Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2016 : BLS Reports: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

October 2017 Report 1070

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Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2016

In 2016, the overall unemployment rate for the United States was 4.9 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, the rates were higher for American Indians and Alaska Natives (8.9 percent), Blacks (8.4 percent), and people categorized as being of Two or More Races (7.5 percent) than for Asians (3.6 percent), Whites (4.3 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (4.4 percent). The jobless rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity was 5.8 percent, higher than the 4.7-percent rate for non-Hispanics.

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic groups. Because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables.

The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2016.

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (78 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 12 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders consisted of less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up about 2 percent of the labor force (as computed from table 1).

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 22 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up another 21 percent, followed by Filipinos (17 percent), Vietnamese (10 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—16 percent—were classified as Other Asian, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Pakistani, Cambodian, and Hmong—and those who reported two or more Asian groups (as computed from table 2).

Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. (See table 2.) By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans—including Salvadorans and Other Central Americans (excluding Salvadorans)—made up another 10 percent. Nine percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 9 percent were classified as Other Hispanics or Latinos, a category that includes two subcategories: Dominicans and Other Hispanics or Latinos (excluding Dominicans).

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (68.7 percent) and Hispanics (65.8 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates while American Indians and Alaska Natives (61.1 percent) and Blacks (61.6 percent) had the lowest participation rates. The participation rates were 62.9 percent for Whites, 63.2 percent for Asians, and 65.0 percent for people of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)

View Chart Data

Chart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages
Race	Percent
Total	62.8
White	62.9
Black or African American	61.6
Asian	63.2
American Indian and Alaska Native	61.1
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	68.7
Two or More Races	65
Hispanic or Latino	65.8

Among adult men (ages 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.5 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups while Blacks (67.5 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (75.3 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (72.0 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (61.8 percent) were more likely than Hispanics (58.4 percent), Whites (57.6 percent), and Asians (57.4 percent) to participate in the labor force. (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (that is, the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 55.7 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 65.7 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 56.4 percent for Blacks, 60.2 percent for Whites, 60.2 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 60.9 percent for Asians, and 62.0 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)

Among adult men (ages 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (76.6 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Blacks (62.0 percent) had the lowest, continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 72.8 percent and 69.1 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the race and ethnicity groups: 57.3 percent for Blacks, 55.4 percent for Whites, 55.2 percent for Asians, and 55.0 percent for Hispanics (as computed from table 3).

The employment–population ratio among teenagers ages 16 to 19 continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (32.1 percent) was about 13 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (18.8 percent) and about 11 percentage points higher than the ratio for Black teens (21.3 percent). The ratio for Hispanic teens was 25.9 percent.

Educational attainment

Among people ages 25 and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent for each of Whites, Blacks, and Asians. By contrast, 74 percent of Hispanics in the labor force had completed high school. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 61 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 39 percent of Whites, 29 percent of Blacks, and 20 percent of Hispanics (as computed from table 6 and chart 2).

View Chart Data

Chart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages
Race	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college, no degree	Associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
White	8	26	16	11	39
Black or African American	7	31	21	12	29
Asian	6	17	9	7	61
Hispanic or Latino	26	30	15	9	20

Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment, for all major race and ethnicity groups. Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education, Blacks and Hispanics were more likely to be unemployed than were Whites and Asians. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education typically are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of those ages 25 and older increased with educational attainment, for all major race and ethnicity groups. However, Blacks and Hispanics generally had lower earnings than Whites and Asians at nearly all educational attainment levels. (See table 17.)

Occupation

Fifty-two percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 40 percent of employed Whites, 30 percent of employed Blacks, and 22 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)

View Chart Data

Chart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages
Occupation	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino
Production, transportation, and material moving	11.3	15.6	9.3	15.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	10.1	5.7	3.4	16.3
Sales and office	22.1	23.5	18.9	20.8
Service	16.5	25.1	16.1	25.4
Management, professional, and related	40.0	30.1	52.3	22.0

Among employed men, 53 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 36 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 18 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas about 12 percent and 14 percent of employed Asian and White men, respectively, worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-seven percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 11 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men.

Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 51 percent of Asian women, compared with 44 percent of White women, 35 percent of Black women, and 27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 62 percent of Hispanics worked in two occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 57 percent of Blacks, 50 percent of Whites, and 42 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 17 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including miscellaneous agricultural workers (53 percent); painters, construction and maintenance (51 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (47 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for one-quarter or more of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (38 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (30 percent); and bus drivers (29 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (58 percent), software developers (36 percent), and physicians and surgeons (19 percent). Whites made up 79 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 97 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 92 percent of construction managers; and 89 percent of lawyers and chief executives, respectively. (See table 8.)

Industry

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (20 percent) than were Whites (13 percent), Blacks (6 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent). Twenty percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White (13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), and Black men (12 percent). A large share of employed women in all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (42 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 9.)

Families and parents

Eighty-nine percent of Asian families and 87 percent of Hispanic families had an employed person. By contrast, White and Black families were less likely to have an employed person: 80 percent and 78 percent, respectively. (See table 10.)

Families maintained by women (without a spouse present) accounted for 43 percent of Black families and 25 percent of Hispanic families. Women without a spouse present maintained about 15 percent of White families and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). In comparison, 75 percent of Black families, 77 percent of White families, and 79 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women without a spouse present are less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member.

Among mothers with children under 18, Black mothers (77.2 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than White (70.0 percent), Asian (63.4 percent), or Hispanic (61.8 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)

Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 were more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18. Participation rates for fathers were 93.6 percent for Whites, 93.4 percent for Hispanics, 92.6 percent for Asians, and 87.3 percent for Blacks.

Unemployment

Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (8.9 percent), Blacks (8.4 percent), and individuals of Two or More Races (7.5 percent) had higher unemployment rates than Asians (3.6 percent), Whites (4.3 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (4.4 percent). The unemployment rate was 5.8 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)

View Chart Data

Chart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages
Race	Percent
Total	4.9
White	4.3
Black or African American	8.4
Asian	3.6
American Indian and Alaska Native	8.9
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	4.4
Two or More Races	7.5
Hispanic or Latino	5.8

Chart 5. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1973–2016 annual averages
Year	Black or African American	Hispanic or Latino	White	Asian
1973	9.4	7.5	4.3
1974	10.5	8.1	5.0
1975	14.8	12.2	7.8
1976	14.0	11.5	7.0
1977	14.0	10.1	6.2
1978	12.8	9.1	5.2
1979	12.3	8.3	5.1
1980	14.3	10.1	6.3
1981	15.6	10.4	6.7
1982	18.9	13.8	8.6
1983	19.5	13.7	8.4
1984	15.9	10.7	6.5
1985	15.1	10.5	6.2
1986	14.5	10.6	6.0
1987	13.0	8.8	5.3
1988	11.7	8.2	4.7
1989	11.4	8.0	4.5
1990	11.4	8.2	4.8
1991	12.5	10.0	6.1
1992	14.2	11.6	6.6
1993	13.0	10.8	6.1
1994	11.5	9.9	5.3
1995	10.4	9.3	4.9
1996	10.5	8.9	4.7
1997	10.0	7.7	4.2
1998	8.9	7.2	3.9
1999	8.0	6.4	3.7
2000	7.6	5.7	3.5	3.6
2001	8.6	6.6	4.2	4.5
2002	10.2	7.5	5.1	5.9
2003	10.8	7.7	5.2	6.0
2004	10.4	7.0	4.8	4.4
2005	10.0	6.0	4.4	4.0
2006	8.9	5.2	4.0	3.0
2007	8.3	5.6	4.1	3.2
2008	10.1	7.6	5.2	4.0
2009	14.8	12.1	8.5	7.3
2010	16.0	12.5	8.7	7.5
2011	15.8	11.5	7.9	7.0
2012	13.8	10.3	7.2	5.9
2013	13.1	9.1	6.5	5.2
2014	11.3	7.4	5.3	5.0
2015	9.6	6.6	4.6	3.8
2016	8.4	5.8	4.3	3.6

Among the largest race and ethnicity groups, the jobless rates for adult Black men and adult Black women (ages 20 and older) were 8.2 percent and 7.3 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 4.9 percent, and the rate for adult Hispanic women was 5.8 percent. In comparison, the jobless rate for adult White men was 4.0 percent, and the rate for adult White women was 3.8 percent. For adult Asian men and adult Asian women, the unemployment rates were 3.3 percent and 3.8 percent, respectively. (See table 3.)

Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, 26.7 percent. The unemployment rates for Hispanic, White, and Asian teenagers were 17.1 percent, 14.1 percent, and 10.9 percent, respectively.

Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 13.4 weeks and 11.4 weeks, respectively, compared with 10.0 weeks for Whites and 9.6 weeks for Hispanics. (See table 13.)

Of the 7.8 million unemployed, 48 percent (3.7 million) were job losers (that is, workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (30 percent), job leavers (11 percent), and new entrants (11 percent) constituted the balance of unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each large race and ethnicity group, 50 percent of Whites and 49 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 45 percent of Blacks and 42 percent of Asians. Fifteen percent of unemployed Asians, 13 percent of unemployed Blacks, 13 percent of unemployed Hispanics, and 10 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)

Not in the labor force

As computed from table 15, Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian labor force, but 24 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force, wanted to work and were available to work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 78 percent of the labor force versus 66 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (26 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. A subset of the marginally attached, discouraged workers are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2016 were $624 for Hispanics, $678 for Blacks, $862 for Whites, and $1,021 for Asians. Among men, the earnings for Whites ($942), Blacks ($718), and Hispanics ($663) were 82 percent, 62 percent, and 58 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asians ($1,151). The median earnings of White women ($766), Black women ($641), and Hispanic women ($586) were 85 percent, 71 percent, and 65 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($902). (See table 16.)

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,661) and White men ($1,427) working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group) were considerably above the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,169) and Black men ($1,124) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)

Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were fairly close across a number of occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $514 for Asians, $488 for Whites, $475 for Blacks, and $460 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Gender and race	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
Total	253,538	159,187	62.8	151,436	59.7	7,751	4.9	94,351
Men	122,497	84,755	69.2	80,568	65.8	4,187	4.9	37,743
Women	131,040	74,432	56.8	70,868	54.1	3,564	4.8	56,608
White	198,215	124,658	62.9	119,313	60.2	5,345	4.3	73,557
Men	96,861	67,564	69.8	64,612	66.7	2,952	4.4	29,297
Women	101,354	57,095	56.3	54,701	54.0	2,393	4.2	44,260
Black	31,889	19,637	61.6	17,982	56.4	1,655	8.4	12,252
Men	14,525	9,315	64.1	8,471	58.3	845	9.1	5,209
Women	17,365	10,321	59.4	9,511	54.8	810	7.8	7,043
Asian	15,121	9,562	63.2	9,213	60.9	349	3.6	5,559
Men	7,064	5,091	72.1	4,915	69.6	176	3.5	1,973
Women	8,057	4,471	55.5	4,298	53.4	172	3.9	3,586
American Indian and Alaska Native	2,898	1,772	61.1	1,614	55.7	158	8.9	1,126
Men	1,404	944	67.2	857	61.0	86	9.2	461
Women	1,494	828	55.4	756	50.6	72	8.7	666
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	1,017	698	68.7	668	65.7	31	4.4	319
Men	512	389	76.0	372	72.7	17	4.3	123
Women	505	309	61.3	295	58.5	14	4.5	196
Two or More Races	4,397	2,860	65.0	2,646	60.2	213	7.5	1,537
Men	2,131	1,452	68.1	1,341	62.9	110	7.6	679
Women	2,266	1,408	62.1	1,305	57.6	103	7.3	858
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Characteristic	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
Total	253,538	159,187	62.8	151,436	59.7	7,751	4.9	94,351
Men	122,497	84,755	69.2	80,568	65.8	4,187	4.9	37,743
Women	131,040	74,432	56.8	70,868	54.1	3,564	4.8	56,608
Asian	15,121	9,562	63.2	9,213	60.9	349	3.6	5,559
Men	7,064	5,091	72.1	4,915	69.6	176	3.5	1,973
Women	8,057	4,471	55.5	4,298	53.4	172	3.9	3,586
Asian Indian	3,163	2,146	67.8	2,059	65.1	86	4.0	1,017
Chinese	3,518	2,055	58.4	1,996	56.8	59	2.9	1,462
Filipino	2,408	1,637	68.0	1,580	65.6	57	3.5	771
Japanese	836	487	58.3	477	57.1	10	2.0	349
Korean	1,267	754	59.5	727	57.4	27	3.5	513
Vietnamese	1,475	926	62.8	885	60.0	41	4.4	549
Other Asian	2,455	1,557	63.4	1,489	60.6	69	4.4	898
Hispanic or Latino	40,697	26,797	65.8	25,249	62.0	1,548	5.8	13,900
Men	20,266	15,396	76.0	14,563	71.9	833	5.4	4,870
Women	20,430	11,401	55.8	10,686	52.3	715	6.3	9,029
Mexican	24,960	16,458	65.9	15,502	62.1	955	5.8	8,503
Men	12,594	9,718	77.2	9,199	73.0	519	5.3	2,876
Women	12,366	6,740	54.5	6,304	51.0	436	6.5	5,626
Puerto Rican	3,835	2,305	60.1	2,146	56.0	159	6.9	1,530
Men	1,833	1,196	65.3	1,114	60.8	82	6.9	636
Women	2,002	1,108	55.4	1,032	51.5	77	6.9	894
Cuban	1,819	1,149	63.2	1,088	59.8	61	5.3	670
Men	882	632	71.6	597	67.7	35	5.5	250
Women	936	517	55.2	491	52.4	26	5.1	419
Central American	3,735	2,694	72.1	2,572	68.9	122	4.5	1,041
Men	1,944	1,628	83.8	1,563	80.4	65	4.0	315
Women	1,792	1,066	59.5	1,008	56.3	58	5.4	726
Salvadoran	1,373	992	72.2	946	68.9	46	4.6	381
Men	720	600	83.3	575	79.8	26	4.3	120
Women	653	391	60.0	371	56.9	20	5.1	261
Other Central American⁽¹⁾	2,362	1,703	72.1	1,626	68.8	77	4.5	659
Men	1,223	1,028	84.1	989	80.9	39	3.8	195
Women	1,139	674	59.2	637	55.9	38	5.6	464
South American	2,816	1,946	69.1	1,853	65.8	93	4.8	870
Men	1,340	1,036	77.3	991	73.9	46	4.4	304
Women	1,477	910	61.6	862	58.4	47	5.2	567
Other Hispanic or Latino	3,531	2,245	63.6	2,088	59.1	157	7.0	1,286
Men	1,674	1,185	70.8	1,099	65.6	86	7.3	488
Women	1,857	1,060	57.1	989	53.3	71	6.7	797
Dominican	1,519	986	64.9	903	59.5	83	8.4	532
Men	689	491	71.3	452	65.6	39	8.0	198
Women	830	495	59.7	452	54.4	44	8.8	335
Other Hispanic or Latino⁽²⁾	2,012	1,259	62.6	1,185	58.9	74	5.9	753
Men	985	694	70.5	647	65.7	47	6.8	291
Women	1,028	565	55.0	538	52.3	27	4.8	463
Hispanic or Latino	40,697	26,797	65.8	25,249	62.0	1,548	5.8	13,900
Men	20,266	15,396	76.0	14,563	71.9	833	5.4	4,870
Women	20,430	11,401	55.8	10,686	52.3	715	6.3	9,029
White Hispanic or Latino	36,258	23,780	65.6	22,430	61.9	1,351	5.7	12,477
Men	18,089	13,795	76.3	13,067	72.2	729	5.3	4,294
Women	18,169	9,985	55.0	9,363	51.5	622	6.2	8,183
Black Hispanic or Latino	1,775	1,183	66.6	1,091	61.4	92	7.8	592
Men	804	553	68.8	508	63.2	45	8.1	251
Women	971	629	64.8	582	60.0	47	7.5	342
Asian Hispanic or Latino	421	307	73.0	296	70.3	11	3.6	114
Men	213	176	82.6	169	79.4	7	3.9	37
Women	208	131	63.1	127	61.1	4	3.2	77
Non-Hispanic or Latino	212,841	132,390	62.2	126,187	59.3	6,203	4.7	80,451
Men	102,231	69,359	67.8	66,005	64.6	3,353	4.8	32,872
Women	110,610	63,031	57.0	60,182	54.4	2,850	4.5	47,579
White non-Hispanic or Latino	161,958	100,878	62.3	96,883	59.8	3,994	4.0	61,080
Men	78,772	53,769	68.3	51,545	65.4	2,223	4.1	25,004
Women	83,186	47,109	56.6	45,338	54.5	1,771	3.8	36,076
Black non-Hispanic or Latino	30,114	18,454	61.3	16,891	56.1	1,563	8.5	11,660
Men	13,721	8,762	63.9	7,962	58.0	800	9.1	4,958
Women	16,394	9,692	59.1	8,929	54.5	763	7.9	6,702
Asian non-Hispanic or Latino	14,700	9,255	63.0	8,917	60.7	337	3.6	5,446
Men	6,851	4,915	71.7	4,746	69.3	169	3.4	1,936
Women	7,849	4,340	55.3	4,172	53.1	168	3.9	3,510
Footnotes: ⁽¹⁾ Excludes Salvadoran. ⁽²⁾ Excludes Dominican. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
Total
Total, 16 years and older	253,538	159,187	62.8	151,436	59.7	7,751	4.9	94,351
16 to 19 years	16,714	5,889	35.2	4,965	29.7	925	15.7	10,824
20 years and older	236,824	153,298	64.7	146,471	61.8	6,826	4.5	83,526
20 to 24 years	21,721	15,313	70.5	14,027	64.6	1,286	8.4	6,408
25 to 54 years	125,761	102,248	81.3	98,004	77.9	4,244	4.2	23,513
55 to 64 years	41,308	26,465	64.1	25,524	61.8	941	3.6	14,843
65 years and older	48,035	9,272	19.3	8,916	18.6	355	3.8	38,763
Men, 16 years and older	122,497	84,755	69.2	80,568	65.8	4,187	4.9	37,743
16 to 19 years	8,475	2,995	35.3	2,484	29.3	512	17.1	5,479
20 years and older	114,023	81,759	71.7	78,084	68.5	3,675	4.5	32,263
20 to 24 years	10,897	7,954	73.0	7,212	66.2	742	9.3	2,943
25 to 54 years	61,811	54,726	88.5	52,514	85.0	2,212	4.0	7,085
55 to 64 years	19,867	13,938	70.2	13,410	67.5	528	3.8	5,929
65 years and older	21,448	5,141	24.0	4,948	23.1	193	3.8	16,306
Women, 16 years and older	131,040	74,432	56.8	70,868	54.1	3,564	4.8	56,608
16 to 19 years	8,239	2,894	35.1	2,481	30.1	413	14.3	5,345
20 years and older	122,801	71,538	58.3	68,387	55.7	3,151	4.4	51,263
20 to 24 years	10,823	7,359	68.0	6,815	63.0	545	7.4	3,464
25 to 54 years	63,950	47,522	74.3	45,490	71.1	2,032	4.3	16,428
55 to 64 years	21,441	12,527	58.4	12,114	56.5	413	3.3	8,914
65 years and older	26,587	4,130	15.5	3,968	14.9	162	3.9	22,457
White
Total, 16 years and older	198,215	124,658	62.9	119,313	60.2	5,345	4.3	73,557
16 to 19 years	12,342	4,618	37.4	3,967	32.1	651	14.1	7,724
20 years and older	185,873	120,040	64.6	115,346	62.1	4,694	3.9	65,833
20 to 24 years	15,947	11,553	72.4	10,722	67.2	831	7.2	4,395
25 to 54 years	95,786	78,650	82.1	75,797	79.1	2,853	3.6	17,136
55 to 64 years	33,478	21,889	65.4	21,169	63.2	720	3.3	11,589
65 years and older	40,662	7,948	19.5	7,658	18.8	290	3.7	32,714
Men, 16 years and older	96,861	67,564	69.8	64,612	66.7	2,952	4.4	29,297
16 to 19 years	6,289	2,395	38.1	2,037	32.4	358	14.9	3,895
20 years and older	90,572	65,169	72.0	62,575	69.1	2,594	4.0	25,403
20 to 24 years	8,057	6,082	75.5	5,598	69.5	484	8.0	1,975
25 to 54 years	47,842	42,929	89.7	41,385	86.5	1,544	3.6	4,912
55 to 64 years	16,300	11,694	71.7	11,284	69.2	410	3.5	4,606
65 years and older	18,373	4,464	24.3	4,308	23.4	156	3.5	13,909
Women, 16 years and older	101,354	57,095	56.3	54,701	54.0	2,393	4.2	44,260
16 to 19 years	6,053	2,224	36.7	1,931	31.9	293	13.2	3,829
20 years and older	95,301	54,871	57.6	52,771	55.4	2,100	3.8	40,430
20 to 24 years	7,890	5,471	69.3	5,124	64.9	347	6.3	2,419
25 to 54 years	47,944	35,721	74.5	34,412	71.8	1,309	3.7	12,223
55 to 64 years	17,178	10,195	59.3	9,885	57.5	310	3.0	6,983
65 years and older	22,289	3,484	15.6	3,350	15.0	134	3.9	18,805
Black or African American
Total, 16 years and older	31,889	19,637	61.6	17,982	56.4	1,655	8.4	12,252
16 to 19 years	2,510	729	29.0	535	21.3	194	26.7	1,781
20 years and older	29,380	18,908	64.4	17,447	59.4	1,460	7.7	10,472
20 to 24 years	3,338	2,259	67.7	1,930	57.8	329	14.5	1,079
25 to 54 years	16,792	13,248	78.9	12,302	73.3	946	7.1	3,543
55 to 64 years	4,840	2,669	55.1	2,526	52.2	143	5.4	2,171
65 years and older	4,409	732	16.6	689	15.6	43	5.8	3,678
Men, 16 years and older	14,525	9,315	64.1	8,471	58.3	845	9.1	5,209
16 to 19 years	1,247	350	28.1	242	19.4	108	30.9	896
20 years and older	13,278	8,965	67.5	8,228	62.0	737	8.2	4,313
20 to 24 years	1,621	1,091	67.3	906	55.9	186	17.0	530
25 to 54 years	7,686	6,255	81.4	5,800	75.5	455	7.3	1,431
55 to 64 years	2,189	1,270	58.0	1,195	54.6	75	5.9	918
65 years and older	1,782	349	19.6	327	18.3	22	6.2	1,434
Women, 16 years and older	17,365	10,321	59.4	9,511	54.8	810	7.8	7,043
16 to 19 years	1,263	379	30.0	292	23.1	86	22.8	884
20 years and older	16,102	9,943	61.8	9,219	57.3	724	7.3	6,159
20 to 24 years	1,717	1,168	68.0	1,025	59.7	143	12.3	549
25 to 54 years	9,106	6,994	76.8	6,502	71.4	492	7.0	2,112
55 to 64 years	2,652	1,399	52.7	1,330	50.2	68	4.9	1,253
65 years and older	2,627	383	14.6	362	13.8	21	5.4	2,244
Asian
Total, 16 years and older	15,121	9,562	63.2	9,213	60.9	349	3.6	5,559
16 to 19 years	846	179	21.2	159	18.8	20	10.9	667
20 years and older	14,275	9,383	65.7	9,054	63.4	329	3.5	4,892
20 to 24 years	1,352	717	53.0	668	49.4	49	6.9	635
25 to 54 years	8,710	6,851	78.7	6,633	76.2	219	3.2	1,858
55 to 64 years	2,050	1,382	67.4	1,335	65.1	47	3.4	668
65 years and older	2,163	432	20.0	418	19.3	14	3.2	1,731
Men, 16 years and older	7,064	5,091	72.1	4,915	69.6	176	3.5	1,973
16 to 19 years	424	91	21.4	79	18.6	12	13.5	333
20 years and older	6,640	5,000	75.3	4,836	72.8	164	3.3	1,640
20 to 24 years	676	375	55.5	348	51.4	27	7.3	301
25 to 54 years	4,108	3,683	89.7	3,578	87.1	105	2.9	424
55 to 64 years	924	702	76.0	680	73.5	23	3.2	222
65 years and older	932	240	25.7	231	24.7	9	3.8	692
Women, 16 years and older	8,057	4,471	55.5	4,298	53.4	172	3.9	3,586
16 to 19 years	422	88	20.9	81	19.1	7	8.2	334
20 years and older	7,635	4,383	57.4	4,218	55.2	165	3.8	3,252
20 to 24 years	676	342	50.6	321	47.4	22	6.4	334
25 to 54 years	4,602	3,168	68.8	3,054	66.4	114	3.6	1,434
55 to 64 years	1,126	680	60.4	655	58.2	25	3.6	446
65 years and older	1,231	192	15.6	187	15.2	5	2.4	1,039
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	40,697	26,797	65.8	25,249	62.0	1,548	5.8	13,900
16 to 19 years	3,777	1,178	31.2	977	25.9	201	17.1	2,599
20 years and older	36,919	25,619	69.4	24,272	65.7	1,347	5.3	11,301
20 to 24 years	4,711	3,384	71.8	3,086	65.5	298	8.8	1,327
25 to 54 years	23,780	18,754	78.9	17,878	75.2	877	4.7	5,026
55 to 64 years	4,483	2,765	61.7	2,627	58.6	137	5.0	1,718
65 years and older	3,946	715	18.1	681	17.3	34	4.8	3,230
Men, 16 years and older	20,266	15,396	76.0	14,563	71.9	833	5.4	4,870
16 to 19 years	1,920	621	32.3	508	26.4	113	18.3	1,299
20 years and older	18,346	14,775	80.5	14,055	76.6	720	4.9	3,571
20 to 24 years	2,396	1,848	77.1	1,677	70.0	171	9.3	548
25 to 54 years	12,077	10,951	90.7	10,504	87.0	447	4.1	1,126
55 to 64 years	2,166	1,569	72.4	1,490	68.8	78	5.0	597
65 years and older	1,708	407	23.8	384	22.5	23	5.6	1,300
Women, 16 years and older	20,430	11,401	55.8	10,686	52.3	715	6.3	9,029
16 to 19 years	1,857	557	30.0	470	25.3	88	15.8	1,300
20 years and older	18,573	10,844	58.4	10,217	55.0	627	5.8	7,729
20 to 24 years	2,315	1,536	66.4	1,409	60.9	127	8.3	779
25 to 54 years	11,703	7,803	66.7	7,374	63.0	429	5.5	3,900
55 to 64 years	2,317	1,196	51.6	1,137	49.1	59	4.9	1,121
65 years and older	2,238	308	13.8	297	13.3	12	3.7	1,930
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages (percent)
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
1972	60.4	78.9	43.9	60.4	79.6	43.2	59.9	73.6	48.7	–	–	–	–	–	–
1973	60.8	78.8	44.7	60.8	79.4	44.1	60.2	73.4	49.3	–	–	–	60.2	81.5	41.0
1974	61.3	78.7	45.7	61.4	79.4	45.2	59.8	72.9	49.0	–	–	–	61.1	81.7	42.4
1975	61.2	77.9	46.3	61.5	78.7	45.9	58.8	70.9	48.8	–	–	–	60.8	80.7	43.2
1976	61.6	77.5	47.3	61.8	78.4	46.9	59.0	70.0	49.8	–	–	–	60.8	79.6	44.3
1977	62.3	77.7	48.4	62.5	78.5	48.0	59.8	70.6	50.8	–	–	–	61.6	80.9	44.3
1978	63.2	77.9	50.0	63.3	78.6	49.4	61.5	71.5	53.1	–	–	–	62.9	81.1	46.6
1979	63.7	77.8	50.9	63.9	78.6	50.5	61.4	71.3	53.1	–	–	–	63.6	81.3	47.4
1980	63.8	77.4	51.5	64.1	78.2	51.2	61.0	70.3	53.1	–	–	–	64.0	81.4	47.4
1981	63.9	77.0	52.1	64.3	77.9	51.9	60.8	70.0	53.5	–	–	–	64.1	80.6	48.3
1982	64.0	76.6	52.6	64.3	77.4	52.4	61.0	70.1	53.7	–	–	–	63.6	79.7	48.1
1983	64.0	76.4	52.9	64.3	77.1	52.7	61.5	70.6	54.2	–	–	–	63.8	80.3	47.7
1984	64.4	76.4	53.6	64.6	77.1	53.3	62.2	70.8	55.2	–	–	–	64.9	80.6	49.6
1985	64.8	76.3	54.5	65.0	77.0	54.1	62.9	70.8	56.5	–	–	–	64.6	80.3	49.3
1986	65.3	76.3	55.3	65.5	76.9	55.0	63.3	71.2	56.9	–	–	–	65.4	81.0	50.1
1987	65.6	76.2	56.0	65.8	76.8	55.7	63.8	71.1	58.0	–	–	–	66.4	81.0	52.0
1988	65.9	76.2	56.6	66.2	76.9	56.4	63.8	71.0	58.0	–	–	–	67.4	81.9	53.2
1989	66.5	76.4	57.4	66.7	77.1	57.2	64.2	71.0	58.7	–	–	–	67.6	82.0	53.5
1990	66.5	76.4	57.5	66.9	77.1	57.4	64.0	71.0	58.3	–	–	–	67.4	81.4	53.1
1991	66.2	75.8	57.4	66.6	76.5	57.4	63.3	70.4	57.5	–	–	–	66.5	80.3	52.4
1992	66.4	75.8	57.8	66.8	76.5	57.7	63.9	70.7	58.5	–	–	–	66.8	80.7	52.8
1993	66.3	75.4	57.9	66.8	76.2	58.0	63.2	69.6	57.9	–	–	–	66.2	80.2	52.1
1994	66.6	75.1	58.8	67.1	75.9	58.9	63.4	69.1	58.7	–	–	–	66.1	79.2	52.9
1995	66.6	75.0	58.9	67.1	75.7	59.0	63.7	69.0	59.5	–	–	–	65.8	79.1	52.6
1996	66.8	74.9	59.3	67.2	75.8	59.1	64.1	68.7	60.4	–	–	–	66.5	79.6	53.4
1997	67.1	75.0	59.8	67.5	75.9	59.5	64.7	68.3	61.7	–	–	–	67.9	80.1	55.1
1998	67.1	74.9	59.8	67.3	75.6	59.4	65.6	69.0	62.8	–	–	–	67.9	79.8	55.6
1999	67.1	74.7	60.0	67.3	75.6	59.6	65.8	68.7	63.5	–	–	–	67.7	79.8	55.9
2000	67.1	74.8	59.9	67.3	75.5	59.5	65.8	69.2	63.1	67.2	76.1	59.2	69.7	81.5	57.5
2001	66.8	74.4	59.8	67.0	75.1	59.4	65.3	68.4	62.8	67.2	76.2	59.0	69.5	81.0	57.6
2002	66.6	74.1	59.6	66.8	74.8	59.3	64.8	68.4	61.8	67.2	75.9	59.1	69.1	80.2	57.6
2003	66.2	73.5	59.5	66.5	74.2	59.2	64.3	67.3	61.9	66.4	75.6	58.3	68.3	80.1	55.9
2004	66.0	73.3	59.2	66.3	74.1	58.9	63.8	66.7	61.5	65.9	75.0	57.6	68.6	80.4	56.1
2005	66.0	73.3	59.3	66.3	74.1	58.9	64.2	67.3	61.6	66.1	74.8	58.2	68.0	80.1	55.3
2006	66.2	73.5	59.4	66.5	74.3	59.0	64.1	67.0	61.7	66.2	75.0	58.3	68.7	80.7	56.1
2007	66.0	73.2	59.3	66.4	74.0	59.0	63.7	66.8	61.1	66.5	75.1	58.6	68.8	80.5	56.5
2008	66.0	73.0	59.5	66.3	73.7	59.2	63.7	66.7	61.3	67.0	75.3	59.4	68.5	80.2	56.2
2009	65.4	72.0	59.2	65.8	72.8	59.1	62.4	65.0	60.3	66.0	74.6	58.2	68.0	78.8	56.5
