14.4 | 661 |
20 years and older |
13,587 | 8,882 | 65.4 | 8,559 | 63.0 | 322 | 3.6 | 4,705 |
20 to 24 years |
1,293 | 682 | 52.8 | 625 | 48.4 | 57 | 8.4 | 610 |
25 to 54 years |
8,317 | 6,476 | 77.9 | 6,283 | 75.5 | 193 | 3.0 | 1,842 |
55 to 64 years |
1,960 | 1,315 | 67.1 | 1,263 | 64.4 | 53 | 4.0 | 644 |
65 years and older |
2,017 | 408 | 20.2 | 388 | 19.3 | 20 | 4.8 | 1,609 |
Men, 16 years and older |
6,737 | 4,811 | 71.4 | 4,620 | 68.6 | 191 | 4.0 | 1,925 |
16 to 19 years |
406 | 83 | 20.5 | 69 | 16.9 | 15 | 17.7 | 322 |
20 years and older |
6,331 | 4,728 | 74.7 | 4,552 | 71.9 | 176 | 3.7 | 1,603 |
20 to 24 years |
656 | 347 | 53.0 | 318 | 48.6 | 29 | 8.4 | 308 |
25 to 54 years |
3,911 | 3,488 | 89.2 | 3,389 | 86.7 | 99 | 2.9 | 423 |
55 to 64 years |
883 | 664 | 75.1 | 630 | 71.3 | 34 | 5.1 | 219 |
65 years and older |
882 | 229 | 25.9 | 215 | 24.4 | 14 | 6.1 | 653 |
Women, 16 years and older |
7,683 | 4,242 | 55.2 | 4,086 | 53.2 | 156 | 3.7 | 3,441 |
16 to 19 years |
428 | 89 | 20.8 | 79 | 18.4 | 10 | 11.4 | 339 |
20 years and older |
7,256 | 4,154 | 57.2 | 4,008 | 55.2 | 146 | 3.5 | 3,102 |
20 to 24 years |
637 | 335 | 52.6 | 307 | 48.2 | 28 | 8.4 | 302 |
25 to 54 years |
4,407 | 2,988 | 67.8 | 2,894 | 65.7 | 93 | 3.1 | 1,419 |
55 to 64 years |
1,077 | 652 | 60.5 | 633 | 58.8 | 19 | 2.9 | 425 |
65 years and older |
1,135 | 179 | 15.8 | 174 | 15.3 | 6 | 3.2 | 956 |
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
39,617 | 26,126 | 65.9 | 24,400 | 61.6 | 1,726 | 6.6 | 13,491 |
16 to 19 years |
3,705 | 1,144 | 30.9 | 922 | 24.9 | 221 | 19.3 | 2,562 |
20 years and older |
35,912 | 24,983 | 69.6 | 23,477 | 65.4 | 1,505 | 6.0 | 10,929 |
20 to 24 years |
4,697 | 3,365 | 71.6 | 3,027 | 64.4 | 338 | 10.0 | 1,332 |
25 to 54 years |
23,262 | 18,315 | 78.7 | 17,326 | 74.5 | 989 | 5.4 | 4,948 |
55 to 64 years |
4,255 | 2,666 | 62.7 | 2,523 | 59.3 | 143 | 5.4 | 1,589 |
65 years and older |
3,698 | 637 | 17.2 | 601 | 16.3 | 36 | 5.6 | 3,061 |
Men, 16 years and older |
19,745 | 15,054 | 76.2 | 14,111 | 71.5 | 943 | 6.3 | 4,691 |
16 to 19 years |
1,886 | 610 | 32.4 | 487 | 25.8 | 124 | 20.3 | 1,275 |
20 years and older |
17,860 | 14,444 | 80.9 | 13,624 | 76.3 | 820 | 5.7 | 3,416 |
20 to 24 years |
2,396 | 1,851 | 77.3 | 1,655 | 69.1 | 196 | 10.6 | 545 |
25 to 54 years |
11,810 | 10,722 | 90.8 | 10,206 | 86.4 | 516 | 4.8 | 1,089 |
55 to 64 years |
2,050 | 1,515 | 73.9 | 1,432 | 69.9 | 83 | 5.5 | 535 |
65 years and older |
1,604 | 356 | 22.2 | 331 | 20.7 | 25 | 7.0 | 1,248 |
Women, 16 years and older |
19,872 | 11,072 | 55.7 | 10,289 | 51.8 | 783 | 7.1 | 8,800 |
16 to 19 years |
1,820 | 533 | 29.3 | 436 | 23.9 | 98 | 18.3 | 1,287 |
20 years and older |
18,052 | 10,539 | 58.4 | 9,853 | 54.6 | 686 | 6.5 | 7,513 |
20 to 24 years |
2,301 | 1,514 | 65.8 | 1,372 | 59.6 | 142 | 9.4 | 787 |
25 to 54 years |
11,452 | 7,593 | 66.3 | 7,120 | 62.2 | 473 | 6.2 | 3,859 |
55 to 64 years |
2,205 | 1,151 | 52.2 | 1,091 | 49.5 | 60 | 5.2 | 1,054 |
65 years and older |
2,094 | 280 | 13.4 | 270 | 12.9 | 11 | 3.9 | 1,813 |
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. |
Year | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
1972 |
60.4 | 78.9 | 43.9 | 60.4 | 79.6 | 43.2 | 59.9 | 73.6 | 48.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
1973 |
60.8 | 78.8 | 44.7 | 60.8 | 79.4 | 44.1 | 60.2 | 73.4 | 49.3 | – | – | – | 60.2 | 81.5 | 41.0 |
1974 |
61.3 | 78.7 | 45.7 | 61.4 | 79.4 | 45.2 | 59.8 | 72.9 | 49.0 | – | – | – | 61.1 | 81.7 | 42.4 |
1975 |
61.2 | 77.9 | 46.3 | 61.5 | 78.7 | 45.9 | 58.8 | 70.9 | 48.8 | – | – | – | 60.8 | 80.7 | 43.2 |
1976 |
61.6 | 77.5 | 47.3 | 61.8 | 78.4 | 46.9 | 59.0 | 70.0 | 49.8 | – | – | – | 60.8 | 79.6 | 44.3 |
1977 |
62.3 | 77.7 | 48.4 | 62.5 | 78.5 | 48.0 | 59.8 | 70.6 | 50.8 | – | – | – | 61.6 | 80.9 | 44.3 |
1978 |
63.2 | 77.9 | 50.0 | 63.3 | 78.6 | 49.4 | 61.5 | 71.5 | 53.1 | – | – | – | 62.9 | 81.1 | 46.6 |
1979 |
63.7 | 77.8 | 50.9 | 63.9 | 78.6 | 50.5 | 61.4 | 71.3 | 53.1 | – | – | – | 63.6 | 81.3 | 47.4 |
1980 |
63.8 | 77.4 | 51.5 | 64.1 | 78.2 | 51.2 | 61.0 | 70.3 | 53.1 | – | – | – | 64.0 | 81.4 | 47.4 |
1981 |
63.9 | 77.0 | 52.1 | 64.3 | 77.9 | 51.9 | 60.8 | 70.0 | 53.5 | – | – | – | 64.1 | 80.6 | 48.3 |
1982 |
64.0 | 76.6 | 52.6 | 64.3 | 77.4 | 52.4 | 61.0 | 70.1 | 53.7 | – | – | – | 63.6 | 79.7 | 48.1 |
1983 |
64.0 | 76.4 | 52.9 | 64.3 | 77.1 | 52.7 | 61.5 | 70.6 | 54.2 | – | – | – | 63.8 | 80.3 | 47.7 |
1984 |
64.4 | 76.4 | 53.6 | 64.6 | 77.1 | 53.3 | 62.2 | 70.8 | 55.2 | – | – | – | 64.9 | 80.6 | 49.6 |
1985 |
64.8 | 76.3 | 54.5 | 65.0 | 77.0 | 54.1 | 62.9 | 70.8 | 56.5 | – | – | – | 64.6 | 80.3 | 49.3 |
1986 |
65.3 | 76.3 | 55.3 | 65.5 | 76.9 | 55.0 | 63.3 | 71.2 | 56.9 | – | – | – | 65.4 | 81.0 | 50.1 |
1987 |
65.6 | 76.2 | 56.0 | 65.8 | 76.8 | 55.7 | 63.8 | 71.1 | 58.0 | – | – | – | 66.4 | 81.0 | 52.0 |
1988 |
65.9 | 76.2 | 56.6 | 66.2 | 76.9 | 56.4 | 63.8 | 71.0 | 58.0 | – | – | – | 67.4 | 81.9 | 53.2 |
1989 |
66.5 | 76.4 | 57.4 | 66.7 | 77.1 | 57.2 | 64.2 | 71.0 | 58.7 | – | – | – | 67.6 | 82.0 | 53.5 |
1990 |
66.5 | 76.4 | 57.5 | 66.9 | 77.1 | 57.4 | 64.0 | 71.0 | 58.3 | – | – | – | 67.4 | 81.4 | 53.1 |
1991 |
66.2 | 75.8 | 57.4 | 66.6 | 76.5 | 57.4 | 63.3 | 70.4 | 57.5 | – | – | – | 66.5 | 80.3 | 52.4 |
1992 |
66.4 | 75.8 | 57.8 | 66.8 | 76.5 | 57.7 | 63.9 | 70.7 | 58.5 | – | – | – | 66.8 | 80.7 | 52.8 |
1993 |
66.3 | 75.4 | 57.9 | 66.8 | 76.2 | 58.0 | 63.2 | 69.6 | 57.9 | – | – | – | 66.2 | 80.2 | 52.1 |
1994 |
66.6 | 75.1 | 58.8 | 67.1 | 75.9 | 58.9 | 63.4 | 69.1 | 58.7 | – | – | – | 66.1 | 79.2 | 52.9 |
1995 |
66.6 | 75.0 | 58.9 | 67.1 | 75.7 | 59.0 | 63.7 | 69.0 | 59.5 | – | – | – | 65.8 | 79.1 | 52.6 |
1996 |
66.8 | 74.9 | 59.3 | 67.2 | 75.8 | 59.1 | 64.1 | 68.7 | 60.4 | – | – | – | 66.5 | 79.6 | 53.4 |
1997 |
67.1 | 75.0 | 59.8 | 67.5 | 75.9 | 59.5 | 64.7 | 68.3 | 61.7 | – | – | – | 67.9 | 80.1 | 55.1 |
1998 |
67.1 | 74.9 | 59.8 | 67.3 | 75.6 | 59.4 | 65.6 | 69.0 | 62.8 | – | – | – | 67.9 | 79.8 | 55.6 |
1999 |
67.1 | 74.7 | 60.0 | 67.3 | 75.6 | 59.6 | 65.8 | 68.7 | 63.5 | – | – | – | 67.7 | 79.8 | 55.9 |
2000 |
67.1 | 74.8 | 59.9 | 67.3 | 75.5 | 59.5 | 65.8 | 69.2 | 63.1 | 67.2 | 76.1 | 59.2 | 69.7 | 81.5 | 57.5 |
2001 |
66.8 | 74.4 | 59.8 | 67.0 | 75.1 | 59.4 | 65.3 | 68.4 | 62.8 | 67.2 | 76.2 | 59.0 | 69.5 | 81.0 | 57.6 |
2002 |
66.6 | 74.1 | 59.6 | 66.8 | 74.8 | 59.3 | 64.8 | 68.4 | 61.8 | 67.2 | 75.9 | 59.1 | 69.1 | 80.2 | 57.6 |
2003 |
66.2 | 73.5 | 59.5 | 66.5 | 74.2 | 59.2 | 64.3 | 67.3 | 61.9 | 66.4 | 75.6 | 58.3 | 68.3 | 80.1 | 55.9 |
2004 |
66.0 | 73.3 | 59.2 | 66.3 | 74.1 | 58.9 | 63.8 | 66.7 | 61.5 | 65.9 | 75.0 | 57.6 | 68.6 | 80.4 | 56.1 |
2005 |
66.0 | 73.3 | 59.3 | 66.3 | 74.1 | 58.9 | 64.2 | 67.3 | 61.6 | 66.1 | 74.8 | 58.2 | 68.0 | 80.1 | 55.3 |
2006 |
66.2 | 73.5 | 59.4 | 66.5 | 74.3 | 59.0 | 64.1 | 67.0 | 61.7 | 66.2 | 75.0 | 58.3 | 68.7 | 80.7 | 56.1 |
2007 |
66.0 | 73.2 | 59.3 | 66.4 | 74.0 | 59.0 | 63.7 | 66.8 | 61.1 | 66.5 | 75.1 | 58.6 | 68.8 | 80.5 | 56.5 |
2008 |
66.0 | 73.0 | 59.5 | 66.3 | 73.7 | 59.2 | 63.7 | 66.7 | 61.3 | 67.0 | 75.3 | 59.4 | 68.5 | 80.2 | 56.2 |
2009 |
65.4 | 72.0 | 59.2 | 65.8 | 72.8 | 59.1 | 62.4 | 65.0 | 60.3 | 66.0 | 74.6 | 58.2 | 68.0 | 78.8 | 56.5 |
2010 |
64.7 | 71.2 | 58.6 | 65.1 | 72.0 | 58.5 | 62.2 | 65.0 | 59.9 | 64.7 | 73.2 | 57.0 | 67.5 | 77.8 | 56.5 |
2011 |
64.1 | 70.5 | 58.1 | 64.5 | 71.3 | 58.0 | 61.4 | 64.2 | 59.1 | 64.6 | 73.2 | 56.8 | 66.5 | 76.5 | 55.9 |
2012 |
63.7 | 70.2 | 57.7 | 64.0 | 71.0 | 57.4 | 61.5 | 63.6 | 59.8 | 63.9 | 72.2 | 56.5 | 66.4 | 76.1 | 56.6 |
2013 |
63.2 | 69.7 | 57.2 | 63.5 | 70.5 | 56.9 | 61.2 | 63.5 | 59.2 | 64.6 | 73.0 | 57.1 | 66.0 | 76.3 | 55.7 |
2014 |
62.9 | 69.2 | 57.0 | 63.1 | 69.8 | 56.7 | 61.2 | 63.6 | 59.2 | 63.6 | 72.4 | 55.8 | 66.1 | 76.1 | 56.0 |
2015 |
62.7 | 69.1 | 56.7 | 62.8 | 69.7 | 56.2 | 61.5 | 63.8 | 59.7 | 62.8 | 71.4 | 55.2 | 65.9 | 76.2 | 55.7 |
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Year | American Indian and Alaska Native | Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | Two or More Races | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
2003 |
64.4 | 71.0 | 58.0 | 68.9 | 75.0 | 63.9 | 67.6 | 73.2 | 62.4 |
2004 |
63.8 | 70.9 | 57.1 | 71.8 | 76.6 | 67.7 | 67.0 | 74.0 | 60.3 |
2005 |
63.5 | 70.0 | 57.2 | 73.4 | 77.1 | 69.8 | 67.0 | 72.0 | 62.3 |
2006 |
63.1 | 68.6 | 57.9 | 74.5 | 80.8 | 68.6 | 65.9 | 72.3 | 59.7 |
2007 |
63.3 | 69.9 | 57.0 | 73.0 | 78.4 | 68.2 | 66.3 | 71.9 | 60.8 |
2008 |
63.7 | 70.2 | 57.6 | 72.5 | 78.9 | 66.6 | 65.5 | 70.7 | 60.4 |
2009 |
59.0 | 64.1 | 54.2 | 69.4 | 77.3 | 62.3 | 65.6 | 70.4 | 61.0 |
2010 |
57.7 | 64.0 | 51.8 | 68.4 | 71.3 | 65.5 | 65.4 | 70.9 | 60.3 |
2011 |
59.2 | 65.2 | 53.2 | 69.4 | 75.6 | 63.6 | 64.0 | 68.9 | 59.5 |
2012 |
59.3 | 66.4 | 52.6 | 71.4 | 73.9 | 69.1 | 65.3 | 70.4 | 60.5 |
2013 |
59.2 | 65.3 | 53.3 | 70.0 | 73.7 | 66.6 | 63.3 | 69.2 | 57.8 |
2014 |
60.9 | 67.2 | 54.7 | 67.6 | 73.8 | 61.6 | 64.2 | 69.7 | 59.0 |
2015 |
60.6 | 65.9 | 55.5 | 66.6 | 73.7 | 59.7 | 64.5 | 68.4 | 60.9 |
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Year | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
1972 |
57.0 | 75.0 | 41.0 | 57.4 | 76.0 | 40.7 | 53.7 | 66.8 | 43.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
1973 |
57.8 | 75.5 | 42.0 | 58.2 | 76.5 | 41.8 | 54.5 | 67.5 | 43.8 | – | – | – | 55.6 | 76.0 | 37.3 |
1974 |
57.8 | 74.9 | 42.6 | 58.3 | 75.9 | 42.4 | 53.5 | 65.8 | 43.5 | – | – | – | 56.2 | 75.7 | 38.4 |
1975 |
56.1 | 71.7 | 42.0 | 56.7 | 73.0 | 42.0 | 50.1 | 60.6 | 41.6 | – | – | – | 53.4 | 71.5 | 37.4 |
1976 |
56.8 | 72.0 | 43.2 | 57.5 | 73.4 | 43.2 | 50.8 | 60.6 | 42.8 | – | – | – | 53.8 | 71.1 | 38.6 |
1977 |
57.9 | 72.8 | 44.5 | 58.6 | 74.1 | 44.5 | 51.4 | 61.4 | 43.3 | – | – | – | 55.4 | 73.6 | 39.1 |
1978 |
59.3 | 73.8 | 46.4 | 60.0 | 75.0 | 46.3 | 53.6 | 63.3 | 45.8 | – | – | – | 57.2 | 74.9 | 41.3 |
1979 |
59.9 | 73.8 | 47.5 | 60.6 | 75.1 | 47.5 | 53.8 | 63.4 | 46.0 | – | – | – | 58.3 | 75.6 | 42.5 |
1980 |
59.2 | 72.0 | 47.7 | 60.0 | 73.4 | 47.8 | 52.3 | 60.4 | 45.7 | – | – | – | 57.6 | 73.5 | 42.4 |
1981 |
59.0 | 71.3 | 48.0 | 60.0 | 72.8 | 48.3 | 51.3 | 59.1 | 45.1 | – | – | – | 57.4 | 72.4 | 43.0 |
1982 |
57.8 | 69.0 | 47.7 | 58.8 | 70.6 | 48.1 | 49.4 | 56.0 | 44.2 | – | – | – | 54.9 | 68.9 | 41.3 |
1983 |
57.9 | 68.8 | 48.0 | 58.9 | 70.4 | 48.5 | 49.5 | 56.3 | 44.1 | – | – | – | 55.1 | 69.4 | 41.1 |
1984 |
59.5 | 70.7 | 49.5 | 60.5 | 72.1 | 49.8 | 52.3 | 59.2 | 46.7 | – | – | – | 57.9 | 72.1 | 44.2 |
1985 |
60.1 | 70.9 | 50.4 | 61.0 | 72.3 | 50.7 | 53.4 | 60.0 | 48.1 | – | – | – | 57.8 | 72.1 | 43.8 |
1986 |
60.7 | 71.0 | 51.4 | 61.5 | 72.3 | 51.7 | 54.1 | 60.6 | 48.8 | – | – | – | 58.5 | 72.5 | 44.7 |
1987 |
61.5 | 71.5 | 52.5 | 62.3 | 72.7 | 52.8 | 55.6 | 62.0 | 50.3 | – | – | – | 60.5 | 74.0 | 47.4 |
1988 |
62.3 | 72.0 | 53.4 | 63.1 | 73.2 | 53.8 | 56.3 | 62.7 | 51.2 | – | – | – | 61.9 | 75.3 | 48.8 |
1989 |
63.0 | 72.5 | 54.3 | 63.8 | 73.7 | 54.6 | 56.9 | 62.8 | 52.0 | – | – | – | 62.2 | 75.8 | 48.8 |
1990 |
62.8 | 72.0 | 54.3 | 63.7 | 73.3 | 54.7 | 56.7 | 62.6 | 51.9 | – | – | – | 61.9 | 74.9 | 48.6 |
1991 |
61.7 | 70.4 | 53.7 | 62.6 | 71.6 | 54.2 | 55.4 | 61.3 | 50.6 | – | – | – | 59.8 | 72.1 | 47.3 |
1992 |
61.5 | 69.8 | 53.8 | 62.4 | 71.1 | 54.2 | 54.9 | 59.9 | 50.8 | – | – | – | 59.1 | 71.2 | 46.8 |
1993 |
61.7 | 70.0 | 54.1 | 62.7 | 71.4 | 54.6 | 55.0 | 60.0 | 50.9 | – | – | – | 59.1 | 71.7 | 46.3 |
1994 |
62.5 | 70.4 | 55.3 | 63.5 | 71.8 | 55.8 | 56.1 | 60.8 | 52.3 | – | – | – | 59.5 | 71.7 | 47.2 |
1995 |
62.9 | 70.8 | 55.6 | 63.8 | 72.0 | 56.1 | 57.1 | 61.7 | 53.4 | – | – | – | 59.7 | 72.1 | 47.3 |
1996 |
63.2 | 70.9 | 56.0 | 64.1 | 72.3 | 56.3 | 57.4 | 61.1 | 54.4 | – | – | – | 60.6 | 73.3 | 47.9 |
1997 |
63.8 | 71.3 | 56.8 | 64.6 | 72.7 | 57.0 | 58.2 | 61.4 | 55.6 | – | – | – | 62.6 | 74.5 | 50.2 |
1998 |
64.1 | 71.6 | 57.1 | 64.7 | 72.7 | 57.1 | 59.7 | 62.9 | 57.2 | – | – | – | 63.1 | 74.7 | 51.0 |
1999 |
64.3 | 71.6 | 57.4 | 64.8 | 72.8 | 57.3 | 60.6 | 63.1 | 58.6 | – | – | – | 63.4 | 75.3 | 51.7 |
2000 |
64.4 | 71.9 | 57.5 | 64.9 | 73.0 | 57.4 | 60.9 | 63.6 | 58.6 | 64.8 | 73.3 | 57.1 | 65.7 | 77.4 | 53.6 |
2001 |
63.7 | 70.9 | 57.0 | 64.2 | 72.0 | 57.0 | 59.7 | 62.1 | 57.8 | 64.2 | 72.7 | 56.4 | 64.9 | 76.2 | 53.3 |
2002 |
62.7 | 69.7 | 56.3 | 63.4 | 70.8 | 56.4 | 58.1 | 61.1 | 55.8 | 63.2 | 71.3 | 55.8 | 63.9 | 74.5 | 52.9 |
2003 |
62.3 | 68.9 | 56.1 | 63.0 | 70.1 | 56.3 | 57.4 | 59.5 | 55.6 | 62.4 | 70.9 | 54.9 | 63.1 | 74.3 | 51.2 |
2004 |
62.3 | 69.2 | 56.0 | 63.1 | 70.4 | 56.1 | 57.2 | 59.3 | 55.5 | 63.0 | 71.6 | 55.1 | 63.8 | 75.1 | 51.8 |
2005 |
62.7 | 69.6 | 56.2 | 63.4 | 70.8 | 56.3 | 57.7 | 60.2 | 55.7 | 63.4 | 71.8 | 55.9 | 64.0 | 75.8 | 51.5 |
2006 |
63.1 | 70.1 | 56.6 | 63.8 | 71.3 | 56.6 | 58.4 | 60.6 | 56.5 | 64.2 | 72.7 | 56.5 | 65.2 | 76.8 | 52.8 |
2007 |
63.0 | 69.8 | 56.6 | 63.6 | 70.9 | 56.7 | 58.4 | 60.7 | 56.5 | 64.3 | 72.8 | 56.6 | 64.9 | 76.2 | 53.0 |
2008 |
62.2 | 68.5 | 56.2 | 62.8 | 69.7 | 56.3 | 57.3 | 59.1 | 55.8 | 64.3 | 72.2 | 57.2 | 63.3 | 74.1 | 51.9 |
2009 |
59.3 | 64.5 | 54.4 | 60.2 | 66.0 | 54.8 | 53.2 | 53.7 | 52.8 | 61.2 | 68.7 | 54.4 | 59.7 | 68.9 | 50.1 |
2010 |
58.5 | 63.7 | 53.6 | 59.4 | 65.1 | 54.0 | 52.3 | 53.1 | 51.7 | 59.9 | 67.5 | 53.0 | 59.0 | 68.0 | 49.6 |
2011 |
58.4 | 63.9 | 53.2 | 59.4 | 65.3 | 53.7 | 51.7 | 52.8 | 50.8 | 60.0 | 68.2 | 52.6 | 58.9 | 67.9 | 49.3 |
2012 |
58.6 | 64.4 | 53.1 | 59.4 | 65.8 | 53.3 | 53.0 | 54.1 | 52.2 | 60.1 | 68.1 | 53.1 | 59.5 | 68.6 | 50.4 |
2013 |
58.6 | 64.4 | 53.2 | 59.4 | 65.7 | 53.3 | 53.2 | 54.5 | 52.0 | 61.2 | 69.0 | 54.3 | 60.0 | 69.6 | 50.4 |
2014 |
59.0 | 64.9 | 53.5 | 59.7 | 66.1 | 53.7 | 54.3 | 55.9 | 52.9 | 60.4 | 68.6 | 53.3 | 61.2 | 71.0 | 51.4 |
2015 |
59.3 | 65.3 | 53.7 | 59.9 | 66.5 | 53.7 | 55.7 | 57.2 | 54.4 | 60.4 | 68.6 | 53.2 | 61.6 | 71.5 | 51.8 |
Year | American Indian and Alaska Native | Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | Two or More Races | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
2003 |
57.7 | 63.1 | 52.4 | 63.6 | 69.8 | 58.4 | 61.4 | 66.4 | 56.8 |
2004 |
57.7 | 64.0 | 51.8 | 67.4 | 71.4 | 64.1 | 61.2 | 67.6 | 55.0 |
2005 |
57.6 | 63.9 | 51.5 | 70.2 | 73.4 | 67.1 | 61.6 | 66.3 | 57.2 |
2006 |
58.1 | 63.2 | 53.3 | 70.6 | 75.7 | 65.7 | 61.5 | 67.0 | 56.2 |
2007 |
58.1 | 64.3 | 52.3 | 69.4 | 74.2 | 65.3 | 61.5 | 66.5 | 56.6 |
2008 |
57.4 | 62.6 | 52.5 | 67.8 | 72.8 | 63.3 | 59.3 | 63.6 | 55.2 |
2009 |
51.2 | 54.2 | 48.3 | 61.8 | 68.3 | 56.0 | 56.7 | 60.4 | 53.2 |
2010 |
49.0 | 53.0 | 45.2 | 60.1 | 61.6 | 58.7 | 56.5 | 60.8 | 52.5 |
2011 |
50.5 | 55.2 | 45.9 | 62.2 | 67.0 | 57.7 | 55.3 | 59.2 | 51.7 |
2012 |
52.1 | 58.5 | 45.9 | 63.0 | 64.7 | 61.4 | 57.6 | 61.9 | 53.5 |
2013 |
51.6 | 56.6 | 46.9 | 62.9 | 65.5 | 60.4 | 56.4 | 61.3 | 51.7 |
2014 |
54.0 | 59.2 | 48.9 | 63.5 | 69.6 | 57.5 | 57.6 | 62.1 | 53.4 |
2015 |
54.6 | 58.6 | 50.8 | 62.8 | 69.5 | 56.3 | 59.0 | 62.8 | 55.6 |
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. |
Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | Total, 25 years and older | Less than a high school diploma | High school graduates, no college (1) | Some college, no degree | Associate's degree | Bachelor's degree and higher (2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
212,211 | 24,175 | 61,712 | 35,326 | 20,937 | 70,061 |
