August 2018 Report 1076

Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2017

In 2017, the overall unemployment rate for the United States was 4.4 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, the unemployment rates were higher than the national rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives (7.8 percent), Blacks or African Americans (7.5 percent), people categorized as being of Two or More Races (6.7 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (6.1 percent). Jobless rates were lower than the national rate for Asians (3.4 percent) and Whites (3.8 percent). The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 5.1 percent, was higher than the 4.2-percent rate for non-Hispanics.

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic groups. Because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables.

The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2017.

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (78 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders consisted of less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force (as computed from table 1).

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 23 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (16 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—16 percent—were classified as Other Asian, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups (as computed from table 2).

Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), 5 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. (See table 2.) By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans—including Salvadorans and Other Central Americans (excluding Salvadorans)—made up another 10 percent. Nine percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 8 percent were classified as Other Hispanics or Latinos, a category that includes two subcategories: Dominicans and Other Hispanics or Latinos (excluding Dominicans).

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (67.0 percent), people of Two or More Races (66.9 percent), and Hispanics (66.1 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates, and American Indians and Alaska Natives (60.3 percent) and Blacks (62.3 percent) had the lowest rates. The participation rates for Whites and Asians were 62.8 percent and 63.6 percent, respectively. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4a, and chart 1.)

View Chart Data

Chart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Race	Percent
Total	62.9
White	62.8
Black or African American	62.3
Asian	63.6
American Indian and Alaska Native	60.3
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	67.0
Two or More Races	66.9
Hispanic or Latino	66.1

Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.5 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (68.1 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (75.0 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (71.8 percent). Among adult women (age 20 and older), Blacks (62.5 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than Hispanics (58.9 percent), Asians (58.3 percent), and Whites (57.6 percent). (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (that is, the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 55.6 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 62.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 57.6 percent for Blacks, 60.4 percent for Whites, 61.5 percent for Asians, 62.4 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, and 62.7 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5a.)

Among adult men (ages 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (77.1 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Blacks (63.1 percent) had the lowest, continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 72.6 percent and 69.3 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 58.5 percent for Blacks, 56.4 percent for Asians, 55.8 percent for Hispanics, and 55.6 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)

The employment–population ratio among teenagers (age 16 to 19) continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (32.3 percent) was about 12 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (20.8 percent) and about 10 percentage points higher than the ratio for Black teens (22.8 percent). The ratio for Hispanic teens was 27.1 percent.

Educational attainment

Among people age 25 and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent for each of Whites, Blacks, and Asians. By contrast, 75 percent of Hispanics in the labor force had attained at least a high school diploma. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 61 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 40 percent of Whites, 30 percent of Blacks, and 20 percent of Hispanics (as computed from table 6 and chart 2).

View Chart Data

Chart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Educational attainment	Hispanic or Latino	Asian	Black or African American	White
Less than a high school diploma	25	6	7	7
High school graduates, no college	31	17	31	26
Some college, no degree	15	9	21	16
Associate's degree	9	7	12	11
Bachelor's degree and higher	20	61	30	40

Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment. For all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher were generally lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education typically are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of those ages 25 and older increased with educational attainment for all major race and ethnicity groups. Blacks and Hispanics with a bachelor’s degree and higher had lower earnings than their Asian and White counterparts. (See table 17.)

Occupation

Fifty-two percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 41 percent of employed Whites, 31 percent of employed Blacks, and 23 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)

View Chart Data

Chart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Occupation	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino
Production, transportation, and material moving	11.1	16.0	10.0	15.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	10.3	5.6	3.3	16.8
Sales and office	21.9	23.4	17.9	20.6
Service	16.2	24.2	16.8	24.8
Management, professional, and related	40.6	30.8	52.0	22.5

Among employed men, 54 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 37 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas 13 percent of employed Asian and White men, respectively, worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-eight percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 11 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men.

Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 50 percent of Asian women, compared with 45 percent of White women, 36 percent of Black women, and 28 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 61 percent of Hispanics worked in two occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 56 percent of Blacks, 49 percent of Whites, and 43 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 17 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including painters, construction and maintenance (53 percent); miscellaneous agricultural workers (51 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for one-quarter or more of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (34 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (32 percent); and taxi drivers and chauffeurs (28 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (62 percent), software developers (32 percent), and physicians and surgeons (18 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 95 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 90 percent of construction managers; and 90 percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)

Industry

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (20 percent) than were Whites (13 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent). Twenty percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White (13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), and Black men (12 percent). A large share of employed women in all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (40 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 9.)

Families and parents

Eighty-nine percent of Asian families and 87 percent of Hispanic families had an employed person. By contrast, White and Black families were less likely to have an employed person: 80 percent and 79 percent, respectively. (See table 10.)

Families maintained by women (without a spouse present) accounted for 43 percent of Black families, 24 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). In comparison, 76 percent of Black families, 77 percent of White families, and 79 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women without a spouse present were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member.

Among mothers with children under 18, Black mothers (78.4 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than White (70.5 percent), Asian (65.0 percent), or Hispanic (61.9 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)

Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 were more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 93.7 percent for Whites, 93.1 percent for Hispanics, 93.1 percent for Asians, and 87.3 percent for Blacks.

Unemployment

Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (7.8 percent) and Blacks (7.5 percent) had the highest unemployment rates, and the rate was lowest for Asians (3.4 percent). The jobless rates were 3.8 percent for Whites, 6.1 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 6.7 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, and 5.1 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12a, and charts 4 and 5.)

View Chart Data

Chart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Race	Percent
Total	4.4
White	3.8
Black or African American	7.5
Asian	3.4
American Indian and Alaska Native	7.8
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	6.1
Two or More Races	6.7
Hispanic or Latino	5.1

Chart 5. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1973–2017 annual averages
Year	Black or African American	White	Hispanic or Latino	Asian
1973	9.4	4.3	7.5
1974	10.5	5.0	8.1
1975	14.8	7.8	12.2
1976	14.0	7.0	11.5
1977	14.0	6.2	10.1
1978	12.8	5.2	9.1
1979	12.3	5.1	8.3
1980	14.3	6.3	10.1
1981	15.6	6.7	10.4
1982	18.9	8.6	13.8
1983	19.5	8.4	13.7
1984	15.9	6.5	10.7
1985	15.1	6.2	10.5
1986	14.5	6.0	10.6
1987	13.0	5.3	8.8
1988	11.7	4.7	8.2
1989	11.4	4.5	8.0
1990	11.4	4.8	8.2
1991	12.5	6.1	10.0
1992	14.2	6.6	11.6
1993	13.0	6.1	10.8
1994	11.5	5.3	9.9
1995	10.4	4.9	9.3
1996	10.5	4.7	8.9
1997	10.0	4.2	7.7
1998	8.9	3.9	7.2
1999	8.0	3.7	6.4
2000	7.6	3.5	5.7	3.6
2001	8.6	4.2	6.6	4.5
2002	10.2	5.1	7.5	5.9
2003	10.8	5.2	7.7	6.0
2004	10.4	4.8	7.0	4.4
2005	10.0	4.4	6.0	4.0
2006	8.9	4.0	5.2	3.0
2007	8.3	4.1	5.6	3.2
2008	10.1	5.2	7.6	4.0
2009	14.8	8.5	12.1	7.3
2010	16.0	8.7	12.5	7.5
2011	15.8	7.9	11.5	7.0
2012	13.8	7.2	10.3	5.9
2013	13.1	6.5	9.1	5.2
2014	11.3	5.3	7.4	5.0
2015	9.6	4.6	6.6	3.8
2016	8.4	4.3	5.8	3.6
2017	7.5	3.8	5.1	3.4

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, the jobless rates for adult Black men and adult Black women (age 20 and older) were 7.2 percent and 6.5 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 4.2 percent, and the rate for adult Hispanic women was 5.3 percent. In comparison, the jobless rates for both adult White men and adult White women were 3.5 percent. For both adult Asian men and adult Asian women, the unemployment rate was 3.2 percent, respectively. (See table 3.)

Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, at 24.0 percent. The unemployment rates for Hispanic, White, and Asian teenagers were 15.0 percent, 12.2 percent, and 11.5 percent, respectively.

Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 13.1 weeks and 11.5 weeks, respectively, whereas the figure for Whites was 9.3 weeks and Hispanics, 8.9 weeks. (See table 13.)

Of the 7.0 million unemployed, 49 percent (3.4 million) were job losers (that is, workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (30 percent), job leavers (11 percent), and new entrants (10 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, 51 percent of Whites and 50 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 47 percent of Blacks and 42 percent of Asians. Fifteen percent of unemployed Asians, 11 percent of unemployed Blacks, 11 percent of unemployed Hispanics, and 9 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)

Not in the labor force

As computed from table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, but 22 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force, wanted to work and were available to work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 78 percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (27 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2017 were $655 for Hispanics, $682 for Blacks, $890 for Whites, and $1,043 for Asians. Among men, the earnings for Whites ($971), Blacks ($710), and Hispanics ($690) were 80 percent, 59 percent, and 57 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asians ($1,207). The median earnings of White women ($795), Black women ($657), and Hispanic women ($603) were 88 percent, 73 percent, and 67 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($903). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,662) and White men ($1,458) working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group) were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,166) and Black men ($1,099) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)

Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were relatively close across a number of occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $515 for Asians, $505 for Whites, $484 for Blacks, and $475 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Gender and race	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
Total	255,079	160,320	62.9	153,337	60.1	6,982	4.4	94,759
Men	123,275	85,145	69.1	81,402	66.0	3,743	4.4	38,130
Women	131,804	75,175	57.0	71,936	54.6	3,239	4.3	56,629

White	198,942	124,941	62.8	120,176	60.4	4,765	3.8	74,001
Men	97,225	67,592	69.5	65,000	66.9	2,592	3.8	29,633
Women	101,717	57,349	56.4	55,176	54.2	2,173	3.8	44,368

Black	32,247	20,088	62.3	18,587	57.6	1,501	7.5	12,159
Men	14,712	9,508	64.6	8,742	59.4	766	8.1	5,204
Women	17,535	10,580	60.3	9,845	56.1	735	6.9	6,955

Asian	15,368	9,781	63.6	9,448	61.5	333	3.4	5,587
Men	7,181	5,166	71.9	4,989	69.5	177	3.4	2,015
Women	8,187	4,615	56.4	4,458	54.5	156	3.4	3,572

American Indian and Alaska Native	2,882	1,737	60.3	1,601	55.6	136	7.8	1,145
Men	1,423	937	65.8	858	60.3	79	8.5	486
Women	1,460	800	54.8	744	50.9	57	7.1	660

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	931	624	67.0	586	62.9	38	6.1	307
Men	456	331	72.6	313	68.7	18	5.4	125
Women	475	293	61.7	273	57.4	20	7.0	182

Two or More Races	4,708	3,148	66.9	2,939	62.4	210	6.7	1,560
Men	2,278	1,611	70.7	1,500	65.8	111	6.9	668
Women	2,430	1,538	63.3	1,439	59.2	99	6.4	892
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
Total	255,079	160,320	62.9	153,337	60.1	6,982	4.4	94,759
Men	123,275	85,145	69.1	81,402	66.0	3,743	4.4	38,130
Women	131,804	75,175	57.0	71,936	54.6	3,239	4.3	56,629

Asian	15,368	9,781	63.6	9,448	61.5	333	3.4	5,587
Men	7,181	5,166	71.9	4,989	69.5	177	3.4	2,015
Women	8,187	4,615	56.4	4,458	54.5	156	3.4	3,572
Asian Indian	3,297	2,255	68.4	2,182	66.2	73	3.3	1,041
Chinese	3,497	2,103	60.1	2,036	58.2	66	3.1	1,394
Filipino	2,323	1,541	66.3	1,496	64.4	45	2.9	782
Japanese	896	497	55.4	484	54.0	13	2.5	400
Korean	1,248	770	61.7	750	60.1	21	2.7	477
Vietnamese	1,595	1,030	64.6	992	62.2	38	3.7	565
Other Asian	2,513	1,585	63.1	1,508	60.0	77	4.9	928

Hispanic or Latino	41,371	27,339	66.1	25,938	62.7	1,401	5.1	14,032
Men	20,578	15,604	75.8	14,874	72.3	730	4.7	4,974
Women	20,794	11,735	56.4	11,064	53.2	671	5.7	9,058
Mexican	25,455	16,808	66.0	15,958	62.7	849	5.1	8,647
Men	12,918	9,908	76.7	9,453	73.2	455	4.6	3,010
Women	12,537	6,899	55.0	6,505	51.9	394	5.7	5,638
Puerto Rican	3,902	2,409	61.7	2,265	58.1	144	6.0	1,493
Men	1,866	1,245	66.7	1,162	62.3	82	6.6	621
Women	2,036	1,164	57.2	1,103	54.2	62	5.3	872
Cuban	1,723	1,063	61.7	1,019	59.2	43	4.1	660
Men	834	600	71.9	579	69.4	21	3.4	234
Women	888	463	52.1	440	49.5	23	4.9	426
Central American	3,875	2,765	71.4	2,645	68.3	120	4.3	1,109
Men	1,956	1,617	82.7	1,563	79.9	54	3.4	339
Women	1,918	1,148	59.8	1,082	56.4	66	5.7	771
Salvadoran	1,530	1,105	72.2	1,058	69.2	46	4.2	425
Men	763	633	82.9	607	79.5	26	4.1	131
Women	766	472	61.6	451	58.9	21	4.4	294
Other Central American(1)	2,345	1,661	70.8	1,587	67.7	74	4.5	684
Men	1,193	985	82.6	956	80.2	28	2.9	208
Women	1,152	676	58.6	630	54.7	45	6.7	476
South American	2,889	2,022	70.0	1,923	66.6	99	4.9	867
Men	1,362	1,070	78.5	1,023	75.1	47	4.4	292
Women	1,527	952	62.4	900	59.0	52	5.4	575
Other Hispanic or Latino	3,528	2,273	64.4	2,128	60.3	145	6.4	1,255
Men	1,642	1,164	70.9	1,093	66.6	70	6.0	478
Women	1,887	1,109	58.8	1,034	54.8	75	6.8	778
Dominican	1,452	951	65.5	877	60.4	74	7.8	501
Men	627	444	70.9	412	65.7	32	7.3	183
Women	825	507	61.4	465	56.4	42	8.2	318
Other Hispanic or Latino(2)	2,076	1,322	63.7	1,250	60.2	71	5.4	754
Men	1,015	719	70.9	681	67.2	38	5.3	295
Women	1,061	602	56.7	569	53.6	33	5.5	459