2010	64.7	71.2	58.6	65.1	72.0	58.5	62.2	65.0	59.9	64.7	73.2	57.0	67.5	77.8	56.5
2011	64.1	70.5	58.1	64.5	71.3	58.0	61.4	64.2	59.1	64.6	73.2	56.8	66.5	76.5	55.9
2012	63.7	70.2	57.7	64.0	71.0	57.4	61.5	63.6	59.8	63.9	72.2	56.5	66.4	76.1	56.6
2013	63.2	69.7	57.2	63.5	70.5	56.9	61.2	63.5	59.2	64.6	73.0	57.1	66.0	76.3	55.7
2014	62.9	69.2	57.0	63.1	69.8	56.7	61.2	63.6	59.2	63.6	72.4	55.8	66.1	76.1	56.0
2015	62.7	69.1	56.7	62.8	69.7	56.2	61.5	63.8	59.7	62.8	71.4	55.2	65.9	76.2	55.7
2016	62.8	69.2	56.8	62.9	69.8	56.3	61.6	64.1	59.4	63.2	72.1	55.5	65.8	76.0	55.8
Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2016 annual averages (percent)
Year	American Indian and Alaska Native			Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander			Two or More Races
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
2003	64.4	71.0	58.0	68.9	75.0	63.9	67.6	73.2	62.4
2004	63.8	70.9	57.1	71.8	76.6	67.7	67.0	74.0	60.3
2005	63.5	70.0	57.2	73.4	77.1	69.8	67.0	72.0	62.3
2006	63.1	68.6	57.9	74.5	80.8	68.6	65.9	72.3	59.7
2007	63.3	69.9	57.0	73.0	78.4	68.2	66.3	71.9	60.8
2008	63.7	70.2	57.6	72.5	78.9	66.6	65.5	70.7	60.4
2009	59.0	64.1	54.2	69.4	77.3	62.3	65.6	70.4	61.0
2010	57.7	64.0	51.8	68.4	71.3	65.5	65.4	70.9	60.3
2011	59.2	65.2	53.2	69.4	75.6	63.6	64.0	68.9	59.5
2012	59.3	66.4	52.6	71.4	73.9	69.1	65.3	70.4	60.5
2013	59.2	65.3	53.3	70.0	73.7	66.6	63.3	69.2	57.8
2014	60.9	67.2	54.7	67.6	73.8	61.6	64.2	69.7	59.0
2015	60.6	65.9	55.5	66.6	73.7	59.7	64.5	68.4	60.9
2016	61.1	67.2	55.4	68.7	76.0	61.3	65.0	68.1	62.1
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
1972	57.0	75.0	41.0	57.4	76.0	40.7	53.7	66.8	43.0	–	–	–	–	–	–
1973	57.8	75.5	42.0	58.2	76.5	41.8	54.5	67.5	43.8	–	–	–	55.6	76.0	37.3
1974	57.8	74.9	42.6	58.3	75.9	42.4	53.5	65.8	43.5	–	–	–	56.2	75.7	38.4
1975	56.1	71.7	42.0	56.7	73.0	42.0	50.1	60.6	41.6	–	–	–	53.4	71.5	37.4
1976	56.8	72.0	43.2	57.5	73.4	43.2	50.8	60.6	42.8	–	–	–	53.8	71.1	38.6
1977	57.9	72.8	44.5	58.6	74.1	44.5	51.4	61.4	43.3	–	–	–	55.4	73.6	39.1
1978	59.3	73.8	46.4	60.0	75.0	46.3	53.6	63.3	45.8	–	–	–	57.2	74.9	41.3
1979	59.9	73.8	47.5	60.6	75.1	47.5	53.8	63.4	46.0	–	–	–	58.3	75.6	42.5
1980	59.2	72.0	47.7	60.0	73.4	47.8	52.3	60.4	45.7	–	–	–	57.6	73.5	42.4
1981	59.0	71.3	48.0	60.0	72.8	48.3	51.3	59.1	45.1	–	–	–	57.4	72.4	43.0
1982	57.8	69.0	47.7	58.8	70.6	48.1	49.4	56.0	44.2	–	–	–	54.9	68.9	41.3
1983	57.9	68.8	48.0	58.9	70.4	48.5	49.5	56.3	44.1	–	–	–	55.1	69.4	41.1
1984	59.5	70.7	49.5	60.5	72.1	49.8	52.3	59.2	46.7	–	–	–	57.9	72.1	44.2
1985	60.1	70.9	50.4	61.0	72.3	50.7	53.4	60.0	48.1	–	–	–	57.8	72.1	43.8
1986	60.7	71.0	51.4	61.5	72.3	51.7	54.1	60.6	48.8	–	–	–	58.5	72.5	44.7
1987	61.5	71.5	52.5	62.3	72.7	52.8	55.6	62.0	50.3	–	–	–	60.5	74.0	47.4
1988	62.3	72.0	53.4	63.1	73.2	53.8	56.3	62.7	51.2	–	–	–	61.9	75.3	48.8
1989	63.0	72.5	54.3	63.8	73.7	54.6	56.9	62.8	52.0	–	–	–	62.2	75.8	48.8
1990	62.8	72.0	54.3	63.7	73.3	54.7	56.7	62.6	51.9	–	–	–	61.9	74.9	48.6
1991	61.7	70.4	53.7	62.6	71.6	54.2	55.4	61.3	50.6	–	–	–	59.8	72.1	47.3
1992	61.5	69.8	53.8	62.4	71.1	54.2	54.9	59.9	50.8	–	–	–	59.1	71.2	46.8
1993	61.7	70.0	54.1	62.7	71.4	54.6	55.0	60.0	50.9	–	–	–	59.1	71.7	46.3
1994	62.5	70.4	55.3	63.5	71.8	55.8	56.1	60.8	52.3	–	–	–	59.5	71.7	47.2
1995	62.9	70.8	55.6	63.8	72.0	56.1	57.1	61.7	53.4	–	–	–	59.7	72.1	47.3
1996	63.2	70.9	56.0	64.1	72.3	56.3	57.4	61.1	54.4	–	–	–	60.6	73.3	47.9
1997	63.8	71.3	56.8	64.6	72.7	57.0	58.2	61.4	55.6	–	–	–	62.6	74.5	50.2
1998	64.1	71.6	57.1	64.7	72.7	57.1	59.7	62.9	57.2	–	–	–	63.1	74.7	51.0
1999	64.3	71.6	57.4	64.8	72.8	57.3	60.6	63.1	58.6	–	–	–	63.4	75.3	51.7
2000	64.4	71.9	57.5	64.9	73.0	57.4	60.9	63.6	58.6	64.8	73.3	57.1	65.7	77.4	53.6
2001	63.7	70.9	57.0	64.2	72.0	57.0	59.7	62.1	57.8	64.2	72.7	56.4	64.9	76.2	53.3
2002	62.7	69.7	56.3	63.4	70.8	56.4	58.1	61.1	55.8	63.2	71.3	55.8	63.9	74.5	52.9
2003	62.3	68.9	56.1	63.0	70.1	56.3	57.4	59.5	55.6	62.4	70.9	54.9	63.1	74.3	51.2
2004	62.3	69.2	56.0	63.1	70.4	56.1	57.2	59.3	55.5	63.0	71.6	55.1	63.8	75.1	51.8
2005	62.7	69.6	56.2	63.4	70.8	56.3	57.7	60.2	55.7	63.4	71.8	55.9	64.0	75.8	51.5
2006	63.1	70.1	56.6	63.8	71.3	56.6	58.4	60.6	56.5	64.2	72.7	56.5	65.2	76.8	52.8
2007	63.0	69.8	56.6	63.6	70.9	56.7	58.4	60.7	56.5	64.3	72.8	56.6	64.9	76.2	53.0
2008	62.2	68.5	56.2	62.8	69.7	56.3	57.3	59.1	55.8	64.3	72.2	57.2	63.3	74.1	51.9
2009	59.3	64.5	54.4	60.2	66.0	54.8	53.2	53.7	52.8	61.2	68.7	54.4	59.7	68.9	50.1
2010	58.5	63.7	53.6	59.4	65.1	54.0	52.3	53.1	51.7	59.9	67.5	53.0	59.0	68.0	49.6
2011	58.4	63.9	53.2	59.4	65.3	53.7	51.7	52.8	50.8	60.0	68.2	52.6	58.9	67.9	49.3
2012	58.6	64.4	53.1	59.4	65.8	53.3	53.0	54.1	52.2	60.1	68.1	53.1	59.5	68.6	50.4
2013	58.6	64.4	53.2	59.4	65.7	53.3	53.2	54.5	52.0	61.2	69.0	54.3	60.0	69.6	50.4
2014	59.0	64.9	53.5	59.7	66.1	53.7	54.3	55.9	52.9	60.4	68.6	53.3	61.2	71.0	51.4
2015	59.3	65.3	53.7	59.9	66.5	53.7	55.7	57.2	54.4	60.4	68.6	53.2	61.6	71.5	51.8
2016	59.7	65.8	54.1	60.2	66.7	54.0	56.4	58.3	54.8	60.9	69.6	53.4	62.0	71.9	52.3
Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2016 annual averages (percent)
Year	American Indian and Alaska Native			Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander			Two or More Races
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
2003	57.7	63.1	52.4	63.6	69.8	58.4	61.4	66.4	56.8
2004	57.7	64.0	51.8	67.4	71.4	64.1	61.2	67.6	55.0
2005	57.6	63.9	51.5	70.2	73.4	67.1	61.6	66.3	57.2
2006	58.1	63.2	53.3	70.6	75.7	65.7	61.5	67.0	56.2
2007	58.1	64.3	52.3	69.4	74.2	65.3	61.5	66.5	56.6
2008	57.4	62.6	52.5	67.8	72.8	63.3	59.3	63.6	55.2
2009	51.2	54.2	48.3	61.8	68.3	56.0	56.7	60.4	53.2
2010	49.0	53.0	45.2	60.1	61.6	58.7	56.5	60.8	52.5
2011	50.5	55.2	45.9	62.2	67.0	57.7	55.3	59.2	51.7
2012	52.1	58.5	45.9	63.0	64.7	61.4	57.6	61.9	53.5
2013	51.6	56.6	46.9	62.9	65.5	60.4	56.4	61.3	51.7
2014	54.0	59.2	48.9	63.5	69.6	57.5	57.6	62.1	53.4
2015	54.6	58.6	50.8	62.8	69.5	56.3	59.0	62.8	55.6
2016	55.7	61.0	50.6	65.7	72.7	58.5	60.2	62.9	57.6
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (in thousands)
Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college⁽¹⁾	Some college, no degree	Associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher⁽²⁾
Total
Civilian noninstitutional population	215,103	23,368	62,022	35,489	21,696	72,528
Civilian labor force	137,985	10,679	35,649	22,667	15,267	53,723
Percent of population	64.1	45.7	57.5	63.9	70.4	74.1
Employed	132,444	9,884	33,801	21,668	14,718	52,374
Employment-population ratio	61.6	42.3	54.5	61.1	67.8	72.2
Unemployed	5,540	795	1,847	1,000	549	1,349
Unemployment rate	4.0	7.4	5.2	4.4	3.6	2.5
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	103,125	11,713	30,692	16,678	9,394	34,648
Civilian labor force	73,806	6,803	20,760	11,803	7,191	27,249
Percent of population	71.6	58.1	67.6	70.8	76.5	78.6
Employed	70,872	6,354	19,691	11,311	6,928	26,588
Employment-population ratio	68.7	54.2	64.2	67.8	73.7	76.7
Unemployed	2,934	448	1,069	491	263	661
Unemployment rate	4.0	6.6	5.1	4.2	3.7	2.4
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	111,978	11,655	31,329	18,811	12,302	37,880
Civilian labor force	64,179	3,876	14,888	10,865	8,076	26,474
Percent of population	57.3	33.3	47.5	57.8	65.6	69.9
Employed	61,572	3,530	14,110	10,357	7,790	25,786
Employment-population ratio	55.0	30.3	45.0	55.1	63.3	68.1
Unemployed	2,607	346	778	508	286	688
Unemployment rate	4.1	8.9	5.2	4.7	3.5	2.6
White
Civilian noninstitutional population	169,926	17,853	49,010	27,787	17,577	57,700
Civilian labor force	108,487	8,429	27,874	17,462	12,284	42,439
Percent of population	63.8	47.2	56.9	62.8	69.9	73.6
Employed	104,624	7,879	26,623	16,786	11,881	41,454
Employment-population ratio	61.6	44.1	54.3	60.4	67.6	71.8
Unemployed	3,863	549	1,251	675	402	985
Unemployment rate	3.6	6.5	4.5	3.9	3.3	2.3
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	82,515	9,193	24,431	13,240	7,731	27,919
Civilian labor force	59,087	5,586	16,582	9,314	5,903	21,703
Percent of population	71.6	60.8	67.9	70.3	76.4	77.7
Employed	56,977	5,258	15,844	8,970	5,705	21,199
Employment-population ratio	69.1	57.2	64.9	67.8	73.8	75.9
Unemployed	2,110	328	737	343	198	504
Unemployment rate	3.6	5.9	4.4	3.7	3.4	2.3
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	87,411	8,660	24,578	14,547	9,845	29,781
Civilian labor force	49,400	2,843	11,293	8,148	6,380	20,736
Percent of population	56.5	32.8	45.9	56.0	64.8	69.6
Employed	47,647	2,621	10,779	7,816	6,176	20,255
Employment-population ratio	54.5	30.3	43.9	53.7	62.7	68.0
Unemployed	1,753	222	514	332	204	481
Unemployment rate	3.5	7.8	4.5	4.1	3.2	2.3
Black or African American
Civilian noninstitutional population	26,041	3,292	8,763	5,209	2,615	6,161
Civilian labor force	16,649	1,244	5,185	3,511	1,920	4,788
Percent of population	63.9	37.8	59.2	67.4	73.4	77.7
Employed	15,517	1,069	4,737	3,282	1,817	4,612
Employment-population ratio	59.6	32.5	54.1	63.0	69.5	74.9
Unemployed	1,132	175	448	230	103	176
Unemployment rate	6.8	14.1	8.6	6.5	5.3	3.7
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	11,657	1,536	4,257	2,224	1,035	2,605
Civilian labor force	7,874	649	2,751	1,584	796	2,093
Percent of population	67.5	42.3	64.6	71.2	76.9	80.3
Employed	7,323	562	2,504	1,482	751	2,023
Employment-population ratio	62.8	36.6	58.8	66.7	72.6	77.6
Unemployed	551	87	247	102	45	70
Unemployment rate	7.0	13.4	9.0	6.4	5.6	3.4
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	14,385	1,757	4,506	2,986	1,580	3,556
Civilian labor force	8,775	595	2,434	1,927	1,124	2,695
Percent of population	61.0	33.9	54.0	64.5	71.1	75.8
Employed	8,194	507	2,233	1,799	1,066	2,589
Employment-population ratio	57.0	28.9	49.6	60.3	67.5	72.8
Unemployed	581	88	201	128	58	106
Unemployment rate	6.6	14.8	8.2	6.6	5.1	3.9
Asian
Civilian noninstitutional population	12,923	1,282	2,428	1,227	839	7,147
Civilian labor force	8,665	520	1,459	821	594	5,272
Percent of population	67.1	40.6	60.1	66.9	70.7	73.8
Employed	8,386	500	1,400	788	571	5,127
Employment-population ratio	64.9	39.0	57.7	64.3	68.0	71.7
Unemployed	280	20	59	33	23	145
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.9	4.0	4.0	3.8	2.8
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,964	500	1,067	622	344	3,431
Civilian labor force	4,625	260	764	456	274	2,872
Percent of population	77.6	52.1	71.5	73.3	79.6	83.7
Employed	4,489	251	732	437	262	2,806
Employment-population ratio	75.3	50.3	68.6	70.2	76.2	81.8
Unemployed	137	9	31	19	12	66
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.4	4.1	4.2	4.3	2.3
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,958	783	1,361	605	495	3,715
Civilian labor force	4,040	260	695	365	320	2,400
Percent of population	58.1	33.2	51.1	60.4	64.5	64.6
Employed	3,897	249	668	352	309	2,321
Employment-population ratio	56.0	31.8	49.1	58.1	62.3	62.5
Unemployed	143	12	28	13	11	80
Unemployment rate	3.5	4.4	4.0	3.7	3.4	3.3
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional population	32,208	9,855	9,791	4,569	2,482	5,510
Civilian labor force	22,234	5,815	6,743	3,376	1,902	4,398
Percent of population	69.0	59.0	68.9	73.9	76.6	79.8
Employed	21,186	5,472	6,398	3,227	1,826	4,263
Employment-population ratio	65.8	55.5	65.3	70.6	73.6	77.4
Unemployed	1,049	344	346	149	76	135
Unemployment rate	4.7	5.9	5.1	4.4	4.0	3.1
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	15,951	5,043	5,088	2,141	1,101	2,578
Civilian labor force	12,927	3,859	4,156	1,763	930	2,220
Percent of population	81.0	76.5	81.7	82.4	84.5	86.1
Employed	12,378	3,669	3,960	1,697	896	2,156
Employment-population ratio	77.6	72.8	77.8	79.3	81.4	83.7
Unemployed	549	190	196	66	34	63
Unemployment rate	4.2	4.9	4.7	3.7	3.6	2.9
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,258	4,813	4,703	2,428	1,381	2,932
Civilian labor force	9,307	1,957	2,588	1,612	972	2,178
Percent of population	57.2	40.7	55.0	66.4	70.4	74.3
Employed	8,807	1,803	2,438	1,530	930	2,107
Employment-population ratio	54.2	37.5	51.8	63.0	67.3	71.9
Unemployed	500	154	150	83	42	71
Unemployment rate	5.4	7.9	5.8	5.1	4.3	3.3
Footnotes: ⁽¹⁾Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. ⁽²⁾ Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages
Occupation and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)	151,436	119,313	17,982	9,213	25,249
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	39.2	40.0	30.1	52.3	22.0
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	16.5	17.3	11.3	17.9	9.7
Management occupations	11.5	12.3	7.2	11.6	6.8
Business and financial operations occupations	5.0	5.0	4.1	6.3	2.9
Professional and related occupations	22.8	22.7	18.8	34.4	12.3
Computer and mathematical occupations	3.0	2.6	2.0	10.6	1.2
Architecture and engineering occupations	2.1	2.1	1.0	3.9	1.1
Life, physical, and social science occupations	.9	.9	.5	2.4	.4
Community and social service occupations	1.7	1.6	2.7	1.0	1.3
Legal occupations	1.2	1.3	.6	.8	.6
Education, training, and library occupations	5.9	6.2	5.0	4.6	3.5
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	2.0	2.2	1.1	1.8	1.3
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	5.9	5.7	5.9	9.3	2.8
Service occupations	17.7	16.5	25.1	16.1	25.4
Healthcare support occupations	2.3	1.9	5.4	2.1	2.4
Protective service occupations	2.1	1.9	3.3	1.0	1.7
Food preparation and serving related occupations	5.6	5.4	6.5	5.4	8.7
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3.8	3.8	4.7	1.8	8.8
Personal care and service occupations	3.8	3.4	5.1	5.8	3.7
Sales and office occupations	22.1	22.1	23.5	18.9	20.8
Sales and related occupations	10.5	10.6	9.7	9.8	9.8
Office and administrative support occupations	11.7	11.5	13.8	9.1	10.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	9.2	10.1	5.7	3.4	16.3
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	.7	.8	.3	.2	2.0
Construction and extraction occupations	5.2	5.9	3.0	1.5	10.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	3.2	3.5	2.4	1.7	3.7
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations	11.7	11.3	15.6	9.3	15.6
Production occupations	5.6	5.5	6.1	5.4	7.5
Transportation and material moving occupations	6.1	5.7	9.5	3.9	8.1
Men, 16 years and older (thousands)	80568	64612	8471	4915	14563
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	35.8	36.3	24.9	53.4	18.3
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	17.4	18.4	11.0	18.0	9.5
Management occupations	13.2	14.1	7.9	12.9	7.2
Business and financial operations occupations	4.2	4.4	3.1	5.1	2.3
Professional and related occupations	18.4	17.9	13.9	35.4	8.8
Computer and mathematical occupations	4.3	3.7	2.8	14.8	1.6
Architecture and engineering occupations	3.3	3.4	1.7	5.9	1.6
Life, physical, and social science occupations	.9	.9	.5	2.4	.4