Civilian labor force |
135,907 | 10,971 | 35,322 | 22,706 | 14,774 | 52,133 |
Percent of population |
64 | 45 | 57 | 64 | 71 | 74 |
Employed |
130,077 | 10,098 | 33,402 | 21,573 | 14,213 | 50,792 |
Employment–population ratio |
61 | 42 | 54 | 61 | 68 | 73 |
Unemployed |
5,830 | 873 | 1,920 | 1,134 | 562 | 1,341 |
Unemployment rate |
4.3 | 8.0 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 2.6 |
Men |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
101,659 | 12,137 | 30,388 | 16,644 | 9,020 | 33,471 |
Civilian labor force |
72,698 | 7,081 | 20,416 | 11,862 | 6,911 | 26,429 |
Percent of population |
72 | 58 | 67 | 71 | 77 | 79 |
Employed |
69,604 | 6,573 | 19,302 | 11,293 | 6,660 | 25,776 |
Employment–population ratio |
69 | 54 | 64 | 68 | 74 | 77 |
Unemployed |
3,094 | 507 | 1,114 | 569 | 251 | 654 |
Unemployment rate |
4.3 | 7.2 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 3.6 | 2.5 |
Women |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
110,552 | 12,038 | 31,325 | 18,682 | 11,918 | 36,590 |
Civilian labor force |
63,209 | 3,891 | 14,906 | 10,845 | 7,864 | 25,704 |
Percent of population |
57 | 32 | 48 | 58 | 66 | 70 |
Employed |
60,474 | 3,525 | 14,100 | 10,280 | 7,553 | 25,016 |
Employment–population ratio |
55 | 29 | 45 | 55 | 63 | 68 |
Unemployed |
2,735 | 366 | 806 | 565 | 311 | 687 |
Unemployment rate |
4.3 | 9.4 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 4.0 | 2.7 |
White |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
168,374 | 18,672 | 49,012 | 27,796 | 16,983 | 55,911 |
Civilian labor force |
107,365 | 8,723 | 27,790 | 17,588 | 11,904 | 41,361 |
Percent of population |
64 | 47 | 57 | 63 | 70 | 74 |
Employed |
103,336 | 8,128 | 26,508 | 16,820 | 11,501 | 40,380 |
Employment–population ratio |
61 | 44 | 54 | 61 | 68 | 72 |
Unemployed |
4,030 | 595 | 1,282 | 768 | 404 | 981 |
Unemployment rate |
3.8 | 6.8 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 2.4 |
Men |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
81,701 | 9,594 | 24,260 | 13,278 | 7,479 | 27,090 |
Civilian labor force |
58,544 | 5,841 | 16,367 | 9,431 | 5,718 | 21,188 |
Percent of population |
72 | 61 | 68 | 71 | 76 | 78 |
Employed |
56,374 | 5,484 | 15,617 | 9,037 | 5,533 | 20,702 |
Employment–population ratio |
69 | 57 | 64 | 68 | 74 | 76 |
Unemployed |
2,170 | 357 | 750 | 393 | 185 | 485 |
Unemployment rate |
3.7 | 6.1 | 4.6 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 2.3 |
Women |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
86,673 | 9,078 | 24,752 | 14,518 | 9,504 | 28,821 |
Civilian labor force |
48,821 | 2,882 | 11,422 | 8,157 | 6,187 | 20,173 |
Percent of population |
56 | 32 | 46 | 56 | 65 | 70 |
Employed |
46,962 | 2,643 | 10,891 | 7,782 | 5,968 | 19,677 |
Employment–population ratio |
54 | 29 | 44 | 54 | 63 | 68 |
Unemployed |
1,860 | 238 | 532 | 375 | 219 | 496 |
Unemployment rate |
3.8 | 8.3 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
Black or African American |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
25,469 | 3,271 | 8,566 | 5,135 | 2,580 | 5,917 |
Civilian labor force |
16,280 | 1,228 | 5,035 | 3,526 | 1,891 | 4,600 |
Percent of population |
64 | 38 | 59 | 69 | 73 | 78 |
Employed |
15,017 | 1,033 | 4,549 | 3,242 | 1,775 | 4,418 |
Employment–population ratio |
59 | 32 | 53 | 63 | 69 | 75 |
Unemployed |
1,263 | 196 | 486 | 284 | 115 | 182 |
Unemployment rate |
7.8 | 15.9 | 9.7 | 8.0 | 6.1 | 4.0 |
Men |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
11,370 | 1,532 | 4,207 | 2,233 | 955 | 2,442 |
Civilian labor force |
7,628 | 641 | 2,676 | 1,612 | 727 | 1,973 |
Percent of population |
67 | 42 | 64 | 72 | 76 | 81 |
Employed |
7,003 | 545 | 2,407 | 1,477 | 679 | 1,895 |
Employment–population ratio |
62 | 36 | 57 | 66 | 71 | 78 |
Unemployed |
626 | 97 | 269 | 135 | 47 | 78 |
Unemployment rate |
8.2 | 15.1 | 10.0 | 8.4 | 6.5 | 4.0 |
Women |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
14,100 | 1,739 | 4,359 | 2,902 | 1,625 | 3,475 |
Civilian labor force |
8,651 | 587 | 2,359 | 1,914 | 1,164 | 2,627 |
Percent of population |
61 | 34 | 54 | 66 | 72 | 76 |
Employed |
8,014 | 488 | 2,142 | 1,765 | 1,096 | 2,523 |
Employment–population ratio |
57 | 28 | 49 | 61 | 68 | 73 |
Unemployed |
637 | 99 | 217 | 149 | 68 | 104 |
Unemployment rate |
7.4 | 16.8 | 9.2 | 7.8 | 5.9 | 4.0 |
Asian |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
12,294 | 1,217 | 2,385 | 1,165 | 754 | 6,773 |
Civilian labor force |
8,199 | 497 | 1,402 | 763 | 545 | 4,993 |
Percent of population |
67 | 41 | 59 | 66 | 72 | 74 |
Employed |
7,934 | 470 | 1,344 | 737 | 528 | 4,855 |
Employment–population ratio |
65 | 39 | 56 | 63 | 70 | 72 |
Unemployed |
265 | 27 | 57 | 26 | 17 | 138 |
Unemployment rate |
3.2 | 5.4 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.8 |
Men |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
5,675 | 476 | 1,017 | 571 | 311 | 3,300 |
Civilian labor force |
4,380 | 258 | 723 | 409 | 257 | 2,734 |
Percent of population |
77 | 54 | 71 | 72 | 83 | 83 |
Employed |
4,233 | 240 | 690 | 393 | 248 | 2,663 |
Employment–population ratio |
75 | 50 | 68 | 69 | 80 | 81 |
Unemployed |
147 | 18 | 33 | 16 | 9 | 71 |
Unemployment rate |
3.4 | 7.1 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 2.6 |
Women |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
6,619 | 741 | 1,368 | 594 | 443 | 3,474 |
Civilian labor force |
3,819 | 239 | 679 | 354 | 288 | 2,259 |
Percent of population |
58 | 32 | 50 | 60 | 65 | 65 |
Employed |
3,701 | 230 | 655 | 344 | 280 | 2,192 |
Employment–population ratio |
56 | 31 | 48 | 58 | 63 | 63 |
Unemployed |
118 | 8 | 24 | 11 | 8 | 67 |
Unemployment rate |
3.1 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 3.0 |
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
31,215 | 10,094 | 9,261 | 4,401 | 2,373 | 5,086 |
Civilian labor force |
21,618 | 5,986 | 6,444 | 3,295 | 1,817 | 4,076 |
Percent of population |
69 | 59 | 70 | 75 | 77 | 80 |
Employed |
20,450 | 5,592 | 6,064 | 3,119 | 1,739 | 3,936 |
Employment–population ratio |
66 | 55 | 66 | 71 | 73 | 77 |
Unemployed |
1,167 | 394 | 379 | 175 | 78 | 140 |
Unemployment rate |
5.4 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 5.3 | 4.3 | 3.4 |
Men |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
15,464 | 5,222 | 4,716 | 2,094 | 1,053 | 2,378 |
Civilian labor force |
12,593 | 4,017 | 3,872 | 1,726 | 905 | 2,072 |
Percent of population |
81 | 77 | 82 | 82 | 86 | 87 |
Employed |
11,969 | 3,787 | 3,664 | 1,642 | 875 | 2,001 |
Employment–population ratio |
77 | 73 | 78 | 78 | 83 | 84 |
Unemployed |
623 | 230 | 209 | 83 | 30 | 71 |
Unemployment rate |
5.0 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
Women |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
15,751 | 4,872 | 4,544 | 2,307 | 1,320 | 2,708 |
Civilian labor force |
9,025 | 1,969 | 2,571 | 1,569 | 913 | 2,003 |
Percent of population |
57 | 40 | 57 | 68 | 69 | 74 |
Employed |
8,481 | 1,805 | 2,401 | 1,477 | 864 | 1,935 |
Employment–population ratio |
54 | 37 | 53 | 64 | 66 | 71 |
Unemployed |
544 | 164 | 171 | 92 | 48 | 69 |
Unemployment rate |
6.0 | 8.3 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 5.3 | 3.4 |
(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. Note: Estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. |
Occupation and gender | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, 16 years and older (thousands) |
148,834 | 117,944 | 17,472 | 8,706 | 24,400 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
38.9 | 39.6 | 30.4 | 51.3 | 21.5 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
16.2 | 17.0 | 11.3 | 17.3 | 9.3 |
Management occupations |
11.4 | 12.2 | 7.1 | 10.9 | 6.8 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
4.8 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 6.4 | 2.6 |
Professional and related occupations |
22.7 | 22.7 | 19.1 | 33.9 | 12.2 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
2.9 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 10.0 | 1.2 |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 3.9 | 1.0 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
0.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 0.4 |
Community and social service occupations |
1.7 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
Legal occupations |
1.2 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
6.0 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 3.6 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
2.1 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 1.3 |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations |
5.9 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 9.3 | 2.9 |
Service occupations |
17.4 | 16.2 | 24.8 | 16.1 | 24.9 |
Healthcare support occupations |
2.4 | 1.9 | 5.4 | 2.3 | 2.4 |
Protective service occupations |
2.1 | 2.0 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 1.8 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
5.5 | 5.2 | 6.4 | 5.7 | 8.4 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
3.8 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 1.9 | 8.9 |
Personal care and service occupations |
3.6 | 3.3 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 3.5 |
Sales and office occupations |
22.6 | 22.6 | 23.7 | 19.9 | 21.1 |
Sales and related occupations |
10.5 | 10.8 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 9.7 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
12.0 | 11.8 | 14.2 | 9.7 | 11.4 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
9.2 | 10.2 | 5.7 | 3.1 | 16.3 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
0.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 2.0 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
5.1 | 5.7 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 10.4 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
3.4 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 3.9 |
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations |
11.9 | 11.4 | 15.4 | 9.6 | 16.1 |
Production occupations |
5.7 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 7.8 |
Transportation and material-moving occupations |
6.1 | 5.8 | 9.3 | 3.6 | 8.4 |
Men, 16 years and older (thousands) |
79,131 | 63,892 | 8,164 | 4,620 | 14,111 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
35.5 | 36.0 | 24.9 | 52.3 | 17.8 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
17.2 | 18.2 | 10.9 | 17.1 | 9.1 |
Management occupations |
13.1 | 14.0 | 7.5 | 11.7 | 7.1 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
4.1 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 5.4 | 2.0 |
Professional and related occupations |
18.3 | 17.8 | 14.0 | 35.1 | 8.7 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
4.2 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 14.1 | 1.6 |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
3.2 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 5.9 | 1.4 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
0.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0.3 |
Community and social service occupations |
1.1 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
Legal occupations |
1.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
3.0 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 1.6 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
2.0 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations |
2.8 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 6.1 | 1.3 |
Service occupations |
14.2 | 13.1 | 21.6 | 12.7 | 19.9 |
Healthcare support occupations |
0.6 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.6 |
Protective service occupations |
3.1 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 1.3 | 2.3 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
4.7 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 7.6 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
4.3 | 4.2 | 5.8 | 2.0 | 8.1 |
Personal care and service occupations |
1.6 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 1.3 |
Sales and office occupations |
16.4 | 16.2 | 17.4 | 17.0 | 14.3 |
Sales and related occupations |
10.1 | 10.4 | 8.1 | 10.2 | 7.8 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
6.3 | 5.8 | 9.3 | 6.8 | 6.5 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
16.5 | 17.9 | 11.5 | 5.4 | 26.7 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
1.0 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 2.6 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
9.4 | 10.3 | 6.2 | 2.1 | 17.6 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
6.1 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 6.5 |
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations |
17.4 | 16.8 | 24.7 | 12.6 | 21.3 |
Production occupations |
7.7 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 6.6 | 9.1 |
Transportation and material-moving occupations |
9.8 | 9.2 | 16.3 | 6.0 | 12.2 |
Women, 16 years and older (thousands) |
69,703 | 54,052 | 9,308 | 4,086 | 10,289 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
42.9 | 44.0 | 35.2 | 50.2 | 26.6 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
15.1 | 15.6 | 11.7 | 17.5 | 9.7 |
Management occupations |
9.5 | 10.1 | 6.7 | 9.9 | 6.3 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
5.5 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 7.6 | 3.4 |
Professional and related occupations |
27.8 | 28.4 | 23.6 | 32.6 | 16.9 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
1.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 5.3 | 0.7 |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
0.6 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.4 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
0.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.5 |
Community and social service occupations |
2.4 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 1.8 |
Legal occupations |
1.3 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.8 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
9.4 | 10.1 | 7.5 | 6.0 | 6.4 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
2.1 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.3 |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations |
9.4 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 12.9 | 5.1 |
Service occupations |
21.1 | 19.8 | 27.7 | 20.0 | 31.8 |
Healthcare support occupations |
4.4 | 3.6 | 9.1 | 3.8 | 4.9 |
Protective service occupations |
0.9 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
6.4 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 9.5 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
3.4 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 10.0 |
Personal care and service occupations |
6.0 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 6.4 |
Sales and office occupations |
29.6 | 30.1 | 29.2 | 23.2 | 30.4 |
Sales and related occupations |
11.1 | 11.2 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 12.2 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
18.5 | 18.9 | 18.5 | 13.0 | 18.2 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
0.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 2.0 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations |
5.5 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 9.1 |
Production occupations |
3.5 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 5.4 | 5.9 |
Transportation and material-moving occupations |
2.0 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 3.2 |
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. |
Occupation | Total employed | Percent of total employed | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | ||
Total, 16 years and older |
148,834 | 79.2 | 11.7 | 5.8 | 16.4 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
57,960 | 80.7 | 9.2 | 7.7 | 9.1 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
24,108 | 83.1 | 8.2 | 6.3 | 9.4 |
Management occupations |
16,994 | 84.7 | 7.3 | 5.6 | 9.7 |
Chief executives |
1,517 | 89.5 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 5.5 |
General and operations managers |
899 | 85.8 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 10.8 |
Legislators |
13 | – | – | – | – |
Advertising and promotions managers |
67 | 93.1 | – | 5.5 | 6.6 |
Marketing and sales managers |
1,006 | 85.8 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 9.7 |
Public relations and fundraising managers |
61 | 81.6 | 10.6 | 5.2 | 5.6 |
Administrative services managers |
195 | 84.5 | 9.9 | 3.0 | 7.2 |
Computer and information systems managers |
652 | 77.4 | 5.6 | 14.2 | 4.8 |
Financial managers |
1,197 | 82.9 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 9.4 |
Compensation and benefits managers |
23 | – | – | – | – |
Human resources managers |
290 | 84.1 | 11.9 | 2.2 | 10.8 |
Training and development managers |
41 | – | – | – | – |
Industrial production managers |
280 | 89.9 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 6.7 |
Purchasing managers |
198 | 77.6 | 11.4 | 7.2 | 12.9 |
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers |
263 | 86.7 | 8.2 | 3.4 | 19.2 |
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers |
1,052 | 97.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 4.3 |
Construction managers |
737 | 90.6 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 12.9 |
Education administrators |
928 | 80.3 | 13.4 | 3.8 | 9.3 |
Architectural and engineering managers |
110 | 82.3 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 9.0 |
Food service managers |
1,192 | 75.6 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 17.0 |
Funeral service managers |
15 | – | – | – | – |
Gaming managers |
23 | – | – | – | – |
Lodging managers |
159 | 75.5 | 7.2 | 10.9 | 16.8 |
Medical and health services managers |
636 | 79.9 | 13.1 | 5.2 | 8.0 |
Natural sciences managers |
25 | – | – | – | – |
Postmasters and mail superintendents |
24 | – | – | – | – |
Property, real estate, and community association managers |
685 | 85.8 | 7.6 | 3.6 | 11.1 |
Social and community service managers |
378 | 77.7 | 12.1 | 5.3 | 9.9 |
Emergency management directors |
10 | – | – | – | – |
Managers, all other |
4,315 | 85.1 | 7.2 | 5.4 | 10.1 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
7,114 | 79.3 | 10.3 | 7.9 | 8.8 |
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes |
46 | – | – | – | – |
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products |
10 | – | – | – | – |
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products |
190 | 80.8 | 6.3 | 7.5 | 11.0 |
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products |
280 | 85.5 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 11.5 |
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators |
321 | 80.0 | 14.6 | 3.1 | 10.4 |
Compliance officers |
246 | 82.5 | 11.4 | 4.2 | 9.5 |
Cost estimators |
112 | 95.1 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 8.1 |
Human resources workers |
662 | 76.3 | 15.4 | 4.9 | 10.7 |
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists |
68 | 76.5 | 14.1 | 6.9 | 8.4 |
Training and development specialists |
118 | 78.8 | 13.7 | 2.0 | 7.0 |
Logisticians |
117 | 77.4 | 14.4 | 4.2 | 20.2 |
Management analysts |
848 | 78.2 | 9.3 | 10.1 | 5.9 |
Meeting, convention, and event planners |
159 | 78.4 | 11.1 | 5.6 | 12.3 |
Fundraisers |
77 | 89.4 | 7.2 | 1.1 | 1.9 |
Market research analysts and marketing specialists |
261 | 87.6 | 4.8 | 6.9 | 9.7 |
Business operations specialists, all other |
213 | 81.6 | 9.2 | 7.0 | 9.0 |
Accountants and auditors |
1,732 | 77.6 | 9.5 | 11.3 | 7.4 |
Appraisers and assessors of real estate |
76 | 91.4 | 5.9 | 0.9 | 3.9 |
Budget analysts |
44 | – | – | – | – |
Credit analysts |
21 | – | – | – | – |
Financial analysts |
322 | 70.4 | 11.1 | 16.2 | 6.4 |
Personal financial advisors |
498 | 82.7 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 9.4 |
Insurance underwriters |
107 | 85.2 | 8.9 | 5.8 | 5.3 |
Financial examiners |
15 | – | – | – | – |
Credit counselors and loan officers |
332 | 75.8 | 14.0 | 6.0 | 10.6 |
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents |
58 | 73.6 | 17.0 | 9.4 | 13.5 |
Tax preparers |
109 | 76.4 | 14.4 | 4.7 | 18.8 |
Financial specialists, all other |
71 | 83.3 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 7.6 |
Professional and related occupations |
33,852 | 78.9 | 9.8 | 8.7 | 8.8 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
4,369 | 68.4 | 8.6 | 19.9 | 6.8 |
Computer and information research scientists |
24 | – | – | – | – |
Computer systems analysts |
552 | 68.2 | 9.6 | 19.6 | 6.9 |
Information security analysts |
70 | 87.3 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 5.2 |
Computer programmers |
480 | 70.5 | 7.0 | 18.9 | 6.9 |
Software developers, applications and systems software |
1,353 | 57.5 | 5.0 | 33.8 | 5.4 |
Web developers |
204 | 76.9 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 6.2 |
Computer support specialists |
475 | 74.2 | 12.5 | 9.6 | 8.4 |
Database administrators |
93 | 80.7 | 6.2 | 9.6 | 2.1 |
Network and computer systems administrators |
218 | 76.1 | 11.5 | 10.4 | 9.4 |
Computer network architects |
114 | 74.1 | 8.9 | 16.5 | 6.5 |
Computer occupations, all other |
547 | 74.1 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 9.5 |
Actuaries |
21 | – | – | – | – |
Mathematicians |
6 | – | – | – | – |
Operations research analysts |
123 | 72.6 | 15.3 | 10.2 | 9.3 |
Statisticians |
86 | 73.9 | 12.4 | 11.4 | 3.7 |
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations |
4 | – | – | – | – |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
2,954 | 80.5 | 6.0 | 11.4 | 8.2 |
Architects, except naval |
203 | 85.0 | 5.8 | 7.6 | 5.7 |
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists |
38 | – | – | – | – |
Aerospace engineers |
138 | 75.1 | 2.1 | 18.6 | 13.1 |
Agricultural engineers |
6 | – | – | – | – |
Biomedical engineers |
16 | – | – | – | – |
Chemical engineers |
84 | 79.4 | 2.8 | 16.3 | 6.5 |
Civil engineers |
360 | 84.2 | 3.6 | 10.2 | 9.0 |
Computer hardware engineers |
72 | 62.2 | 12.1 | 23.4 | 11.0 |
Electrical and electronics engineers |
302 | 77.2 | 6.0 | 14.3 | 7.2 |
Environmental engineers |
40 | – | – | – | – |
Industrial engineers, including health and safety |
214 | 85.9 | 4.2 | 8.9 | 7.3 |
Marine engineers and naval architects |
11 | – | – | – | – |
Materials engineers |
40 | – | – | – | – |
Mechanical engineers |
323 | 80.5 | 6.2 | 11.2 | 5.6 |
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers |
15 | – | – | – | – |
Nuclear engineers |
6 | – | – | – | – |
Petroleum engineers |
44 | – | – | – | – |
Engineers, all other |
440 | 75.9 | 7.6 | 14.7 | 5.9 |
Drafters |
133 | 94.4 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 15.0 |
Engineering technicians, except drafters |
403 | 76.5 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 9.7 |
Surveying and mapping technicians |
65 | 88.7 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 7.2 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
1,404 | 77.0 | 6.1 | 14.5 | 7.0 |
Agricultural and food scientists |
25 | – | – | – | – |
Biological scientists |
86 | 81.9 | 6.6 | 10.8 | 8.2 |
Conservation scientists and foresters |
25 | – | – | – | – |
Medical scientists |
157 | 58.5 | 5.9 | 35.1 | 5.4 |
Life scientists, all other |
1 | – | – | – | – |
Astronomers and physicists |
19 | – | – | – | – |
Atmospheric and space scientists |
12 | – | – | – | – |
Chemists and materials scientists |
99 | 75.2 | 8.4 | 13.5 | 5.9 |
Environmental scientists and geoscientists |
92 | 89.6 | 1.3 | 6.2 | 7.3 |
Physical scientists, all other |
232 | 70.1 | 4.4 | 23.9 | 6.2 |
Economists |
34 | – | – | – | – |
Survey researchers |
- | – | – | – | – |
Psychologists |
193 | 91.2 | 4.1 | 2.5 | 5.8 |
Sociologists |
1 | – | – | – | – |
Urban and regional planners |
25 | – | – | – | – |
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers |
45 | – | – | – | – |
Agricultural and food science technicians |
25 | – | – | – | – |
Biological technicians |
18 | – | – | – | – |
Chemical technicians |
82 | 78.4 | 11.7 | 7.5 | 9.7 |
Geological and petroleum technicians |
21 | – | – | – | – |
Nuclear technicians |
3 | – | – | – | – |
Social science research assistants |
4 | – | – | – | – |
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians |
203 | 75.1 | 7.7 | 12.5 | 6.6 |
Community and social service occupations |
2,596 | 75.7 | 17.4 | 3.6 | 10.7 |
Counselors |
802 | 75.8 | 18.4 | 2.5 | 9.5 |
Social workers |
765 | 71.4 | 22.0 | 3.0 | 12.5 |
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists |
99 | 68.9 | 23.3 | 4.0 | 12.1 |
Social and human service assistants |
194 | 70.4 | 21.2 | 2.2 | 16.0 |
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers |
117 | 76.8 | 14.2 | 5.2 | 16.5 |
Clergy |
469 | 81.1 | 10.2 | 6.6 | 7.3 |
Directors, religious activities and education |
78 | 90.3 | 7.5 | 1.1 | 5.1 |
Religious workers, all other |
73 | 90.9 | 2.3 | 5.2 | 6.2 |
Legal occupations |
1,803 | 86.8 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 7.5 |
Lawyers |
1,160 | 89.0 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.1 |
Judicial law clerks |
13 | – | – | – | – |
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers |
58 | 81.8 | 11.8 | 6.2 | 6.4 |
Paralegals and legal assistants |
400 | 82.9 | 10.3 | 3.9 | 13.4 |
Miscellaneous legal support workers |
172 | 83.8 | 10.9 | 4.1 | 10.8 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
8,908 | 82.9 | 10.4 | 4.5 | 9.9 |
Postsecondary teachers |
1,341 | 80.3 | 5.1 | 12.6 | 7.6 |
Preschool and kindergarten teachers |
695 | 77.5 | 16.1 | 3.4 | 12.2 |
Elementary and middle school teachers |
3,152 | 84.9 | 10.8 | 2.5 | 8.5 |
Secondary school teachers |
1,144 | 86.4 | 8.7 | 2.5 | 7.8 |
Special education teachers |
330 | 87.0 | 9.5 | 2.3 | 7.5 |
Other teachers and instructors |
876 | 79.5 | 12.1 | 6.1 | 11.2 |
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians |
53 | 92.2 | 2.7 | – | 8.5 |
Librarians |
166 | 86.3 | 8.5 | 2.8 | 4.8 |
Library technicians |
31 | – | – | – | – |
Teacher assistants |
960 | 80.3 | 13.8 | 3.0 | 18.7 |
Other education, training, and library workers |
161 | 81.5 | 12.5 | 4.1 | 12.0 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
3,051 | 85.7 | 6.3 | 5.2 | 10.8 |
Artists and related workers |
222 | 89.5 | 2.7 | 4.1 | 9.4 |
Designers |
899 | 87.0 | 3.5 | 6.9 | 12.3 |
Actors |
49 | – | – | – | – |
Producers and directors |
169 | 85.1 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 6.8 |
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers |
296 | 83.6 | 11.1 | 2.7 | 10.1 |
Dancers and choreographers |
19 | – | – | – | – |
Musicians, singers, and related workers |
202 | 83.5 | 10.5 | 2.6 | 8.8 |
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other |
41 | – | – | – | – |
Announcers |
55 | 74.4 | 14.8 | 5.6 | 19.1 |
News analysts, reporters and correspondents |
68 | 89.8 | 6.5 | 1.7 | 13.7 |
Public relations specialists |
147 | 83.0 | 9.8 | 4.8 | 7.7 |
Editors |
160 | 88.3 | 2.0 | 7.7 | 7.9 |
Technical writers |
68 | 86.6 | 9.2 | 1.2 | 6.0 |
Writers and authors |
208 | 87.0 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 5.3 |
Miscellaneous media and communication workers |
84 | 80.0 | 5.8 | 13.4 | 35.8 |
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators |
119 | 84.0 | 11.3 | 0.8 | 14.5 |
Photographers |
180 | 87.8 | 3.3 | 7.8 | 9.5 |
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors |
64 | 87.7 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 15.4 |
Media and communication equipment workers, all other |
2 | – | – | – | – |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations |
8,766 | 76.9 | 11.5 | 9.2 | 8.1 |
Chiropractors |
75 | 92.6 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 8.7 |
Dentists |
196 | 79.0 | 2.9 | 16.8 | 8.6 |
Dietitians and nutritionists |
108 | 76.2 | 14.2 | 9.6 | 5.3 |
Optometrists |
39 | – | – | – | – |
Pharmacists |
282 | 74.1 | 8.7 | 15.3 | 5.4 |
Physicians and surgeons |
1,007 | 73.6 | 6.4 | 18.4 | 6.4 |
Physician assistants |
74 | 88.9 | 3.7 | 7.1 | 6.5 |
Podiatrists |
15 | – | – | – | – |
Audiologists |
16 | – | – | – | – |
Occupational therapists |
116 | 83.4 | 7.2 | 8.6 | 6.5 |
Physical therapists |
274 | 81.2 | 4.3 | 12.5 | 4.9 |
Radiation therapists |
13 | – | – | – | – |
Recreational therapists |
11 | – | – | – | – |
Respiratory therapists |
108 | 77.5 | 15.2 | 6.0 | 9.2 |
Speech-language pathologists |
158 | 91.1 | 4.9 | 2.9 | 7.1 |
Exercise physiologists |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Therapists, all other |
189 | 85.7 | 7.9 | 3.8 | 15.4 |
Veterinarians |
90 | 91.7 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 2.5 |
Registered nurses |
2,973 | 76.7 | 12.2 | 8.7 | 6.6 |
Nurse anesthetists |
27 | – | – | – | – |
Nurse midwives |
7 | – | – | – | – |
Nurse practitioners |
149 | 85.3 | 8.2 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other |
17 | – | – | – | – |
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians |
327 | 65.6 | 17.3 | 13.5 | 12.4 |
Dental hygienists |
177 | 87.5 | 3.6 | 6.6 | 5.4 |
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians |
322 | 84.5 | 7.9 | 5.2 | 8.7 |
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics |
220 | 85.3 | 10.6 | 1.2 | 8.3 |
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians |
626 | 75.7 | 14.2 | 7.5 | 13.0 |
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses |
670 | 62.1 | 28.5 | 5.7 | 13.9 |
Medical records and health information technicians |
200 | 79.6 | 12.1 | 3.6 | 8.4 |
Opticians, dispensing |
52 | 87.2 | 8.4 | 4.0 | 13.3 |
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians |
117 | 73.7 | 14.2 | 7.8 | 11.4 |
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations |
108 | 83.7 | 8.8 | 3.3 | 9.0 |
Service occupations |
25,896 | 73.6 | 16.8 | 5.4 | 23.5 |
Healthcare support occupations |
3,514 | 62.8 | 27.1 | 5.7 | 16.5 |
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides |
2,032 | 52.5 | 37.7 | 5.6 | 14.8 |
Occupational therapy assistants and aides |
23 | – | – | – | – |
Physical therapist assistants and aides |
68 | 83.9 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 10.8 |
Massage therapists |
189 | 81.3 | 4.8 | 9.1 | 9.1 |
Dental assistants |
286 | 77.8 | 9.6 | 6.6 | 23.8 |
Medical assistants |
524 | 76.1 | 13.0 | 5.6 | 27.5 |
Medical transcriptionists |
42 | – | – | – | – |
Pharmacy aides |
36 | – | – | – | – |
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers |
38 | – | – | – | – |