Hispanic or Latino	41,371	27,339	66.1	25,938	62.7	1,401	5.1	14,032
Men	20,578	15,604	75.8	14,874	72.3	730	4.7	4,974
Women	20,794	11,735	56.4	11,064	53.2	671	5.7	9,058
White Hispanic or Latino	36,820	24,290	66.0	23,073	62.7	1,217	5.0	12,530
Men	18,345	13,985	76.2	13,343	72.7	642	4.6	4,360
Women	18,475	10,305	55.8	9,730	52.7	575	5.6	8,170
Black Hispanic or Latino	1,884	1,274	67.6	1,193	63.3	82	6.4	610
Men	867	608	70.1	573	66.1	35	5.7	259
Women	1,017	667	65.5	620	60.9	47	7.0	351
Asian Hispanic or Latino	411	264	64.2	249	60.6	15	5.6	147
Men	201	146	72.6	138	69.0	7	5.0	55
Women	210	118	56.3	111	52.7	8	6.4	92

Non-Hispanic or Latino	213,708	132,980	62.2	127,399	59.6	5,581	4.2	80,727
Men	102,698	69,541	67.7	66,528	64.8	3,013	4.3	33,156
Women	111,010	63,439	57.1	60,871	54.8	2,568	4.0	47,571
White non-Hispanic or Latino	162,122	100,652	62.1	97,104	59.9	3,548	3.5	61,471
Men	78,880	53,607	68.0	51,657	65.5	1,950	3.6	25,273
Women	83,242	47,044	56.5	45,446	54.6	1,598	3.4	36,198
Black non-Hispanic or Latino	30,363	18,814	62.0	17,394	57.3	1,419	7.5	11,549
Men	13,845	8,900	64.3	8,169	59.0	731	8.2	4,945
Women	16,518	9,913	60.0	9,226	55.9	688	6.9	6,604
Asian non-Hispanic or Latino	14,957	9,517	63.6	9,199	61.5	318	3.3	5,440
Men	6,980	5,021	71.9	4,851	69.5	170	3.4	1,960
Women	7,977	4,496	56.4	4,348	54.5	149	3.3	3,481
Footnotes (1) Excludes Salvadoran. (2) Excludes Dominican.
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
Total

Total, 16 years and older	255,079	160,320	62.9	153,337	60.1	6,982	4.4	94,759
16 to 19 years	16,754	5,901	35.2	5,074	30.3	827	14.0	10,853
20 years and older	238,325	154,418	64.8	148,263	62.2	6,155	4.0	83,907
20 to 24 years	21,396	15,259	71.3	14,132	66.0	1,127	7.4	6,137
25 to 54 years	125,697	102,683	81.7	98,833	78.6	3,850	3.7	23,014
55 to 64 years	41,691	26,899	64.5	26,064	62.5	835	3.1	14,792
65 years and older	49,542	9,577	19.3	9,234	18.6	343	3.6	39,964

Men, 16 years and older	123,275	85,145	69.1	81,402	66.0	3,743	4.4	38,130
16 to 19 years	8,493	2,939	34.6	2,483	29.2	457	15.5	5,553
20 years and older	114,783	82,206	71.6	78,919	68.8	3,287	4.0	32,577
20 to 24 years	10,726	7,948	74.1	7,281	67.9	667	8.4	2,778
25 to 54 years	61,851	54,813	88.6	52,817	85.4	1,996	3.6	7,038
55 to 64 years	20,054	14,156	70.6	13,710	68.4	445	3.1	5,898
65 years and older	22,151	5,289	23.9	5,111	23.1	179	3.4	16,862

Women, 16 years and older	131,804	75,175	57.0	71,936	54.6	3,239	4.3	56,629
16 to 19 years	8,261	2,962	35.9	2,591	31.4	371	12.5	5,299
20 years and older	123,542	72,213	58.5	69,344	56.1	2,868	4.0	51,330
20 to 24 years	10,669	7,311	68.5	6,851	64.2	460	6.3	3,358
25 to 54 years	63,846	47,870	75.0	46,016	72.1	1,854	3.9	15,975
55 to 64 years	21,637	12,743	58.9	12,354	57.1	389	3.1	8,894
65 years and older	27,390	4,288	15.7	4,124	15.1	164	3.8	23,102

White

Total, 16 years and older	198,942	124,941	62.8	120,176	60.4	4,765	3.8	74,001
16 to 19 years	12,339	4,542	36.8	3,989	32.3	554	12.2	7,797
20 years and older	186,603	120,399	64.5	116,188	62.3	4,211	3.5	66,204
20 to 24 years	15,701	11,481	73.1	10,738	68.4	743	6.5	4,220
25 to 54 years	95,391	78,569	82.4	76,006	79.7	2,564	3.3	16,821
55 to 64 years	33,709	22,209	65.9	21,581	64.0	628	2.8	11,500
65 years and older	41,803	8,139	19.5	7,863	18.8	277	3.4	33,663

Men, 16 years and older	97,225	67,592	69.5	65,000	66.9	2,592	3.8	29,633
16 to 19 years	6,284	2,296	36.5	1,991	31.7	304	13.3	3,988
20 years and older	90,941	65,296	71.8	63,009	69.3	2,288	3.5	25,645
20 to 24 years	7,925	6,062	76.5	5,613	70.8	449	7.4	1,863
25 to 54 years	47,681	42,793	89.7	41,430	86.9	1,363	3.2	4,889
55 to 64 years	16,413	11,863	72.3	11,531	70.3	331	2.8	4,550
65 years and older	18,922	4,579	24.2	4,434	23.4	144	3.2	14,343

Women, 16 years and older	101,717	57,349	56.4	55,176	54.2	2,173	3.8	44,368
16 to 19 years	6,055	2,247	37.1	1,997	33.0	249	11.1	3,809
20 years and older	95,661	55,103	57.6	53,179	55.6	1,923	3.5	40,559
20 to 24 years	7,776	5,419	69.7	5,126	65.9	293	5.4	2,356
25 to 54 years	47,709	35,777	75.0	34,576	72.5	1,201	3.4	11,933
55 to 64 years	17,296	10,346	59.8	10,050	58.1	297	2.9	6,949
65 years and older	22,881	3,560	15.6	3,428	15.0	132	3.7	19,321

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older	32,247	20,088	62.3	18,587	57.6	1,501	7.5	12,159
16 to 19 years	2,511	754	30.0	573	22.8	181	24.0	1,758
20 years and older	29,736	19,334	65.0	18,015	60.6	1,320	6.8	10,401
20 to 24 years	3,239	2,241	69.2	1,984	61.3	258	11.5	997
25 to 54 years	16,953	13,530	79.8	12,639	74.6	891	6.6	3,423
55 to 64 years	4,934	2,741	55.6	2,606	52.8	135	4.9	2,193
65 years and older	4,610	822	17.8	786	17.0	36	4.4	3,789

Men, 16 years and older	14,712	9,508	64.6	8,742	59.4	766	8.1	5,204
16 to 19 years	1,249	345	27.6	241	19.3	104	30.0	903
20 years and older	13,464	9,163	68.1	8,500	63.1	663	7.2	4,301
20 to 24 years	1,571	1,091	69.4	946	60.2	144	13.2	481
25 to 54 years	7,795	6,388	81.9	5,958	76.4	430	6.7	1,407
55 to 64 years	2,234	1,304	58.4	1,231	55.1	73	5.6	930
65 years and older	1,864	380	20.4	365	19.6	15	4.0	1,483

Women, 16 years and older	17,535	10,580	60.3	9,845	56.1	735	6.9	6,955
16 to 19 years	1,263	409	32.4	331	26.2	77	18.9	854
20 years and older	16,272	10,171	62.5	9,514	58.5	657	6.5	6,101
20 to 24 years	1,667	1,151	69.0	1,038	62.2	113	9.8	516
25 to 54 years	9,159	7,143	78.0	6,682	73.0	461	6.5	2,016
55 to 64 years	2,700	1,437	53.2	1,375	50.9	62	4.3	1,263
65 years and older	2,747	441	16.1	421	15.3	21	4.7	2,305

Asian

Total, 16 years and older	15,368	9,781	63.6	9,448	61.5	333	3.4	5,587
16 to 19 years	878	207	23.5	183	20.8	24	11.5	672
20 years and older	14,490	9,574	66.1	9,265	63.9	309	3.2	4,916
20 to 24 years	1,359	727	53.5	675	49.6	52	7.2	632
25 to 54 years	8,816	7,005	79.5	6,819	77.3	187	2.7	1,811
55 to 64 years	2,050	1,401	68.3	1,350	65.9	51	3.6	649
65 years and older	2,265	441	19.5	422	18.6	20	4.4	1,824

Men, 16 years and older	7,181	5,166	71.9	4,989	69.5	177	3.4	2,015
16 to 19 years	434	105	24.2	93	21.3	13	12.1	329
20 years and older	6,747	5,061	75.0	4,897	72.6	164	3.2	1,686
20 to 24 years	678	364	53.7	333	49.1	31	8.6	314
25 to 54 years	4,166	3,748	90.0	3,654	87.7	93	2.5	419
55 to 64 years	931	710	76.3	683	73.4	27	3.8	221
65 years and older	971	239	24.6	226	23.3	13	5.3	733

Women, 16 years and older	8,187	4,615	56.4	4,458	54.5	156	3.4	3,572
16 to 19 years	444	101	22.9	90	20.3	11	11.0	342
20 years and older	7,743	4,513	58.3	4,368	56.4	145	3.2	3,230
20 to 24 years	681	363	53.3	341	50.2	21	5.8	318
25 to 54 years	4,650	3,258	70.1	3,164	68.1	93	2.9	1,392
55 to 64 years	1,119	690	61.7	667	59.6	24	3.4	428
65 years and older	1,293	202	15.6	195	15.1	7	3.4	1,091

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older	41,371	27,339	66.1	25,938	62.7	1,401	5.1	14,032
16 to 19 years	3,844	1,225	31.9	1,041	27.1	184	15.0	2,619
20 years and older	37,528	26,115	69.6	24,898	66.3	1,217	4.7	11,413
20 to 24 years	4,686	3,326	71.0	3,073	65.6	253	7.6	1,361
25 to 54 years	24,051	19,072	79.3	18,259	75.9	813	4.3	4,978
55 to 64 years	4,662	2,939	63.0	2,825	60.6	113	3.9	1,723
65 years and older	4,129	778	18.8	740	17.9	38	4.9	3,351

Men, 16 years and older	20,578	15,604	75.8	14,874	72.3	730	4.7	4,974
16 to 19 years	1,951	617	31.6	519	26.6	98	15.9	1,333
20 years and older	18,627	14,987	80.5	14,355	77.1	632	4.2	3,640
20 to 24 years	2,374	1,829	77.0	1,692	71.3	137	7.5	545
25 to 54 years	12,204	11,054	90.6	10,639	87.2	415	3.8	1,150
55 to 64 years	2,256	1,658	73.5	1,601	71.0	57	3.4	598
65 years and older	1,794	446	24.9	423	23.6	23	5.1	1,348