Community and social service occupations	1.1	1.1	1.8	.8	.6
Legal occupations	1.1	1.2	.4	.6	.3
Education, training, and library occupations	3.0	3.0	2.6	3.2	1.6
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	2.0	2.1	1.5	1.7	1.3
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	2.7	2.5	2.7	6.0	1.4
Service occupations	14.4	13.5	20.9	12.4	20.3
Healthcare support occupations	.5	.4	1.1	.8	.5
Protective service occupations	3.0	2.9	4.7	1.5	2.3
Food preparation and serving related occupations	4.9	4.5	6.9	5.6	7.9
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	4.3	4.3	5.7	1.8	8.2
Personal care and service occupations	1.6	1.4	2.5	2.8	1.3
Sales and office occupations	16.2	15.9	18.2	16.1	14.3
Sales and related occupations	10.0	10.3	8.5	10.0	8.2
Office and administrative support occupations	6.1	5.6	9.7	6.1	6.1
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	16.4	17.9	11.2	5.7	26.8
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1.1	1.2	.5	.2	2.6
Construction and extraction occupations	9.5	10.5	6.1	2.5	18.0
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	5.8	6.2	4.7	3.0	6.2
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations	17.2	16.4	24.8	12.3	20.3
Production occupations	7.5	7.5	8.4	6.2	8.7
Transportation and material moving occupations	9.6	8.9	16.4	6.2	11.6
Women, 16 years and older (thousands)	70868	54701	9511	4298	10686
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	43.2	44.4	34.8	51.0	27.0
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	15.4	16.0	11.6	17.8	10.0
Management occupations	9.6	10.1	6.7	10.1	6.3
Business and financial operations occupations	5.8	5.9	4.9	7.7	3.7
Professional and related occupations	27.8	28.4	23.2	33.2	17.0
Computer and mathematical occupations	1.7	1.4	1.3	5.8	.7
Architecture and engineering occupations	.6	.6	.3	1.6	.4
Life, physical, and social science occupations	.8	.8	.5	2.3	.5
Community and social service occupations	2.4	2.3	3.5	1.2	2.1
Legal occupations	1.3	1.5	.8	1.0	1.0
Education, training, and library occupations	9.2	10.0	7.1	6.2	6.3
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	2.1	2.4	.8	2.0	1.4
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	9.6	9.5	8.8	13.1	4.6
Service occupations	21.4	20.0	28.8	20.3	32.2
Healthcare support occupations	4.4	3.6	9.2	3.7	4.9
Protective service occupations	1.0	.8	2.1	.3	.9
Food preparation and serving related occupations	6.5	6.5	6.2	5.1	9.8
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3.3	3.3	3.8	1.8	9.5
Personal care and service occupations	6.3	5.8	7.5	9.4	7.1
Sales and office occupations	28.9	29.5	28.3	22.1	29.6
Sales and related occupations	11.0	11.0	10.8	9.6	12.1
Office and administrative support occupations	18.0	18.5	17.5	12.5	17.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	.9	1.0	.7	.7	2.1
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	.3	.4	.2	.2	1.1
Construction and extraction occupations	.3	.4	.2	.2	.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	.2	.2	.3	.2	.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	5.5	5.1	7.4	5.9	9.1
Production occupations	3.4	3.1	4.0	4.6	5.7
Transportation and material moving occupations	2.2	2.0	3.4	1.2	3.4
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Occupation	Total employed	Percent of total employed
Occupation	Total employed	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	151,436	78.8	11.9	6.1	16.7
Management, professional, and related occupations	59,438	80.3	9.1	8.1	9.3
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	24,941	82.9	8.2	6.6	9.8
Management occupations	17,418	84.1	7.5	6.1	9.9
Chief executives	1,649	88.8	3.4	6.0	5.6
General and operations managers	949	85.0	7.1	5.6	11.3
Legislators	20	–	–	–	–
Advertising and promotions managers	67	88.4	7.1	1.3	4.8
Marketing and sales managers	1,066	87.1	5.3	6.0	9.9
Public relations and fundraising managers	62	81.6	10.3	5.4	3.3
Administrative services managers	181	82.6	13.2	3.4	10.0
Computer and information systems managers	597	77.4	6.2	15.2	6.7
Financial managers	1,197	82.2	6.9	8.3	10.3
Compensation and benefits managers	20	–	–	–	–
Human resources managers	287	78.9	13.5	4.9	11.2
Training and development managers	58	83.9	8.3	2.1	8.5
Industrial production managers	275	84.9	4.9	9.2	7.4
Purchasing managers	203	86.8	9.1	2.9	10.6
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	299	81.1	11.4	4.8	18.4
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers	1,042	96.8	1.0	1.0	4.7
Construction managers	812	91.9	3.8	2.0	11.0
Education administrators	954	81.3	14.3	2.2	8.8
Architectural and engineering managers	136	80.7	4.2	10.6	3.8
Food service managers	1,157	73.8	10.2	12.0	17.7
Funeral service managers	15	–	–	–	–
Gaming managers	16	–	–	–	–
Lodging managers	166	69.7	9.7	15.8	9.0
Medical and health services managers	593	78.9	13.2	5.4	10.2
Natural sciences managers	14	–	–	–	–
Postmasters and mail superintendents	25	–	–	–	–
Property, real estate, and community association managers	709	84.6	9.0	3.6	11.3
Social and community service managers	421	76.0	15.4	4.8	11.0
Emergency management directors	10	–	–	–	–
Managers, all other	4,420	84.3	7.2	6.3	10.2
Business and financial operations occupations	7,523	80.0	9.7	7.8	9.8
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes	38	–	–	–	–
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products	11	–	–	–	–
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products	207	86.3	6.4	4.4	11.8
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products	272	81.7	9.9	6.2	11.6
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	349	81.4	15.1	1.6	12.7
Compliance officers	270	77.6	12.4	7.9	10.0
Cost estimators	113	90.5	2.9	3.2	8.3
Human resources workers	693	78.8	12.8	5.2	11.3
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	77	72.0	17.8	7.2	8.5
Training and development specialists	156	82.9	12.0	3.0	10.3
Logisticians	115	74.5	17.0	6.9	12.0
Management analysts	902	78.5	9.0	10.7	7.9
Meeting, convention, and event planners	162	82.1	8.6	4.5	11.1
Fundraisers	86	91.5	4.3	1.9	4.8
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	302	83.9	5.0	8.8	8.3
Business operations specialists, all other	290	77.9	13.7	4.7	13.5
Accountants and auditors	1,777	78.4	8.5	10.9	9.0
Appraisers and assessors of real estate	73	91.8	5.5	2.2	9.5
Budget analysts	53	72.2	16.8	8.6	5.6
Credit analysts	27	–	–	–	–
Financial analysts	307	78.6	6.5	12.8	10.9
Personal financial advisors	513	83.9	6.0	7.7	7.1
Insurance underwriters	104	82.6	9.6	6.3	4.9
Financial examiners	14	–	–	–	–
Credit counselors and loan officers	367	77.3	11.5	5.6	10.9
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	68	75.6	15.8	8.1	13.3
Tax preparers	108	83.0	8.5	5.3	14.9
Financial specialists, all other	68	75.0	16.8	5.4	13.6
Professional and related occupations	34,498	78.5	9.8	9.2	9.0
Computer and mathematical occupations	4,601	67.9	7.9	21.3	6.8
Computer and information research scientists	20	–	–	–	–
Computer systems analysts	526	68.7	10.8	17.6	6.7
Information security analysts	89	78.7	9.2	7.7	8.9
Computer programmers	466	71.4	7.6	19.8	6.7
Software developers, applications and systems software	1,483	56.8	4.1	35.7	4.8
Web developers	205	76.2	8.4	9.3	5.8
Computer support specialists	570	74.5	9.8	12.6	7.8
Database administrators	90	75.4	4.4	16.2	2.9
Network and computer systems administrators	218	77.5	9.6	10.8	9.4
Computer network architects	115	71.4	13.0	11.8	9.3
Computer occupations, all other	596	74.0	11.0	12.7	10.6
Actuaries	14	–	–	–	–
Mathematicians	4	–	–	–	–
Operations research analysts	129	71.9	11.2	12.9	10.4
Statisticians	74	67.0	8.4	19.8	3.9
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations	2	–	–	–	–
Architecture and engineering occupations	3,106	80.5	5.6	11.6	8.8
Architects, except naval	246	85.0	3.0	11.1	8.0
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	34	–	–	–	–
Aerospace engineers	130	87.6	2.6	9.3	7.3
Agricultural engineers	2	–	–	–	–
Biomedical engineers	13	–	–	–	–
Chemical engineers	79	80.8	4.1	10.3	6.6
Civil engineers	425	86.4	3.6	7.7	10.4
Computer hardware engineers	69	61.9	5.3	29.2	12.0
Electrical and electronics engineers	293	74.4	7.5	15.1	9.3
Environmental engineers	33	–	–	–	–
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	220	89.3	2.7	6.6	11.2
Marine engineers and naval architects	13	–	–	–	–
Materials engineers	31	–	–	–	–
Mechanical engineers	350	83.2	4.2	10.5	5.5
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	9	–	–	–	–
Nuclear engineers	7	–	–	–	–
Petroleum engineers	36	–	–	–	–
Engineers, all other	539	71.8	7.2	18.2	6.1
Drafters	109	88.5	4.9	4.9	22.7
Engineering technicians, except drafters	385	76.8	11.2	8.8	10.6
Surveying and mapping technicians	83	91.0	3.7	3.2	7.4
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,367	75.5	6.4	16.0	8.2
Agricultural and food scientists	35	–	–	–	–
Biological scientists	96	73.8	6.5	17.2	7.0
Conservation scientists and foresters	31	–	–	–	–
Medical scientists	154	57.9	3.7	37.3	4.6
Life scientists, all other	3	–	–	–	–
Astronomers and physicists	19	–	–	–	–
Atmospheric and space scientists	6	–	–	–	–
Chemists and materials scientists	95	69.0	10.6	18.4	2.7
Environmental scientists and geoscientists	89	88.1	3.4	8.0	5.6
Physical scientists, all other	261	65.9	4.9	26.9	9.7
Economists	26	–	–	–	–
Survey researchers	3	–	–	–	–
Psychologists	161	88.1	5.8	4.2	6.9
Sociologists	3	–	–	–	–
Urban and regional planners	38	–	–	–	–
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	39	–	–	–	–
Agricultural and food science technicians	35	–	–	–	–
Biological technicians	17	–	–	–	–
Chemical technicians	76	76.0	14.9	8.2	12.9
Geological and petroleum technicians	18	–	–	–	–
Nuclear technicians	5	–	–	–	–
Social science research assistants	2	–	–	–	–
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians	155	75.0	8.0	13.0	11.6
Community and social service occupations	2,612	74.4	18.6	3.4	12.1
Counselors	869	73.9	19.6	2.7	11.6
Social workers	781	70.4	22.7	3.0	13.8
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	102	73.3	21.0	1.3	14.3
Social and human service assistants	184	70.5	21.6	2.6	14.1
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers	89	72.6	20.4	2.5	16.1
Clergy	436	80.4	11.8	5.9	9.1
Directors, religious activities and education	78	90.6	3.1	4.2	9.9
Religious workers, all other	73	83.7	7.4	7.9	8.0
Legal occupations	1,808	88.0	6.3	4.1	8.4
Lawyers	1,133	89.3	4.4	4.7	5.6
Judicial law clerks	15	–	–	–	–
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	59	86.8	11.0	1.2	3.5
Paralegals and legal assistants	433	84.2	10.2	3.5	16.2
Miscellaneous legal support workers	168	88.5	8.4	1.9	8.7
Education, training, and library occupations	8,948	82.7	10.0	4.7	10.0
Postsecondary teachers	1,420	77.8	7.0	12.3	6.9
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	692	81.0	12.5	3.4	13.3
Elementary and middle school teachers	3,186	85.1	10.3	2.4	9.8
Secondary school teachers	1,078	87.9	8.0	2.0	7.9
Special education teachers	353	86.8	8.6	2.2	6.5
Other teachers and instructors	868	79.4	10.3	7.2	10.6
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	43	–	–	–	–
Librarians	190	85.3	7.5	5.8	7.1
Library technicians	37	–	–	–	–
Teacher assistants	950	79.2	14.8	3.4	17.3
Other education, training, and library workers	132	78.3	12.2	6.3	9.7
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	3,097	85.0	6.6	5.5	10.6
Artists and related workers	232	89.0	3.6	3.6	9.9
Designers	878	83.7	5.1	8.4	10.6
Actors	47	–	–	–	–
Producers and directors	173	89.3	3.6	4.6	6.3
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers	312	87.8	8.4	2.2	11.7
Dancers and choreographers	17	–	–	–	–
Musicians, singers, and related workers	192	77.0	14.6	3.7	9.3
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other	49	–	–	–	–
Announcers	59	76.0	16.6	4.0	20.7
News analysts, reporters and correspondents	73	84.6	3.6	9.6	10.5
Public relations specialists	121	87.3	8.2	1.7	7.3
Editors	167	90.1	1.9	6.6	6.0
Technical writers	61	87.4	7.8	4.1	7.8
Writers and authors	229	90.6	3.4	2.5	5.6
Miscellaneous media and communication workers	116	73.6	11.3	13.0	37.8
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators	111	80.3	13.1	2.4	12.1
Photographers	205	86.9	5.7	5.7	8.4
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors	54	93.0	3.1	3.8	11.4
Media and communication equipment workers, all other	1	–	–	–	–
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	8,960	76.4	11.8	9.6	7.8
Chiropractors	51	93.7	1.7	4.6	9.8
Dentists	163	74.6	3.2	20.2	9.5
Dietitians and nutritionists	120	74.8	15.9	6.1	4.9
Optometrists	36	–	–	–	–
Pharmacists	306	71.2	10.1	18.1	4.6
Physicians and surgeons	1,061	71.6	7.5	19.3	5.9
Physician assistants	92	83.9	3.2	11.5	6.0
Podiatrists	12	–	–	–	–
Audiologists	15	–	–	–	–
Occupational therapists	118	81.5	7.5	8.2	6.3
Physical therapists	290	83.9	5.2	9.5	5.3
Radiation therapists	13	–	–	–	–
Recreational therapists	11	–	–	–	–
Respiratory therapists	84	82.1	8.5	5.2	8.7
Speech-language pathologists	162	91.9	2.9	3.2	9.0
Exercise physiologists	2	–	–	–	–
Therapists, all other	205	81.2	9.2	6.1	15.7
Veterinarians	101	93.3	2.1	3.7	0.3
Registered nurses	3,102	76.9	11.9	9.0	6.6
Nurse anesthetists	23	–	–	–	–
Nurse midwives	6	–	–	–	–
Nurse practitioners	176	83.2	8.5	6.2	3.5
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other	32	–	–	–	–
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	361	68.9	16.5	10.6	13.0
Dental hygienists	169	91.6	5.2	2.7	9.2
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians	311	82.8	9.8	5.4	8.8
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics	194	81.8	12.4	2.3	12.1
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians	610	76.4	12.7	8.8	12.2
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	653	62.6	30.3	4.2	10.1
Medical records and health information technicians	184	79.7	10.7	5.3	6.4
Opticians, dispensing	55	87.0	7.3	2.2	11.6
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	130	61.2	24.3	11.9	9.7
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	114	80.1	13.5	3.4	11.9
Service occupations	26,811	73.3	16.8	5.5	23.9
Healthcare support occupations	3,554	63.4	27.3	5.5	16.9
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides	2,058	52.4	37.5	5.8	14.6
Occupational therapy assistants and aides	20	–	–	–	–
Physical therapist assistants and aides	70	84.5	6.4	6.3	10.4
Massage therapists	170	82.4	6.8	7.7	9.6
Dental assistants	294	78.9	11.4	6.5	24.1
Medical assistants	570	77.9	14.3	4.1	28.6
Medical transcriptionists	39	–	–	–	–
Pharmacy aides	36	–	–	–	–
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	39	–	–	–	–
Phlebotomists	101	70.8	22.0	3.6	16.2