Phlebotomists |
106 | 66.9 | 25.2 | 3.5 | 13.8 |
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers |
170 | 67.8 | 25.1 | 4.1 | 8.5 |
Protective service occupations |
3,109 | 74.6 | 19.2 | 2.4 | 13.9 |
First-line supervisors of correctional officers |
52 | 70.0 | 24.7 | 2.7 | 6.3 |
First-line supervisors of police and detectives |
110 | 80.1 | 14.0 | 1.3 | 6.6 |
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers |
49 | – | – | – | – |
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other |
81 | 80.9 | 14.7 | 2.0 | 10.5 |
Firefighters |
293 | 86.7 | 8.4 | 1.1 | 7.8 |
Fire inspectors |
19 | – | – | – | – |
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers |
443 | 70.4 | 26.0 | 1.2 | 11.8 |
Detectives and criminal investigators |
144 | 88.5 | 8.5 | 0.8 | 11.9 |
Fish and game wardens |
6 | – | – | – | – |
Parking enforcement workers |
10 | – | – | – | – |
Police and sheriff's patrol officers |
688 | 81.0 | 13.5 | 2.0 | 15.5 |
Transit and railroad police |
1 | – | – | – | – |
Animal control workers |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Private detectives and investigators |
100 | 81.3 | 12.7 | 5.0 | 14.6 |
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers |
869 | 62.0 | 28.8 | 4.0 | 18.6 |
Crossing guards |
57 | 62.5 | 33.2 | 3.1 | 17.3 |
Transportation security screeners |
38 | – | – | – | – |
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers |
144 | 84.9 | 9.1 | 1.5 | 12.6 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
8,142 | 75.8 | 13.8 | 6.1 | 25.3 |
Chefs and head cooks |
415 | 64.5 | 15.2 | 16.8 | 19.3 |
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers |
527 | 77.9 | 14.9 | 3.8 | 16.5 |
Cooks |
2,091 | 71.4 | 18.5 | 5.3 | 35.7 |
Food preparation workers |
858 | 75.3 | 15.1 | 5.6 | 27.4 |
Bartenders |
451 | 87.8 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 13.2 |
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food |
420 | 68.5 | 21.6 | 3.7 | 17.3 |
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop |
233 | 79.6 | 10.7 | 6.2 | 18.2 |
Waiters and waitresses |
2,057 | 81.4 | 8.2 | 6.9 | 21.1 |
Food servers, nonrestaurant |
190 | 67.3 | 20.6 | 8.7 | 19.4 |
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers |
321 | 75.2 | 13.9 | 6.1 | 29.1 |
Dishwashers |
281 | 72.8 | 14.7 | 5.1 | 39.7 |
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop |
293 | 80.8 | 11.2 | 3.6 | 19.2 |
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
5,716 | 78.3 | 14.5 | 2.9 | 38.0 |
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers |
293 | 74.5 | 19.7 | 2.4 | 20.5 |
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers |
215 | 91.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 23.6 |
Janitors and building cleaners |
2,263 | 75.4 | 17.6 | 3.4 | 31.4 |
Maids and housekeeping cleaners |
1,510 | 74.0 | 16.1 | 4.4 | 48.9 |
Pest control workers |
85 | 82.7 | 13.0 | 1.3 | 14.0 |
Grounds maintenance workers |
1,349 | 86.5 | 7.9 | 0.9 | 44.5 |
Personal care and service occupations |
5,415 | 71.7 | 15.6 | 8.5 | 15.5 |
First-line supervisors of gaming workers |
168 | 86.8 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 8.7 |
First-line supervisors of personal service workers |
185 | 70.3 | 11.9 | 16.2 | 8.9 |
Animal trainers |
54 | 95.6 | 1.2 | – | 11.5 |
Nonfarm animal caretakers |
252 | 88.0 | 5.4 | 1.8 | 13.0 |
Gaming services workers |
89 | 65.6 | 8.0 | 22.0 | 8.2 |
Motion picture projectionists |
6 | – | – | – | – |
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers |
44 | – | – | – | – |
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers |
221 | 78.7 | 12.8 | 2.1 | 15.7 |
Embalmers and funeral attendants |
9 | – | – | – | – |
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors |
35 | – | – | – | – |
Barbers |
116 | 50.3 | 40.7 | 6.4 | 20.7 |
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists |
707 | 81.4 | 12.3 | 3.9 | 15.3 |
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers |
324 | 33.7 | 7.0 | 56.5 | 8.5 |
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges |
76 | 55.1 | 21.0 | 10.5 | 32.9 |
Tour and travel guides |
54 | 84.3 | 3.4 | 10.1 | 5.3 |
Childcare workers |
1,206 | 77.1 | 15.3 | 3.3 | 19.1 |
Personal care aides |
1,251 | 63.1 | 24.2 | 8.1 | 17.9 |
Recreation and fitness workers |
429 | 81.4 | 10.7 | 2.1 | 10.4 |
Residential advisors |
38 | – | – | – | – |
Personal care and service workers, all other |
149 | 72.2 | 15.6 | 4.9 | 20.8 |
Sales and office occupations |
33,598 | 79.3 | 12.3 | 5.2 | 15.3 |
Sales and related occupations |
15,700 | 80.9 | 10.6 | 5.7 | 15.0 |
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers |
3,245 | 81.7 | 9.5 | 6.1 | 13.0 |
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers |
1,242 | 86.6 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 12.8 |
Cashiers |
3,246 | 71.0 | 17.4 | 6.8 | 20.6 |
Counter and rental clerks |
109 | 83.0 | 12.2 | 2.9 | 18.8 |
Parts salespersons |
124 | 89.8 | 5.0 | 1.5 | 18.1 |
Retail salespersons |
3,346 | 77.6 | 12.8 | 6.3 | 17.3 |
Advertising sales agents |
200 | 83.7 | 9.4 | 4.8 | 11.3 |
Insurance sales agents |
615 | 87.2 | 7.3 | 3.5 | 12.7 |
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents |
258 | 86.6 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 7.0 |
Travel agents |
89 | 78.1 | 3.3 | 17.7 | 8.7 |
Sales representatives, services, all other |
479 | 90.0 | 5.7 | 2.8 | 13.3 |
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing |
1,281 | 90.9 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 10.0 |
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters |
68 | 84.3 | 5.6 | 6.5 | 15.1 |
Real estate brokers and sales agents |
906 | 87.5 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 9.4 |
Sales engineers |
42 | – | – | – | – |
Telemarketers |
60 | 68.5 | 25.9 | 2.2 | 27.3 |
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers |
156 | 85.0 | 10.5 | 2.5 | 21.7 |
Sales and related workers, all other |
236 | 88.2 | 6.5 | 3.9 | 10.6 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
17,897 | 78.0 | 13.9 | 4.7 | 15.6 |
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers |
1,474 | 80.5 | 11.7 | 4.7 | 13.1 |
Switchboard operators, including answering service |
16 | – | – | – | – |
Telephone operators |
34 | – | – | – | – |
Communications equipment operators, all other |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Bill and account collectors |
168 | 72.5 | 20.6 | 3.9 | 18.4 |
Billing and posting clerks |
473 | 80.8 | 13.0 | 3.3 | 13.5 |
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks |
1,182 | 84.0 | 7.5 | 4.9 | 10.6 |
Gaming cage workers |
14 | – | – | – | – |
Payroll and timekeeping clerks |
138 | 83.5 | 7.3 | 4.8 | 15.5 |
Procurement clerks |
40 | – | – | – | – |
Tellers |
357 | 80.9 | 8.4 | 6.4 | 20.7 |
Financial clerks, all other |
69 | 65.6 | 24.6 | 7.6 | 7.0 |
Brokerage clerks |
3 | – | – | – | – |
Correspondence clerks |
3 | – | – | – | – |
Court, municipal, and license clerks |
71 | 79.0 | 11.9 | 3.3 | 16.6 |
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks |
52 | 84.7 | 10.4 | 2.5 | 15.8 |
Customer service representatives |
2,271 | 74.9 | 16.6 | 4.7 | 18.0 |
Eligibility interviewers, government programs |
74 | 67.8 | 25.1 | 2.3 | 33.3 |
File clerks |
203 | 79.2 | 12.9 | 4.2 | 13.4 |
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks |
156 | 64.1 | 18.0 | 10.7 | 18.7 |
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan |
151 | 77.4 | 16.1 | 3.7 | 18.3 |
Library assistants, clerical |
98 | 81.7 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 10.6 |
Loan interviewers and clerks |
139 | 81.5 | 12.8 | 4.1 | 16.5 |
New accounts clerks |
26 | – | – | – | – |
Order clerks |
84 | 77.7 | 14.5 | 4.4 | 16.6 |
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping |
59 | 74.4 | 18.9 | 3.5 | 7.1 |
Receptionists and information clerks |
1,232 | 79.2 | 13.4 | 3.7 | 17.7 |
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks |
111 | 70.9 | 16.4 | 6.4 | 18.6 |
Information and record clerks, all other |
127 | 71.6 | 17.7 | 7.5 | 13.4 |
Cargo and freight agents |
21 | – | – | – | – |
Couriers and messengers |
235 | 72.8 | 20.4 | 4.0 | 18.6 |
Dispatchers |
277 | 82.6 | 13.4 | 2.3 | 12.8 |
Meter readers, utilities |
41 | – | – | – | – |
Postal service clerks |
130 | 56.2 | 33.5 | 8.7 | 6.3 |
Postal service mail carriers |
320 | 70.4 | 20.3 | 6.8 | 13.1 |
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators |
64 | 59.8 | 29.9 | 8.1 | 9.4 |
Production, planning, and expediting clerks |
286 | 81.5 | 10.3 | 4.6 | 12.0 |
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks |
575 | 78.4 | 14.7 | 3.5 | 27.0 |
Stock clerks and order fillers |
1,529 | 73.2 | 18.2 | 4.5 | 20.2 |
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping |
72 | 75.5 | 13.1 | 6.6 | 23.7 |
Secretaries and administrative assistants |
2,870 | 83.3 | 10.4 | 3.5 | 11.9 |
Computer operators |
69 | 80.7 | 13.5 | 5.3 | 13.7 |
Data entry keyers |
281 | 75.1 | 13.8 | 7.7 | 15.1 |
Word processors and typists |
103 | 74.5 | 15.0 | 5.0 | 9.9 |
Desktop publishers |
1 | – | – | – | – |
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks |
287 | 75.2 | 17.7 | 5.0 | 7.7 |
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service |
81 | 58.4 | 25.1 | 10.9 | 18.4 |
Office clerks, general |
1,288 | 76.0 | 13.4 | 6.7 | 18.6 |
Office machine operators, except computer |
37 | – | – | – | – |
Proofreaders and copy markers |
8 | – | – | – | – |
Statistical assistants |
17 | – | – | – | – |
Office and administrative support workers, all other |
477 | 79.9 | 12.9 | 3.9 | 13.8 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
13,733 | 87.3 | 7.3 | 1.9 | 29.0 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
1,073 | 89.3 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 45.7 |
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers |
54 | 89.4 | 1.4 | – | 41.6 |
Agricultural inspectors |
18 | – | – | – | – |
Animal breeders |
8 | – | – | – | – |
Graders and sorters, agricultural products |
97 | 73.8 | 18.6 | 3.8 | 54.3 |
Miscellaneous agricultural workers |
789 | 91.4 | 3.5 | 1.1 | 50.7 |
Fishers and related fishing workers |
39 | – | – | – | – |
Hunters and trappers |
- | – | – | – | – |
Forest and conservation workers |
18 | – | – | – | – |
Logging workers |
51 | 88.2 | 10.4 | – | 11.0 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
7,652 | 88.2 | 6.9 | 1.3 | 33.3 |
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers |
712 | 89.3 | 6.2 | 1.2 | 16.7 |
Boilermakers |
20 | – | – | – | – |
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons |
172 | 92.5 | 5.3 | – | 43.3 |
Carpenters |
1,281 | 90.3 | 5.4 | 1.2 | 32.8 |
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers |
156 | 86.2 | 6.2 | 2.1 | 47.1 |
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers |
54 | 81.7 | 12.1 | – | 49.2 |
Construction laborers |
1,649 | 85.8 | 8.1 | 1.9 | 45.5 |
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators |
12 | – | – | – | – |
Pile-driver operators |
2 | – | – | – | – |
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators |
357 | 88.1 | 7.5 | 0.1 | 21.1 |
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers |
151 | 90.2 | 5.5 | 0.2 | 61.8 |
Electricians |
773 | 86.6 | 8.8 | 1.9 | 19.3 |
Glaziers |
47 | – | – | – | – |
Insulation workers |
49 | – | – | – | – |
Painters, construction and maintenance |
572 | 90.0 | 5.6 | 1.8 | 49.3 |
Paperhangers |
1 | – | – | – | – |
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters |
573 | 89.5 | 6.8 | 1.1 | 25.0 |
Plasterers and stucco masons |
28 | – | – | – | – |
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers |
10 | – | – | – | – |
Roofers |
221 | 85.9 | 6.0 | 1.4 | 51.2 |
Sheet metal workers |
122 | 94.1 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 15.7 |
Structural iron and steel workers |
58 | 90.8 | 6.4 | 2.8 | 19.8 |
Solar photovoltaic installers |
11 | – | – | – | – |
Helpers, construction trades |
52 | 83.5 | 7.0 | 2.8 | 44.7 |
Construction and building inspectors |
90 | 83.4 | 9.5 | 1.0 | 8.2 |
Elevator installers and repairers |
30 | – | – | – | – |
Fence erectors |
34 | – | – | – | – |
Hazardous materials removal workers |
42 | – | – | – | – |
Highway maintenance workers |
103 | 81.5 | 13.4 | 0.9 | 16.5 |
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators |
11 | – | – | – | – |
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners |
12 | – | – | – | – |
Miscellaneous construction and related workers |
32 | – | – | – | – |
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining |
34 | – | – | – | – |
Earth drillers, except oil and gas |
29 | – | – | – | – |
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters |
9 | – | – | – | – |
Mining machine operators |
67 | 91.8 | 4.1 | – | 16.3 |
Roof bolters, mining |
2 | – | – | – | – |
Roustabouts, oil and gas |
9 | – | – | – | – |
Helpers--extraction workers |
4 | – | – | – | – |
Other extraction workers |
64 | 94.6 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 26.8 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
5,008 | 85.4 | 8.3 | 3.1 | 18.9 |
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers |
262 | 85.3 | 8.5 | 3.3 | 11.4 |
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers |
241 | 71.1 | 18.4 | 8.2 | 9.8 |
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers |
158 | 76.1 | 11.7 | 8.2 | 11.8 |
Avionics technicians |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers |
23 | – | – | – | – |
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment |
1 | – | – | – | – |
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility |
20 | – | – | – | – |
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles |
18 | – | – | – | – |
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers |
38 | – | – | – | – |
Security and fire alarm systems installers |
74 | 86.9 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 23.1 |
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians |
140 | 85.2 | 8.3 | 3.1 | 13.6 |
Automotive body and related repairers |
154 | 88.5 | 5.4 | 0.6 | 22.9 |
Automotive glass installers and repairers |
22 | – | – | – | – |
Automotive service technicians and mechanics |
924 | 84.9 | 8.2 | 4.0 | 25.7 |
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists |
345 | 87.3 | 7.5 | 2.6 | 15.8 |
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics |
233 | 90.6 | 4.8 | 1.5 | 14.3 |
Small engine mechanics |
54 | 95.0 | – | 1.3 | 10.4 |
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers |
81 | 87.2 | 4.5 | 1.0 | 24.4 |
Control and valve installers and repairers |
29 | – | – | – | – |
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers |
408 | 87.8 | 7.6 | 2.2 | 21.6 |
Home appliance repairers |
53 | 83.0 | 3.7 | 6.0 | 26.8 |
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics |
425 | 89.1 | 6.6 | 1.5 | 13.6 |
Maintenance and repair workers, general |
527 | 82.3 | 11.2 | 2.4 | 21.9 |
Maintenance workers, machinery |
29 | – | – | – | – |
Millwrights |
57 | 91.7 | 5.6 | 0.5 | 8.4 |
Electrical power-line installers and repairers |
119 | 91.7 | 5.2 | 1.7 | 11.1 |
Telecommunications line installers and repairers |
177 | 80.8 | 12.9 | 3.1 | 19.7 |
Precision instrument and equipment repairers |