Women, 16 years and older	20,794	11,735	56.4	11,064	53.2	671	5.7	9,058
16 to 19 years	1,893	608	32.1	522	27.6	86	14.1	1,285
20 years and older	18,900	11,128	58.9	10,543	55.8	585	5.3	7,773
20 to 24 years	2,312	1,497	64.7	1,381	59.7	116	7.7	815
25 to 54 years	11,847	8,018	67.7	7,620	64.3	398	5.0	3,829
55 to 64 years	2,406	1,281	53.2	1,224	50.9	56	4.4	1,125
65 years and older	2,335	332	14.2	317	13.6	15	4.6	2,003
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
1972	60.4	78.9	43.9	60.4	79.6	43.2	59.9	73.6	48.7	-	-	-	-	-	-
1973	60.8	78.8	44.7	60.8	79.4	44.1	60.2	73.4	49.3	-	-	-	60.2	81.5	41.0
1974	61.3	78.7	45.7	61.4	79.4	45.2	59.8	72.9	49.0	-	-	-	61.1	81.7	42.4
1975	61.2	77.9	46.3	61.5	78.7	45.9	58.8	70.9	48.8	-	-	-	60.8	80.7	43.2
1976	61.6	77.5	47.3	61.8	78.4	46.9	59.0	70.0	49.8	-	-	-	60.8	79.6	44.3
1977	62.3	77.7	48.4	62.5	78.5	48.0	59.8	70.6	50.8	-	-	-	61.6	80.9	44.3
1978	63.2	77.9	50.0	63.3	78.6	49.4	61.5	71.5	53.1	-	-	-	62.9	81.1	46.6
1979	63.7	77.8	50.9	63.9	78.6	50.5	61.4	71.3	53.1	-	-	-	63.6	81.3	47.4
1980	63.8	77.4	51.5	64.1	78.2	51.2	61.0	70.3	53.1	-	-	-	64.0	81.4	47.4
1981	63.9	77.0	52.1	64.3	77.9	51.9	60.8	70.0	53.5	-	-	-	64.1	80.6	48.3
1982	64.0	76.6	52.6	64.3	77.4	52.4	61.0	70.1	53.7	-	-	-	63.6	79.7	48.1
1983	64.0	76.4	52.9	64.3	77.1	52.7	61.5	70.6	54.2	-	-	-	63.8	80.3	47.7
1984	64.4	76.4	53.6	64.6	77.1	53.3	62.2	70.8	55.2	-	-	-	64.9	80.6	49.6
1985	64.8	76.3	54.5	65.0	77.0	54.1	62.9	70.8	56.5	-	-	-	64.6	80.3	49.3
1986	65.3	76.3	55.3	65.5	76.9	55.0	63.3	71.2	56.9	-	-	-	65.4	81.0	50.1
1987	65.6	76.2	56.0	65.8	76.8	55.7	63.8	71.1	58.0	-	-	-	66.4	81.0	52.0
1988	65.9	76.2	56.6	66.2	76.9	56.4	63.8	71.0	58.0	-	-	-	67.4	81.9	53.2
1989	66.5	76.4	57.4	66.7	77.1	57.2	64.2	71.0	58.7	-	-	-	67.6	82.0	53.5
1990	66.5	76.4	57.5	66.9	77.1	57.4	64.0	71.0	58.3	-	-	-	67.4	81.4	53.1
1991	66.2	75.8	57.4	66.6	76.5	57.4	63.3	70.4	57.5	-	-	-	66.5	80.3	52.4
1992	66.4	75.8	57.8	66.8	76.5	57.7	63.9	70.7	58.5	-	-	-	66.8	80.7	52.8
1993	66.3	75.4	57.9	66.8	76.2	58.0	63.2	69.6	57.9	-	-	-	66.2	80.2	52.1
1994	66.6	75.1	58.8	67.1	75.9	58.9	63.4	69.1	58.7	-	-	-	66.1	79.2	52.9
1995	66.6	75.0	58.9	67.1	75.7	59.0	63.7	69.0	59.5	-	-	-	65.8	79.1	52.6
1996	66.8	74.9	59.3	67.2	75.8	59.1	64.1	68.7	60.4	-	-	-	66.5	79.6	53.4
1997	67.1	75.0	59.8	67.5	75.9	59.5	64.7	68.3	61.7	-	-	-	67.9	80.1	55.1
1998	67.1	74.9	59.8	67.3	75.6	59.4	65.6	69.0	62.8	-	-	-	67.9	79.8	55.6
1999	67.1	74.7	60.0	67.3	75.6	59.6	65.8	68.7	63.5	-	-	-	67.7	79.8	55.9
2000	67.1	74.8	59.9	67.3	75.5	59.5	65.8	69.2	63.1	67.2	76.1	59.2	69.7	81.5	57.5
2001	66.8	74.4	59.8	67.0	75.1	59.4	65.3	68.4	62.8	67.2	76.2	59.0	69.5	81.0	57.6
2002	66.6	74.1	59.6	66.8	74.8	59.3	64.8	68.4	61.8	67.2	75.9	59.1	69.1	80.2	57.6
2003	66.2	73.5	59.5	66.5	74.2	59.2	64.3	67.3	61.9	66.4	75.6	58.3	68.3	80.1	55.9
2004	66.0	73.3	59.2	66.3	74.1	58.9	63.8	66.7	61.5	65.9	75.0	57.6	68.6	80.4	56.1
2005	66.0	73.3	59.3	66.3	74.1	58.9	64.2	67.3	61.6	66.1	74.8	58.2	68.0	80.1	55.3
2006	66.2	73.5	59.4	66.5	74.3	59.0	64.1	67.0	61.7	66.2	75.0	58.3	68.7	80.7	56.1
2007	66.0	73.2	59.3	66.4	74.0	59.0	63.7	66.8	61.1	66.5	75.1	58.6	68.8	80.5	56.5
2008	66.0	73.0	59.5	66.3	73.7	59.2	63.7	66.7	61.3	67.0	75.3	59.4	68.5	80.2	56.2
2009	65.4	72.0	59.2	65.8	72.8	59.1	62.4	65.0	60.3	66.0	74.6	58.2	68.0	78.8	56.5
2010	64.7	71.2	58.6	65.1	72.0	58.5	62.2	65.0	59.9	64.7	73.2	57.0	67.5	77.8	56.5
2011	64.1	70.5	58.1	64.5	71.3	58.0	61.4	64.2	59.1	64.6	73.2	56.8	66.5	76.5	55.9
2012	63.7	70.2	57.7	64.0	71.0	57.4	61.5	63.6	59.8	63.9	72.2	56.5	66.4	76.1	56.6
2013	63.2	69.7	57.2	63.5	70.5	56.9	61.2	63.5	59.2	64.6	73.0	57.1	66.0	76.3	55.7
2014	62.9	69.2	57.0	63.1	69.8	56.7	61.2	63.6	59.2	63.6	72.4	55.8	66.1	76.1	56.0
2015	62.7	69.1	56.7	62.8	69.7	56.2	61.5	63.8	59.7	62.8	71.4	55.2	65.9	76.2	55.7
2016	62.8	69.2	56.8	62.9	69.8	56.3	61.6	64.1	59.4	63.2	72.1	55.5	65.8	76.0	55.8
2017	62.9	69.1	57.0	62.8	69.5	56.4	62.3	64.6	60.3	63.6	71.9	56.4	66.1	75.8	56.4

Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year	American Indian and Alaska Native			Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander			Two or More Races
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
2003	64.4	71.0	58.0	68.9	75.0	63.9	67.6	73.2	62.4
2004	63.8	70.9	57.1	71.8	76.6	67.7	67.0	74.0	60.3
2005	63.5	70.0	57.2	73.4	77.1	69.8	67.0	72.0	62.3
2006	63.1	68.6	57.9	74.5	80.8	68.6	65.9	72.3	59.7
2007	63.3	69.9	57.0	73.0	78.4	68.2	66.3	71.9	60.8
2008	63.7	70.2	57.6	72.5	78.9	66.6	65.5	70.7	60.4
2009	59.0	64.1	54.2	69.4	77.3	62.3	65.6	70.4	61.0
2010	57.7	64.0	51.8	68.4	71.3	65.5	65.4	70.9	60.3
2011	59.2	65.2	53.2	69.4	75.6	63.6	64.0	68.9	59.5
2012	59.3	66.4	52.6	71.4	73.9	69.1	65.3	70.4	60.5
2013	59.2	65.3	53.3	70.0	73.7	66.6	63.3	69.2	57.8
2014	60.9	67.2	54.7	67.6	73.8	61.6	64.2	69.7	59.0
2015	60.6	65.9	55.5	66.6	73.7	59.7	64.5	68.4	60.9
2016	61.1	67.2	55.4	68.7	76.0	61.3	65.0	68.1	62.1
2017	60.3	65.8	54.8	67.0	72.6	61.7	66.9	70.7	63.3
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
1972	57.0	75.0	41.0	57.4	76.0	40.7	53.7	66.8	43.0	-	-	-	-	-	-
1973	57.8	75.5	42.0	58.2	76.5	41.8	54.5	67.5	43.8	-	-	-	55.6	76.0	37.3
1974	57.8	74.9	42.6	58.3	75.9	42.4	53.5	65.8	43.5	-	-	-	56.2	75.7	38.4
1975	56.1	71.7	42.0	56.7	73.0	42.0	50.1	60.6	41.6	-	-	-	53.4	71.5	37.4
1976	56.8	72.0	43.2	57.5	73.4	43.2	50.8	60.6	42.8	-	-	-	53.8	71.1	38.6
1977	57.9	72.8	44.5	58.6	74.1	44.5	51.4	61.4	43.3	-	-	-	55.4	73.6	39.1
1978	59.3	73.8	46.4	60.0	75.0	46.3	53.6	63.3	45.8	-	-	-	57.2	74.9	41.3
1979	59.9	73.8	47.5	60.6	75.1	47.5	53.8	63.4	46.0	-	-	-	58.3	75.6	42.5
1980	59.2	72.0	47.7	60.0	73.4	47.8	52.3	60.4	45.7	-	-	-	57.6	73.5	42.4
1981	59.0	71.3	48.0	60.0	72.8	48.3	51.3	59.1	45.1	-	-	-	57.4	72.4	43.0
1982	57.8	69.0	47.7	58.8	70.6	48.1	49.4	56.0	44.2	-	-	-	54.9	68.9	41.3
1983	57.9	68.8	48.0	58.9	70.4	48.5	49.5	56.3	44.1	-	-	-	55.1	69.4	41.1
1984	59.5	70.7	49.5	60.5	72.1	49.8	52.3	59.2	46.7	-	-	-	57.9	72.1	44.2
1985	60.1	70.9	50.4	61.0	72.3	50.7	53.4	60.0	48.1	-	-	-	57.8	72.1	43.8
1986	60.7	71.0	51.4	61.5	72.3	51.7	54.1	60.6	48.8	-	-	-	58.5	72.5	44.7
1987	61.5	71.5	52.5	62.3	72.7	52.8	55.6	62.0	50.3	-	-	-	60.5	74.0	47.4
1988	62.3	72.0	53.4	63.1	73.2	53.8	56.3	62.7	51.2	-	-	-	61.9	75.3	48.8
1989	63.0	72.5	54.3	63.8	73.7	54.6	56.9	62.8	52.0	-	-	-	62.2	75.8	48.8
1990	62.8	72.0	54.3	63.7	73.3	54.7	56.7	62.6	51.9	-	-	-	61.9	74.9	48.6
1991	61.7	70.4	53.7	62.6	71.6	54.2	55.4	61.3	50.6	-	-	-	59.8	72.1	47.3
1992	61.5	69.8	53.8	62.4	71.1	54.2	54.9	59.9	50.8	-	-	-	59.1	71.2	46.8
1993	61.7	70.0	54.1	62.7	71.4	54.6	55.0	60.0	50.9	-	-	-	59.1	71.7	46.3
1994	62.5	70.4	55.3	63.5	71.8	55.8	56.1	60.8	52.3	-	-	-	59.5	71.7	47.2
1995	62.9	70.8	55.6	63.8	72.0	56.1	57.1	61.7	53.4	-	-	-	59.7	72.1	47.3
1996	63.2	70.9	56.0	64.1	72.3	56.3	57.4	61.1	54.4	-	-	-	60.6	73.3	47.9
1997	63.8	71.3	56.8	64.6	72.7	57.0	58.2	61.4	55.6	-	-	-	62.6	74.5	50.2
1998	64.1	71.6	57.1	64.7	72.7	57.1	59.7	62.9	57.2	-	-	-	63.1	74.7	51.0
1999	64.3	71.6	57.4	64.8	72.8	57.3	60.6	63.1	58.6	-	-	-	63.4	75.3	51.7
2000	64.4	71.9	57.5	64.9	73.0	57.4	60.9	63.6	58.6	64.8	73.3	57.1	65.7	77.4	53.6
2001	63.7	70.9	57.0	64.2	72.0	57.0	59.7	62.1	57.8	64.2	72.7	56.4	64.9	76.2	53.3
2002	62.7	69.7	56.3	63.4	70.8	56.4	58.1	61.1	55.8	63.2	71.3	55.8	63.9	74.5	52.9
2003	62.3	68.9	56.1	63.0	70.1	56.3	57.4	59.5	55.6	62.4	70.9	54.9	63.1	74.3	51.2
2004	62.3	69.2	56.0	63.1	70.4	56.1	57.2	59.3	55.5	63.0	71.6	55.1	63.8	75.1	51.8
2005	62.7	69.6	56.2	63.4	70.8	56.3	57.7	60.2	55.7	63.4	71.8	55.9	64.0	75.8	51.5
2006	63.1	70.1	56.6	63.8	71.3	56.6	58.4	60.6	56.5	64.2	72.7	56.5	65.2	76.8	52.8
2007	63.0	69.8	56.6	63.6	70.9	56.7	58.4	60.7	56.5	64.3	72.8	56.6	64.9	76.2	53.0
2008	62.2	68.5	56.2	62.8	69.7	56.3	57.3	59.1	55.8	64.3	72.2	57.2	63.3	74.1	51.9
2009	59.3	64.5	54.4	60.2	66.0	54.8	53.2	53.7	52.8	61.2	68.7	54.4	59.7	68.9	50.1
2010	58.5	63.7	53.6	59.4	65.1	54.0	52.3	53.1	51.7	59.9	67.5	53.0	59.0	68.0	49.6
2011	58.4	63.9	53.2	59.4	65.3	53.7	51.7	52.8	50.8	60.0	68.2	52.6	58.9	67.9	49.3
2012	58.6	64.4	53.1	59.4	65.8	53.3	53.0	54.1	52.2	60.1	68.1	53.1	59.5	68.6	50.4
2013	58.6	64.4	53.2	59.4	65.7	53.3	53.2	54.5	52.0	61.2	69.0	54.3	60.0	69.6	50.4
2014	59.0	64.9	53.5	59.7	66.1	53.7	54.3	55.9	52.9	60.4	68.6	53.3	61.2	71.0	51.4
2015	59.3	65.3	53.7	59.9	66.5	53.7	55.7	57.2	54.4	60.4	68.6	53.2	61.6	71.5	51.8
2016	59.7	65.8	54.1	60.2	66.7	54.0	56.4	58.3	54.8	60.9	69.6	53.4	62.0	71.9	52.3
2017	60.1	66.0	54.6	60.4	66.9	54.2	57.6	59.4	56.1	61.5	69.5	54.5	62.7	72.3	53.2

Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year	American Indian and Alaska Native			Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander			Two or More Races
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
2003	57.7	63.1	52.4	63.6	69.8	58.4	61.4	66.4	56.8
2004	57.7	64.0	51.8	67.4	71.4	64.1	61.2	67.6	55.0
2005	57.6	63.9	51.5	70.2	73.4	67.1	61.6	66.3	57.2
2006	58.1	63.2	53.3	70.6	75.7	65.7	61.5	67.0	56.2
2007	58.1	64.3	52.3	69.4	74.2	65.3	61.5	66.5	56.6
2008	57.4	62.6	52.5	67.8	72.8	63.3	59.3	63.6	55.2
2009	51.2	54.2	48.3	61.8	68.3	56.0	56.7	60.4	53.2
2010	49.0	53.0	45.2	60.1	61.6	58.7	56.5	60.8	52.5
2011	50.5	55.2	45.9	62.2	67.0	57.7	55.3	59.2	51.7
2012	52.1	58.5	45.9	63.0	64.7	61.4	57.6	61.9	53.5
2013	51.6	56.6	46.9	62.9	65.5	60.4	56.4	61.3	51.7
2014	54.0	59.2	48.9	63.5	69.6	57.5	57.6	62.1	53.4
2015	54.6	58.6	50.8	62.8	69.5	56.3	59.0	62.8	55.6
2016	55.7	61.0	50.6	65.7	72.7	58.5	60.2	62.9	57.6
2017	55.6	60.3	50.9	62.9	68.7	57.4	62.4	65.8	59.2
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college(1)	Some college, no degree	Associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Total
Civilian noninstitutional population	216,929	22,638	62,192	35,211	22,050	74,838
Civilian labor force	139,159	10,343	35,874	22,339	15,357	55,246
Percent of population	64.1	45.7	57.7	63.4	69.6	73.8
Employed	134,132	9,668	34,210	21,440	14,842	53,971
Employment-population ratio	61.8	42.7	55.0	60.9	67.3	72.1
Unemployed	5,028	674	1,664	899	515	1,275
Unemployment rate	3.6	6.5	4.6	4.0	3.4	2.3

Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	104,056	11,220	30,948	16,813	9,497	35,579
Civilian labor force	74,258	6,529	20,944	11,811	7,193	27,781
Percent of population	71.4	58.2	67.7	70.2	75.7	78.1
Employed	71,638	6,129	20,013	11,355	6,969	27,172
Employment-population ratio	68.8	54.6	64.7	67.5	73.4	76.4
Unemployed	2,620	401	931	456	223	608
Unemployment rate	3.5	6.1	4.4	3.9	3.1	2.2

Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	112,873	11,418	31,244	18,399	12,553	39,259
Civilian labor force	64,902	3,813	14,930	10,528	8,165	27,465
Percent of population	57.5	33.4	47.8	57.2	65.0	70.0
Employed	62,494	3,540	14,197	10,085	7,873	26,799
Employment-population ratio	55.4	31.0	45.4	54.8	62.7	68.3
Unemployed	2,408	273	733	443	292	667
Unemployment rate	3.7	7.2	4.9	4.2	3.6	2.4

White
Civilian noninstitutional population	170,902	17,229	48,904	27,518	17,766	59,485
Civilian labor force	108,918	8,151	27,837	17,127	12,239	43,563
Percent of population	63.7	47.3	56.9	62.2	68.9	73.2
Employed	105,449	7,690	26,710	16,515	11,872	42,662
Employment-population ratio	61.7	44.6	54.6	60.0	66.8	71.7
Unemployed	3,468	461	1,127	612	366	902
Unemployment rate	3.2	5.7	4.1	3.6	3.0	2.1

Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	83,016	8,771	24,536	13,323	7,725	28,661
Civilian labor force	59,234	5,349	16,670	9,274	5,829	22,112
Percent of population	71.4	61.0	67.9	69.6	75.5	77.2
Employed	57,396	5,074	16,029	8,954	5,670	21,670
Employment-population ratio	69.1	57.8	65.3	67.2	73.4	75.6
Unemployed	1,838	275	641	320	160	442
Unemployment rate	3.1	5.1	3.8	3.5	2.7	2.0

Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	87,886	8,459	24,368	14,195	10,041	30,823
Civilian labor force	49,683	2,802	11,167	7,853	6,410	21,451
Percent of population	56.5	33.1	45.8	55.3	63.8	69.6
Employed	48,053	2,616	10,681	7,562	6,203	20,992
Employment-population ratio	54.7	30.9	43.8	53.3	61.8	68.1
Unemployed	1,630	186	486	291	207	459
Unemployment rate	3.3	6.7	4.4	3.7	3.2	2.1

Black or African American
Civilian noninstitutional population	26,497	3,218	8,863	5,212	2,726	6,478
Civilian labor force	17,093	1,186	5,302	3,550	2,000	5,055
Percent of population	64.5	36.9	59.8	68.1	73.4	78.0
Employed	16,031	1,038	4,889	3,335	1,894	4,874
Employment-population ratio	60.5	32.3	55.2	64.0	69.5	75.2
Unemployed	1,062	148	412	215	106	182
Unemployment rate	6.2	12.5	7.8	6.1	5.3	3.6

Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	11,892	1,480	4,298	2,269	1,132	2,713
Civilian labor force	8,072	619	2,784	1,634	865	2,171
Percent of population	67.9	41.8	64.8	72.0	76.4	80.0
Employed	7,554	535	2,564	1,535	821	2,098
Employment-population ratio	63.5	36.2	59.7	67.7	72.6	77.3
Unemployed	518	84	219	99	44	72
Unemployment rate	6.4	13.5	7.9	6.1	5.1	3.3

Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	14,605	1,737	4,565	2,944	1,594	3,765
Civilian labor force	9,021	567	2,518	1,916	1,135	2,885
Percent of population	61.8	32.6	55.2	65.1	71.2	76.6
Employed	8,477	503	2,325	1,800	1,073	2,775
Employment-population ratio	58.0	29.0	50.9	61.2	67.3	73.7
Unemployed	544	64	193	116	62	109
Unemployment rate	6.0	11.3	7.7	6.1	5.4	3.8

Asian
Civilian noninstitutional population	13,131	1,237	2,491	1,192	884	7,327
Civilian labor force	8,847	503	1,515	788	632	5,409
Percent of population	67.4	40.7	60.8	66.1	71.5	73.8
Employed	8,590	481	1,474	764	611	5,261
Employment-population ratio	65.4	38.9	59.2	64.1	69.1	71.8
Unemployed	257	22	41	24	21	148
Unemployment rate	2.9	4.4	2.7	3.0	3.4	2.7

Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,069	462	1,113	603	365	3,526
Civilian labor force	4,697	237	794	443	289	2,933
Percent of population	77.4	51.4	71.3	73.5	79.3	83.2
Employed	4,564	222	770	431	280	2,860
Employment-population ratio	75.2	48.1	69.2	71.6	76.9	81.1
Unemployed	133	15	24	12	9	73
Unemployment rate	2.8	6.3	3.1	2.7	3.0	2.5

Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	7,062	775	1,378	589	519	3,801
Civilian labor force	4,150	266	721	345	343	2,476
Percent of population	58.8	34.3	52.3	58.6	66.0	65.1
Employed	4,027	258	704	333	330	2,401
Employment-population ratio	57.0	33.3	51.1	56.6	63.5	63.2
Unemployed	124	7	17	12	13	75
Unemployment rate	3.0	2.7	2.3	3.5	3.7	3.0

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional population	32,841	9,728	10,012	4,566	2,654	5,880
Civilian labor force	22,789	5,755	6,967	3,393	2,013	4,661
Percent of population	69.4	59.2	69.6	74.3	75.8	79.3
Employed	21,825	5,462	6,642	3,258	1,937	4,525
Employment-population ratio	66.5	56.1	66.3	71.4	73.0	77.0
Unemployed	964	293	325	134	76	136
Unemployment rate	4.2	5.1	4.7	4.0	3.8	2.9

Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,253	4,994	5,199	2,243	1,131	2,686
Civilian labor force	13,158	3,830	4,234	1,836	946	2,312
Percent of population	81.0	76.7	81.4	81.9	83.6	86.1
Employed	12,663	3,662	4,067	1,771	915	2,248
Employment-population ratio	77.9	73.3	78.2	78.9	80.9	83.7
Unemployed	495	167	166	66	31	64
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.4	3.9	3.6	3.3	2.8

Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,588	4,734	4,813	2,323	1,523	3,195
Civilian labor force	9,631	1,925	2,733	1,556	1,067	2,349
Percent of population	58.1	40.7	56.8	67.0	70.1	73.5
Employed	9,162	1,799	2,575	1,488	1,023	2,277
Employment-population ratio	55.2	38.0	53.5	64.0	67.2	71.3
Unemployed	469	126	158	68	45	72
Unemployment rate	4.9	6.5	5.8	4.4	4.2	3.1
Footnotes (1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Occupation and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)	153,337	120,176	18,587	9,448	25,938
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations	39.7	40.6	30.8	52.0	22.5
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	16.6	17.5	11.2	17.2	9.8
Management occupations	11.6	12.4	7.3	11.2	6.8
Business and financial operations occupations	4.9	5.1	3.8	6.0	3.0
Professional and related occupations	23.2	23.0	19.6	34.8	12.7
Computer and mathematical occupations	3.1	2.7	2.2	10.6	1.4
Architecture and engineering occupations	2.1	2.1	1.0	4.3	1.1
Life, physical, and social science occupations	0.9	0.9	0.4	2.4	0.5
Community and social service occupations	1.7	1.6	2.8	1.1	1.3
Legal occupations	1.2	1.3	0.7	0.8	0.6
Education, training, and library occupations	6.0	6.3	5.3	4.7	3.7
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	2.1	2.3	1.3	1.8	1.3
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	6.0	5.8	5.9	9.1	2.9
Service occupations	17.4	16.2	24.2	16.8	24.8
Healthcare support occupations	2.3	1.9	4.7	1.9	2.5
Protective service occupations	2.0	1.9	3.4	1.0	1.5
Food preparation and serving related occupations	5.4	5.1	6.2	5.4	8.2
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3.8	3.8	4.7	2.0	8.6
Personal care and service occupations	3.9	3.4	5.1	6.4	3.9
Sales and office occupations	21.9	21.9	23.4	17.9	20.6
Sales and related occupations	10.3	10.5	9.4	9.3	9.7
Office and administrative support occupations	11.6	11.4	13.9	8.5	10.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	9.3	10.3	5.6	3.3	16.8
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.8	0.9	0.3	0.2	2.0
Construction and extraction occupations	5.2	5.9	3.0	1.4	11.1
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	3.2	3.5	2.3	1.7	3.6
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	11.7	11.1	16.0	10.0	15.4
Production occupations	5.5	5.4	6.1	5.5	7.5
Transportation and material moving occupations	6.2	5.7	9.9	4.5	7.9

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)	81,402	65,000	8,742	4,989	14,874
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations	36.2	36.7	25.4	54.1	18.6
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	17.5	18.5	10.8	18.0	9.2
Management occupations	13.2	14.1	7.9	12.7	6.9
Business and financial operations occupations	4.3	4.4	3.0	5.3	2.3
Professional and related occupations	18.8	18.2	14.5	36.1	9.4
Computer and mathematical occupations	4.4	3.8	3.0	15.1	1.9
Architecture and engineering occupations	3.3	3.3	1.7	6.3	1.7
Life, physical, and social science occupations	0.9	0.9	0.5	2.2	0.5
Community and social service occupations	1.1	1.0	1.8	0.8	0.6
Legal occupations	1.1	1.2	0.4	0.7	0.4
Education, training, and library occupations	3.1	3.1	2.9	3.4	1.6
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	2.1	2.2	1.6	1.7	1.3
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	2.8	2.6	2.7	5.8	1.5
Service occupations	14.3	13.2	21.1	12.9	19.5
Healthcare support occupations	0.6	0.5	1.1	0.7	0.6
Protective service occupations	3.0	2.8	5.0	1.5	2.1
Food preparation and serving related occupations	4.7	4.3	6.7	5.4	7.3
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	4.3	4.2	5.6	2.2	8.0
Personal care and service occupations	1.7	1.5	2.8	3.2	1.5
Sales and office occupations	15.9	15.9	17.1	14.6	14.3
Sales and related occupations	9.9	10.2	8.2	9.1	8.1
Office and administrative support occupations	6.1	5.7	8.9	5.5	6.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	16.6	18.1	11.3	5.6	27.6
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1.1	1.2	0.5	0.2	2.5
Construction and extraction occupations	9.6	10.5	6.1	2.4	19.0
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	5.9	6.3	4.6	3.0	6.1
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	17.0	16.1	25.2	12.8	20.0
Production occupations	7.4	7.4	8.2	5.8	8.7
Transportation and material moving occupations	9.6	8.7	16.9	7.0	11.3

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)	71,936	55,176	9,845	4,458	11,064
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations	43.7	45.1	35.6	49.7	27.6
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	15.5	16.3	11.4	16.3	10.5
Management occupations	9.8	10.5	6.9	9.5	6.6
Business and financial operations occupations	5.7	5.9	4.6	6.7	3.9
Professional and related occupations	28.1	28.8	24.1	33.5	17.1
Computer and mathematical occupations	1.7	1.4	1.6	5.4	0.6
Architecture and engineering occupations	0.7	0.7	0.3	2.1	0.3
Life, physical, and social science occupations	0.9	0.9	0.4	2.6	0.5
Community and social service occupations	2.4	2.3	3.7	1.4	2.1
Legal occupations	1.3	1.5	0.9	0.9	0.9
Education, training, and library occupations	9.4	10.1	7.5	6.2	6.6
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	2.1	2.3	1.0	2.0	1.3
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	9.5	9.6	8.7	12.8	4.7
Service occupations	21.0	19.7	27.0	21.1	31.9
Healthcare support occupations	4.2	3.6	8.0	3.4	5.2
Protective service occupations	1.0	0.8	2.1	0.3	0.8
Food preparation and serving related occupations	6.2	6.2	5.8	5.4	9.3
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3.3	3.3	3.9	1.9	9.5
Personal care and service occupations	6.3	5.8	7.2	10.1	7.2
Sales and office occupations	28.6	29.0	29.0	21.5	29.1
Sales and related occupations	10.8	10.9	10.5	9.6	11.9
Office and administrative support occupations	17.8	18.2	18.5	11.9	17.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	1.0	1.1	0.6	0.7	2.3
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.4	0.5	0.1	0.2	1.4
Construction and extraction occupations	0.3	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.6
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	5.7	5.1	7.9	6.9	9.2
Production occupations	3.4	3.1	4.2	5.2	5.9
Transportation and material moving occupations	2.3	2.0	3.7	1.7	3.3
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation	Total employed	Percent of total employed
Occupation	Total employed	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over	153,337	78.4	12.1	6.2	16.9