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers	156	67.2	26.0	4.0	7.9
Protective service occupations	3,117	73.7	19.0	2.8	14.1
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	61	71.7	23.3	2.6	17.3
First-line supervisors of police and detectives	114	85.6	12.3	0.2	10.6
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers	44	–	–	–	–
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	88	73.7	16.9	3.0	11.7
Firefighters	252	86.6	6.8	1.4	7.7
Fire inspectors	27	–	–	–	–
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers	383	69.3	25.5	1.9	12.9
Detectives and criminal investigators	130	88.2	6.9	4.0	7.6
Fish and game wardens	9	–	–	–	–
Parking enforcement workers	8	–	–	–	–
Police and sheriff's patrol officers	708	82.2	12.0	2.7	16.0
Transit and railroad police	2	–	–	–	–
Animal control workers	9	–	–	–	–
Private detectives and investigators	94	78.6	11.5	4.5	6.7
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers	923	59.5	30.4	4.0	17.6
Crossing guards	72	69.5	26.4	1.5	15.5
Transportation security screeners	44	–	–	–	–
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers	149	83.3	8.7	1.2	11.4
Food preparation and serving related occupations	8,542	75.7	13.8	5.8	25.8
Chefs and head cooks	460	69.7	14.7	11.6	23.0
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	543	75.5	15.5	5.3	17.6
Cooks	2,179	73.0	17.3	4.8	35.0
Food preparation workers	1,000	74.3	14.9	6.7	29.3
Bartenders	454	85.7	7.4	2.5	17.0
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food	420	73.2	18.0	3.3	20.2
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop	214	77.6	11.4	5.7	18.0
Waiters and waitresses	2,085	79.6	9.4	6.6	20.9
Food servers, nonrestaurant	213	71.2	16.3	5.7	22.5
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	331	74.2	15.3	6.4	27.8
Dishwashers	319	68.8	16.3	5.9	35.4
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	319	82.4	8.8	3.8	16.3
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	3	–	–	–	–
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	5,804	78.2	14.6	2.9	38.2
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers	323	79.2	16.0	1.2	28.4
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	231	91.3	5.1	1.0	24.6
Janitors and building cleaners	2,276	74.1	17.9	3.4	32.8
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	1,485	74.2	17.3	4.2	47.3
Pest control workers	79	86.1	6.2	.2	14.6
Grounds maintenance workers	1,411	86.5	8.1	1.4	43.1
Personal care and service occupations	5,795	70.5	15.9	9.3	16.3
First-line supervisors of gaming workers	206	84.7	4.8	4.1	11.6
First-line supervisors of personal service workers	191	72.7	9.2	15.5	10.6
Animal trainers	61	95.0	1.2	1.3	11.7
Nonfarm animal caretakers	233	88.5	4.7	2.4	11.7
Gaming services workers	92	53.8	8.0	28.2	9.8
Motion picture projectionists	6	–	–	–	–
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	40	–	–	–	–
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers	199	73.1	15.7	6.4	9.8
Embalmers and funeral attendants	12	–	–	–	–
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors	40	–	–	–	–
Barbers	126	52.9	39.9	3.3	19.6
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	806	78.5	12.4	5.2	16.5
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers	364	30.4	9.5	57.8	9.2
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	66	67.6	18.4	8.1	31.8
Tour and travel guides	53	80.4	13.0	5.7	11.4
Childcare workers	1,280	75.6	17.1	2.8	20.9
Personal care aides	1,396	60.8	24.4	10.2	20.6
Recreation and fitness workers	440	84.8	10.0	1.0	7.8
Residential advisors	42	–	–	–	–
Personal care and service workers, all other	142	74.7	14.4	4.4	12.6
Sales and office occupations	33,539	78.7	12.6	5.2	15.6
Sales and related occupations	15,848	80.0	11.0	5.7	15.7
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	3,282	81.9	8.9	6.1	14.7
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers	1,180	84.1	6.8	6.7	13.6
Cashiers	3,260	70.2	17.8	7.2	20.7
Counter and rental clerks	105	78.1	14.0	3.2	22.6
Parts salespersons	117	87.5	7.5	3.1	17.9
Retail salespersons	3,312	79.0	12.3	5.3	18.2
Advertising sales agents	222	79.5	12.0	4.0	11.7
Insurance sales agents	630	80.9	11.0	4.6	11.7
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	263	82.7	7.1	7.2	8.9
Travel agents	83	85.5	2.6	10.3	11.3
Sales representatives, services, all other	512	84.9	8.5	3.9	11.3
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	1,308	88.8	4.8	4.3	10.7
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	59	80.9	9.6	3.0	9.3
Real estate brokers and sales agents	977	86.3	6.9	4.6	10.2
Sales engineers	43	–	–	–	–
Telemarketers	61	59.2	34.9	4.8	19.7
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	160	84.8	9.1	3.4	22.3
Sales and related workers, all other	274	84.2	9.7	3.2	12.1
Office and administrative support occupations	17,691	77.6	14.1	4.7	15.6
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	1,352	81.9	11.1	4.6	13.6
Switchboard operators, including answering service	25	–	–	–	–
Telephone operators	41	–	–	–	–
Communications equipment operators, all other	5	–	–	–	–
Bill and account collectors	152	71.1	25.1	2.0	19.3
Billing and posting clerks	452	77.8	14.0	4.6	15.8
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	1,137	84.5	7.7	4.9	11.9
Gaming cage workers	12	–	–	–	–
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	129	79.8	10.4	8.1	13.2
Procurement clerks	27	–	–	–	–
Tellers	342	79.8	12.5	5.3	17.5
Financial clerks, all other	69	75.8	14.6	9.1	14.2
Brokerage clerks	3	–	–	–	–
Correspondence clerks	7	–	–	–	–
Court, municipal, and license clerks	80	75.9	18.9	2.4	19.6
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	44	–	–	–	–
Customer service representatives	2,388	74.5	16.9	4.5	18.3
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	77	60.8	27.6	6.6	19.4
File clerks	183	69.6	21.2	5.7	11.6
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	138	63.6	17.2	9.7	21.5
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	152	70.6	20.7	5.2	11.6
Library assistants, clerical	87	84.1	12.5	1.4	10.5
Loan interviewers and clerks	132	80.8	10.8	5.4	13.8
New accounts clerks	24	–	–	–	–
Order clerks	105	84.5	8.1	4.1	21.5
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	42	–	–	–	–
Receptionists and information clerks	1,331	80.1	13.0	3.7	18.4
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	144	59.7	24.8	8.2	20.0
Information and record clerks, all other	118	74.5	19.8	3.6	7.9
Cargo and freight agents	27	–	–	–	–
Couriers and messengers	227	66.3	22.1	6.0	19.3
Dispatchers	292	81.1	12.8	3.1	16.6
Meter readers, utilities	31	–	–	–	–
Postal service clerks	121	63.1	23.9	12.1	8.7
Postal service mail carriers	320	71.5	18.6	8.3	12.3
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	60	53.4	34.3	7.5	9.7
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	245	84.0	8.6	4.2	9.1
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks	546	78.0	16.1	2.2	21.7
Stock clerks and order fillers	1,530	71.2	18.8	4.8	19.5
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	51	77.2	17.8	1.7	19.2
Secretaries and administrative assistants	2,744	84.9	8.6	3.2	11.8
Computer operators	91	79.3	13.8	4.1	14.3
Data entry keyers	272	73.7	13.4	9.1	20.9
Word processors and typists	82	77.2	14.3	4.1	11.2
Desktop publishers	0	–	–	–	–
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	273	73.4	17.9	6.7	11.4
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	77	74.6	21.7	1.0	21.2
Office clerks, general	1,295	74.9	14.6	6.9	16.9
Office machine operators, except computer	35	–	–	–	–
Proofreaders and copy markers	12	–	–	–	–
Statistical assistants	9	–	–	–	–
Office and administrative support workers, all other	551	77.8	13.6	4.3	11.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13,904	87.0	7.3	2.2	29.6
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,096	90.4	4.9	1.8	45.0
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	48	–	–	–	–
Agricultural inspectors	19	–	–	–	–
Animal breeders	7	–	–	–	–
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	85	71.5	20.4	6.3	40.7
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	818	92.8	2.7	1.3	52.5
Fishers and related fishing workers	29	–	–	–	–
Hunters and trappers	1	–	–	–	–
Forest and conservation workers	21	–	–	–	–
Logging workers	68	85.7	11.2	.0	5.1
Construction and extraction occupations	7,929	88.1	6.8	1.7	34.0
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	680	89.7	5.5	1.5	22.5
Boilermakers	23	–	–	–	–
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	160	87.3	6.4	.5	45.5
Carpenters	1,359	90.5	5.4	1.2	33.9
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	168	90.3	3.5	.9	50.8
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	56	83.9	10.5	1.6	48.8
Construction laborers	1,801	85.5	8.1	2.2	45.5
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	13	–	–	–	–
Pile-driver operators	2	–	–	–	–
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	351	89.0	8.7	.2	19.3
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	180	88.7	6.7	.5	62.7
Electricians	774	87.6	5.9	3.1	16.8
Glaziers	54	92.3	5.0	.0	21.2
Insulation workers	50	88.2	7.7	.5	33.8
Painters, construction and maintenance	612	87.5	5.7	3.6	50.7
Paperhangers	4	–	–	–	–
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	583	90.2	7.5	.9	21.2
Plasterers and stucco masons	34	–	–	–	–
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	12	–	–	–	–
Roofers	230	89.5	4.9	1.1	51.7
Sheet metal workers	126	86.6	6.7	2.1	16.7
Structural iron and steel workers	60	82.4	10.7	1.9	10.8
Solar photovoltaic installers	10	–	–	–	–
Helpers, construction trades	57	89.0	9.2	.9	42.5
Construction and building inspectors	93	81.1	11.8	2.4	9.9
Elevator installers and repairers	44	–	–	–	–
Fence erectors	43	–	–	–	–
Hazardous materials removal workers	34	–	–	–	–
Highway maintenance workers	92	87.5	9.6	.2	15.1
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	10	–	–	–	–
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	10	–	–	–	–
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	34	–	–	–	–
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	25	–	–	–	–
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	33	–	–	–	–
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	11	–	–	–	–
Mining machine operators	55	90.7	7.1	.0	11.6
Roof bolters, mining	4	–	–	–	–
Roustabouts, oil and gas	6	–	–	–	–
Helpers--extraction workers	4	–	–	–	–
Other extraction workers	32	–	–	–	–
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,879	84.4	8.8	3.2	19.0
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	264	86.0	10.2	2.0	10.4
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	212	76.2	13.0	10.0	12.0
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	143	74.7	16.3	5.3	15.8
Avionics technicians	7	–	–	–	–
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	25	–	–	–	–
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	2	–	–	–	–
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility	13	–	–	–	–
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	10	–	–	–	–
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers	44	–	–	–	–
Security and fire alarm systems installers	79	83.6	5.6	4.2	24.2
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	140	86.3	3.3	6.0	18.5
Automotive body and related repairers	147	85.5	5.2	3.0	24.1
Automotive glass installers and repairers	22	–	–	–	–
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	879	81.3	9.6	4.3	23.3
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	342	87.7	7.0	1.9	16.1
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	203	89.4	3.8	1.9	16.9
Small engine mechanics	51	85.0	11.0	.0	6.6
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	87	79.1	10.8	2.0	31.6
Control and valve installers and repairers	33	–	–	–	–
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	427	90.1	7.0	1.3	21.9
Home appliance repairers	49	–	–	–	–
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics	393	86.7	8.5	1.9	15.0
Maintenance and repair workers, general	552	84.0	10.6	2.2	19.8
Maintenance workers, machinery	21	–	–	–	–
Millwrights	40	–	–	–	–
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	136	87.2	7.7	.9	10.5
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	171	76.4	16.1	5.2	20.9
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	66	88.4	4.5	3.9	13.9
Wind turbine service technicians	5	–	–	–	–
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	38	–	–	–	–
Commercial divers	1	–	–	–	–
Locksmiths and safe repairers	30	–	–	–	–
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	10	–	–	–	–
Riggers	13	–	–	–	–
Signal and track switch repairers	7	–	–	–	–
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers	19	–	–	–	–
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers	198	87.0	5.8	3.9	22.9
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	17,743	75.7	15.8	4.8	22.2
Production occupations	8,459	77.8	12.9	5.9	22.3
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers	763	83.1	9.7	3.9	15.0
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	5	–	–	–	–
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	117	64.6	14.1	16.9	22.5
Engine and other machine assemblers	9	–	–	–	–
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	22	–	–	–	–
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	1,082	71.1	17.8	7.2	19.6
Bakers	224	74.4	13.9	7.2	27.3
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	277	66.8	19.8	9.9	34.6
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	24	–	–	–	–
Food batchmakers	107	80.0	14.2	3.1	30.6
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	10	–	–	–	–
Food processing workers, all other	138	66.9	23.3	7.4	35.3
Computer control programmers and operators	87	81.3	6.3	4.3	12.3
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	13	–	–	–	–
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	–	–	–	–
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	13	–	–	–	–
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	83	93.3	5.8	.6	22.3
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	8	–	–	–	–
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	48	–	–	–	–
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	14	–	–	–	–
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	6	–	–	–	–
Machinists	356	85.3	5.4	6.8	13.0
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters	31	–	–	–	–
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	4	–	–	–	–
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	33	–	–	–	–
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	3	–	–	–	–
Tool and die makers	50	95.6	2.4	.0	12.3
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	603	84.5	10.0	2.8	23.6