66 | 88.2 | 6.3 | 3.3 | 10.5 |
Wind turbine service technicians |
4 | – | – | – | – |
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers |
48 | – | – | – | – |
Commercial divers |
1 | – | – | – | – |
Locksmiths and safe repairers |
21 | – | – | – | – |
Manufactured building and mobile home installers |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Riggers |
10 | – | – | – | – |
Signal and track switch repairers |
8 | – | – | – | – |
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers |
28 | – | – | – | – |
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers |
200 | 90.0 | 5.1 | 2.1 | 25.3 |
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations |
17,647 | 76.5 | 15.3 | 4.7 | 22.3 |
Production occupations |
8,522 | 77.8 | 12.5 | 6.2 | 22.3 |
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers |
817 | 84.7 | 8.0 | 4.6 | 16.3 |
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers |
14 | – | – | – | – |
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers |
133 | 57.1 | 16.9 | 22.0 | 22.5 |
Engine and other machine assemblers |
11 | – | – | – | – |
Structural metal fabricators and fitters |
32 | – | – | – | – |
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators |
1,026 | 72.0 | 16.1 | 6.9 | 22.2 |
Bakers |
231 | 71.4 | 15.4 | 9.6 | 23.5 |
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers |
302 | 66.2 | 22.4 | 8.0 | 35.4 |
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders |
14 | – | – | – | – |
Food batchmakers |
101 | 78.4 | 14.1 | 7.0 | 29.6 |
Food cooking machine operators and tenders |
13 | – | – | – | – |
Food processing workers, all other |
135 | 71.9 | 16.6 | 7.6 | 35.1 |
Computer control programmers and operators |
88 | 84.4 | 8.4 | 3.7 | 9.8 |
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
9 | – | – | – | – |
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
8 | – | – | – | – |
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
15 | – | – | – | – |
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
82 | 73.6 | 20.1 | 1.4 | 14.5 |
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
51 | 87.3 | 11.5 | 0.2 | 29.0 |
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
11 | – | – | – | – |
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
- | – | – | – | – |
Machinists |
363 | 88.0 | 3.1 | 6.1 | 13.8 |
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters |
30 | – | – | – | – |
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
46 | – | – | – | – |
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
1 | – | – | – | – |
Tool and die makers |
47 | – | – | – | – |
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers |
615 | 85.8 | 7.1 | 3.3 | 23.1 |
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Layout workers, metal and plastic |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic |
23 | – | – | – | – |
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners |
6 | – | – | – | – |
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other |
376 | 73.6 | 17.6 | 6.3 | 22.6 |
Prepress technicians and workers |
22 | – | – | – | – |
Printing press operators |
180 | 85.7 | 9.0 | 3.6 | 22.7 |
Print binding and finishing workers |
20 | – | – | – | – |
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers |
192 | 65.6 | 17.7 | 10.8 | 31.8 |
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials |
34 | – | – | – | – |
Sewing machine operators |
196 | 75.5 | 9.7 | 12.4 | 41.8 |
Shoe and leather workers and repairers |
7 | – | – | – | – |
Shoe machine operators and tenders |
2 | – | – | – | – |
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers |
83 | 77.6 | 5.3 | 17.1 | 22.2 |
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders |
3 | – | – | – | – |
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders |
9 | – | – | – | – |
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders |
9 | – | – | – | – |
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders |
9 | – | – | – | – |
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers |
- | – | – | – | – |
Fabric and apparel patternmakers |
4 | – | – | – | – |
Upholsterers |
40 | – | – | – | – |
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other |
16 | – | – | – | – |
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters |
60 | 92.1 | 4.3 | 1.2 | 20.5 |
Furniture finishers |
15 | – | – | – | – |
Model makers and patternmakers, wood |
1 | – | – | – | – |
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood |
29 | – | – | – | – |
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing |
24 | – | – | – | – |
Woodworkers, all other |
31 | – | – | – | – |
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers |
33 | – | – | – | – |
Stationary engineers and boiler operators |
81 | 82.5 | 9.4 | 5.2 | 10.2 |
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators |
89 | 86.2 | 7.1 | 1.5 | 6.5 |
Miscellaneous plant and system operators |
36 | – | – | – | – |
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders |
63 | 88.4 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 10.6 |
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers |
86 | 83.8 | 10.5 | 3.1 | 37.2 |
Cutting workers |
64 | 78.7 | 13.4 | 2.6 | 24.2 |
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders |
28 | – | – | – | – |
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders |
7 | – | – | – | – |
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers |
752 | 77.2 | 12.5 | 6.9 | 17.7 |
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers |
44 | – | – | – | – |
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians |
110 | 75.3 | 7.8 | 13.4 | 19.1 |
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders |
250 | 67.7 | 20.4 | 7.5 | 36.7 |
Painting workers |
151 | 76.9 | 14.2 | 5.2 | 23.0 |
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators |
33 | – | – | – | – |
Semiconductor processors |
1 | – | – | – | – |
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders |
11 | – | – | – | – |
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders |
4 | – | – | – | – |
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders |
4 | – | – | – | – |
Etchers and engravers |
19 | – | – | – | – |
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic |
27 | – | – | – | – |
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders |
30 | – | – | – | – |
Tire builders |
10 | – | – | – | – |
Helpers--production workers |
40 | – | – | – | – |
Production workers, all other |
944 | 76.8 | 14.4 | 4.9 | 24.9 |
Transportation and material moving occupations |
9,125 | 75.2 | 17.8 | 3.4 | 22.4 |
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers |
205 | 81.0 | 15.0 | 1.6 | 20.6 |
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers |
140 | 94.8 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 5.7 |
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists |
30 | – | – | – | – |
Flight attendants |
86 | 82.3 | 12.0 | 4.5 | 9.8 |
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians |
19 | – | – | – | – |
Bus drivers |
550 | 65.8 | 28.0 | 2.7 | 14.3 |
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers |
3,469 | 79.0 | 15.1 | 2.7 | 21.5 |
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs |
446 | 55.1 | 27.0 | 15.1 | 17.0 |
Motor vehicle operators, all other |
51 | 77.4 | 14.2 | 5.5 | 21.5 |
Locomotive engineers and operators |
50 | 70.8 | 21.3 | 1.4 | 8.2 |
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators |
6 | – | – | – | – |
Railroad conductors and yardmasters |
52 | 77.7 | 18.6 | 1.7 | 2.1 |
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers |
15 | – | – | – | – |
Sailors and marine oilers |
11 | – | – | – | – |
Ship and boat captains and operators |
35 | – | – | – | – |
Ship engineers |
6 | – | – | – | – |
Bridge and lock tenders |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Parking lot attendants |
91 | 57.5 | 32.1 | 5.3 | 26.5 |
Automotive and watercraft service attendants |
99 | 84.6 | 8.2 | 3.8 | 12.7 |
Transportation inspectors |
29 | – | – | – | – |
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants |
22 | – | – | – | – |
Other transportation workers |
43 | – | – | – | – |
Conveyor operators and tenders |
7 | – | – | – | – |
Crane and tower operators |
76 | 89.4 | 9.1 | 0.2 | 10.3 |
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators |
35 | – | – | – | – |
Hoist and winch operators |
6 | – | – | – | – |
Industrial truck and tractor operators |
589 | 71.9 | 21.6 | 2.3 | 25.9 |
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment |
338 | 81.6 | 12.3 | 1.4 | 39.4 |
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand |
1,908 | 73.5 | 19.0 | 2.9 | 24.1 |
Machine feeders and offbearers |
33 | – | – | – | – |
Packers and packagers, hand |
505 | 72.3 | 19.0 | 5.6 | 37.5 |
Pumping station operators |
23 | – | – | – | – |
Refuse and recyclable material collectors |
97 | 73.8 | 19.1 | 2.1 | 30.8 |
Mine shuttle car operators |
1 | – | – | – | – |
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders |
5 | – | – | – | – |
Material moving workers, all other |
43 | – | – | – | – |
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Industry and gender | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, 16 years and older (thousands) |
148,834 | 117,944 | 17,472 | 8,706 | 24,400 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing |
1.6 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 2.4 |
Mining |
0.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
Construction |
6.7 | 7.5 | 3.4 | 2.0 | 11.6 |
Manufacturing |
10.3 | 10.5 | 8.6 | 11.6 | 10.2 |
Durable goods |
6.5 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 7.7 | 5.6 |
Nondurable goods |
3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.6 |
Wholesale and retail trade |
13.7 | 13.7 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 14.0 |
Wholesale trade |
2.4 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.5 |
Retail trade |
11.2 | 11.1 | 11.5 | 11.0 | 11.5 |
Transportation and utilities |
5.2 | 4.9 | 7.9 | 4.1 | 5.6 |
Information |
2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 1.4 |
Financial activities |
6.8 | 6.9 | 5.7 | 7.4 | 4.9 |
Professional and business services |
11.7 | 11.8 | 9.5 | 15.9 | 11.6 |
Education and health services |
22.6 | 21.8 | 28.4 | 22.8 | 16.0 |
Leisure and hospitality |
9.3 | 8.9 | 10.0 | 10.4 | 12.8 |
Other services |
4.9 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 5.9 | 5.6 |
Other services, except private households |
4.3 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 5.5 | 4.4 |
Other services, private households |
0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.3 |
Public administration |
4.7 | 4.4 | 6.7 | 3.4 | 3.3 |
Men, 16 years and older (thousands) |
79,131 | 63,892 | 8,164 | 4,620 | 14,111 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing |
2.3 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 3.2 |
Mining |
1.0 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.0 |
Construction |
11.4 | 12.5 | 6.6 | 3.3 | 19.0 |
Manufacturing |
13.8 | 14.1 | 12.0 | 13.5 | 12.2 |
Durable goods |
9.3 | 9.6 | 7.1 | 9.7 | 7.4 |
Nondurable goods |
4.5 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 4.8 |
Wholesale and retail trade |
14.2 | 14.2 | 14.7 | 14.0 | 13.4 |
Wholesale trade |
3.2 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.0 |
Retail trade |
10.9 | 10.7 | 12.1 | 11.3 | 10.4 |
Transportation and utilities |
7.6 | 7.0 | 12.3 | 6.4 | 7.6 |
Information |
2.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 1.6 |
Financial activities |
6.0 | 6.1 | 4.8 | 7.0 | 3.9 |
Professional and business services |
13.0 | 12.8 | 11.2 | 19.0 | 11.9 |
Education and health services |
10.8 | 10.2 | 13.7 | 15.1 | 6.7 |
Leisure and hospitality |
8.5 | 8.0 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 11.6 |
Other services |
4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 5.0 |
Other services, except private households |
4.4 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.8 |
Other services, private households |
0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Public administration |
4.8 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 3.2 | 2.9 |
Women, 16 years and older (thousands) |
69,703 | 54,052 | 9,308 | 4,086 | 10,289 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing |
0.9 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.2 |
Mining |
0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Construction |
1.3 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.4 |
Manufacturing |
6.4 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 9.5 | 7.5 |
Durable goods |
3.4 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 5.5 | 3.2 |
Nondurable goods |
3.0 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 4.2 |
Wholesale and retail trade |
13.1 | 13.2 | 11.9 | 12.4 | 14.8 |
Wholesale trade |
1.5 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.9 |
Retail trade |
11.5 | 11.6 | 11.0 | 10.7 | 12.9 |
Transportation and utilities |
2.5 | 2.3 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 2.8 |
Information |
1.7 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.1 |
Financial activities |
7.7 | 7.9 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 6.2 |
Professional and business services |
10.3 | 10.6 | 7.9 | 12.3 | 11.2 |
Education and health services |
36.0 | 35.7 | 41.3 | 31.5 | 28.9 |
Leisure and hospitality |
10.1 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 10.7 | 14.4 |
Other services |
5.4 | 5.5 | 3.9 | 7.6 | 6.5 |
Other services, except private households |
4.3 | 4.4 | 3.2 | 6.9 | 3.8 |
Other services, private households |
1.1 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 2.8 |
Public administration |
4.5 | 4.1 | 6.8 | 3.7 | 3.9 |
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Family type and employment status of family members | Total | White | Black or African American |
Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total families |
81,410 | 64,663 | 9,854 | 4,538 | 12,602 |
With at least one family member employed |
65,360 | 51,769 | 7,652 | 4,020 | 10,883 |
As a percent of total families |
80.3 | 80.1 | 77.7 | 88.6 | 86.4 |
With at least one family member unemployed |
5,615 | 3,908 | 1,184 | 260 | 1,220 |
As a percent of total families |
6.9 | 6.0 | 12.0 | 5.7 | 9.7 |
Some family member(s) employed |
3,831 | 2,784 | 666 | 213 | 864 |
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed |
68.2 | 71.2 | 56.3 | 82.1 | 70.8 |
Some family member(s) employed full time |
3,302 | 2,408 | 558 | 191 | 740 |
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed |
58.8 | 61.6 | 47.2 | 73.6 | 60.7 |
Married-couple families |
59,217 | 49,801 | 4,373 | 3,682 | 7,792 |
With at least one family member employed |
48,205 | 40,119 | 3,630 | 3,285 | 6,954 |
As a percent of total families |
81.4 | 80.6 | 83.0 | 89.2 | 89.2 |
With at least one family member unemployed |
3,292 | 2,571 | 395 | 196 | 698 |
As a percent of total families |
5.6 | 5.2 | 9.0 | 5.3 | 9.0 |
Some family member(s) employed |
2,653 | 2,073 | 315 | 168 | 565 |
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed |
80.6 | 80.6 | 79.8 | 85.4 | 81.0 |
Some family member(s) employed full time |
2,366 | 1,848 | 281 | 152 | 503 |