Management, professional, and related occupations	60,901	80.0	9.4	8.1	9.6
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	25,379	83.0	8.2	6.4	10.0
Management occupations	17,804	84.0	7.6	5.9	9.9
Chief executives	1,639	90.0	3.8	4.6	4.7
General and operations managers	1,005	85.0	8.3	4.5	11.4
Legislators	18	-	-	-	-
Advertising and promotions managers	61	84.5	8.0	7.5	7.4
Marketing and sales managers	1,078	86.4	6.0	6.1	10.2
Public relations and fundraising managers	73	87.9	7.8	3.2	3.7
Administrative services managers	151	83.5	9.4	3.2	10.3
Computer and information systems managers	630	78.0	6.6	13.0	6.6
Financial managers	1,167	83.5	6.7	8.2	11.2
Compensation and benefits managers	16	-	-	-	-
Human resources managers	327	81.7	12.3	4.3	7.9
Training and development managers	63	89.2	5.6	2.2	9.0
Industrial production managers	280	89.5	3.8	5.9	9.3
Purchasing managers	205	84.3	10.6	3.3	9.1
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	291	79.7	10.7	5.3	13.8
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers	1,018	95.4	0.8	1.4	6.1
Construction managers	1,081	90.2	4.9	2.3	12.4
Education administrators	918	81.8	12.9	2.1	10.3
Architectural and engineering managers	129	79.7	8.3	11.2	6.2
Food service managers	1,210	74.7	9.5	11.7	16.9
Funeral service managers	15	-	-	-	-
Gaming managers	19	-	-	-	-
Lodging managers	156	72.9	11.2	12.5	12.0
Medical and health services managers	671	77.9	14.0	5.7	9.1
Natural sciences managers	16	-	-	-	-
Postmasters and mail superintendents	27	-	-	-	-
Property, real estate, and community association managers	743	81.8	11.6	3.5	14.4
Social and community service managers	390	78.1	13.7	4.0	8.6
Emergency management directors	11	-	-	-	-
Managers, all other	4,398	83.2	7.4	7.0	9.4
Business and financial operations occupations	7,574	80.7	9.4	7.5	10.2
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes	50	77.3	15.9	6.1	4.0
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products	11	-	-	-	-
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products	194	84.2	7.7	6.2	9.0
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products	270	82.7	9.4	6.1	11.9
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	350	77.0	18.2	3.0	11.4
Compliance officers	260	80.1	11.9	5.9	9.0
Cost estimators	118	94.4	3.1	2.2	8.5
Human resources workers	736	80.2	11.8	5.7	13.8
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	59	72.2	21.5	2.3	15.7
Training and development specialists	133	81.6	12.4	1.1	18.2
Logisticians	112	70.9	17.1	7.4	11.7
Management analysts	937	77.2	9.1	11.2	7.4
Meeting, convention, and event planners	137	91.6	4.7	1.4	9.0
Fundraisers	84	88.4	8.8	0.2	2.6
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	344	84.2	5.4	7.7	9.0
Business operations specialists, all other	273	79.2	9.1	9.3	13.6
Accountants and auditors	1,804	79.5	8.2	9.7	9.6
Appraisers and assessors of real estate	97	88.8	9.0	1.8	11.0
Budget analysts	53	71.1	12.5	9.7	11.1
Credit analysts	29	-	-	-	-
Financial analysts	309	75.6	8.8	12.5	6.9
Personal financial advisors	525	87.0	4.8	6.6	8.3
Insurance underwriters	104	85.5	8.8	5.4	8.1
Financial examiners	15	-	-	-	-
Credit counselors and loan officers	353	83.8	8.5	4.2	14.2
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	65	77.2	11.1	9.8	14.8
Tax preparers	107	78.3	17.2	4.0	14.9
Financial specialists, all other	45	-	-	-	-
Professional and related occupations	35,522	77.9	10.3	9.3	9.3
Computer and mathematical occupations	4,804	67.8	8.7	20.8	7.3
Computer and information research scientists	24	-	-	-	-
Computer systems analysts	554	70.9	9.7	16.6	7.2
Information security analysts	105	68.5	15.6	12.6	4.6
Computer programmers	473	65.9	7.1	25.4	5.3
Software developers, applications and systems software	1,536	59.3	5.6	32.4	6.2
Web developers	204	82.0	4.5	9.8	5.8
Computer support specialists	532	70.7	14.6	11.3	10.3
Database administrators	96	70.6	10.1	18.1	6.2
Network and computer systems administrators	210	79.5	6.3	11.8	10.9
Computer network architects	106	73.1	10.6	15.2	3.1
Computer occupations, all other	693	73.5	11.4	11.9	9.7
Actuaries	29	-	-	-	-
Mathematicians	3	-	-	-	-
Operations research analysts	147	70.9	12.4	15.3	7.3
Statisticians	87	63.1	9.0	22.4	6.4
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations	3	-	-	-	-
Architecture and engineering occupations	3,224	79.3	5.6	12.7	8.7
Architects, except naval	253	82.5	2.1	14.0	7.7
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	43	-	-	-	-
Aerospace engineers	148	79.1	8.1	11.4	5.5
Agricultural engineers	2	-	-	-	-
Biomedical engineers	17	-	-	-	-
Chemical engineers	77	91.0	1.7	7.0	4.1
Civil engineers	461	82.5	6.4	7.1	10.7
Computer hardware engineers	80	55.4	5.8	38.3	7.8
Electrical and electronics engineers	284	74.6	3.5	19.5	9.0
Environmental engineers	38	-	-	-	-
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	221	80.8	5.3	11.6	6.2
Marine engineers and naval architects	12	-	-	-	-
Materials engineers	32	-	-	-	-
Mechanical engineers	344	84.2	3.6	11.1	6.0
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	11	-	-	-	-
Nuclear engineers	8	-	-	-	-
Petroleum engineers	24	-	-	-	-
Engineers, all other	582	73.1	6.9	17.8	9.4
Drafters	137	89.9	6.2	2.4	16.5
Engineering technicians, except drafters	375	76.9	8.9	10.7	10.3
Surveying and mapping technicians	73	90.3	2.1	1.7	10.1
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,431	76.4	5.7	15.8	9.0
Agricultural and food scientists	32	-	-	-	-
Biological scientists	98	81.2	3.1	13.1	7.9
Conservation scientists and foresters	29	-	-	-	-
Medical scientists	161	66.4	6.6	26.2	6.7
Life scientists, all other	3	-	-	-	-
Astronomers and physicists	18	-	-	-	-
Atmospheric and space scientists	7	-	-	-	-
Chemists and materials scientists	105	66.7	11.3	20.8	5.9
Environmental scientists and geoscientists	84	90.8	5.0	0.7	4.8
Physical scientists, all other	301	61.2	4.0	32.1	7.9
Economists	28	-	-	-	-
Survey researchers	3	-	-	-	-
Psychologists	187	89.5	6.5	3.6	8.5
Sociologists	2	-	-	-	-
Urban and regional planners	32	-	-	-	-
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	41	-	-	-	-
Agricultural and food science technicians	32	-	-	-	-
Biological technicians	23	-	-	-	-
Chemical technicians	57	79.8	7.3	7.8	14.3
Geological and petroleum technicians	13	-	-	-	-
Nuclear technicians	7	-	-	-	-
Social science research assistants	4	-	-	-	-
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians	164	80.2	5.7	11.8	13.4
Community and social service occupations	2,635	73.1	19.9	3.8	12.4
Counselors	853	72.3	21.4	2.9	13.0
Social workers	802	69.5	23.5	4.0	14.0
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	99	63.8	26.7	5.3	11.1
Social and human service assistants	232	68.4	22.8	3.1	19.0
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers	76	68.9	19.6	7.0	17.3
Clergy	406	81.3	12.1	4.6	6.1
Directors, religious activities and education	81	88.9	7.1	3.6	6.0
Religious workers, all other	85	86.7	5.0	5.2	5.0
Legal occupations	1,827	86.6	6.9	4.3	8.6
Lawyers	1,137	88.6	5.6	4.4	4.8
Judicial law clerks	14	-	-	-	-
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	66	87.3	12.7	0.0	7.0
Paralegals and legal assistants	424	82.9	7.7	4.8	17.5
Miscellaneous legal support workers	186	83.7	10.8	3.0	12.9
Education, training, and library occupations	9,215	82.0	10.7	4.9	10.5
Postsecondary teachers	1,423	77.7	8.4	11.7	6.4
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	712	77.1	16.2	3.4	14.1
Elementary and middle school teachers	3,268	85.2	10.1	2.9	10.1
Secondary school teachers	1,039	86.2	8.6	2.8	9.4
Special education teachers	422	86.2	10.0	2.4	7.9
Other teachers and instructors	907	78.8	11.1	6.3	11.9
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	59	80.2	6.4	7.8	1.7
Librarians	194	86.3	6.4	5.2	10.4
Library technicians	40	-	-	-	-
Teacher assistants	989	78.0	14.6	4.2	17.3
Other education, training, and library workers	161	78.5	12.6	5.3	6.0
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	3,246	83.9	7.3	5.3	10.2
Artists and related workers	236	89.6	3.5	4.5	10.8
Designers	908	84.2	5.1	7.6	12.0
Actors	40	-	-	-	-
Producers and directors	180	87.8	5.2	4.6	8.9
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers	345	88.2	5.0	3.0	8.5
Dancers and choreographers	21	-	-	-	-
Musicians, singers, and related workers	188	75.6	17.3	4.3	6.7
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other	67	74.1	9.2	9.9	7.5
Announcers	50	77.5	12.0	7.1	8.5
News analysts, reporters and correspondents	84	73.0	13.4	7.9	16.4
Public relations specialists	118	87.9	8.3	2.6	5.7
Editors	174	90.9	3.8	2.9	4.1
Technical writers	76	84.6	6.7	5.6	1.2
Writers and authors	226	86.3	6.3	3.2	4.6
Miscellaneous media and communication workers	112	70.6	9.5	14.3	32.9
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators	119	78.2	14.0	3.7	16.8
Photographers	214	84.4	9.1	3.0	8.7
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors	82	86.1	7.2	1.9	7.6
Media and communication equipment workers, all other	5	-	-	-	-
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	9,141	76.5	11.9	9.4	8.2
Chiropractors	51	97.4	0.1	1.7	5.1
Dentists	159	81.6	3.7	13.5	4.7
Dietitians and nutritionists	114	79.7	12.8	5.6	9.0
Optometrists	51	91.9	0.0	7.9	3.2
Pharmacists	342	68.5	8.2	21.7	4.5
Physicians and surgeons	1,079	72.0	8.2	18.1	6.8
Physician assistants	116	86.0	4.7	7.9	5.1
Podiatrists	12	-	-	-	-
Audiologists	15	-	-	-	-
Occupational therapists	122	82.9	8.7	6.4	6.2
Physical therapists	258	78.2	5.3	14.7	5.0
Radiation therapists	10	-	-	-	-
Recreational therapists	7	-	-	-	-
Respiratory therapists	100	73.3	16.6	10.0	8.8
Speech-language pathologists	141	93.0	2.8	2.7	10.5
Exercise physiologists	5	-	-	-	-
Therapists, all other	221	81.8	12.5	3.3	10.2
Veterinarians	89	91.2	2.1	3.7	3.6
Registered nurses	3,159	76.7	12.3	8.7	6.9
Nurse anesthetists	35	-	-	-	-
Nurse midwives	7	-	-	-	-
Nurse practitioners	175	84.7	10.6	4.0	3.4
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other	39	-	-	-	-
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	376	71.2	17.1	9.4	11.0
Dental hygienists	168	88.6	7.0	2.4	11.9
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians	319	84.3	8.2	6.4	12.5
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics	223	83.9	9.7	3.1	8.4
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians	632	75.6	13.5	7.3	14.3
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	630	64.0	28.4	5.4	12.4
Medical records and health information technicians	167	74.6	13.2	6.9	9.8
Opticians, dispensing	48	-	-	-	-
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	160	66.8	18.5	10.4	10.0
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	110	84.0	9.0	6.5	9.4