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	3	–	–	–	–
Layout workers, metal and plastic	7	–	–	–	–
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	20	–	–	–	–
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	5	–	–	–	–
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other	379	74.3	15.3	7.3	22.1
Prepress technicians and workers	22	–	–	–	–
Printing press operators	205	86.4	6.7	4.7	15.9
Print binding and finishing workers	14	–	–	–	–
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	188	67.1	21.4	7.9	34.0
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	36	–	–	–	–
Sewing machine operators	208	77.3	8.0	12.1	46.9
Shoe and leather workers and repairers	8	–	–	–	–
Shoe machine operators and tenders	2	–	–	–	–
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	79	66.9	7.8	22.6	19.3
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders	2	–	–	–	–
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	9	–	–	–	–
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders	13	–	–	–	–
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders	11	–	–	–	–
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers	0	–	–	–	–
Fabric and apparel patternmakers	1	–	–	–	–
Upholsterers	36	–	–	–	–
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other	20	–	–	–	–
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	56	90.8	6.7	.0	15.7
Furniture finishers	19	–	–	–	–
Model makers and patternmakers, wood	0	–	–	–	–
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	35	–	–	–	–
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	23	–	–	–	–
Woodworkers, all other	34	–	–	–	–
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	44	–	–	–	–
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	78	85.4	9.6	5.0	14.1
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	77	82.5	13.9	2.1	6.8
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	38	–	–	–	–
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	54	92.5	3.7	1.5	15.8
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	94	84.0	12.2	1.5	35.3
Cutting workers	67	79.9	7.2	4.1	37.2
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	29	–	–	–	–
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	16	–	–	–	–
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	734	76.7	12.8	7.4	17.7
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers	40	–	–	–	–
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians	85	77.0	8.4	11.8	11.3
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	236	72.5	16.1	6.2	43.1
Painting workers	173	84.8	8.8	1.8	28.4
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	29	–	–	–	–
Semiconductor processors	2	–	–	–	–
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders	11	–	–	–	–
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders	3	–	–	–	–
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders	0	–	–	–	–
Etchers and engravers	6	–	–	–	–
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	24	–	–	–	–
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	33	–	–	–	–
Tire builders	10	–	–	–	–
Helpers--production workers	40	–	–	–	–
Production workers, all other	968	73.8	17.1	5.4	22.1
Transportation and material moving occupations	9,284	73.8	18.4	3.8	22.1
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers	190	81.6	13.4	3.2	21.2
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	141	93.9	3.0	.5	7.7
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists	26	–	–	–	–
Flight attendants	93	77.2	13.7	6.4	16.1
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	19	–	–	–	–
Bus drivers	553	64.5	29.4	3.3	11.8
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	3,542	78.8	14.8	2.6	21.3
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs	500	50.6	28.7	16.0	12.6
Motor vehicle operators, all other	63	81.6	13.7	2.3	14.6
Locomotive engineers and operators	52	75.3	20.8	.6	7.8
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	2	–	–	–	–
Railroad conductors and yardmasters	55	74.4	21.3	4.3	6.0
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers	15	–	–	–	–
Sailors and marine oilers	16	–	–	–	–
Ship and boat captains and operators	31	–	–	–	–
Ship engineers	4	–	–	–	–
Bridge and lock tenders	2	–	–	–	–
Parking lot attendants	89	65.3	24.3	7.3	28.5
Automotive and watercraft service attendants	97	78.4	9.9	6.4	18.1
Transportation inspectors	26	–	–	–	–
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants	41	–	–	–	–
Other transportation workers	34	–	–	–	–
Conveyor operators and tenders	3	–	–	–	–
Crane and tower operators	63	84.8	13.0	.5	13.7
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators	37	–	–	–	–
Hoist and winch operators	9	–	–	–	–
Industrial truck and tractor operators	605	68.3	26.0	2.3	28.0
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	328	73.7	18.0	2.5	29.4
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	1,900	72.7	19.9	3.2	23.4
Machine feeders and offbearers	30	–	–	–	–
Packers and packagers, hand	550	68.3	18.9	7.1	43.6
Pumping station operators	16	–	–	–	–
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	101	81.6	16.4	.5	23.5
Mine shuttle car operators	0	–	–	–	–
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders	4	–	–	–	–
Material moving workers, all other	45	–	–	–	–
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages
Industry and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)	151,436	119,313	17,982	9,213	25,249
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	1.6	1.9	.4	.3	2.4
Mining	.5	.6	.3	.2	.6
Construction	6.8	7.7	3.3	2.1	11.8
Manufacturing	10.2	10.4	8.5	11.3	9.8
Durable goods	6.4	6.6	4.8	7.5	5.4
Nondurable goods	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.8	4.4
Wholesale and retail trade	13.4	13.5	12.7	12.9	13.7
Wholesale trade	2.4	2.5	1.7	2.4	2.5
Retail trade	10.9	10.9	11.0	10.6	11.2
Transportation and utilities	5.3	4.9	8.0	4.6	5.5
Information	1.9	1.9	1.8	2.3	1.3
Financial activities	6.9	7.0	6.0	7.9	5.0
Professional and business services	12.1	12.1	9.9	16.5	12.0
Education and health services	22.6	21.9	28.4	22.3	16.4
Leisure and hospitality	9.4	9.0	10.0	10.0	12.9
Other services	4.8	4.8	4.3	6.1	5.2
Other services, except private households	4.4	4.3	4.0	5.8	4.1
Other services, private households	.5	.5	.3	.3	1.1
Public administration	4.5	4.3	6.4	3.4	3.3
Men, 16 years and older (thousands)	80,568	64,612	8,471	4,915	14,563
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	2.3	2.7	.7	.3	3.2
Mining	.9	.9	.5	.3	.9
Construction	11.7	13.0	6.4	3.4	19.5
Manufacturing	13.6	13.9	12.2	13.4	11.6
Durable goods	9.0	9.3	7.1	9.6	7.0
Nondurable goods	4.5	4.6	5.0	3.8	4.6
Wholesale and retail trade	13.9	13.9	14.2	13.7	13.5
Wholesale trade	3.2	3.3	2.7	2.7	3.2
Retail trade	10.7	10.6	11.5	11.1	10.3
Transportation and utilities	7.6	7.1	12.3	6.6	7.3
Information	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.7	1.4
Financial activities	6.2	6.2	5.3	7.7	4.3
Professional and business services	13.3	13.0	11.7	19.9	12.2
Education and health services	10.8	10.2	13.6	14.1	6.8
Leisure and hospitality	8.7	8.2	10.6	10.2	11.7
Other services	4.3	4.3	4.7	4.6	4.6
Other services, except private households	4.3	4.2	4.6	4.5	4.4
Other services, private households	.1	.1	.1	.1	.1
Public administration	4.7	4.6	6.0	3.1	3.1
Women, 16 years and older (thousands)	70,868	54,701	9,511	4,298	10,686
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	0.9	1.1	.1	.3	1.3
Mining	.2	.2	.1	.1	.1
Construction	1.3	1.5	.6	.7	1.3
Manufacturing	6.3	6.3	5.3	8.9	7.4
Durable goods	3.4	3.4	2.7	5.0	3.3
Nondurable goods	2.9	2.9	2.6	3.9	4.2
Wholesale and retail trade	12.7	12.9	11.5	12.0	14.0
Wholesale trade	1.5	1.6	.8	2.1	1.7
Retail trade	11.2	11.3	10.6	10.0	12.3
Transportation and utilities	2.7	2.4	4.2	2.4	3.0
Information	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.9	1.1
Financial activities	7.7	7.9	6.6	8.2	6.1
Professional and business services	10.7	11.0	8.4	12.5	11.9
Education and health services	36.1	35.7	41.5	31.7	29.5
Leisure and hospitality	10.1	10.1	9.4	9.8	14.5
Other services	5.4	5.4	4.0	7.8	6.2
Other services, except private households	4.5	4.4	3.5	7.2	3.7
Other services, private households	.9	1.0	.5	.6	2.5
Public administration	4.4	4.0	6.7	3.7	3.6
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total families	82,092	65,083	9,976	4,707	12,900
With at least one family member employed	66,023	52,209	7,764	4,166	11,182
As a percent of total families	80.4	80.2	77.8	88.5	86.7
With at least one family member unemployed	5,301	3,711	1,086	265	1,117
As a percent of total families	6.5	5.7	10.9	5.6	8.7
Some family member(s) employed	3,656	2,684	628	204	811
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	69.0	72.3	57.8	76.9	72.6
Some family member(s) employed full time	3,162	2,343	524	185	702
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	59.7	63.1	48.2	69.8	62.9
Married-couple families⁽¹⁾	59,747	50,170	4,492	3,775	8,025
With at least one family member employed	48,440	40,298	3,655	3,361	7,170
As a percent of total families	81.1	80.3	81.4	89.0	89.3
With at least one family member unemployed	3,122	2,443	371	196	642
As a percent of total families	5.2	4.9	8.3	5.2	8.0
Some family member(s) employed	2,511	1,975	289	163	533
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	80.4	80.8	77.8	83.0	83.1
Some family member(s) employed full time	2,235	1,765	259	148	473
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	71.6	72.2	69.7	75.5	73.7
Families maintained by women⁽²⁾	15,669	10,064	4,326	579	3,287
With at least one family member employed	12,001	7,775	3,229	492	2,588
As a percent of total families	76.6	77.3	74.6	84.9	78.7
With at least one family member unemployed	1,543	845	564	45	337
As a percent of total families	9.8	8.4	13.0	7.8	10.3
Some family member(s) employed	774	457	254	26	189
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	50.1	54.0	45.1	56.8	56.0
Some family member(s) employed full time	607	360	194	23	151
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	39.3	42.7	34.3	50.3	44.7
Families maintained by men⁽²⁾	6,676	4,849	1,158	353	1,588
With at least one family member employed	5,582	4,136	881	314	1,424
As a percent of total families	83.6	85.3	76.1	88.8	89.7
With at least one family member unemployed	635	423	151	24	138
As a percent of total families	9.5	8.7	13.0	6.8	8.7
Some family member(s) employed	372	252	85	16	89
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	58.5	59.7	56.1	65.5	64.5
Some family member(s) employed full time	320	217	72	15	79
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	50.4	51.4	47.4	60.2	57.2
Footnotes ⁽¹⁾ Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only. ⁽²⁾ No opposite-sex spouse present.
Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2016 annual averages (percent)
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
With no children under 18 years
1994	60.2	67.1	53.6	60.6	67.7	53.8	57.2	62.0	52.4	–	–	–	62.3	71.5	51.5
1995	60.2	67.0	53.5	60.5	67.6	53.6	57.5	62.3	52.7	–	–	–	61.2	70.9	50.2
1996	60.1	66.8	53.5	60.5	67.6	53.6	56.9	61.5	52.3	–	–	–	61.6	71.3	50.5
1997	60.4	67.0	53.8	60.8	67.8	53.8	57.3	61.2	53.5	–	–	–	62.6	72.1	51.4
1998	60.3	67.0	53.9	60.6	67.6	53.8	58.0	62.0	54.2	–	–	–	62.8	72.1	51.7
1999	60.4	66.8	54.1	60.7	67.5	53.9	58.3	62.1	54.6	–	–	–	62.5	71.6	52.2
2000	60.6	67.0	54.3	60.9	67.7	54.3	58.4	62.5	54.5	–	–	–	63.7	73.2	52.6
2001	60.4	66.7	54.3	60.8	67.4	54.3	57.9	61.7	54.4	–	–	–	63.0	72.4	52.6
2002	60.0	66.2	53.9	60.4	66.8	54.0	56.8	61.0	52.7	61.2	67.8	55.0	63.9	72.7	53.2
2003	59.7	65.4	54.1	60.1	66.1	54.1	56.5	60.0	53.2	59.7	66.4	53.7	62.8	72.1	51.5
2004	59.6	65.3	54.0	60.0	66.1	54.0	56.4	59.5	53.5	59.1	65.0	53.5	63.5	72.6	52.5
2005	59.8	65.5	54.2	60.1	66.2	54.1	57.3	60.8	53.9	59.9	66.0	54.3	63.0	72.1	51.9
2006	60.0	65.8	54.2	60.4	66.5	54.2	57.1	60.5	53.9	60.0	66.2	54.1	63.7	73.0	52.2
2007	59.8	65.6	54.0	60.3	66.4	54.1	56.5	60.1	53.0	60.2	66.6	54.0	63.7	72.8	52.4
2008	59.9	65.6	54.3	60.3	66.3	54.3	56.9	60.4	53.6	60.3	66.6	54.4	63.5	72.7	52.1
2009	59.3	64.6	54.0	59.9	65.4	54.3	55.9	59.3	52.7	59.0	65.3	53.1	62.6	70.7	52.8
2010	58.7	63.8	53.6	59.1	64.5	53.7	56.0	59.1	52.9	58.1	64.3	52.4	62.0	69.8	52.3
2011	58.1	63.1	53.0	58.6	63.8	53.2	55.1	58.4	51.8	58.0	63.9	52.6	60.8	68.3	51.6
2012	57.5	62.6	52.5	58.1	63.7	52.4	55.2	57.6	52.8	58.1	63.2	53.4	60.7	68.1	52.0
2013	57.2	62.3	52.1	57.4	62.9	52.0	54.5	57.1	52.0	58.8	64.5	53.6	60.6	68.2	51.9
2014	56.7	61.7	51.7	56.9	62.2	51.6	54.8	57.5	52.1	57.0	63.0	51.7	60.5	68.0	51.8
2015	56.5	61.6	51.5	56.7	62.1	51.2	55.3	58.0	52.7	56.5	61.7	51.7	60.4	68.1	51.9
2016	56.7	61.9	51.6	56.8	62.3	51.4	55.2	58.4	52.2	57.1	63.1	51.8	60.3	67.9	52.0
With children under 18 years
1994	79.8	94.1	69.0	80.9	94.8	69.5	74.9	89.5	68.4	–	–	–	70.2	92.1	54.7
1995	80.3	94.1	69.8	81.3	94.9	70.3	76.3	89.6	70.3	–	–	–	71.0	92.2	55.6
1996	81.1	94.5	70.8	81.8	95.3	70.7	78.5	89.7	73.3	–	–	–	72.3	93.7	56.7
1997	81.8	94.6	71.9	82.4	95.4	71.7	79.6	89.6	75.0	–	–	–	74.0	93.4	59.6
1998	81.8	94.6	71.8	82.2	95.3	71.3	81.0	90.4	76.7	–	–	–	74.2	92.9	60.2
1999	82.0	94.6	72.2	82.3	95.4	71.5	82.0	89.3	78.5	–	–	–	74.6	93.8	60.3
2000	82.1	94.7	72.3	82.3	95.3	71.6	82.2	90.3	78.2	–	–	–	75.7	93.8	62.0
2001	81.9	94.6	72.1	82.2	95.3	71.5	81.8	89.7	77.9	–	–	–	75.7	93.6	62.0
2002	81.6	94.3	71.8	81.9	94.8	71.1	81.9	90.3	77.7	78.3	93.2	66.6	75.8	93.2	62.7
2003	81.2	94.1	71.1	81.4	94.7	70.3	81.5	89.7	77.5	78.9	93.5	67.0	75.1	93.4	61.2
2004	80.7	94.1	70.4	81.1	94.8	69.8	80.5	88.4	76.5	77.9	93.8	64.9	74.9	93.9	60.4
2005	80.7	94.1	70.5	81.1	94.8	69.8	80.4	88.7	76.3	77.9	93.1	65.6	74.5	94.2	59.6
2006	81.0	94.1	70.9	81.4	94.9	70.2	80.5	88.1	76.9	78.3	93.2	66.3	75.3	94.2	60.9
2007	81.4	94.3	71.0	81.7	95.0	70.3	81.2	89.6	76.6	78.9	93.1	67.1	76.5	94.8	61.4
2008	81.5	94.1	71.4	81.8	94.8	70.8	81.1	89.7	76.7	80.0	93.0	68.8	76.4	94.4	61.4
2009	81.3	93.8	71.4	81.8	94.5	70.9	80.2	87.7	76.3	80.1	94.1	68.0	76.5	94.2	61.5
2010	80.9	93.7	70.8	81.4	94.5	70.5	79.7	89.0	74.9	78.2	92.2	66.2	76.6	93.9	62.1
2011	80.6	93.5	70.6	81.1	94.3	70.2	79.6	87.9	75.3	78.3	93.0	65.4	76.1	93.5	61.8
2012	80.4	93.1	70.3	81.0	94.0	70.3	80.0	88.9	75.4	76.7	93.0	63.2	76.4	93.7	63.2
2013	80.0	92.8	69.9	80.6	93.6	69.6	80.0	87.9	75.6	77.0	92.7	64.2	75.3	92.9	61.2
2014	80.1	92.8	70.1	80.6	93.5	69.8	79.9	87.9	75.4	77.4	93.3	64.3	75.8	93.1	62.0
2015	80.0	92.7	69.9	80.4	93.5	69.4	80.4	87.3	76.6	76.2	92.9	62.4	75.7	93.4	61.4
2016	80.4	92.8	70.5	80.8	93.6	70.0	80.8	87.3	77.2	76.7	92.6	63.4	76.0	93.4	61.8
With children 6 to 17 years, none younger
1994	83.5	93.1	76.1	84.3	93.9	76.5	79.6	88.0	75.5	–	–	–	74.9	89.7	64.5
1995	83.7	93.0	76.6	84.6	93.7	77.2	80.1	88.1	76.4	–	–	–	75.4	89.7	65.5