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed |
71.9 | 71.9 | 71.0 | 77.2 | 72.1 |
Families maintained by women |
15,693 | 10,177 | 4,311 | 528 | 3,287 |
With at least one family member employed |
11,765 | 7,701 | 3,126 | 441 | 2,567 |
As a percent of total families |
75.0 | 75.7 | 72.5 | 83.7 | 78.1 |
With at least one family member unemployed |
1,666 | 917 | 625 | 35 | 360 |
As a percent of total families |
10.6 | 9.0 | 14.5 | 6.7 | 11.0 |
Some family member(s) employed |
804 | 469 | 265 | 23 | 198 |
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed |
48.2 | 51.1 | 42.4 | 64.2 | 55.0 |
Some family member(s) employed full time |
619 | 353 | 209 | 20 | 149 |
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed |
37.2 | 38.5 | 33.4 | 56.4 | 41.2 |
Families maintained by men |
6,499 | 4,684 | 1,170 | 328 | 1,524 |
With at least one family member employed |
5,389 | 3,948 | 896 | 294 | 1,363 |
As a percent of total families |
82.9 | 84.3 | 76.6 | 89.7 | 89.5 |
With at least one family member unemployed |
657 | 421 | 163 | 28 | 161 |
As a percent of total families |
10.1 | 9.0 | 14.0 | 8.5 | 10.6 |
Some family member(s) employed |
375 | 242 | 86 | 23 | 101 |
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed |
57.0 | 57.6 | 52.5 | 81.7 | 62.3 |
Some family member(s) employed full time |
317 | 208 | 69 | 20 | 88 |
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed |
48.2 | 49.4 | 42.2 | 69.8 | 54.5 |
Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. |
Year | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
With no children under 18 years |
|||||||||||||||
1994 |
60.2 | 67.1 | 53.6 | 60.6 | 67.7 | 53.8 | 57.2 | 62.0 | 52.4 | – | – | – | 62.3 | 71.5 | 51.5 |
1995 |
60.2 | 67.0 | 53.5 | 60.5 | 67.6 | 53.6 | 57.5 | 62.3 | 52.7 | – | – | – | 61.2 | 70.9 | 50.2 |
1996 |
60.1 | 66.8 | 53.5 | 60.5 | 67.6 | 53.6 | 56.9 | 61.5 | 52.3 | – | – | – | 61.6 | 71.3 | 50.5 |
1997 |
60.4 | 67.0 | 53.8 | 60.8 | 67.8 | 53.8 | 57.3 | 61.2 | 53.5 | – | – | – | 62.6 | 72.1 | 51.4 |
1998 |
60.3 | 67.0 | 53.9 | 60.6 | 67.6 | 53.8 | 58.0 | 62.0 | 54.2 | – | – | – | 62.8 | 72.1 | 51.7 |
1999 |
60.4 | 66.8 | 54.1 | 60.7 | 67.5 | 53.9 | 58.3 | 62.1 | 54.6 | – | – | – | 62.5 | 71.6 | 52.2 |
2000 |
60.6 | 67.0 | 54.3 | 60.9 | 67.7 | 54.3 | 58.4 | 62.5 | 54.5 | – | – | – | 63.7 | 73.2 | 52.6 |
2001 |
60.4 | 66.7 | 54.3 | 60.8 | 67.4 | 54.3 | 57.9 | 61.7 | 54.4 | – | – | – | 63.0 | 72.4 | 52.6 |
2002 |
60.0 | 66.2 | 53.9 | 60.4 | 66.8 | 54.0 | 56.8 | 61.0 | 52.7 | 61.2 | 67.8 | 55.0 | 63.9 | 72.7 | 53.2 |
2003 |
59.7 | 65.4 | 54.1 | 60.1 | 66.1 | 54.1 | 56.5 | 60.0 | 53.2 | 59.7 | 66.4 | 53.7 | 62.8 | 72.1 | 51.5 |
2004 |
59.6 | 65.3 | 54.0 | 60.0 | 66.1 | 54.0 | 56.4 | 59.5 | 53.5 | 59.1 | 65.0 | 53.5 | 63.5 | 72.6 | 52.5 |
2005 |
59.8 | 65.5 | 54.2 | 60.1 | 66.2 | 54.1 | 57.3 | 60.8 | 53.9 | 59.9 | 66.0 | 54.3 | 63.0 | 72.1 | 51.9 |
2006 |
60.0 | 65.8 | 54.2 | 60.4 | 66.5 | 54.2 | 57.1 | 60.5 | 53.9 | 60.0 | 66.2 | 54.1 | 63.7 | 73.0 | 52.2 |
2007 |
59.8 | 65.6 | 54.0 | 60.3 | 66.4 | 54.1 | 56.5 | 60.1 | 53.0 | 60.2 | 66.6 | 54.0 | 63.7 | 72.8 | 52.4 |
2008 |
59.9 | 65.6 | 54.3 | 60.3 | 66.3 | 54.3 | 56.9 | 60.4 | 53.6 | 60.3 | 66.6 | 54.4 | 63.5 | 72.7 | 52.1 |
2009 |
59.3 | 64.6 | 54.0 | 59.9 | 65.4 | 54.3 | 55.9 | 59.3 | 52.7 | 59.0 | 65.3 | 53.1 | 62.6 | 70.7 | 52.8 |
2010 |
58.7 | 63.8 | 53.6 | 59.1 | 64.5 | 53.7 | 56.0 | 59.1 | 52.9 | 58.1 | 64.3 | 52.4 | 62.0 | 69.8 | 52.3 |
2011 |
58.1 | 63.1 | 53.0 | 58.6 | 63.8 | 53.2 | 55.1 | 58.4 | 51.8 | 58.0 | 63.9 | 52.6 | 60.8 | 68.3 | 51.6 |
2012 |
57.7 | 62.9 | 52.6 | 58.1 | 63.7 | 52.4 | 55.2 | 57.6 | 52.8 | 58.1 | 63.2 | 53.4 | 60.7 | 68.1 | 52.0 |
2013 |
57.2 | 62.3 | 52.1 | 57.4 | 62.9 | 52.0 | 54.5 | 57.1 | 52.0 | 58.8 | 64.5 | 53.6 | 60.6 | 68.2 | 51.9 |
2014 |
56.7 | 61.7 | 51.7 | 56.9 | 62.2 | 51.6 | 54.8 | 57.5 | 52.1 | 57.0 | 63.0 | 51.7 | 60.5 | 68.0 | 51.8 |
2015 |
56.5 | 61.6 | 51.5 | 56.7 | 62.1 | 51.2 | 55.3 | 58.0 | 52.7 | 56.5 | 61.7 | 51.7 | 60.4 | 68.1 | 51.9 |
With children under 18 years |
|||||||||||||||
1994 |
79.8 | 94.1 | 69.0 | 80.9 | 94.8 | 69.5 | 74.9 | 89.5 | 68.4 | – | – | – | 70.2 | 92.1 | 54.7 |
1995 |
80.3 | 94.1 | 69.8 | 81.3 | 94.9 | 70.3 | 76.3 | 89.6 | 70.3 | – | – | – | 71.0 | 92.2 | 55.6 |
1996 |
81.1 | 94.5 | 70.8 | 81.8 | 95.3 | 70.7 | 78.5 | 89.7 | 73.3 | – | – | – | 72.3 | 93.7 | 56.7 |
1997 |
81.8 | 94.6 | 71.9 | 82.4 | 95.4 | 71.7 | 79.6 | 89.6 | 75.0 | – | – | – | 74.0 | 93.4 | 59.6 |
1998 |
81.8 | 94.6 | 71.8 | 82.2 | 95.3 | 71.3 | 81.0 | 90.4 | 76.7 | – | – | – | 74.2 | 92.9 | 60.2 |
1999 |
82.0 | 94.6 | 72.2 | 82.3 | 95.4 | 71.5 | 82.0 | 89.3 | 78.5 | – | – | – | 74.6 | 93.8 | 60.3 |
2000 |
82.1 | 94.7 | 72.3 | 82.3 | 95.3 | 71.6 | 82.2 | 90.3 | 78.2 | – | – | – | 75.7 | 93.8 | 62.0 |
2001 |
81.9 | 94.6 | 72.1 | 82.2 | 95.3 | 71.5 | 81.8 | 89.7 | 77.9 | – | – | – | 75.7 | 93.6 | 62.0 |
2002 |
81.6 | 94.3 | 71.8 | 81.9 | 94.8 | 71.1 | 81.9 | 90.3 | 77.7 | 78.3 | 93.2 | 66.6 | 75.8 | 93.2 | 62.7 |
2003 |
81.2 | 94.1 | 71.1 | 81.4 | 94.7 | 70.3 | 81.5 | 89.7 | 77.5 | 78.9 | 93.5 | 67.0 | 75.1 | 93.4 | 61.2 |
2004 |
80.7 | 94.1 | 70.4 | 81.1 | 94.8 | 69.8 | 80.5 | 88.4 | 76.5 | 77.9 | 93.8 | 64.9 | 74.9 | 93.9 | 60.4 |
2005 |
80.7 | 94.1 | 70.5 | 81.1 | 94.8 | 69.8 | 80.4 | 88.7 | 76.3 | 77.9 | 93.1 | 65.6 | 74.5 | 94.2 | 59.6 |
2006 |
81.0 | 94.1 | 70.9 | 81.4 | 94.9 | 70.2 | 80.5 | 88.1 | 76.9 | 78.3 | 93.2 | 66.3 | 75.3 | 94.2 | 60.9 |
2007 |
81.4 | 94.3 | 71.0 | 81.7 | 95.0 | 70.3 | 81.2 | 89.6 | 76.6 | 78.9 | 93.1 | 67.1 | 76.5 | 94.8 | 61.4 |
2008 |
81.5 | 94.1 | 71.4 | 81.8 | 94.8 | 70.8 | 81.1 | 89.7 | 76.7 | 80.0 | 93.0 | 68.8 | 76.4 | 94.4 | 61.4 |
2009 |
81.3 | 93.8 | 71.4 | 81.8 | 94.5 | 70.9 | 80.2 | 87.7 | 76.3 | 80.1 | 94.1 | 68.0 | 76.5 | 94.2 | 61.5 |
2010 |
80.9 | 93.7 | 70.8 | 81.4 | 94.5 | 70.5 | 79.7 | 89.0 | 74.9 | 78.2 | 92.2 | 66.2 | 76.6 | 93.9 | 62.1 |
2011 |
80.6 | 93.5 | 70.6 | 81.1 | 94.3 | 70.2 | 79.6 | 87.9 | 75.3 | 78.3 | 93.0 | 65.4 | 76.1 | 93.5 | 61.8 |
2012 |
80.5 | 93.3 | 70.5 | 81.0 | 94.0 | 70.3 | 80.0 | 88.9 | 75.4 | 76.7 | 93.0 | 63.2 | 76.4 | 93.7 | 63.2 |
2013 |
80.0 | 92.8 | 69.9 | 80.6 | 93.6 | 69.6 | 80.0 | 87.9 | 75.6 | 77.0 | 92.7 | 64.2 | 75.3 | 92.9 | 61.2 |
2014 |
80.1 | 92.8 | 70.1 | 80.6 | 93.5 | 69.8 | 79.9 | 87.9 | 75.4 | 77.4 | 93.3 | 64.3 | 75.8 | 93.1 | 62.0 |
2015 |
80.0 | 92.7 | 69.9 | 80.4 | 93.5 | 69.4 | 80.4 | 87.3 | 76.6 | 76.2 | 92.9 | 62.4 | 75.7 | 93.4 | 61.4 |
With children 6 to 17 years, none younger |
|||||||||||||||
1994 |
83.5 | 93.1 | 76.1 | 84.3 | 93.9 | 76.5 | 79.6 | 88.0 | 75.5 | – | – | – | 74.9 | 89.7 | 64.5 |
1995 |
83.7 | 93.0 | 76.6 | 84.6 | 93.7 | 77.2 | 80.1 | 88.1 | 76.4 | – | – | – | 75.4 | 89.7 | 65.5 |
1996 |
84.5 | 93.5 | 77.5 | 85.3 | 94.4 | 77.7 | 81.3 | 87.9 | 78.1 | – | – | – | 77.3 | 92.3 | 66.7 |
1997 |
84.7 | 93.6 | 77.9 | 85.4 | 94.4 | 78.0 | 81.8 | 88.1 | 78.7 | – | – | – | 77.6 | 91.2 | 68.2 |
1998 |
84.5 | 93.5 | 77.6 | 84.9 | 94.2 | 77.3 | 83.1 | 88.2 | 80.6 | – | – | – | 77.5 | 90.6 | 68.1 |
1999 |
84.8 | 93.4 | 78.2 | 85.4 | 94.4 | 78.1 | 83.2 | 86.7 | 81.4 | – | – | – | 78.6 | 91.2 | 69.5 |
2000 |
85.1 | 93.5 | 78.7 | 85.7 | 94.3 | 78.6 | 83.3 | 87.8 | 81.0 | – | – | – | 79.3 | 91.5 | 70.5 |
2001 |
85.0 | 93.6 | 78.3 | 85.5 | 94.5 | 78.1 | 83.3 | 87.5 | 81.1 | – | – | – | 79.6 | 91.7 | 70.9 |
2002 |
84.8 | 93.3 | 78.2 | 85.1 | 94.0 | 77.8 | 84.3 | 89.2 | 81.8 | 82.6 | 91.6 | 75.7 | 79.0 | 91.1 | 70.2 |
2003 |
84.5 | 93.1 | 77.8 | 84.7 | 93.7 | 77.3 | 84.0 | 88.0 | 82.1 | 82.9 | 93.5 | 74.3 | 78.8 | 91.5 | 69.4 |
2004 |
84.1 | 93.1 | 77.3 | 84.5 | 93.9 | 76.9 | 82.7 | 86.3 | 80.9 | 82.6 | 93.8 | 73.4 | 79.6 | 92.8 | 70.2 |
2005 |
83.7 | 93.0 | 76.5 | 84.1 | 93.8 | 76.3 | 82.4 | 86.9 | 80.2 | 80.7 | 92.3 | 71.2 | 78.8 | 92.9 | 68.7 |
2006 |
83.8 | 93.1 | 76.7 | 84.3 | 94.0 | 76.3 | 82.4 | 85.7 | 80.8 | 80.8 | 91.8 | 72.0 | 79.1 | 92.6 | 69.4 |
2007 |
84.3 | 93.2 | 77.2 | 84.6 | 94.0 | 76.7 | 83.7 | 87.7 | 81.5 | 81.8 | 91.7 | 73.6 | 80.5 | 93.1 | 70.4 |
2008 |
84.3 | 93.1 | 77.3 | 84.7 | 93.9 | 77.0 | 83.1 | 87.8 | 80.6 | 82.7 | 91.8 | 74.9 | 80.4 | 93.2 | 70.0 |
2009 |
84.2 | 92.7 | 77.3 | 84.7 | 93.7 | 77.0 | 82.2 | 85.7 | 80.3 | 82.7 | 92.9 | 74.0 | 80.7 | 93.6 | 69.9 |
2010 |
83.7 | 92.8 | 76.5 | 84.2 | 93.6 | 76.3 | 81.9 | 87.1 | 79.2 | 81.8 | 92.2 | 73.1 | 80.1 | 92.6 | 69.9 |
2011 |
83.3 | 92.6 | 76.1 | 83.9 | 93.5 | 76.0 | 81.5 | 86.5 | 78.8 | 80.8 | 92.2 | 71.2 | 79.2 | 91.9 | 69.0 |
2012 |
82.7 | 92.3 | 75.1 | 83.2 | 93.0 | 75.1 | 81.9 | 87.3 | 79.1 | 78.4 | 91.6 | 67.7 | 79.4 | 92.7 | 69.1 |
2013 |
82.3 | 91.9 | 74.7 | 83.0 | 92.8 | 74.8 | 81.4 | 86.4 | 78.6 | 78.8 | 91.7 | 68.4 | 78.1 | 91.8 | 67.5 |
2014 |
82.2 | 91.6 | 74.7 | 82.7 | 92.4 | 74.6 | 81.7 | 86.5 | 79.0 | 80.1 | 92.6 | 70.1 | 78.4 | 91.9 | 68.2 |
2015 |
82.1 | 91.8 | 74.4 | 82.5 | 92.5 | 74.2 | 81.4 | 85.5 | 79.1 | 79.0 | 92.0 | 68.4 | 78.3 | 92.3 | 67.3 |
With children under 6 years |
|||||||||||||||
1994 |
75.8 | 95.2 | 61.2 | 77.1 | 95.9 | 61.6 | 70.0 | 91.3 | 61.2 | – | – | – | 66.6 | 94.0 | 47.0 |
1995 |
76.6 | 95.5 | 62.3 | 77.7 | 96.1 | 62.6 | 72.0 | 91.4 | 63.9 | – | – | – | 67.6 | 94.1 | 47.7 |
1996 |
77.2 | 95.6 | 63.2 | 77.9 | 96.3 | 62.7 | 75.4 | 91.9 | 68.2 | – | – | – | 68.5 | 94.8 | 48.7 |
1997 |
78.3 | 95.8 | 64.8 | 78.8 | 96.5 | 64.1 | 77.1 | 91.3 | 70.8 | – | – | – | 70.9 | 95.1 | 52.3 |
1998 |
78.6 | 96.1 | 64.9 | 78.9 | 96.6 | 64.1 | 78.5 | 93.0 | 72.0 | – | – | – | 71.3 | 94.9 | 53.0 |
1999 |
78.5 | 96.1 | 64.8 | 78.5 | 96.7 | 63.4 | 80.6 | 92.5 | 74.9 | – | – | – | 71.2 | 95.9 | 52.1 |
2000 |
78.4 | 96.1 | 64.6 | 78.2 | 96.5 | 63.0 | 80.9 | 93.3 | 74.9 | – | – | – | 72.5 | 95.7 | 54.5 |
2001 |
78.1 | 95.8 | 64.3 | 78.1 | 96.2 | 63.0 | 80.0 | 92.5 | 73.9 | – | – | – | 72.2 | 95.2 | 53.8 |
2002 |
77.7 | 95.5 | 63.7 | 77.9 | 95.9 | 62.7 | 78.9 | 91.8 | 72.5 | 73.5 | 94.8 | 56.3 | 73.1 | 94.8 | 56.1 |
2003 |
77.2 | 95.4 | 62.8 | 77.3 | 96.0 | 61.5 | 78.2 | 92.1 | 71.8 | 74.2 | 93.4 | 58.5 | 71.9 | 94.9 | 53.4 |
2004 |
76.5 | 95.4 | 61.8 | 76.8 | 96.0 | 60.7 | 77.6 | 91.1 | 70.8 | 73.1 | 93.8 | 56.0 | 70.6 | 94.8 | 51.2 |
2005 |
77.0 | 95.4 | 62.8 | 77.2 | 96.1 | 61.6 | 77.8 | 91.2 | 71.4 | 74.9 | 94.0 | 59.3 | 70.6 | 95.4 | 50.9 |
2006 |
77.5 | 95.4 | 63.5 | 77.7 | 95.9 | 62.5 | 78.0 | 91.1 | 71.8 | 75.6 | 94.8 | 59.9 | 71.7 | 95.6 | 52.7 |
2007 |
77.8 | 95.7 | 63.3 | 77.9 | 96.2 | 62.3 | 77.9 | 92.3 | 70.4 | 75.8 | 94.8 | 59.9 | 72.9 | 96.1 | 53.0 |
2008 |
77.9 | 95.4 | 64.0 | 78.0 | 95.9 | 62.9 | 78.6 | 92.4 | 71.7 | 77.1 | 94.3 | 61.9 | 72.7 | 95.5 | 53.0 |
2009 |
77.8 | 95.1 | 64.2 | 78.1 | 95.6 | 63.3 | 77.7 | 90.4 | 71.4 | 77.3 | 95.4 | 61.4 | 72.4 | 94.9 | 53.1 |
2010 |
77.5 | 94.7 | 63.9 | 78.0 | 95.5 | 63.4 | 77.1 | 91.3 | 69.8 | 74.3 | 92.2 | 58.3 | 73.2 | 95.2 | 54.6 |
2011 |
77.4 | 94.5 | 63.9 | 77.7 | 95.2 | 63.0 | 77.4 | 89.7 | 71.1 | 75.4 | 93.8 | 58.4 | 73.2 | 95.0 | 54.7 |
2012 |
77.7 | 94.6 | 64.8 | 78.2 | 95.1 | 64.3 | 77.6 | 91.0 | 71.0 | 74.7 | 94.5 | 57.8 | 73.3 | 94.6 | 57.0 |
2013 |
77.2 | 93.9 | 63.9 | 77.5 | 94.7 | 62.9 | 78.5 | 89.8 | 72.1 | 74.9 | 93.8 | 59.3 | 72.3 | 94.0 | 54.5 |
2014 |
77.5 | 94.2 | 64.2 | 78.0 | 94.9 | 63.7 | 77.6 | 89.6 | 71.0 | 74.3 | 94.0 | 57.4 | 73.1 | 94.4 | 55.2 |
2015 |
77.4 | 93.9 | 64.2 | 77.7 | 94.7 | 63.3 | 79.2 | 89.5 | 73.4 | 72.8 | 94.1 | 55.0 | 72.9 | 94.5 | 54.7 |
With children under 3 years |
|||||||||||||||
1994 |
74.0 | 95.3 | 57.7 | 75.6 | 96.0 | 58.6 | 66.0 | 91.5 | 55.6 | – | – | – | 64.4 | 94.1 | 42.2 |
1995 |
74.8 | 95.5 | 58.9 | 76.0 | 96.2 | 59.2 | 68.9 | 90.9 | 60.0 | – | – | – | 65.7 | 94.1 | 43.7 |
1996 |
75.4 | 95.8 | 59.4 | 76.2 | 96.5 | 59.2 | 72.1 | 92.2 | 63.1 | – | – | – | 66.2 | 94.6 | 44.7 |
1997 |
76.6 | 95.9 | 61.4 | 77.5 | 96.5 | 61.4 | 73.6 | 92.1 | 65.1 | – | – | – | 68.6 | 94.6 | 48.0 |
1998 |
77.2 | 96.2 | 61.9 | 77.7 | 96.7 | 61.5 | 75.8 | 93.2 | 67.5 | – | – | – | 69.5 | 95.0 | 48.9 |
1999 |
77.0 | 96.4 | 61.5 | 77.0 | 97.0 | 60.1 | 78.7 | 92.4 | 72.0 | – | – | – | 68.8 | 96.2 | 47.4 |
2000 |
76.3 | 96.4 | 60.4 | 76.3 | 96.7 | 59.0 | 77.6 | 93.6 | 69.8 | – | – | – | 70.4 | 96.2 | 50.0 |
2001 |
76.0 | 95.9 | 60.2 | 76.1 | 96.4 | 58.9 | 77.3 | 92.6 | 69.7 | – | – | – | 69.7 | 95.3 | 48.7 |
2002 |
76.1 | 95.8 | 60.2 | 76.3 | 96.2 | 59.2 | 76.9 | 93.2 | 68.6 | 72.1 | 95.4 | 53.5 | 70.3 | 95.1 | 50.3 |
2003 |
75.2 | 95.7 | 58.9 | 75.6 | 96.2 | 57.8 | 74.7 | 91.4 | 67.0 | 73.0 | 94.5 | 55.1 | 69.5 | 95.2 | 47.9 |
2004 |
74.4 | 95.7 | 57.5 | 74.9 | 96.3 | 56.8 | 74.7 | 91.0 | 66.4 | 70.2 | 93.8 | 50.4 | 68.2 | 95.2 | 46.0 |
2005 |
74.8 | 95.5 | 58.4 | 75.1 | 96.4 | 57.2 | 74.7 | 90.6 | 67.0 | 72.4 | 92.9 | 55.8 | 67.7 | 96.0 | 45.0 |
2006 |
75.8 | 95.5 | 60.2 | 76.2 | 96.2 | 59.3 | 75.0 | 90.6 | 67.2 | 73.4 | 94.2 | 56.8 | 69.5 | 95.9 | 48.6 |
2007 |
75.6 | 95.9 | 59.2 | 76.0 | 96.4 | 58.3 | 74.8 | 92.8 | 65.7 | 73.6 | 94.2 | 56.2 | 69.9 | 96.0 | 47.6 |
2008 |
76.1 | 95.7 | 60.4 | 76.4 | 96.2 | 59.4 | 75.0 | 92.4 | 66.7 | 75.9 | 94.4 | 59.5 | 70.3 | 95.9 | 47.9 |
2009 |
76.1 | 95.0 | 61.1 | 76.6 | 95.5 | 60.5 | 74.5 | 90.2 | 66.6 | 76.1 | 95.9 | 58.2 | 70.0 | 94.4 | 49.1 |
2010 |
75.7 | 94.7 | 60.7 | 76.4 | 95.7 | 60.3 | 74.2 | 91.0 | 65.6 | 72.2 | 91.2 | 55.3 | 71.3 | 95.3 | 50.8 |
2011 |
75.7 | 94.7 | 60.6 | 76.1 | 95.3 | 60.0 | 75.0 | 89.2 | 67.5 | 73.8 | 95.3 | 54.1 | 71.3 | 95.5 | 50.1 |
2012 |
76.0 | 95.0 | 61.4 | 76.6 | 95.5 | 61.2 | 75.5 | 92.2 | 67.0 | 72.4 | 94.3 | 53.7 | 71.2 | 95.5 | 52.4 |
2013 |
75.8 | 94.0 | 61.1 | 76.2 | 94.9 | 60.3 | 76.6 | 89.9 | 68.8 | 72.5 | 92.6 | 55.5 | 70.3 | 94.3 | 50.4 |
2014 |
76.0 | 94.4 | 61.0 | 76.6 | 95.0 | 60.8 | 75.9 | 90.2 | 67.6 | 72.6 | 94.5 | 53.4 | 70.8 | 95.1 | 50.6 |
2015 |
76.1 | 93.9 | 61.4 | 76.4 | 94.7 | 60.6 | 77.5 | 89.7 | 70.3 | 70.8 | 92.8 | 52.0 | 70.9 | 94.4 | 50.6 |
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Year | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
1972 |
5.6 | 5.0 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 11.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
1973 |
4.9 | 4.2 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 9.4 | 8.0 | 11.1 | – | – | – | 7.5 | 6.7 | 9.0 |
1974 |
5.6 | 4.9 | 6.7 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 6.1 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 11.3 | – | – | – | 8.1 | 7.3 | 9.4 |
1975 |
8.5 | 7.9 | 9.3 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 8.6 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | – | – | – | 12.2 | 11.4 | 13.5 |
1976 |
7.7 | 7.1 | 8.6 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 14.0 | 13.7 | 14.3 | – | – | – | 11.5 | 10.8 | 12.7 |
1977 |
7.1 | 6.3 | 8.2 | 6.2 | 5.5 | 7.3 | 14.0 | 13.3 | 14.9 | – | – | – | 10.1 | 9.0 | 11.9 |
1978 |
6.1 | 5.3 | 7.2 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 12.8 | 11.8 | 13.8 | – | – | – | 9.1 | 7.7 | 11.3 |
1979 |
5.8 | 5.1 | 6.8 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 13.3 | – | – | – | 8.3 | 7.0 | 10.3 |
1980 |
7.1 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 14.3 | 14.5 | 14.0 | – | – | – | 10.1 | 9.7 | 10.7 |
1981 |
7.6 | 7.4 | 7.9 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 15.6 | 15.7 | 15.6 | – | – | – | 10.4 | 10.2 | 10.8 |
1982 |