Service occupations	26,751	72.6	16.8	5.9	24.0
Healthcare support occupations	3,506	65.6	25.1	5.2	18.8
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides	1,936	56.4	33.9	5.6	16.7
Occupational therapy assistants and aides	27	-	-	-	-
Physical therapist assistants and aides	83	88.0	5.2	5.6	11.0
Massage therapists	172	83.7	4.6	6.7	12.4
Dental assistants	299	82.9	7.9	5.0	29.1
Medical assistants	539	76.2	15.0	4.0	27.9
Medical transcriptionists	36	-	-	-	-
Pharmacy aides	39	-	-	-	-
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	61	86.4	2.3	6.0	8.4
Phlebotomists	112	64.7	27.6	5.9	17.2
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers	200	60.3	31.4	4.1	16.1
Protective service occupations	3,113	72.6	20.5	2.9	12.8
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	52	77.7	13.1	3.8	10.1
First-line supervisors of police and detectives	95	81.1	14.1	0.9	7.1
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers	44	-	-	-	-
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	72	74.7	15.0	5.4	10.0
Firefighters	283	88.5	7.5	1.0	7.7
Fire inspectors	27	-	-	-	-
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers	408	67.4	29.0	1.8	13.5
Detectives and criminal investigators	136	87.1	11.6	0.9	14.1
Fish and game wardens	4	-	-	-	-
Parking enforcement workers	6	-	-	-	-
Police and sheriff's patrol officers	704	79.8	13.9	2.4	10.9
Transit and railroad police	7	-	-	-	-
Animal control workers	15	-	-	-	-
Private detectives and investigators	94	79.0	13.8	4.6	11.3
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers	920	57.5	32.3	4.4	17.0
Crossing guards	63	69.4	21.5	4.7	20.9
Transportation security screeners	46	-	-	-	-
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers	136	88.5	4.1	2.5	9.4
Food preparation and serving related occupations	8,305	74.4	13.9	6.2	25.5
Chefs and head cooks	465	65.0	16.4	13.9	21.0
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	519	74.8	17.0	3.7	18.9
Cooks	2,079	73.2	16.8	5.1	35.4
Food preparation workers	1,068	72.2	14.5	6.5	27.4
Bartenders	417	85.5	7.2	2.8	14.1
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food	372	70.0	17.3	4.4	22.8
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop	225	72.0	16.9	5.0	21.3
Waiters and waitresses	2,016	78.2	9.2	7.6	20.9
Food servers, nonrestaurant	207	69.9	18.5	7.0	21.8
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	334	76.4	9.9	7.8	27.9
Dishwashers	274	70.9	19.9	2.9	31.2
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	324	74.8	12.9	3.3	17.1
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	4	-	-	-	-
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	5,888	77.4	14.9	3.3	38.0
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers	326	79.9	12.0	4.6	28.5
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	255	91.6	5.4	1.2	21.5
Janitors and building cleaners	2,307	72.5	18.6	3.8	31.7
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	1,527	74.3	17.9	3.9	49.4
Pest control workers	108	82.0	11.4	1.4	13.3
Grounds maintenance workers	1,365	85.6	7.9	2.0	43.1
Personal care and service occupations	5,939	69.5	16.1	10.2	17.1
First-line supervisors of gaming workers	208	82.4	7.7	4.7	6.8
First-line supervisors of personal service workers	232	63.8	15.4	18.8	11.1
Animal trainers	49	-	-	-	-
Nonfarm animal caretakers	263	90.8	2.8	1.6	13.6
Gaming services workers	90	45.1	8.9	34.0	10.2
Motion picture projectionists	1	-	-	-	-
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	37	-	-	-	-
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers	224	75.9	16.1	1.8	18.6
Embalmers and funeral attendants	17	-	-	-	-
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors	42	-	-	-	-
Barbers	135	50.7	38.1	5.1	24.1
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	806	76.7	13.5	5.6	16.3
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers	397	27.2	8.3	62.3	9.1
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	89	60.1	24.9	8.3	27.5
Tour and travel guides	68	81.2	4.5	5.3	8.8
Childcare workers	1,225	77.3	15.4	4.3	22.3
Personal care aides	1,365	62.0	24.8	9.1	20.7
Recreation and fitness workers	480	80.1	11.4	3.5	9.6
Residential advisors	44	-	-	-	-
Personal care and service workers, all other	167	74.6	14.6	4.9	17.8

Sales and office occupations	33,566	78.5	13.0	5.0	15.9
Sales and related occupations	15,815	79.9	11.1	5.6	15.9
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	3,272	81.6	9.4	6.2	15.0
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers	1,220	84.6	6.8	5.4	13.3
Cashiers	3,253	70.2	17.9	6.4	22.3
Counter and rental clerks	109	78.4	12.7	7.0	18.6
Parts salespersons	130	88.8	4.5	2.5	21.9
Retail salespersons	3,235	77.6	12.8	5.7	17.2
Advertising sales agents	241	80.7	14.8	3.9	10.6
Insurance sales agents	624	81.3	10.0	5.9	11.9
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	262	85.8	6.0	5.1	10.3
Travel agents	89	81.9	11.2	6.4	13.0
Sales representatives, services, all other	525	88.5	6.4	3.2	12.9
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	1,264	89.9	4.6	3.7	10.1
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	61	82.4	6.0	8.7	12.8
Real estate brokers and sales agents	997	85.7	7.2	4.8	11.5
Sales engineers	35	-	-	-	-
Telemarketers	58	61.3	24.7	7.0	25.8
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	166	82.9	11.0	5.4	22.0
Sales and related workers, all other	276	84.2	9.5	4.9	8.1
Office and administrative support occupations	17,751	77.3	14.6	4.5	15.9
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	1,425	80.3	13.4	4.0	11.6
Switchboard operators, including answering service	23	-	-	-	-
Telephone operators	47	-	-	-	-
Communications equipment operators, all other	9	-	-	-	-
Bill and account collectors	139	70.7	22.9	3.1	18.9
Billing and posting clerks	473	79.4	13.6	3.8	13.1
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	1,089	87.4	6.9	3.7	11.3
Gaming cage workers	14	-	-	-	-
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	129	75.6	14.3	4.2	17.7
Procurement clerks	30	-	-	-	-
Tellers	306	79.9	12.6	5.0	16.4
Financial clerks, all other	82	78.3	16.0	3.9	17.8
Brokerage clerks	7	-	-	-	-
Correspondence clerks	7	-	-	-	-
Court, municipal, and license clerks	90	75.8	15.6	2.0	16.6
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	55	90.5	3.2	5.7	17.3
Customer service representatives	2,494	73.2	17.2	5.4	17.4
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	62	58.8	26.8	10.0	21.9
File clerks	182	77.2	13.6	6.9	17.8
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	125	64.8	21.5	7.8	15.7
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	142	71.9	18.0	2.8	21.2
Library assistants, clerical	96	81.3	8.6	5.1	10.4
Loan interviewers and clerks	120	77.6	15.3	5.1	14.6
New accounts clerks	32	-	-	-	-
Order clerks	107	66.2	18.8	8.0	14.4
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	45	-	-	-	-
Receptionists and information clerks	1,267	79.9	12.8	3.5	19.7
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	127	60.8	25.3	5.9	15.1
Information and record clerks, all other	110	75.5	10.1	5.2	15.0
Cargo and freight agents	16	-	-	-	-
Couriers and messengers	239	67.3	25.5	5.5	18.1
Dispatchers	292	81.7	11.6	2.0	16.9
Meter readers, utilities	18	-	-	-	-
Postal service clerks	111	70.8	22.4	4.8	15.9
Postal service mail carriers	306	67.4	22.2	5.6	14.4
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	50	51.0	38.4	7.9	3.8
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	270	81.6	7.8	6.7	9.7
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks	623	72.2	20.4	3.7	27.0
Stock clerks and order fillers	1,525	74.0	18.4	4.2	20.6
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	52	85.9	7.4	3.5	29.0
Secretaries and administrative assistants	2,769	83.7	9.3	3.6	12.4
Computer operators	73	74.8	14.0	6.3	7.4
Data entry keyers	267	72.4	16.5	8.5	15.2
Word processors and typists	94	69.7	21.1	6.8	13.9
Desktop publishers	2	-	-	-	-
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	237	70.8	20.3	4.2	14.9
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	61	67.4	24.4	3.0	11.9
Office clerks, general	1,271	75.1	14.8	6.3	18.4
Office machine operators, except computer	33	-	-	-	-
Proofreaders and copy markers	10	-	-	-	-
Statistical assistants	21	-	-	-	-
Office and administrative support workers, all other	576	77.6	15.1	3.7	12.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,193	86.9	7.3	2.2	30.7
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,184	89.3	4.9	1.7	44.3
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	62	87.2	6.6	4.4	27.1
Agricultural inspectors	18	-	-	-	-
Animal breeders	2	-	-	-	-
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	110	80.4	12.4	4.2	48.8
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	854	91.7	3.3	1.3	51.1
Fishers and related fishing workers	44	-	-	-	-
Hunters and trappers	1	-	-	-	-
Forest and conservation workers	27	-	-	-	-
Logging workers	66	82.9	10.3	0.0	9.1
Construction and extraction occupations	8,031	87.8	6.9	1.6	36.0
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	639	89.8	5.4	1.2	24.5
Boilermakers	15	-	-	-	-
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	166	84.6	7.1	1.2	45.1
Carpenters	1,351	89.3	5.3	1.7	35.4
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	183	87.2	6.9	1.3	47.4
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	54	90.4	8.5	0.0	46.7
Construction laborers	1,946	85.9	8.6	1.7	46.9
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	15	-	-	-	-
Pile-driver operators	2	-	-	-	-
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	358	90.4	5.2	0.8	19.3
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	156	91.7	3.8	0.6	63.9
Electricians	857	87.9	6.7	2.5	19.1
Glaziers	44	-	-	-	-
Insulation workers	58	82.1	9.6	0.0	42.6
Painters, construction and maintenance	540	89.7	5.9	1.5	53.4
Paperhangers	4	-	-	-	-
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	600	86.6	9.0	1.5	27.1
Plasterers and stucco masons	27	-	-	-	-
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	12	-	-	-	-
Roofers	220	86.6	6.9	2.5	56.1
Sheet metal workers	137	91.4	4.3	1.6	18.7
Structural iron and steel workers	43	-	-	-	-
Solar photovoltaic installers	11	-	-	-	-
Helpers, construction trades	69	88.2	3.8	2.1	38.3
Construction and building inspectors	89	85.5	9.8	2.2	11.2
Elevator installers and repairers	40	-	-	-	-
Fence erectors	34	-	-	-	-
Hazardous materials removal workers	30	-	-	-	-
Highway maintenance workers	101	79.4	13.7	0.1	15.5
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	17	-	-	-	-
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	10	-	-	-	-
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	24	-	-	-	-
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	30	-	-	-	-
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	23	-	-	-	-
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	10	-	-	-	-
Mining machine operators	51	85.8	7.8	2.7	23.9
Roof bolters, mining	2	-	-	-	-
Roustabouts, oil and gas	4	-	-	-	-
Helpers--extraction workers	4	-	-	-	-
Other extraction workers	54	93.1	2.0	0.0	35.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,977	85.0	8.6	3.3	19.0
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	253	84.0	9.4	4.1	12.8
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	212	73.8	12.7	10.2	17.1
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	134	85.3	7.3	6.1	19.7
Avionics technicians	9	-	-	-	-
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	28	-	-	-	-
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	1	-	-	-	-
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility	12	-	-	-	-
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	11	-	-	-	-
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers	50	81.9	14.2	3.7	26.5
Security and fire alarm systems installers	77	78.4	11.0	5.8	24.1
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	150	83.0	5.6	7.8	13.9
Automotive body and related repairers	140	86.0	6.1	2.9	31.6
Automotive glass installers and repairers	22	-	-	-	-
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	902	84.1	8.7	3.8	23.2
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	401	85.6	9.4	1.3	18.1
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	201	91.8	4.5	1.4	11.5
Small engine mechanics	44	-	-	-	-
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	83	85.6	7.5	4.4	32.2
Control and valve installers and repairers	26	-	-	-	-
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	448	90.6	5.4	2.4	17.9
Home appliance repairers	41	-	-	-	-
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics	424	85.8	7.8	3.4	16.5
Maintenance and repair workers, general	528	85.9	8.9	2.1	19.7
Maintenance workers, machinery	27	-	-	-	-
Millwrights	40	-	-	-	-
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	129	89.8	7.8	0.0	11.6
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	189	78.3	18.4	1.7	19.1
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	63	80.9	14.7	1.4	10.9
Wind turbine service technicians	5	-	-	-	-
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	34	-	-	-	-
Commercial divers	0	-	-	-	-
Locksmiths and safe repairers	35	-	-	-	-
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	4	-	-	-	-
Riggers	14	-	-	-	-
Signal and track switch repairers	9	-	-	-	-
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers	18	-	-	-	-
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers	215	86.7	6.4	2.3	23.5
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	17,927	74.2	16.6	5.3	22.2
Production occupations	8,482	76.8	13.3	6.2	22.8
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers	768	82.2	10.4	3.7	16.7
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	1	-	-	-	-
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	128	63.5	15.3	17.2	18.2
Engine and other machine assemblers	13	-	-	-	-
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	30	-	-	-	-
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	1,033	68.0	20.8	8.0	18.9
Bakers	215	71.3	15.6	8.5	31.5
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	269	68.5	19.8	7.2	35.3
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	12	-	-	-	-
Food batchmakers	89	77.2	12.4	6.6	26.2
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	15	-	-	-	-
Food processing workers, all other	175	62.8	24.1	7.0	37.3
Computer control programmers and operators	99	82.8	9.8	5.6	10.7
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	19	-	-	-	-
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	8	-	-	-	-
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	8	-	-	-	-
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	80	82.6	10.0	4.7	12.5
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	4	-	-	-	-
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	38	-	-	-	-
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	14	-	-	-	-
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	-	-	-	-
Machinists	366	86.1	4.4	6.3	13.9
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters	19	-	-	-	-
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	5	-	-	-	-
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	45	-	-	-	-
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	-	-	-	-
Tool and die makers	62	97.6	1.1	0.7	6.9
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	600	87.4	7.5	1.1	24.3
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	3	-	-	-	-
Layout workers, metal and plastic	12	-	-	-	-
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	17	-	-	-	-
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	6	-	-	-	-
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other	388	71.1	14.9	9.5	23.1
Prepress technicians and workers	24	-	-	-	-
Printing press operators	173	85.0	6.6	5.8	22.2
Print binding and finishing workers	11	-	-	-	-
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	151	66.1	18.5	8.0	38.7
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	30	-	-	-	-
Sewing machine operators	197	72.0	8.0	16.0	42.2
Shoe and leather workers and repairers	5	-	-	-	-
Shoe machine operators and tenders	5	-	-	-	-
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	77	79.1	9.5	8.9	29.6
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders	1	-	-	-	-
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	8	-	-	-	-
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders	19	-	-	-	-
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders	16	-	-	-	-
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers	0	-	-	-	-
Fabric and apparel patternmakers	3	-	-	-	-
Upholsterers	31	-	-	-	-
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other	18	-	-	-	-
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	49	-	-	-	-
Furniture finishers	15	-	-	-	-
Model makers and patternmakers, wood	1	-	-	-	-
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	27	-	-	-	-
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	19	-	-	-	-
Woodworkers, all other	28	-	-	-	-
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	38	-	-	-	-
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	76	84.8	8.2	5.5	13.0
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	107	90.2	6.3	1.0	11.5
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	42	-	-	-	-
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	55	79.3	15.7	3.0	15.8
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	72	75.4	15.3	2.2	15.0
Cutting workers	62	78.7	12.4	5.2	30.1
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	21	-	-	-	-
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	10	-	-	-	-
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	793	74.7	13.6	8.8	18.9
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers	43	-	-	-	-
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians	70	73.3	14.6	9.7	14.4
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	292	68.5	17.6	9.2	41.8
Painting workers	157	82.1	9.6	2.5	32.9
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	31	-	-	-	-
Semiconductor processors	3	-	-	-	-
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders	6	-	-	-	-
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders	11	-	-	-	-
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders	3	-	-	-	-
Etchers and engravers	11	-	-	-	-
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	35	-	-	-	-
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	29	-	-	-	-
Tire builders	10	-	-	-	-
Helpers--production workers	50	73.5	8.8	11.9	31.2
Production workers, all other	995	76.5	15.7	4.4	25.4
Transportation and material moving occupations	9,445	71.9	19.5	4.5	21.7
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers	205	74.0	18.4	4.0	17.4
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	120	94.9	1.8	1.5	8.0
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists	17	-	-	-	-
Flight attendants	98	71.6	15.1	10.1	18.4
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	11	-	-	-	-
Bus drivers	578	65.9	26.7	4.8	12.6
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	3,506	76.3	16.6	3.2	20.8
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs	674	55.0	28.4	12.8	17.0
Motor vehicle operators, all other	76	72.6	19.4	4.8	14.7
Locomotive engineers and operators	42	-	-	-	-
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	4	-	-	-	-
Railroad conductors and yardmasters	50	73.8	17.6	5.3	8.4
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers	15	-	-	-	-
Sailors and marine oilers	19	-	-	-	-
Ship and boat captains and operators	35	-	-	-	-
Ship engineers	2	-	-	-	-
Bridge and lock tenders	5	-	-	-	-
Parking lot attendants	95	67.4	23.3	6.7	38.4
Automotive and watercraft service attendants	94	73.6	9.6	8.9	21.1
Transportation inspectors	41	-	-	-	-
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants	35	-	-	-	-
Other transportation workers	24	-	-	-	-
Conveyor operators and tenders	1	-	-	-	-
Crane and tower operators	53	76.8	20.9	0.1	10.5
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators	30	-	-	-	-
Hoist and winch operators	7	-	-	-	-
Industrial truck and tractor operators	611	69.4	25.0	1.8	25.7
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	331	69.7	20.7	3.0	33.3
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	1,930	70.2	20.2	3.8	22.2
Machine feeders and offbearers	31	-	-	-	-
Packers and packagers, hand	539	69.9	18.9	8.4	41.8
Pumping station operators	21	-	-	-	-
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	94	70.2	26.8	2.1	24.2
Mine shuttle car operators	0	-	-	-	-
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders	6	-	-	-	-
Material moving workers, all other	40	-	-	-	-
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Industry and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)	153,337	120,176	18,587	9,448	25,938
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	1.6	1.9	0.4	0.4	2.4
Mining	0.5	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.5
Construction	7.0	7.9	3.5	2.1	12.3
Manufacturing	10.0	10.3	8.4	11.6	9.8
Durable goods	6.3	6.5	4.9	7.7	5.2
Nondurable goods	3.7	3.8	3.5	3.9	4.6
Wholesale and retail trade	13.2	13.3	12.8	12.6	13.3
Wholesale trade	2.3	2.5	1.8	2.2	2.3
Retail trade	10.9	10.9	11.0	10.4	11.0
Transportation and utilities	5.3	5.0	8.2	4.3	5.6
Information	1.9	1.9	1.8	2.4	1.3
Financial activities	6.8	7.0	5.9	7.7	5.2
Professional and business services	12.3	12.3	10.1	16.6	11.8
Education and health services	22.5	21.9	27.6	22.3	16.8
Leisure and hospitality	9.3	8.9	10.1	10.2	12.4
Other services	4.9	4.8	4.5	6.3	5.4
Other services, except private households	4.5	4.4	4.1	6.0	4.4
Other services, private households	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.9
Public administration	4.6	4.4	6.5	3.4	3.2