1996	84.5	93.5	77.5	85.3	94.4	77.7	81.3	87.9	78.1	–	–	–	77.3	92.3	66.7
1997	84.7	93.6	77.9	85.4	94.4	78.0	81.8	88.1	78.7	–	–	–	77.6	91.2	68.2
1998	84.5	93.5	77.6	84.9	94.2	77.3	83.1	88.2	80.6	–	–	–	77.5	90.6	68.1
1999	84.8	93.4	78.2	85.4	94.4	78.1	83.2	86.7	81.4	–	–	–	78.6	91.2	69.5
2000	85.1	93.5	78.7	85.7	94.3	78.6	83.3	87.8	81.0	–	–	–	79.3	91.5	70.5
2001	85.0	93.6	78.3	85.5	94.5	78.1	83.3	87.5	81.1	–	–	–	79.6	91.7	70.9
2002	84.8	93.3	78.2	85.1	94.0	77.8	84.3	89.2	81.8	82.6	91.6	75.7	79.0	91.1	70.2
2003	84.5	93.1	77.8	84.7	93.7	77.3	84.0	88.0	82.1	82.9	93.5	74.3	78.8	91.5	69.4
2004	84.1	93.1	77.3	84.5	93.9	76.9	82.7	86.3	80.9	82.6	93.8	73.4	79.6	92.8	70.2
2005	83.7	93.0	76.5	84.1	93.8	76.3	82.4	86.9	80.2	80.7	92.3	71.2	78.8	92.9	68.7
2006	83.8	93.1	76.7	84.3	94.0	76.3	82.4	85.7	80.8	80.8	91.8	72.0	79.1	92.6	69.4
2007	84.3	93.2	77.2	84.6	94.0	76.7	83.7	87.7	81.5	81.8	91.7	73.6	80.5	93.1	70.4
2008	84.3	93.1	77.3	84.7	93.9	77.0	83.1	87.8	80.6	82.7	91.8	74.9	80.4	93.2	70.0
2009	84.2	92.7	77.3	84.7	93.7	77.0	82.2	85.7	80.3	82.7	92.9	74.0	80.7	93.6	69.9
2010	83.7	92.8	76.5	84.2	93.6	76.3	81.9	87.1	79.2	81.8	92.2	73.1	80.1	92.6	69.9
2011	83.3	92.6	76.1	83.9	93.5	76.0	81.5	86.5	78.8	80.8	92.2	71.2	79.2	91.9	69.0
2012	82.6	92.2	75.1	83.2	93.0	75.1	81.9	87.3	79.1	78.4	91.6	67.7	79.4	92.7	69.1
2013	82.3	91.9	74.7	83.0	92.8	74.8	81.4	86.4	78.6	78.8	91.7	68.4	78.1	91.8	67.5
2014	82.2	91.6	74.7	82.7	92.4	74.6	81.7	86.5	79.0	80.1	92.6	70.1	78.4	91.9	68.2
2015	82.1	91.8	74.4	82.5	92.5	74.2	81.4	85.5	79.1	79.0	92.0	68.4	78.3	92.3	67.3
2016	82.5	91.9	75.0	82.8	92.7	74.6	81.9	85.6	79.9	80.0	92.2	69.9	78.5	92.4	67.7
With children under 6 years
1994	75.8	95.2	61.2	77.1	95.9	61.6	70.0	91.3	61.2	–	–	–	66.6	94.0	47.0
1995	76.6	95.5	62.3	77.7	96.1	62.6	72.0	91.4	63.9	–	–	–	67.6	94.1	47.7
1996	77.2	95.6	63.2	77.9	96.3	62.7	75.4	91.9	68.2	–	–	–	68.5	94.8	48.7
1997	78.3	95.8	64.8	78.8	96.5	64.1	77.1	91.3	70.8	–	–	–	70.9	95.1	52.3
1998	78.6	96.1	64.9	78.9	96.6	64.1	78.5	93.0	72.0	–	–	–	71.3	94.9	53.0
1999	78.5	96.1	64.8	78.5	96.7	63.4	80.6	92.5	74.9	–	–	–	71.2	95.9	52.1
2000	78.4	96.1	64.6	78.2	96.5	63.0	80.9	93.3	74.9	–	–	–	72.5	95.7	54.5
2001	78.1	95.8	64.3	78.1	96.2	63.0	80.0	92.5	73.9	–	–	–	72.2	95.2	53.8
2002	77.7	95.5	63.7	77.9	95.9	62.7	78.9	91.8	72.5	73.5	94.8	56.3	73.1	94.8	56.1
2003	77.2	95.4	62.8	77.3	96.0	61.5	78.2	92.1	71.8	74.2	93.4	58.5	71.9	94.9	53.4
2004	76.5	95.4	61.8	76.8	96.0	60.7	77.6	91.1	70.8	73.1	93.8	56.0	70.6	94.8	51.2
2005	77.0	95.4	62.8	77.2	96.1	61.6	77.8	91.2	71.4	74.9	94.0	59.3	70.6	95.4	50.9
2006	77.5	95.4	63.5	77.7	95.9	62.5	78.0	91.1	71.8	75.6	94.8	59.9	71.7	95.6	52.7
2007	77.8	95.7	63.3	77.9	96.2	62.3	77.9	92.3	70.4	75.8	94.8	59.9	72.9	96.1	53.0
2008	77.9	95.4	64.0	78.0	95.9	62.9	78.6	92.4	71.7	77.1	94.3	61.9	72.7	95.5	53.0
2009	77.8	95.1	64.2	78.1	95.6	63.3	77.7	90.4	71.4	77.3	95.4	61.4	72.4	94.9	53.1
2010	77.5	94.7	63.9	78.0	95.5	63.4	77.1	91.3	69.8	74.3	92.2	58.3	73.2	95.2	54.6
2011	77.4	94.5	63.9	77.7	95.2	63.0	77.4	89.7	71.1	75.4	93.8	58.4	73.2	95.0	54.7
2012	77.7	94.2	64.6	78.2	95.1	64.3	77.6	91.0	71.0	74.7	94.5	57.8	73.3	94.6	57.0
2013	77.2	93.9	63.9	77.5	94.7	62.9	78.5	89.8	72.1	74.9	93.8	59.3	72.3	94.0	54.5
2014	77.5	94.2	64.2	78.0	94.9	63.7	77.6	89.6	71.0	74.3	94.0	57.4	73.1	94.4	55.2
2015	77.4	93.9	64.2	77.7	94.7	63.3	79.2	89.5	73.4	72.8	94.1	55.0	72.9	94.5	54.7
2016	77.8	94.0	64.7	78.2	94.8	63.9	79.4	89.5	73.6	72.8	93.2	55.6	72.9	94.6	54.8
With children under 3 years
1994	74.0	95.3	57.7	75.6	96.0	58.6	66.0	91.5	55.6	–	–	–	64.4	94.1	42.2
1995	74.8	95.5	58.9	76.0	96.2	59.2	68.9	90.9	60.0	–	–	–	65.7	94.1	43.7
1996	75.4	95.8	59.4	76.2	96.5	59.2	72.1	92.2	63.1	–	–	–	66.2	94.6	44.7
1997	76.6	95.9	61.4	77.5	96.5	61.4	73.6	92.1	65.1	–	–	–	68.6	94.6	48.0
1998	77.2	96.2	61.9	77.7	96.7	61.5	75.8	93.2	67.5	–	–	–	69.5	95.0	48.9
1999	77.0	96.4	61.5	77.0	97.0	60.1	78.7	92.4	72.0	–	–	–	68.8	96.2	47.4
2000	76.3	96.4	60.4	76.3	96.7	59.0	77.6	93.6	69.8	–	–	–	70.4	96.2	50.0
2001	76.0	95.9	60.2	76.1	96.4	58.9	77.3	92.6	69.7	–	–	–	69.7	95.3	48.7
2002	76.1	95.8	60.2	76.3	96.2	59.2	76.9	93.2	68.6	72.1	95.4	53.5	70.3	95.1	50.3
2003	75.2	95.7	58.9	75.6	96.2	57.8	74.7	91.4	67.0	73.0	94.5	55.1	69.5	95.2	47.9
2004	74.4	95.7	57.5	74.9	96.3	56.8	74.7	91.0	66.4	70.2	93.8	50.4	68.2	95.2	46.0
2005	74.8	95.5	58.4	75.1	96.4	57.2	74.7	90.6	67.0	72.4	92.9	55.8	67.7	96.0	45.0
2006	75.8	95.5	60.2	76.2	96.2	59.3	75.0	90.6	67.2	73.4	94.2	56.8	69.5	95.9	48.6
2007	75.6	95.9	59.2	76.0	96.4	58.3	74.8	92.8	65.7	73.6	94.2	56.2	69.9	96.0	47.6
2008	76.1	95.7	60.4	76.4	96.2	59.4	75.0	92.4	66.7	75.9	94.4	59.5	70.3	95.9	47.9
2009	76.1	95.0	61.1	76.6	95.5	60.5	74.5	90.2	66.6	76.1	95.9	58.2	70.0	94.4	49.1
2010	75.7	94.7	60.7	76.4	95.7	60.3	74.2	91.0	65.6	72.2	91.2	55.3	71.3	95.3	50.8
2011	75.7	94.7	60.6	76.1	95.3	60.0	75.0	89.2	67.5	73.8	95.3	54.1	71.3	95.5	50.1
2012	76.0	95.0	61.2	76.6	95.5	61.2	75.5	92.2	67.0	72.4	94.3	53.7	71.2	95.5	52.4
2013	75.8	94.0	61.1	76.2	94.9	60.3	76.6	89.9	68.8	72.5	92.6	55.5	70.3	94.3	50.4
2014	76.0	94.4	61.0	76.6	95.0	60.8	75.9	90.2	67.6	72.6	94.5	53.4	70.8	95.1	50.6
2015	76.1	93.9	61.4	76.4	94.7	60.6	77.5	89.7	70.3	70.8	92.8	52.0	70.9	94.4	50.6
2016	76.5	94.2	61.8	77.1	95.1	61.3	78.2	90.2	70.8	69.3	92.5	49.8	70.9	94.5	50.6
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2016 annual averages (percent)
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
1972	5.6	5.0	6.6	5.1	4.5	5.9	10.4	9.3	11.8	–	–	–	–	–	–
1973	4.9	4.2	6.0	4.3	3.8	5.3	9.4	8.0	11.1	–	–	–	7.5	6.7	9.0
1974	5.6	4.9	6.7	5.0	4.4	6.1	10.5	9.8	11.3	–	–	–	8.1	7.3	9.4
1975	8.5	7.9	9.3	7.8	7.2	8.6	14.8	14.8	14.8	–	–	–	12.2	11.4	13.5
1976	7.7	7.1	8.6	7.0	6.4	7.9	14.0	13.7	14.3	–	–	–	11.5	10.8	12.7
1977	7.1	6.3	8.2	6.2	5.5	7.3	14.0	13.3	14.9	–	–	–	10.1	9.0	11.9
1978	6.1	5.3	7.2	5.2	4.6	6.2	12.8	11.8	13.8	–	–	–	9.1	7.7	11.3
1979	5.8	5.1	6.8	5.1	4.5	5.9	12.3	11.4	13.3	–	–	–	8.3	7.0	10.3
1980	7.1	6.9	7.4	6.3	6.1	6.5	14.3	14.5	14.0	–	–	–	10.1	9.7	10.7
1981	7.6	7.4	7.9	6.7	6.5	6.9	15.6	15.7	15.6	–	–	–	10.4	10.2	10.8
1982	9.7	9.9	9.4	8.6	8.8	8.3	18.9	20.1	17.6	–	–	–	13.8	13.6	14.1
1983	9.6	9.9	9.2	8.4	8.8	7.9	19.5	20.3	18.6	–	–	–	13.7	13.6	13.8
1984	7.5	7.4	7.6	6.5	6.4	6.5	15.9	16.4	15.4	–	–	–	10.7	10.5	11.1
1985	7.2	7.0	7.4	6.2	6.1	6.4	15.1	15.3	14.9	–	–	–	10.5	10.2	11.0
1986	7.0	6.9	7.1	6.0	6.0	6.1	14.5	14.8	14.2	–	–	–	10.6	10.5	10.8
1987	6.2	6.2	6.2	5.3	5.4	5.2	13.0	12.7	13.2	–	–	–	8.8	8.7	8.9
1988	5.5	5.5	5.6	4.7	4.7	4.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	–	–	–	8.2	8.1	8.3
1989	5.3	5.2	5.4	4.5	4.5	4.5	11.4	11.5	11.4	–	–	–	8.0	7.6	8.8
1990	5.6	5.7	5.5	4.8	4.9	4.7	11.4	11.9	10.9	–	–	–	8.2	8.0	8.4
1991	6.8	7.2	6.4	6.1	6.5	5.6	12.5	13.0	12.0	–	–	–	10.0	10.3	9.6
1992	7.5	7.9	7.0	6.6	7.0	6.1	14.2	15.2	13.2	–	–	–	11.6	11.7	11.4
1993	6.9	7.2	6.6	6.1	6.3	5.7	13.0	13.8	12.1	–	–	–	10.8	10.6	11.0
1994	6.1	6.2	6.0	5.3	5.4	5.2	11.5	12.0	11.0	–	–	–	9.9	9.4	10.7
1995	5.6	5.6	5.6	4.9	4.9	4.8	10.4	10.6	10.2	–	–	–	9.3	8.8	10.0
1996	5.4	5.4	5.4	4.7	4.7	4.7	10.5	11.1	10.0	–	–	–	8.9	7.9	10.2
1997	4.9	4.9	5.0	4.2	4.2	4.2	10.0	10.2	9.9	–	–	–	7.7	7.0	8.9
1998	4.5	4.4	4.6	3.9	3.9	3.9	8.9	8.9	9.0	–	–	–	7.2	6.4	8.2
1999	4.2	4.1	4.3	3.7	3.6	3.8	8.0	8.2	7.8	–	–	–	6.4	5.6	7.6
2000	4.0	3.9	4.1	3.5	3.4	3.6	7.6	8.0	7.1	3.6	3.6	3.6	5.7	5.0	6.8
2001	4.7	4.8	4.7	4.2	4.2	4.1	8.6	9.3	8.1	4.5	4.5	4.4	6.6	5.9	7.5
2002	5.8	5.9	5.6	5.1	5.3	4.9	10.2	10.7	9.8	5.9	6.1	5.7	7.5	7.2	8.0
2003	6.0	6.3	5.7	5.2	5.6	4.8	10.8	11.6	10.2	6.0	6.2	5.7	7.7	7.2	8.4
2004	5.5	5.6	5.4	4.8	5.0	4.7	10.4	11.1	9.8	4.4	4.5	4.3	7.0	6.5	7.6
2005	5.1	5.1	5.1	4.4	4.4	4.4	10.0	10.5	9.5	4.0	4.0	3.9	6.0	5.4	6.9
2006	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.0	4.0	4.0	8.9	9.5	8.4	3.0	3.0	3.1	5.2	4.8	5.9
2007	4.6	4.7	4.5	4.1	4.2	4.0	8.3	9.1	7.5	3.2	3.1	3.4	5.6	5.3	6.1
2008	5.8	6.1	5.4	5.2	5.5	4.9	10.1	11.4	8.9	4.0	4.1	3.7	7.6	7.6	7.7
2009	9.3	10.3	8.1	8.5	9.4	7.3	14.8	17.5	12.4	7.3	7.9	6.6	12.1	12.5	11.5
2010	9.6	10.5	8.6	8.7	9.6	7.7	16.0	18.4	13.8	7.5	7.8	7.1	12.5	12.7	12.3
2011	8.9	9.4	8.5	7.9	8.3	7.5	15.8	17.8	14.1	7.0	6.8	7.3	11.5	11.2	11.8
2012	8.1	8.2	7.9	7.2	7.4	7.0	13.8	15.0	12.8	5.9	5.8	6.1	10.3	9.9	10.9
2013	7.4	7.6	7.1	6.5	6.8	6.2	13.1	14.2	12.1	5.2	5.6	4.8	9.1	8.8	9.5
2014	6.2	6.3	6.1	5.3	5.4	5.2	11.3	12.2	10.5	5.0	5.3	4.6	7.4	6.8	8.2
2015	5.3	5.4	5.2	4.6	4.7	4.5	9.6	10.3	8.9	3.8	4.0	3.7	6.6	6.3	7.1
2016	4.9	4.9	4.8	4.3	4.4	4.2	8.4	9.1	7.8	3.6	3.5	3.9	5.8	5.4	6.3
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003-2016 annual averages (percent)
Year	American Indian and Alaska Native			Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander			Two or More Races
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
2003	10.5	11.2	9.6	7.7	6.9	8.6	9.1	9.3	8.9
2004	9.6	9.7	9.4	6.1	6.8	5.4	8.7	8.7	8.7
2005	9.3	8.7	10.1	4.3	4.8	3.9	8.0	7.9	8.2
2006	7.9	7.9	8.0	5.3	6.3	4.3	6.7	7.3	6.0
2007	8.1	7.9	8.4	4.8	5.4	4.3	7.1	7.4	6.8
2008	9.9	10.8	8.8	6.4	7.7	4.9	9.5	10.1	8.7
2009	13.3	15.5	10.8	10.8	11.6	10.0	13.6	14.2	12.9
2010	15.1	17.3	12.7	12.0	13.6	10.4	13.6	14.2	13.0
2011	14.6	15.4	13.7	10.4	11.4	9.3	13.6	14.0	13.1
2012	12.3	11.9	12.7	11.8	12.4	11.2	11.9	12.1	11.5
2013	12.8	13.3	12.1	10.2	11.1	9.3	11.0	11.4	10.5
2014	11.3	11.9	10.6	6.1	5.7	6.6	10.2	10.9	9.5
2015	9.9	11.1	8.5	5.7	5.7	5.6	8.4	8.1	8.7
2016	8.9	9.2	8.7	4.4	4.3	4.5	7.5	7.6	7.3
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages
Duration of unemployment	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (in thousands)	7,751	5,345	1,655	349	1,548
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 5 weeks	30.5	32.1	25.5	28.6	33.4
5 to 14 weeks	28.7	29.1	27.3	28.7	28.9
15 to 26 weeks	14.9	14.7	15.5	15.7	14.8
27 weeks and over	25.9	24.1	31.7	26.9	22.8
Average (mean) duration, in weeks	27.5	26.3	31.8	27.9	24.3
Median duration, in weeks	10.6	10.0	13.4	11.4	9.6
Men, 16 years and older (in thousands)	4,187	2,952	845	176	833
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 5 weeks	29.7	31.2	25.2	27.1	34.8
5 to 14 weeks	28.2	28.1	27.5	30.0	28.1
15 to 26 weeks	14.9	15.0	14.4	14.9	14.3
27 weeks and over	27.1	25.8	32.9	28.0	22.8
Average (mean) duration, in weeks	29.3	28.6	33.2	28.0	23.7
Median duration, in weeks	11.2	10.6	13.4	11.6	9.4
Women, 16 years and older (in thousands)	3,564	2,393	810	172	715
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 5 weeks	31.3	33.3	25.8	30.2	31.8
5 to 14 weeks	29.3	30.4	27.0	27.4	29.8
15 to 26 weeks	15.0	14.3	16.7	16.6	15.5
27 weeks and over	24.4	22.1	30.5	25.7	22.9
Average (mean) duration, in weeks	25.4	23.5	30.4	27.8	25.0
Median duration, in weeks	10.1	9.4	13.3	11.3	9.9
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages
Reason for unemployment	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)	7,751	5,345	1,655	349	1,548
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	48.2	50.2	44.6	41.8	49.3
On temporary layoff	12.5	14.4	7.4	7.4	15.1
Not on temporary layoff	35.8	35.8	37.2	34.4	34.2
Permanent job losers	25.4	26.1	24.0	25.6	21.4
Persons who completed temporary jobs	10.4	9.7	13.2	8.8	12.8
Job leavers	11.1	11.5	9.3	12.3	9.0
Reentrants	30.1	28.8	32.9	31.1	28.5
New entrants	10.6	9.5	13.3	14.7	13.2
Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)	4,187	2,952	845	176	833
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	53.3	55.8	47.4	45.0	57.1
On temporary layoff	13.4	15.3	8.1	5.8	17.2
Not on temporary layoff	39.9	40.5	39.3	39.1	39.9
Permanent job losers	28.0	29.1	25.2	28.3	24.5
Persons who completed temporary jobs	11.9	11.4	14.0	10.8	15.4
Job leavers	9.9	10.4	7.7	13.0	7.9
Reentrants	26.5	25.1	30.2	28.8	23.5
New entrants	10.3	8.7	14.8	13.2	11.6
Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)	3,564	2,393	810	172	715
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	42.3	43.3	41.7	38.6	40.3
On temporary layoff	11.3	13.4	6.7	9.0	12.7
Not on temporary layoff	31.0	30.0	35.0	29.6	27.6
Permanent job losers	22.3	22.4	22.7	22.8	17.7
Persons who completed temporary jobs	8.7	7.6	12.3	6.7	9.9
Job leavers	12.5	12.9	11.0	11.6	10.3
Reentrants	34.3	33.3	35.7	33.5	34.3
New entrants	10.9	10.5	11.7	16.3	15.1
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian labor force⁽¹⁾	Not in the labor force
		Total	Want a job					Do not want a job now
			Total	Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 weeks
				Total	Marginally attached (available to work now)⁽²⁾
				Total	Total	Discouraged workers⁽³⁾	Other⁽⁴⁾
Total
Total, 16 years and older	159,187	94,351	5,849	2,434	1,804	553	1,250	88,502
16 to 24 years	21,202	17,232	1,780	787	530	130	400	15,452
25 to 54 years	102,248	23,513	2,481	1,128	841	267	573	21,032
55 years and older	35,737	53,606	1,587	519	433	156	277	52,018
Men, 16 years and older	84,755	37,743	2,733	1,211	960	345	615	35,009
16 to 24 years	10,949	8,423	927	422	299	86	213	7,496
25 to 54 years	54,726	7,085	1,050	520	430	163	267	6,035
55 years and older	19,079	22,235	757	269	232	96	136	21,478
Women, 16 years and older	74,432	56,608	3,116	1,222	843	208	635	53,492
16 to 24 years	10,253	8,809	854	364	231	44	187	7,956
25 to 54 years	47,522	16,428	1,432	608	411	104	307	14,996
55 years and older	16,657	31,371	830	250	201	60	141	30,540
White
Total, 16 years and older	124,658	73,557	4,087	1,629	1,191	360	831	69,469
16 to 24 years	16,171	12,118	1,205	515	333	83	250	10,913
25 to 54 years	78,650	17,136	1,671	735	546	165	381	15,464
55 years and older	29,837	44,303	1,211	379	312	112	200	43,092
Men, 16 years and older	67,564	29,297	1,912	808	632	224	407	27,385
16 to 24 years	8,476	5,870	639	282	192	55	137	5,231
25 to 54 years	42,929	4,912	702	337	275	102	173	4,211
55 years and older	16,158	18,515	572	190	164	67	98	17,943
Women, 16 years and older	57,095	44,260	2,175	821	559	135	424	42,084
16 to 24 years	7,695	6,248	566	234	141	28	113	5,682
25 to 54 years	35,721	12,223	970	398	270	63	208	11,253
55 years and older	13,679	25,788	639	189	147	45	103	25,149
Black or African American
Total, 16 years and older	19,637	12,252	1,110	530	426	146	280	11,142
16 to 24 years	2,988	2,860	371	187	147	38	109	2,489
25 to 54 years	13,248	3,543	489	253	201	79	122	3,055
55 years and older	3,400	5,849	251	90	77	28	49	5,598
Men, 16 years and older	9,315	5,209	513	260	221	89	132	4,696
16 to 24 years	1,442	1,426	179	93	77	24	53	1,247
25 to 54 years	6,255	1,431	220	121	106	49	56	1,211
55 years and older	1,619	2,352	114	47	39	17	23	2,238
Women, 16 years and older	10,321	7,043	597	269	205	57	148	6,446
16 to 24 years	1,546	1,434	192	94	71	14	56	1,242
25 to 54 years	6,994	2,112	269	132	96	30	65	1,844
55 years and older	1,782	3,497	136	43	38	12	26	3,361
Asian