9.7 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 8.3 | 18.9 | 20.1 | 17.6 | – | – | – | 13.8 | 13.6 | 14.1 |
1983 |
9.6 | 9.9 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 8.8 | 7.9 | 19.5 | 20.3 | 18.6 | – | – | – | 13.7 | 13.6 | 13.8 |
1984 |
7.5 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 15.9 | 16.4 | 15.4 | – | – | – | 10.7 | 10.5 | 11.1 |
1985 |
7.2 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 15.1 | 15.3 | 14.9 | – | – | – | 10.5 | 10.2 | 11.0 |
1986 |
7.0 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 14.5 | 14.8 | 14.2 | – | – | – | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.8 |
1987 |
6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 13.0 | 12.7 | 13.2 | – | – | – | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.9 |
1988 |
5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | – | – | – | 8.2 | 8.1 | 8.3 |
1989 |
5.3 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.4 | – | – | – | 8.0 | 7.6 | 8.8 |
1990 |
5.6 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 11.4 | 11.9 | 10.9 | – | – | – | 8.2 | 8.0 | 8.4 |
1991 |
6.8 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 5.6 | 12.5 | 13.0 | 12.0 | – | – | – | 10.0 | 10.3 | 9.6 |
1992 |
7.5 | 7.9 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 14.2 | 15.2 | 13.2 | – | – | – | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.4 |
1993 |
6.9 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 13.0 | 13.8 | 12.1 | – | – | – | 10.8 | 10.6 | 11.0 |
1994 |
6.1 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 11.5 | 12.0 | 11.0 | – | – | – | 9.9 | 9.4 | 10.7 |
1995 |
5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 10.4 | 10.6 | 10.2 | – | – | – | 9.3 | 8.8 | 10.0 |
1996 |
5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 10.0 | – | – | – | 8.9 | 7.9 | 10.2 |
1997 |
4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 9.9 | – | – | – | 7.7 | 7.0 | 8.9 |
1998 |
4.5 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 9.0 | – | – | – | 7.2 | 6.4 | 8.2 |
1999 |
4.2 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 7.8 | – | – | – | 6.4 | 5.6 | 7.6 |
2000 |
4.0 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 7.1 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 6.8 |
2001 |
4.7 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 8.6 | 9.3 | 8.1 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 7.5 |
2002 |
5.8 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 8.0 |
2003 |
6.0 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 10.8 | 11.6 | 10.2 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 8.4 |
2004 |
5.5 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 10.4 | 11.1 | 9.8 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 7.6 |
2005 |
5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 10.0 | 10.5 | 9.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 6.0 | 5.4 | 6.9 |
2006 |
4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 8.9 | 9.5 | 8.4 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 5.9 |
2007 |
4.6 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 7.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 6.1 |
2008 |
5.8 | 6.1 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 10.1 | 11.4 | 8.9 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.7 |
2009 |
9.3 | 10.3 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 7.3 | 14.8 | 17.5 | 12.4 | 7.3 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 11.5 |
2010 |
9.6 | 10.5 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 9.6 | 7.7 | 16.0 | 18.4 | 13.8 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 12.5 | 12.7 | 12.3 |
2011 |
8.9 | 9.4 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 15.8 | 17.8 | 14.1 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 7.3 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 11.8 |
2012 |
8.1 | 8.2 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 13.8 | 15.0 | 12.8 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 10.9 |
2013 |
7.4 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 13.1 | 14.2 | 12.1 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 9.5 |
2014 |
6.2 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 11.3 | 12.2 | 10.5 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 8.2 |
2015 |
5.3 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 8.9 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 7.1 |
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Year | American Indian and Alaska Native | Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | Two or More Races | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
2003 |
10.5 | 11.2 | 9.6 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 8.9 |
2004 |
9.6 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 5.4 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 |
2005 |
9.3 | 8.7 | 10.1 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 8.2 |
2006 |
7.9 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 5.3 | 6.3 | 4.3 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 6.0 |
2007 |
8.1 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 4.3 | 7.1 | 7.4 | 6.8 |
2008 |
9.9 | 10.8 | 8.8 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 8.7 |
2009 |
13.3 | 15.5 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 11.6 | 10.0 | 13.6 | 14.2 | 12.9 |
2010 |
15.1 | 17.3 | 12.7 | 12.0 | 13.6 | 10.4 | 13.6 | 14.2 | 13.0 |
2011 |
14.6 | 15.4 | 13.7 | 10.4 | 11.4 | 9.3 | 13.6 | 14.0 | 13.1 |
2012 |
12.3 | 11.9 | 12.7 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 11.2 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 11.5 |
2013 |
12.8 | 13.3 | 12.1 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 9.3 | 11.0 | 11.4 | 10.5 |
2014 |
11.3 | 11.9 | 10.6 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 10.2 | 10.9 | 9.5 |
2015 |
9.9 | 11.1 | 8.5 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 8.7 |
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Duration of unemployment | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) |
8,296 | 5,662 | 1,846 | 347 | 1,726 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Less than 5 weeks |
28.9 | 30.8 | 22.6 | 28.6 | 31.7 |
5 to 14 weeks |
27.7 | 28.4 | 26.0 | 24.5 | 28.0 |
15 to 26 weeks |
15.3 | 14.8 | 17.0 | 15.8 | 15.0 |
27 weeks and over |
28.1 | 26.0 | 34.4 | 31.1 | 25.3 |
Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) |
29.2 | 27.5 | 33.8 | 33.3 | 25.2 |
Median duration, in weeks |
11.6 | 10.5 | 15.5 | 13.1 | 10.4 |
Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) |
4,490 | 3,126 | 935 | 191 | 943 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Less than 5 weeks |
28.1 | 30.2 | 21.2 | 26.2 | 33.1 |
5 to 14 weeks |
26.9 | 27.8 | 24.9 | 21.9 | 27.5 |
15 to 26 weeks |
15.5 | 15.1 | 17.2 | 15.9 | 15.0 |
27 weeks and over |
29.5 | 27.0 | 36.7 | 36.0 | 24.4 |
Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) |
30.3 | 28.2 | 36.0 | 38.1 | 23.5 |
Median duration, in weeks |
12.3 | 11.1 | 17.2 | 16.0 | 10.1 |
Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) |
3,807 | 2,537 | 911 | 156 | 783 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Less than 5 weeks |
29.9 | 31.7 | 24.0 | 31.6 | 30.1 |
5 to 14 weeks |
28.8 | 29.2 | 27.2 | 27.8 | 28.6 |
15 to 26 weeks |
15.0 | 14.4 | 16.7 | 15.6 | 14.9 |
27 weeks and over |
26.4 | 24.7 | 32.1 | 25.0 | 26.4 |
Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1) |
27.8 | 26.7 | 31.6 | 27.3 | 27.3 |
Median duration, in weeks |
10.8 | 10.0 | 14.0 | 10.7 | 10.8 |
(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Reason for unemployment | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) |
8,296 | 5,662 | 1,846 | 347 | 1,726 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs |
49.0 | 51.4 | 45.7 | 41.5 | 50.4 |
On temporary layoff |
11.7 | 13.8 | 6.4 | 8.0 | 13.3 |
Not on temporary layoff |
37.2 | 37.6 | 39.4 | 33.5 | 37.1 |
Permanent job losers |
26.3 | 27.2 | 25.7 | 25.5 | 24.2 |
Persons who completed temporary jobs |
11.0 | 10.4 | 13.7 | 8.0 | 12.9 |
Job leavers |
9.9 | 10.2 | 7.9 | 9.7 | 8.8 |
Reentrants |
30.6 | 29.1 | 34.1 | 31.3 | 28.4 |
New entrants |
10.6 | 9.4 | 12.3 | 17.5 | 12.4 |
Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) |
4,490 | 3,126 | 935 | 191 | 943 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs |
54.4 | 57.1 | 49.6 | 45.1 | 58.4 |
On temporary layoff |
13.2 | 15.3 | 7.5 | 6.6 | 16.1 |
Not on temporary layoff |
41.2 | 41.8 | 42.1 | 38.5 | 42.3 |
Permanent job losers |
28.4 | 29.4 | 26.5 | 31.5 | 26.6 |
Persons who completed temporary jobs |
12.8 | 12.4 | 15.6 | 7.0 | 15.8 |
Job leavers |
8.8 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 10.2 | 7.5 |
Reentrants |
26.2 | 24.6 | 30.1 | 29.9 | 22.3 |
New entrants |
10.6 | 9.2 | 13.2 | 14.9 | 11.7 |
Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) |
3,807 | 2,537 | 911 | 156 | 783 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs |
42.6 | 44.4 | 41.8 | 37.1 | 40.8 |
On temporary layoff |
10.1 | 12.1 | 5.3 | 9.7 | 9.9 |
Not on temporary layoff |
32.6 | 32.4 | 36.5 | 27.5 | 30.8 |
Permanent job losers |
23.7 | 24.5 | 24.8 | 18.2 | 21.5 |
Persons who completed temporary jobs |
8.8 | 7.9 | 11.7 | 9.2 | 9.4 |
Job leavers |
11.1 | 11.5 | 8.7 | 9.1 | 10.4 |
Reentrants |
35.7 | 34.6 | 38.2 | 33.2 | 35.6 |
New entrants |
10.6 | 9.5 | 11.3 | 20.6 | 13.2 |
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | Civilian labor force(1) | Not in the labor force | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Want a job | Do not want a job now | ||||||
Total | Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 weeks | |||||||
Total | Marginally attached (available to work now)(2) | |||||||
Total | Discouraged workers(3) | Other(4) | ||||||
Total |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
157,130 | 93,671 | 6,082 | 2,628 | 1,956 | 664 | 1,291 | 87,589 |
16 to 24 years |
21,223 | 17,367 | 1,842 | 812 | 525 | 159 | 366 | 15,525 |
25 to 54 years |
101,152 | 23,957 | 2,612 | 1,256 | 949 | 316 | 632 | 21,344 |
55 years and older |
34,755 | 52,347 | 1,628 | 561 | 482 | 189 | 293 | 50,719 |
Men, 16 years and older |
83,620 | 37,481 | 2,799 | 1,292 | 1,015 | 404 | 611 | 34,681 |
16 to 24 years |
10,923 | 8,519 | 942 | 428 | 288 | 103 | 185 | 7,578 |
25 to 54 years |
54,226 | 7,199 | 1,084 | 583 | 479 | 191 | 288 | 6,115 |
55 years and older |
18,472 | 21,763 | 774 | 281 | 248 | 109 | 138 | 20,989 |
Women, 16 years and older |
73,510 | 56,190 | 3,283 | 1,336 | 941 | 261 | 680 | 52,907 |
16 to 24 years |
10,300 | 8,848 | 900 | 384 | 236 | 55 | 181 | 7,947 |
25 to 54 years |
46,926 | 16,758 | 1,528 | 673 | 470 | 126 | 344 | 15,230 |
55 years and older |
16,283 | 30,585 | 854 | 280 | 235 | 80 | 155 | 29,731 |
White |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
123,607 | 73,261 | 4,179 | 1,738 | 1,282 | 421 | 861 | 69,082 |
16 to 24 years |
16,241 | 12,252 | 1,247 | 536 | 337 | 96 | 242 | 11,006 |
25 to 54 years |
78,300 | 17,556 | 1,705 | 789 | 591 | 182 | 409 | 15,851 |
55 years and older |
29,065 | 43,453 | 1,228 | 413 | 354 | 143 | 211 | 42,225 |
Men, 16 years and older |
67,018 | 29,129 | 1,924 | 853 | 663 | 260 | 403 | 27,206 |
16 to 24 years |
8,474 | 5,973 | 646 | 290 | 190 | 65 | 125 | 5,327 |
25 to 54 years |
42,829 | 5,003 | 689 | 356 | 291 | 110 | 181 | 4,314 |
55 years and older |
15,716 | 18,154 | 589 | 206 | 182 | 84 | 97 | 17,565 |
Women, 16 years and older |
56,589 | 44,132 | 2,255 | 886 | 619 | 161 | 459 | 41,876 |
16 to 24 years |
7,768 | 6,279 | 601 | 246 | 147 | 30 | 117 | 5,679 |
25 to 54 years |
35,472 | 12,553 | 1,016 | 433 | 300 | 72 | 228 | 11,537 |
55 years and older |
13,350 | 25,299 | 639 | 207 | 172 | 59 | 114 | 24,661 |
Black or African American |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
19,318 | 12,068 | 1,189 | 577 | 459 | 183 | 276 | 10,880 |
16 to 24 years |
3,038 | 2,879 | 375 | 179 | 129 | 47 | 81 | 2,504 |
25 to 54 years |
12,984 | 3,561 | 549 | 301 | 246 | 108 | 138 | 3,012 |
55 years and older |
3,295 | 5,629 | 266 | 97 | 85 | 28 | 57 | 5,364 |
Men, 16 years and older |
9,099 | 5,169 | 550 | 278 | 232 | 104 | 128 | 4,619 |
16 to 24 years |
1,471 | 1,428 | 184 | 88 | 66 | 27 | 39 | 1,244 |
25 to 54 years |
6,105 | 1,442 | 251 | 148 | 128 | 63 | 65 | 1,191 |
55 years and older |
1,524 | 2,299 | 115 | 43 | 38 | 13 | 25 | 2,184 |
Women, 16 years and older |
10,218 | 6,899 | 639 | 299 | 227 | 80 | 147 | 6,261 |
16 to 24 years |
1,567 | 1,451 | 190 | 91 | 63 | 20 | 43 | 1,261 |
25 to 54 years |
6,880 | 2,118 | 297 | 153 | 118 | 45 | 73 | 1,821 |
55 years and older |
1,772 | 3,330 | 151 | 55 | 47 | 15 | 32 | 3,179 |
Asian |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
9,053 | 5,366 | 370 | 158 | 99 | 30 | 69 | 4,997 |
16 to 24 years |
854 | 1,271 | 82 | 36 | 16 | 3 | 12 | 1,189 |
25 to 54 years |
6,476 | 1,842 | 202 | 90 | 55 | 13 | 42 | 1,640 |
55 years and older |
1,723 | 2,253 | 86 | 32 | 28 | 13 | 15 | 2,167 |
Men, 16 years and older |
4,811 | 1,925 | 166 | 83 | 58 | 21 | 37 | 1,759 |
16 to 24 years |
431 | 631 | 43 | 18 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 588 |
25 to 54 years |
3,488 | 423 | 77 | 43 | 30 | 9 | 21 | 345 |
55 years and older |
892 | 872 | 46 | 23 | 19 | 10 | 10 | 826 |
Women, 16 years and older |
4,242 | 3,441 | 204 | 75 | 41 | 9 | 32 | 3,237 |
16 to 24 years |
424 | 641 | 39 | 18 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 602 |
25 to 54 years |
2,988 | 1,419 | 125 | 47 | 25 | 4 | 21 | 1,295 |
55 years and older |
831 | 1,381 | 40 | 10 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 1,341 |
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
26,126 | 13,491 | 1,118 | 457 | 340 | 116 | 224 | 12,374 |
16 to 24 years |
4,509 | 3,894 | 379 | 154 | 109 | 39 | 70 | 3,515 |
25 to 54 years |
18,315 | 4,948 | 560 | 243 | 181 | 56 | 125 | 4,388 |
55 years and older |
3,303 | 4,650 | 179 | 60 | 50 | 22 | 29 | 4,471 |
Men, 16 years and older |
15,054 | 4,691 | 470 | 213 | 166 | 69 | 97 | 4,221 |
16 to 24 years |
2,461 | 1,820 | 194 | 87 | 63 | 27 | 36 | 1,626 |
25 to 54 years |
10,722 | 1,089 | 186 | 94 | 75 | 28 | 46 | 902 |
55 years and older |
1,871 | 1,783 | 89 | 32 | 27 | 13 | 14 | 1,693 |
Women, 16 years and older |
11,072 | 8,800 | 648 | 244 | 175 | 47 | 127 | 8,152 |
16 to 24 years |
2,047 | 2,074 | 185 | 66 | 46 | 12 | 34 | 1,889 |
25 to 54 years |
7,593 | 3,859 | 373 | 150 | 106 | 27 | 79 | 3,486 |
55 years and older |
1,432 | 2,867 | 89 | 28 | 23 | 8 | 14 | 2,778 |
(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed. (2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Years | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
|||||
1979 |
$241 | $248 | $199 | – | $194 |
1980 |
262 | 269 | 212 | – | 209 |
1981 |
284 | 291 | 235 | – | 223 |
1982 |
302 | 310 | 245 | – | 240 |
1983 |
313 | 320 | 261 | – | 250 |
1984 |
326 | 336 | 269 | – | 259 |
1985 |
344 | 356 | 277 | – | 270 |
1986 |
359 | 371 | 291 | – | 277 |
1987 |
374 | 384 | 301 | – | 285 |
1988 |
385 | 395 | 314 | – | 290 |
1989 |
399 | 409 | 319 | – | 298 |
1990 |
412 | 424 | 329 | – | 304 |
1991 |
426 | 442 | 348 | – | 312 |
1992 |
440 | 458 | 357 | – | 321 |
1993 |
459 | 475 | 369 | – | 331 |
1994 |
467 | 484 | 371 | – | 324 |
1995 |
479 | 494 | 383 | – | 329 |