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)	81,402	65,000	8,742	4,989	14,874
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	2.3	2.6	0.8	0.4	3.2
Mining	0.8	0.9	0.4	0.3	0.9
Construction	11.9	13.3	6.9	3.4	20.3
Manufacturing	13.3	13.6	11.8	13.6	11.5
Durable goods	8.9	9.1	7.1	9.7	6.6
Nondurable goods	4.4	4.5	4.7	3.9	4.9
Wholesale and retail trade	13.7	13.7	14.0	13.5	12.7
Wholesale trade	3.1	3.2	2.9	2.5	2.8
Retail trade	10.6	10.5	11.1	11.0	10.0
Transportation and utilities	7.6	7.1	12.4	6.4	7.5
Information	2.2	2.2	2.0	2.8	1.3
Financial activities	6.1	6.2	4.9	7.4	4.2
Professional and business services	13.4	13.1	11.6	20.1	12.1
Education and health services	10.8	10.2	13.6	14.0	7.1
Leisure and hospitality	8.6	8.0	10.6	10.0	11.1
Other services	4.4	4.4	4.8	4.6	5.0
Other services, except private households	4.4	4.3	4.8	4.5	4.9
Other services, private households	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1
Public administration	4.8	4.8	6.1	3.4	3.1

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)	71,936	55,176	9,845	4,458	11,064
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	0.8	1.0	0.1	0.3	1.4
Mining	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Construction	1.3	1.6	0.5	0.6	1.5
Manufacturing	6.3	6.3	5.3	9.3	7.6
Durable goods	3.4	3.4	2.9	5.4	3.4
Nondurable goods	2.9	2.9	2.4	3.9	4.2
Wholesale and retail trade	12.7	12.9	11.7	11.7	14.2
Wholesale trade	1.5	1.6	0.8	1.9	1.8
Retail trade	11.2	11.3	10.9	9.8	12.4
Transportation and utilities	2.7	2.5	4.5	1.9	3.0
Information	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.9	1.1
Financial activities	7.7	7.9	6.7	8.0	6.4
Professional and business services	11.1	11.4	8.8	12.7	11.4
Education and health services	35.7	35.5	39.9	31.5	29.9
Leisure and hospitality	10.1	9.9	9.7	10.4	14.2
Other services	5.4	5.4	4.2	8.2	5.9
Other services, except private households	4.5	4.5	3.6	7.7	3.8
Other services, private households	0.8	0.9	0.6	0.5	2.1
Public administration	4.4	3.9	6.8	3.4	3.3
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total families	82,015	64,910	10,017	4,735	12,936
With at least one family member employed	66,027	52,016	7,886	4,195	11,244
As a percent of total families	80.5	80.1	78.7	88.6	86.9
With at least one family member unemployed	4,744	3,343	951	255	994
As a percent of total families	5.8	5.2	9.5	5.4	7.7
Some family member(s) employed	3,277	2,385	553	214	715
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	69.1	71.3	58.1	84.0	71.9
Some family member(s) employed full time	2,870	2,098	469	194	634
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	60.5	62.8	49.4	76.1	63.8

Married-couple families(1)	59,910	50,108	4,603	3,816	8,159
With at least one family member employed	48,525	40,182	3,769	3,385	7,306
As a percent of total families	81.0	80.2	81.9	88.7	89.5
With at least one family member unemployed	2,783	2,162	321	198	563
As a percent of total families	-	4.3	7.0	5.2	6.9
Some family member(s) employed	2,245	1,739	256	173	456
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	80.7	80.4	79.8	87.2	81.1
Some family member(s) employed full time	2,016	1,561	228	156	412
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	72.5	72.2	71.2	78.7	73.2

Families maintained by women(2)	15,438	9,938	4,269	553	3,152
With at least one family member employed	11,861	7,655	3,234	470	2,491
As a percent of total families	76.8	77.0	75.7	84.9	79.0
With at least one family member unemployed	1,389	802	492	31	287
As a percent of total families	-	8.1	11.5	5.6	9.1
Some family member(s) employed	691	421	218	22	162
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	49.8	52.5	44.4	71.0	56.4
Some family member(s) employed full time	561	341	176	21	135
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	40.4	42.5	35.8	66.4	47.0

Families maintained by men(2)	6,666	4,863	1,145	365	1,625
With at least one family member employed	5,641	4,179	883	340	1,447
As a percent of total families	84.6	85.9	77.1	93.3	89.0
With at least one family member unemployed	573	379	138	25	145
As a percent of total families	-	7.8	12.1	7.0	8.9
Some family member(s) employed	340	225	78	19	97
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	59.4	59.3	56.7	75.7	67.1
Some family member(s) employed full time	293	196	65	17	88
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	51.2	51.6	46.9	68.0	60.5
Footnotes (1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only. (2) No opposite-sex spouse present.
Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
With no children under 18 years
1994	60.2	67.1	53.6	60.6	67.7	53.8	57.2	62.0	52.4	-	-	-	62.3	71.5	51.5
1995	60.2	67.0	53.5	60.5	67.6	53.6	57.5	62.3	52.7	-	-	-	61.2	70.9	50.2
1996	60.1	66.8	53.5	60.5	67.6	53.6	56.9	61.5	52.3	-	-	-	61.6	71.3	50.5
1997	60.4	67.0	53.8	60.8	67.8	53.8	57.3	61.2	53.5	-	-	-	62.6	72.1	51.4
1998	60.3	67.0	53.9	60.6	67.6	53.8	58.0	62.0	54.2	-	-	-	62.8	72.1	51.7
1999	60.4	66.8	54.1	60.7	67.5	53.9	58.3	62.1	54.6	-	-	-	62.5	71.6	52.2
2000	60.6	67.0	54.3	60.9	67.7	54.3	58.4	62.5	54.5	-	-	-	63.7	73.2	52.6
2001	60.4	66.7	54.3	60.8	67.4	54.3	57.9	61.7	54.4	-	-	-	63.0	72.4	52.6
2002	60.0	66.2	53.9	60.4	66.8	54.0	56.8	61.0	52.7	61.2	67.8	55.0	63.9	72.7	53.2
2003	59.7	65.4	54.1	60.1	66.1	54.1	56.5	60.0	53.2	59.7	66.4	53.7	62.8	72.1	51.5
2004	59.6	65.3	54.0	60.0	66.1	54.0	56.4	59.5	53.5	59.1	65.0	53.5	63.5	72.6	52.5
2005	59.8	65.5	54.2	60.1	66.2	54.1	57.3	60.8	53.9	59.9	66.0	54.3	63.0	72.1	51.9
2006	60.0	65.8	54.2	60.4	66.5	54.2	57.1	60.5	53.9	60.0	66.2	54.1	63.7	73.0	52.2
2007	59.8	65.6	54.0	60.3	66.4	54.1	56.5	60.1	53.0	60.2	66.6	54.0	63.7	72.8	52.4
2008	59.9	65.6	54.3	60.3	66.3	54.3	56.9	60.4	53.6	60.3	66.6	54.4	63.5	72.7	52.1
2009	59.3	64.6	54.0	59.9	65.4	54.3	55.9	59.3	52.7	59.0	65.3	53.1	62.6	70.7	52.8
2010	58.7	63.8	53.6	59.1	64.5	53.7	56.0	59.1	52.9	58.1	64.3	52.4	62.0	69.8	52.3
2011	58.1	63.1	53.0	58.6	63.8	53.2	55.1	58.4	51.8	58.0	63.9	52.6	60.8	68.3	51.6
2012	57.5	62.6	52.5	58.1	63.7	52.4	55.2	57.6	52.8	58.1	63.2	53.4	60.7	68.1	52.0
2013	57.2	62.3	52.1	57.4	62.9	52.0	54.5	57.1	52.0	58.8	64.5	53.6	60.6	68.2	51.9
2014	56.7	61.7	51.7	56.9	62.2	51.6	54.8	57.5	52.1	57.0	63.0	51.7	60.5	68.0	51.8
2015	56.5	61.6	51.5	56.7	62.1	51.2	55.3	58.0	52.7	56.5	61.7	51.7	60.4	68.1	51.9
2016	56.7	61.9	51.6	56.8	62.3	51.4	55.2	58.4	52.2	57.1	63.1	51.8	60.3	67.9	52.0
2017	56.8	61.9	51.9	56.8	62.2	51.4	56.1	59.2	53.2	57.4	62.9	52.5	61.0	68.2	53.2