Total, 16 years and older	9,562	5,559	343	142	92	23	69	5,216
16 to 24 years	896	1,302	84	38	19	2	16	1,218
25 to 54 years	6,851	1,858	185	74	48	10	38	1,673
55 years and older	1,814	2,399	74	30	25	11	14	2,325
Men, 16 years and older	5,091	1,973	153	71	51	14	37	1,820
16 to 24 years	466	634	45	21	10	2	8	589
25 to 54 years	3,683	424	65	32	24	4	21	359
55 years and older	942	915	42	19	16	8	8	872
Women, 16 years and older	4,471	3,586	190	71	41	9	32	3,396
16 to 24 years	430	668	38	18	9	1	8	630
25 to 54 years	3,168	1,434	120	42	24	6	17	1,314
55 years and older	872	1484	32	11	9	2	7	1452
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	26,797	13,900	1,181	444	318	94	224	12,718
16 to 24 years	4,563	3,926	426	173	122	30	92	3,499
25 to 54 years	18,754	5,026	551	212	147	45	102	4,475
55 years and older	3,480	4,948	204	59	49	20	29	4,744
Men, 16 years and older	15,396	4,870	501	199	156	52	105	4,369
16 to 24 years	2,469	1,847	214	88	67	18	48	1,633
25 to 54 years	10,951	1,126	195	85	66	23	43	931
55 years and older	1,976	1,898	93	27	24	10	14	1,804
Women, 16 years and older	11,401	9,029	680	245	161	42	119	8,349
16 to 24 years	2,094	2,079	213	85	55	11	44	1,866
25 to 54 years	7,803	3,900	356	128	81	21	59	3,544
55 years and older	1,504	3,050	111	32	25	9	16	2,940
Footnotes: ⁽¹⁾ The sum of the employed plus the unemployed. ⁽²⁾ People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. ⁽³⁾ Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. ⁽⁴⁾ Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2016 annual averages
Year	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$241	$248	$199	–	$194
1980	262	269	212	–	209
1981	284	291	235	–	223
1982	302	310	245	–	240
1983	313	320	261	–	250
1984	326	336	269	–	259
1985	344	356	277	–	270
1986	359	371	291	–	277
1987	374	384	301	–	285
1988	385	395	314	–	290
1989	399	409	319	–	298
1990	412	424	329	–	304
1991	426	442	348	–	312
1992	440	458	357	–	321
1993	459	475	369	–	331
1994	467	484	371	–	324
1995	479	494	383	–	329
1996	490	506	387	–	339
1997	503	519	400	–	351
1998	523	545	426	–	370
1999	549	573	445	–	385
2000	576	590	474	615	399
2001	596	610	491	639	417
2002	608	623	498	658	424
2003	620	636	514	693	440
2004	638	657	525	708	456
2005	651	672	520	753	471
2006	671	690	554	784	486
2007	695	716	569	830	503
2008	722	742	589	861	529
2009	739	757	601	880	541
2010	747	765	611	855	535
2011	756	775	615	866	549
2012	768	792	621	920	568
2013	776	802	629	942	578
2014	791	816	639	953	594
2015	809	835	641	993	604
2016	832	862	678	1,021	624
Men
1979	292	298	227	–	219
1980	313	320	244	–	234
1981	340	350	268	–	251
1982	364	375	278	–	269
1983	379	387	294	–	274
1984	392	401	303	–	287
1985	407	418	305	–	296
1986	419	433	319	–	299
1987	434	450	327	–	306
1988	449	465	348	–	308
1989	468	482	348	–	315
1990	481	494	361	–	318
1991	493	506	375	–	323
1992	501	514	380	–	339
1993	510	524	392	–	346
1994	522	547	400	–	343
1995	538	566	411	–	350
1996	557	580	412	–	356
1997	579	595	432	–	371
1998	598	615	468	–	390
1999	618	638	488	–	406
2000	641	662	510	685	417
2001	670	689	529	732	440
2002	679	702	524	756	451
2003	695	715	555	772	464
2004	713	732	569	802	480
2005	722	743	559	825	489
2006	743	761	591	882	505
2007	766	788	600	936	520
2008	798	825	620	966	559
2009	819	845	621	952	569
2010	824	850	633	936	560
2011	832	856	653	970	571
2012	854	879	665	1,055	592
2013	860	884	664	1,059	594
2014	871	897	680	1,080	616
2015	895	920	680	1,129	631
2016	915	942	718	1,151	663
Women
1979	182	184	169	–	157
1980	201	203	185	–	172
1981	219	221	206	–	190
1982	239	242	217	–	203
1983	252	254	232	–	215
1984	265	268	241	–	223
1985	277	281	252	–	230
1986	291	294	264	–	241
1987	303	307	276	–	251
1988	315	318	288	–	260
1989	328	334	301	–	269
1990	346	353	308	–	278
1991	366	373	323	–	292
1992	380	387	335	–	302
1993	393	401	348	–	313
1994	399	408	346	–	305
1995	406	415	355	–	305
1996	418	428	362	–	316
1997	431	444	375	–	318
1998	456	468	400	–	337
1999	473	483	409	–	348
2000	493	502	429	547	366
2001	512	522	454	563	388
2002	529	547	473	566	397
2003	552	567	491	598	410
2004	573	584	505	613	419
2005	585	596	499	665	429
2006	600	609	519	699	440
2007	614	626	533	731	473
2008	638	654	554	753	501
2009	657	669	582	779	509
2010	669	684	592	773	508
2011	684	703	595	751	518
2012	691	710	599	770	521
2013	706	722	606	819	541
2014	719	734	611	841	548
2015	726	743	615	877	566
2016	749	766	641	902	586
Women's earnings as a percent of men's
1979	62.3	61.7	74.4	–	71.7
1980	64.2	63.4	75.8	–	73.5
1981	64.4	63.1	76.9	–	75.7
1982	65.7	64.5	78.1	–	75.5
1983	66.5	65.6	78.9	–	78.5
1984	67.6	66.8	79.5	–	77.7
1985	68.1	67.2	82.6	–	77.7
1986	69.5	67.9	82.8	–	80.6
1987	69.8	68.2	84.4	–	82.0
1988	70.2	68.4	82.8	–	84.4
1989	70.1	69.3	86.5	–	85.4
1990	71.9	71.5	85.3	–	87.4
1991	74.2	73.7	86.1	–	90.4
1992	75.8	75.3	88.2	–	89.1
1993	77.1	76.5	88.8	–	90.5
1994	76.4	74.6	86.5	–	88.9
1995	75.5	73.3	86.4	–	87.1
1996	75.0	73.8	87.9	–	88.8
1997	74.4	74.6	86.8	–	85.7
1998	76.3	76.1	85.5	–	86.4
1999	76.5	75.7	83.8	–	85.7
2000	76.9	75.8	84.1	79.9	87.8
2001	76.4	75.8	85.8	76.9	88.2
2002	77.9	77.9	90.3	74.9	88.0
2003	79.4	79.3	88.5	77.5	88.4
2004	80.4	79.8	88.8	76.4	87.3
2005	81.0	80.2	89.3	80.6	87.7
2006	80.8	80.0	87.8	79.3	87.1
2007	80.2	79.4	88.8	78.1	91.0
2008	79.9	79.3	89.4	78.0	89.6
2009	80.2	79.2	93.7	81.8	89.5
2010	81.2	80.5	93.5	82.6	90.7
2011	82.2	82.1	91.1	77.4	90.7
2012	80.9	80.8	90.1	73.0	88.0
2013	82.1	81.7	91.3	77.3	91.1
2014	82.5	81.8	89.9	77.9	89.0
2015	81.1	80.8	90.4	77.7	89.7
2016	81.9	81.3	89.3	78.4	88.4
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 years and older	$885	$912	$715	$1,069	$664
Less than a high school diploma	504	510	467	502	492
High school graduates, no college⁽¹⁾	692	717	592	630	621
Some college, no degree	756	781	667	739	699
Associate's degree	819	851	707	786	753
Bachelor's degree and higher⁽²⁾	1,259	1,274	990	1,429	1,127
Men, 25 years and older	969	996	751	1,190	697
Less than a high school diploma	551	567	496	568	518
High school graduates, no college⁽¹⁾	769	806	626	683	679
Some college, no degree	861	892	740	828	771
Associate's degree	951	975	816	825	879
Bachelor's degree and higher⁽²⁾	1,464	1,491	1,052	1,600	1,246
Women, 25 years and older	784	806	677	940	609
Less than a high school diploma	423	421	422	461	413
High school graduates, no college⁽¹⁾	599	610	539	592	550
Some college, no degree	665	682	610	681	618
Associate's degree	720	734	649	760	662
Bachelor's degree and higher⁽²⁾	1,101	1,115	960	1,262	988
Footnotes: ⁽¹⁾ Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. ⁽²⁾ Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages
Occupation and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	$832	$862	$678	$1,021	$624
Management, professional, and related occupations	1,188	1,202	966	1,483	1,012
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	1,284	1,317	1,037	1,509	1,079
Management occupations	1,370	1,387	1,101	1,645	1,100
Business and financial operations occupations	1,161	1,172	970	1,335	1,017
Professional and related occupations	1,141	1,143	916	1,471	971
Computer and mathematical occupations	1,443	1,423	1,105	1,658	1,251
Architecture and engineering occupations	1,482	1,469	1,170	1,690	1,317
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,209	1,226	1,024	1,352	1,010
Community and social services occupations	919	937	820	1,101	854
Legal occupations	1,431	1,428	1,174	1,728	993
Education, training, and library occupations	984	1,002	847	1,049	865
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,040	1,032	924	1,174	849
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations	1,104	1,119	892	1,386	970
Service occupations	523	536	495	545	493
Healthcare support occupations	525	548	497	584	541
Protective service occupations	809	890	681	646	782
Food preparation and serving related occupations	465	467	422	524	454
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	510	515	485	552	484
Personal care and service occupations	505	512	471	515	487
Sales and office occupations	698	713	623	743	613
Sales and related occupations	744	782	584	719	596
Office and administrative support occupations	679	684	644	756	623
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	786	796	741	753	624
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	520	531	466	408	488
Construction and extraction occupations	784	792	755	740	639
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	861	879	747	799	713
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations	665	685	602	635	557
Production occupations	668	691	566	650	543
Transportation and material-moving occupations	662	678	628	615	573
Men, 16 years and older	915	942	718	1,151	663
Management, professional, and related occupations	1,420	1,427	1,124	1,661	1,169
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	1,491	1,513	1,198	1,682	1,161
Management occupations	1,539	1,551	1,260	1,839	1,169
Business and financial operations occupations	1,373	1,392	1,122	1,536	1,143
Professional and related occupations	1,364	1,359	1,061	1,653	1,180
Computer and mathematical occupations	1,518	1,508	1,146	1,728	1,291
Architecture and engineering occupations	1,529	1,506	1,296	1,774	1,403
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,319	1,279	1,276	1,542	1,032
Community and social services occupations	1,004	1,030	836	1,242	929
Legal occupations	1,904	1,911	1,573	2,378	1,654
Education, training, and library occupations	1,154	1,165	1,036	1,297	1,059
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,139	1,151	938	1,236	907
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations	1,332	1,359	992	1,569	1,215
Service occupations	595	610	524	599	517
Healthcare support occupations	602	619	538	618	677
Protective service occupations	854	923	689	624	808
Food preparation and serving related occupations	491	493	424	582	481
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	548	561	501	596	507
Personal care and service occupations	613	642	545	609	554
Sales and office occupations	805	841	640	827	665
Sales and related occupations	904	943	673	845	677
Office and administrative support occupations	708	721	619	778	658
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	794	805	741	779	639
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	544	560	453	399	503
Construction and extraction occupations	786	795	752	759	645
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	863	881	745	809	720
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations	704	723	622	671	600
Production occupations	723	752	589	698	603
Transportation and material-moving occupations	685	699	649	620	598
Women, 16 years and older	749	766	641	902	586
Management, professional, and related occupations	1,027	1,036	892	1,315	894
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	1,099	1,116	960	1,330	943
Management occupations	1,148	1,157	1,003	1,426	933
Business and financial operations occupations	1,018	1,033	903	1,169	953
Professional and related occupations	998	1,003	838	1,305	863
Computer and mathematical occupations	1,325	1,267	1,031	1,543	1,079
Architecture and engineering occupations	1,207	1,218	941	1,296	1,066
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,119	1,146	933	1,135	995
Community and social services occupations	880	888	807	1,058	838
Legal occupations	1,152	1,139	1,008	1,548	850
Education, training, and library occupations	933	951	772	986	808
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	951	936	913	1,168	767
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations	1,036	1,048	865	1,331	871
Service occupations	487	488	475	514	460
Healthcare support occupations	519	539	491	565	522
Protective service occupations	688	712	631	671	744
Food preparation and serving related occupations	434	437	420	477	418
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	454	450	457	526	421
Personal care and service occupations	482	485	443	498	478
Sales and office occupations	649	658	618	688	588
Sales and related occupations	590	611	503	551	514
Office and administrative support occupations	669	672	654	743	610
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	580	569	754	486	458
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	465	469	527	411	422
Construction and extraction occupations	639	616	886	421	489
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	783	772	889	612	581
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations	531	531	528	585	451
Production occupations	527	526	526	582	455
Transportation and material-moving occupations	540	544	533	593	440
Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Making up the civilian noninstitutional population are people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

Employed. Employed people include all those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. The duration of unemployment is the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:

Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.
Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.
New entrants, people who had never worked.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.

Not in the labor force. Making up this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.

Occupation and industry. Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.[1]

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.[2]

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.[3]

Usual weekly earnings. Usual weekly earnings data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).

Median earnings. Median earnings figures indicate the numerical value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:

Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples only.
Families maintained by women and families maintained by men are each made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.[4]

[1] Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and industry data from the Current Population Survey,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 6, 2016), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

[2] More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[3] More information on the 2003 changes in the questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online; see Bowler, Ilg, Miller, Robison, and Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey.”

[4] A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and of information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Reliability of estimates from the CPS,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 16, 2017), www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.