1996 |
490 | 506 | 387 | – | 339 |
1997 |
503 | 519 | 400 | – | 351 |
1998 |
523 | 545 | 426 | – | 370 |
1999 |
549 | 573 | 445 | – | 385 |
2000 |
576 | 590 | 474 | 615 | 399 |
2001 |
596 | 610 | 491 | 639 | 417 |
2002 |
608 | 623 | 498 | 658 | 424 |
2003 |
620 | 636 | 514 | 693 | 440 |
2004 |
638 | 657 | 525 | 708 | 456 |
2005 |
651 | 672 | 520 | 753 | 471 |
2006 |
671 | 690 | 554 | 784 | 486 |
2007 |
695 | 716 | 569 | 830 | 503 |
2008 |
722 | 742 | 589 | 861 | 529 |
2009 |
739 | 757 | 601 | 880 | 541 |
2010 |
747 | 765 | 611 | 855 | 535 |
2011 |
756 | 775 | 615 | 866 | 549 |
2012 |
768 | 792 | 621 | 920 | 568 |
2013 |
776 | 802 | 629 | 942 | 578 |
2014 |
791 | 816 | 639 | 953 | 594 |
2015 |
809 | 835 | 641 | 993 | 604 |
Men |
|||||
1979 |
$292 | $298 | $227 | – | $219 |
1980 |
313 | 320 | 244 | – | 234 |
1981 |
340 | 350 | 268 | – | 251 |
1982 |
364 | 375 | 278 | – | 269 |
1983 |
379 | 387 | 294 | – | 274 |
1984 |
392 | 401 | 303 | – | 287 |
1985 |
407 | 418 | 305 | – | 296 |
1986 |
419 | 433 | 319 | – | 299 |
1987 |
434 | 450 | 327 | – | 306 |
1988 |
449 | 465 | 348 | – | 308 |
1989 |
468 | 482 | 348 | – | 315 |
1990 |
481 | 494 | 361 | – | 318 |
1991 |
493 | 506 | 375 | – | 323 |
1992 |
501 | 514 | 380 | – | 339 |
1993 |
510 | 524 | 392 | – | 346 |
1994 |
522 | 547 | 400 | – | 343 |
1995 |
538 | 566 | 411 | – | 350 |
1996 |
557 | 580 | 412 | – | 356 |
1997 |
579 | 595 | 432 | – | 371 |
1998 |
598 | 615 | 468 | – | 390 |
1999 |
618 | 638 | 488 | – | 406 |
2000 |
641 | 662 | 510 | 685 | 417 |
2001 |
670 | 689 | 529 | 732 | 440 |
2002 |
679 | 702 | 524 | 756 | 451 |
2003 |
695 | 715 | 555 | 772 | 464 |
2004 |
713 | 732 | 569 | 802 | 480 |
2005 |
722 | 743 | 559 | 825 | 489 |
2006 |
743 | 761 | 591 | 882 | 505 |
2007 |
766 | 788 | 600 | 936 | 520 |
2008 |
798 | 825 | 620 | 966 | 559 |
2009 |
819 | 845 | 621 | 952 | 569 |
2010 |
824 | 850 | 633 | 936 | 560 |
2011 |
832 | 856 | 653 | 970 | 571 |
2012 |
854 | 879 | 665 | 1,055 | 592 |
2013 |
860 | 884 | 664 | 1,059 | 594 |
2014 |
871 | 897 | 680 | 1,080 | 616 |
2015 |
895 | 920 | 680 | 1,129 | 631 |
Women |
|||||
1979 |
$182 | $184 | $169 | – | $157 |
1980 |
201 | 203 | 185 | – | 172 |
1981 |
219 | 221 | 206 | – | 190 |
1982 |
239 | 242 | 217 | – | 203 |
1983 |
252 | 254 | 232 | – | 215 |
1984 |
265 | 268 | 241 | – | 223 |
1985 |
277 | 281 | 252 | – | 230 |
1986 |
291 | 294 | 264 | – | 241 |
1987 |
303 | 307 | 276 | – | 251 |
1988 |
315 | 318 | 288 | – | 260 |
1989 |
328 | 334 | 301 | – | 269 |
1990 |
346 | 353 | 308 | – | 278 |
1991 |
366 | 373 | 323 | – | 292 |
1992 |
380 | 387 | 335 | – | 302 |
1993 |
393 | 401 | 348 | – | 313 |
1994 |
399 | 408 | 346 | – | 305 |
1995 |
406 | 415 | 355 | – | 305 |
1996 |
418 | 428 | 362 | – | 316 |
1997 |
431 | 444 | 375 | – | 318 |
1998 |
456 | 468 | 400 | – | 337 |
1999 |
473 | 483 | 409 | – | 348 |
2000 |
493 | 502 | 429 | 547 | 366 |
2001 |
512 | 522 | 454 | 563 | 388 |
2002 |
529 | 547 | 473 | 566 | 397 |
2003 |
552 | 567 | 491 | 598 | 410 |
2004 |
573 | 584 | 505 | 613 | 419 |
2005 |
585 | 596 | 499 | 665 | 429 |
2006 |
600 | 609 | 519 | 699 | 440 |
2007 |
614 | 626 | 533 | 731 | 473 |
2008 |
638 | 654 | 554 | 753 | 501 |
2009 |
657 | 669 | 582 | 779 | 509 |
2010 |
669 | 684 | 592 | 773 | 508 |
2011 |
684 | 703 | 595 | 751 | 518 |
2012 |
691 | 710 | 599 | 770 | 521 |
2013 |
706 | 722 | 606 | 819 | 541 |
2014 |
719 | 734 | 611 | 841 | 548 |
2015 |
726 | 743 | 615 | 877 | 566 |
Women's earnings as a percent of men's |
|||||
1979 |
62.3 | 61.7 | 74.4 | – | 71.7 |
1980 |
64.2 | 63.4 | 75.8 | – | 73.5 |
1981 |
64.4 | 63.1 | 76.9 | – | 75.7 |
1982 |
65.7 | 64.5 | 78.1 | – | 75.5 |
1983 |
66.5 | 65.6 | 78.9 | – | 78.5 |
1984 |
67.6 | 66.8 | 79.5 | – | 77.7 |
1985 |
68.1 | 67.2 | 82.6 | – | 77.7 |
1986 |
69.5 | 67.9 | 82.8 | – | 80.6 |
1987 |
69.8 | 68.2 | 84.4 | – | 82.0 |
1988 |
70.2 | 68.4 | 82.8 | – | 84.4 |
1989 |
70.1 | 69.3 | 86.5 | – | 85.4 |
1990 |
71.9 | 71.5 | 85.3 | – | 87.4 |
1991 |
74.2 | 73.7 | 86.1 | – | 90.4 |
1992 |
75.8 | 75.3 | 88.2 | – | 89.1 |
1993 |
77.1 | 76.5 | 88.8 | – | 90.5 |
1994 |
76.4 | 74.6 | 86.5 | – | 88.9 |
1995 |
75.5 | 73.3 | 86.4 | – | 87.1 |
1996 |
75.0 | 73.8 | 87.9 | – | 88.8 |
1997 |
74.4 | 74.6 | 86.8 | – | 85.7 |
1998 |
76.3 | 76.1 | 85.5 | – | 86.4 |
1999 |
76.5 | 75.7 | 83.8 | – | 85.7 |
2000 |
76.9 | 75.8 | 84.1 | 79.9 | 87.8 |
2001 |
76.4 | 75.8 | 85.8 | 76.9 | 88.2 |
2002 |
77.9 | 77.9 | 90.3 | 74.9 | 88.0 |
2003 |
79.4 | 79.3 | 88.5 | 77.5 | 88.4 |
2004 |
80.4 | 79.8 | 88.8 | 76.4 | 87.3 |
2005 |
81.0 | 80.2 | 89.3 | 80.6 | 87.7 |
2006 |
80.8 | 80.0 | 87.8 | 79.3 | 87.1 |
2007 |
80.2 | 79.4 | 88.8 | 78.1 | 91.0 |
2008 |
79.9 | 79.3 | 89.4 | 78.0 | 89.6 |
2009 |
80.2 | 79.2 | 93.7 | 81.8 | 89.5 |
2010 |
81.2 | 80.5 | 93.5 | 82.6 | 90.7 |
2011 |
82.2 | 82.1 | 91.1 | 77.4 | 90.7 |
2012 |
80.9 | 80.8 | 90.1 | 73.0 | 88.0 |
2013 |
82.1 | 81.7 | 91.3 | 77.3 | 91.1 |
2014 |
82.5 | 81.8 | 89.9 | 77.9 | 89.0 |
2015 |
81.1 | 80.8 | 90.4 | 77.7 | 89.7 |
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Educational attainment and gender | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, 25 years and older |
$860 | $885 | $682 | $1,031 | $631 |
Less than a high school diploma |
493 | 498 | 448 | 475 | 478 |
High school graduates, no college(1) |
678 | 706 | 578 | 611 | 611 |
Some college, no degree |
738 | 767 | 619 | 722 | 686 |
Associate's degree |
798 | 826 | 681 | 793 | 727 |
Bachelor's degree and higher(2) |
1,230 | 1,245 | 1,010 | 1,351 | 1,044 |
Men, 25 years and older |
947 | 974 | 722 | 1,157 | 674 |
Less than a high school diploma |
520 | 524 | 492 | 495 | 502 |
High school graduates, no college(1) |
759 | 792 | 614 | 654 | 678 |
Some college, no degree |
850 | 889 | 678 | 825 | 764 |
Associate's degree |
931 | 960 | 765 | 828 | 859 |
Bachelor's degree and higher(2) |
1,420 | 1,448 | 1,103 | 1,495 | 1,167 |
Women, 25 years and older |
761 | 778 | 651 | 902 | 593 |
Less than a high school diploma |
418 | 418 | 406 | 443 | 410 |
High school graduates, no college(1) |
586 | 602 | 511 | 577 | 532 |
Some college, no degree |
637 | 652 | 579 | 616 | 610 |
Associate's degree |
703 | 721 | 630 | 747 | 630 |
Bachelor's degree and higher(2) |
1,064 | 1,070 | 961 | 1,162 | 958 |
(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Occupation and gender | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, 16 years and older |
$809 | $835 | $641 | $993 | $604 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
1,158 | 1,165 | 937 | 1,402 | 970 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
1,258 | 1,286 | 977 | 1,372 | 988 |
Management occupations |
1,351 | 1,373 | 1,012 | 1,530 | 1,026 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
1,137 | 1,151 | 959 | 1,232 | 940 |
Professional and related occupations |
1,112 | 1,109 | 905 | 1,416 | 956 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
1,428 | 1,425 | 1,225 | 1,559 | 1,245 |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
1,424 | 1,426 | 1,167 | 1,539 | 1,326 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
1,206 | 1,211 | 1,149 | 1,327 | 1,057 |
Community and social services occupations |
889 | 916 | 789 | 970 | 852 |
Legal occupations |
1,391 | 1,421 | 1,125 | 1,510 | 1,100 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
956 | 966 | 836 | 1,085 | 858 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
1,001 | 1,004 | 744 | 1,133 | 788 |
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations |
1,041 | 1,044 | 868 | 1,372 | 953 |
Service occupations |
509 | 518 | 477 | 518 | 469 |
Healthcare support occupations |
498 | 512 | 462 | 556 | 500 |
Protective service occupations |
796 | 867 | 633 | 745 | 745 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
441 | 454 | 403 | 483 | 420 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
486 | 490 | 458 | 534 | 444 |
Personal care and service occupations |
498 | 499 | 483 | 512 | 478 |
Sales and office occupations |
673 | 692 | 593 | 692 | 593 |
Sales and related occupations |
716 | 751 | 504 | 691 | 582 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
656 | 663 | 616 | 692 | 598 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
761 | 767 | 699 | 806 | 598 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
464 | 462 | 515 | 343 | 435 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
749 | 758 | 673 | 691 | 608 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
839 | 849 | 770 | 884 | 692 |
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations |
656 | 683 | 584 | 611 | 556 |
Production occupations |
663 | 686 | 583 | 620 | 555 |
Transportation and material moving occupations |
646 | 679 | 584 | 580 | 556 |
Men, 16 years and older |
895 | 920 | 680 | 1,129 | 631 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
1,383 | 1,399 | 1,075 | 1,560 | 1,127 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
1,436 | 1,457 | 1,099 | 1,547 | 1,092 |
Management occupations |
1,486 | 1,513 | 1,129 | 1,626 | 1,131 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
1,327 | 1,343 | 1,055 | 1,416 | 1,001 |
Professional and related occupations |
1,343 | 1,345 | 1,062 | 1,566 | 1,144 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
1,503 | 1,497 | 1,253 | 1,668 | 1,226 |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
1,452 | 1,460 | 1,179 | 1,548 | 1,373 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
1,379 | 1,366 | 1,151 | 1,757 | 1,072 |
Community and social services occupations |
973 | 1,034 | 805 | 1,069 | 1,000 |
Legal occupations |
1,877 | 1,883 | 2,137 | 1,833 | 1,423 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
1,144 | 1,156 | 983 | 1,238 | 1,023 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
1,088 | 1,101 | 722 | 1,245 | 857 |
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations |
1,272 | 1,285 | 1,004 | 1,572 | 1,129 |
Service occupations |
585 | 601 | 524 | 588 | 496 |
Healthcare support occupations |
577 | 591 | 502 | 661 | 557 |
Protective service occupations |
851 | 905 | 660 | 742 | 796 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
481 | 492 | 412 | 518 | 456 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
517 | 520 | 502 | 622 | 475 |
Personal care and service occupations |
597 | 621 | 534 | 546 | 588 |
Sales and office occupations |
777 | 817 | 602 | 763 | 636 |
Sales and related occupations |
880 | 917 | 604 | 830 | 714 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
693 | 711 | 601 | 711 | 594 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
770 | 776 | 699 | 808 | 606 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
477 | 473 | 556 | 344 | 438 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
751 | 761 | 668 | 681 | 608 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
842 | 850 | 770 | 890 | 698 |
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations |
704 | 724 | 610 | 659 | 599 |
Production occupations |
729 | 748 | 612 | 696 | 605 |
Transportation and material moving occupations |
679 | 701 | 609 | 599 | 592 |
Women, 16 years and older |
726 | 743 | 615 | 877 | 566 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
996 | 1,001 | 884 | 1,210 | 879 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
1,073 | 1,087 | 945 | 1,199 | 916 |
Management occupations |
1,139 | 1,148 | 947 | 1,365 | 942 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
1,004 | 1,009 | 942 | 1,134 | 883 |
Professional and related occupations |
963 | 966 | 844 | 1,213 | 853 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
1,245 | 1,236 | 1,108 | 1,350 | 1,259 |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
1,257 | 1,238 | 947 | 1,458 | 1,025 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
1,067 | 1,053 | 1,148 | 1,089 | 1,046 |
Community and social services occupations |
845 | 863 | 781 | 939 | 817 |
Legal occupations |
1,135 | 1,138 | 945 | 1,440 | 915 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
907 | 919 | 780 | 1,017 | 791 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
942 | 939 | 925 | 997 | 686 |
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations |
991 | 995 | 845 | 1,280 | 890 |
Service occupations |
463 | 467 | 440 | 489 | 430 |
Healthcare support occupations |
490 | 506 | 453 | 518 | 490 |
Protective service occupations |
655 | 678 | 562 | 888 | 645 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
414 | 418 | 396 | 411 | 395 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
419 | 423 | 402 | 424 | 414 |
Personal care and service occupations |
475 | 465 | 459 | 503 | 429 |
Sales and office occupations |
627 | 636 | 588 | 651 | 575 |
Sales and related occupations |
578 | 598 | 440 | 590 | 496 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
646 | 650 | 623 | 675 | 599 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
580 | 561 | 727 | 614 | 437 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
437 | 434 | 443 | 321 | 430 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
704 | 662 | 908 | 1,059 | 606 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
761 | 794 | 661 | 617 | 365 |
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations |
512 | 519 | 478 | 550 | 438 |
Production occupations |
519 | 520 | 511 | 562 | 449 |
Transportation and material moving occupations |
494 | 517 | 447 | 500 | 417 |
Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.
Upon request, this information is available to individuals who are sensory-impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.
Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
Employed. Employed people are all those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.
Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work (except for temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.
Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major groups:
1. Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
2. Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.
3. Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.
4. New entrants, people who had never worked.
Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.
Unemployment rate. This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.
Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.
Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.
Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed no jobs were available for them.
Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified in the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS). Additional information about these classifications is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes individuals of a group not listed in the CPS—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, or Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. More information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).
Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.
Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses.
Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90 percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90 percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability, or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.
A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.