With children under 18 years
1994	79.8	94.1	69.0	80.9	94.8	69.5	74.9	89.5	68.4	-	-	-	70.2	92.1	54.7
1995	80.3	94.1	69.8	81.3	94.9	70.3	76.3	89.6	70.3	-	-	-	71.0	92.2	55.6
1996	81.1	94.5	70.8	81.8	95.3	70.7	78.5	89.7	73.3	-	-	-	72.3	93.7	56.7
1997	81.8	94.6	71.9	82.4	95.4	71.7	79.6	89.6	75.0	-	-	-	74.0	93.4	59.6
1998	81.8	94.6	71.8	82.2	95.3	71.3	81.0	90.4	76.7	-	-	-	74.2	92.9	60.2
1999	82.0	94.6	72.2	82.3	95.4	71.5	82.0	89.3	78.5	-	-	-	74.6	93.8	60.3
2000	82.1	94.7	72.3	82.3	95.3	71.6	82.2	90.3	78.2	-	-	-	75.7	93.8	62.0
2001	81.9	94.6	72.1	82.2	95.3	71.5	81.8	89.7	77.9	-	-	-	75.7	93.6	62.0
2002	81.6	94.3	71.8	81.9	94.8	71.1	81.9	90.3	77.7	78.3	93.2	66.6	75.8	93.2	62.7
2003	81.2	94.1	71.1	81.4	94.7	70.3	81.5	89.7	77.5	78.9	93.5	67.0	75.1	93.4	61.2
2004	80.7	94.1	70.4	81.1	94.8	69.8	80.5	88.4	76.5	77.9	93.8	64.9	74.9	93.9	60.4
2005	80.7	94.1	70.5	81.1	94.8	69.8	80.4	88.7	76.3	77.9	93.1	65.6	74.5	94.2	59.6
2006	81.0	94.1	70.9	81.4	94.9	70.2	80.5	88.1	76.9	78.3	93.2	66.3	75.3	94.2	60.9
2007	81.4	94.3	71.0	81.7	95.0	70.3	81.2	89.6	76.6	78.9	93.1	67.1	76.5	94.8	61.4
2008	81.5	94.1	71.4	81.8	94.8	70.8	81.1	89.7	76.7	80.0	93.0	68.8	76.4	94.4	61.4
2009	81.3	93.8	71.4	81.8	94.5	70.9	80.2	87.7	76.3	80.1	94.1	68.0	76.5	94.2	61.5
2010	80.9	93.7	70.8	81.4	94.5	70.5	79.7	89.0	74.9	78.2	92.2	66.2	76.6	93.9	62.1
2011	80.6	93.5	70.6	81.1	94.3	70.2	79.6	87.9	75.3	78.3	93.0	65.4	76.1	93.5	61.8
2012	80.4	93.1	70.3	81.0	94.0	70.3	80.0	88.9	75.4	76.7	93.0	63.2	76.4	93.7	63.2
2013	80.0	92.8	69.9	80.6	93.6	69.6	80.0	87.9	75.6	77.0	92.7	64.2	75.3	92.9	61.2
2014	80.1	92.8	70.1	80.6	93.5	69.8	79.9	87.9	75.4	77.4	93.3	64.3	75.8	93.1	62.0
2015	80.0	92.7	69.9	80.4	93.5	69.4	80.4	87.3	76.6	76.2	92.9	62.4	75.7	93.4	61.4
2016	80.4	92.8	70.5	80.8	93.6	70.0	80.8	87.3	77.2	76.7	92.6	63.4	76.0	93.4	61.8
2017	80.8	92.8	71.1	81.2	93.7	70.5	81.6	87.3	78.4	77.8	93.1	65.0	76.0	93.1	61.9

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger
1994	83.5	93.1	76.1	84.3	93.9	76.5	79.6	88.0	75.5	-	-	-	74.9	89.7	64.5
1995	83.7	93.0	76.6	84.6	93.7	77.2	80.1	88.1	76.4	-	-	-	75.4	89.7	65.5
1996	84.5	93.5	77.5	85.3	94.4	77.7	81.3	87.9	78.1	-	-	-	77.3	92.3	66.7
1997	84.7	93.6	77.9	85.4	94.4	78.0	81.8	88.1	78.7	-	-	-	77.6	91.2	68.2
1998	84.5	93.5	77.6	84.9	94.2	77.3	83.1	88.2	80.6	-	-	-	77.5	90.6	68.1
1999	84.8	93.4	78.2	85.4	94.4	78.1	83.2	86.7	81.4	-	-	-	78.6	91.2	69.5
2000	85.1	93.5	78.7	85.7	94.3	78.6	83.3	87.8	81.0	-	-	-	79.3	91.5	70.5
2001	85.0	93.6	78.3	85.5	94.5	78.1	83.3	87.5	81.1	-	-	-	79.6	91.7	70.9
2002	84.8	93.3	78.2	85.1	94.0	77.8	84.3	89.2	81.8	82.6	91.6	75.7	79.0	91.1	70.2
2003	84.5	93.1	77.8	84.7	93.7	77.3	84.0	88.0	82.1	82.9	93.5	74.3	78.8	91.5	69.4
2004	84.1	93.1	77.3	84.5	93.9	76.9	82.7	86.3	80.9	82.6	93.8	73.4	79.6	92.8	70.2
2005	83.7	93.0	76.5	84.1	93.8	76.3	82.4	86.9	80.2	80.7	92.3	71.2	78.8	92.9	68.7
2006	83.8	93.1	76.7	84.3	94.0	76.3	82.4	85.7	80.8	80.8	91.8	72.0	79.1	92.6	69.4
2007	84.3	93.2	77.2	84.6	94.0	76.7	83.7	87.7	81.5	81.8	91.7	73.6	80.5	93.1	70.4
2008	84.3	93.1	77.3	84.7	93.9	77.0	83.1	87.8	80.6	82.7	91.8	74.9	80.4	93.2	70.0
2009	84.2	92.7	77.3	84.7	93.7	77.0	82.2	85.7	80.3	82.7	92.9	74.0	80.7	93.6	69.9
2010	83.7	92.8	76.5	84.2	93.6	76.3	81.9	87.1	79.2	81.8	92.2	73.1	80.1	92.6	69.9
2011	83.3	92.6	76.1	83.9	93.5	76.0	81.5	86.5	78.8	80.8	92.2	71.2	79.2	91.9	69.0
2012	82.6	92.2	75.1	83.2	93.0	75.1	81.9	87.3	79.1	78.4	91.6	67.7	79.4	92.7	69.1
2013	82.3	91.9	74.7	83.0	92.8	74.8	81.4	86.4	78.6	78.8	91.7	68.4	78.1	91.8	67.5
2014	82.2	91.6	74.7	82.7	92.4	74.6	81.7	86.5	79.0	80.1	92.6	70.1	78.4	91.9	68.2
2015	82.1	91.8	74.4	82.5	92.5	74.2	81.4	85.5	79.1	79.0	92.0	68.4	78.3	92.3	67.3
2016	82.5	91.9	75.0	82.8	92.7	74.6	81.9	85.6	79.9	80.0	92.2	69.9	78.5	92.4	67.7
2017	82.8	91.7	75.7	83.3	92.6	75.3	82.4	84.9	81.1	81.5	92.8	72.2	78.8	92.0	68.1

With children under 6 years
1994	75.8	95.2	61.2	77.1	95.9	61.6	70.0	91.3	61.2	-	-	-	66.6	94.0	47.0
1995	76.6	95.5	62.3	77.7	96.1	62.6	72.0	91.4	63.9	-	-	-	67.6	94.1	47.7
1996	77.2	95.6	63.2	77.9	96.3	62.7	75.4	91.9	68.2	-	-	-	68.5	94.8	48.7
1997	78.3	95.8	64.8	78.8	96.5	64.1	77.1	91.3	70.8	-	-	-	70.9	95.1	52.3
1998	78.6	96.1	64.9	78.9	96.6	64.1	78.5	93.0	72.0	-	-	-	71.3	94.9	53.0
1999	78.5	96.1	64.8	78.5	96.7	63.4	80.6	92.5	74.9	-	-	-	71.2	95.9	52.1
2000	78.4	96.1	64.6	78.2	96.5	63.0	80.9	93.3	74.9	-	-	-	72.5	95.7	54.5
2001	78.1	95.8	64.3	78.1	96.2	63.0	80.0	92.5	73.9	-	-	-	72.2	95.2	53.8
2002	77.7	95.5	63.7	77.9	95.9	62.7	78.9	91.8	72.5	73.5	94.8	56.3	73.1	94.8	56.1
2003	77.2	95.4	62.8	77.3	96.0	61.5	78.2	92.1	71.8	74.2	93.4	58.5	71.9	94.9	53.4
2004	76.5	95.4	61.8	76.8	96.0	60.7	77.6	91.1	70.8	73.1	93.8	56.0	70.6	94.8	51.2
2005	77.0	95.4	62.8	77.2	96.1	61.6	77.8	91.2	71.4	74.9	94.0	59.3	70.6	95.4	50.9
2006	77.5	95.4	63.5	77.7	95.9	62.5	78.0	91.1	71.8	75.6	94.8	59.9	71.7	95.6	52.7
2007	77.8	95.7	63.3	77.9	96.2	62.3	77.9	92.3	70.4	75.8	94.8	59.9	72.9	96.1	53.0
2008	77.9	95.4	64.0	78.0	95.9	62.9	78.6	92.4	71.7	77.1	94.3	61.9	72.7	95.5	53.0
2009	77.8	95.1	64.2	78.1	95.6	63.3	77.7	90.4	71.4	77.3	95.4	61.4	72.4	94.9	53.1
2010	77.5	94.7	63.9	78.0	95.5	63.4	77.1	91.3	69.8	74.3	92.2	58.3	73.2	95.2	54.6
2011	77.4	94.5	63.9	77.7	95.2	63.0	77.4	89.7	71.1	75.4	93.8	58.4	73.2	95.0	54.7
2012	77.7	94.2	64.6	78.2	95.1	64.3	77.6	91.0	71.0	74.7	94.5	57.8	73.3	94.6	57.0
2013	77.2	93.9	63.9	77.5	94.7	62.9	78.5	89.8	72.1	74.9	93.8	59.3	72.3	94.0	54.5
2014	77.5	94.2	64.2	78.0	94.9	63.7	77.6	89.6	71.0	74.3	94.0	57.4	73.1	94.4	55.2
2015	77.4	93.9	64.2	77.7	94.7	63.3	79.2	89.5	73.4	72.8	94.1	55.0	72.9	94.5	54.7
2016	77.8	94.0	64.7	78.2	94.8	63.9	79.4	89.5	73.6	72.8	93.2	55.6	72.9	94.6	54.8
2017	78.2	94.1	65.1	78.4	95.0	64.2	80.7	90.1	75.0	73.1	93.5	55.2	72.5	94.4	54.3

With children under 3 years
1994	74.0	95.3	57.7	75.6	96.0	58.6	66.0	91.5	55.6	-	-	-	64.4	94.1	42.2
1995	74.8	95.5	58.9	76.0	96.2	59.2	68.9	90.9	60.0	-	-	-	65.7	94.1	43.7
1996	75.4	95.8	59.4	76.2	96.5	59.2	72.1	92.2	63.1	-	-	-	66.2	94.6	44.7
1997	76.6	95.9	61.4	77.5	96.5	61.4	73.6	92.1	65.1	-	-	-	68.6	94.6	48.0
1998	77.2	96.2	61.9	77.7	96.7	61.5	75.8	93.2	67.5	-	-	-	69.5	95.0	48.9
1999	77.0	96.4	61.5	77.0	97.0	60.1	78.7	92.4	72.0	-	-	-	68.8	96.2	47.4
2000	76.3	96.4	60.4	76.3	96.7	59.0	77.6	93.6	69.8	-	-	-	70.4	96.2	50.0
2001	76.0	95.9	60.2	76.1	96.4	58.9	77.3	92.6	69.7	-	-	-	69.7	95.3	48.7
2002	76.1	95.8	60.2	76.3	96.2	59.2	76.9	93.2	68.6	72.1	95.4	53.5	70.3	95.1	50.3
2003	75.2	95.7	58.9	75.6	96.2	57.8	74.7	91.4	67.0	73.0	94.5	55.1	69.5	95.2	47.9
2004	74.4	95.7	57.5	74.9	96.3	56.8	74.7	91.0	66.4	70.2	93.8	50.4	68.2	95.2	46.0
2005	74.8	95.5	58.4	75.1	96.4	57.2	74.7	90.6	67.0	72.4	92.9	55.8	67.7	96.0	45.0
2006	75.8	95.5	60.2	76.2	96.2	59.3	75.0	90.6	67.2	73.4	94.2	56.8	69.5	95.9	48.6
2007	75.6	95.9	59.2	76.0	96.4	58.3	74.8	92.8	65.7	73.6	94.2	56.2	69.9	96.0	47.6
2008	76.1	95.7	60.4	76.4	96.2	59.4	75.0	92.4	66.7	75.9	94.4	59.5	70.3	95.9	47.9
2009	76.1	95.0	61.1	76.6	95.5	60.5	74.5	90.2	66.6	76.1	95.9	58.2	70.0	94.4	49.1
2010	75.7	94.7	60.7	76.4	95.7	60.3	74.2	91.0	65.6	72.2	91.2	55.3	71.3	95.3	50.8
2011	75.7	94.7	60.6	76.1	95.3	60.0	75.0	89.2	67.5	73.8	95.3	54.1	71.3	95.5	50.1
2012	76.0	95.0	61.2	76.6	95.5	61.2	75.5	92.2	67.0	72.4	94.3	53.7	71.2	95.5	52.4
2013	75.8	94.0	61.1	76.2	94.9	60.3	76.6	89.9	68.8	72.5	92.6	55.5	70.3	94.3	50.4
2014	76.0	94.4	61.0	76.6	95.0	60.8	75.9	90.2	67.6	72.6	94.5	53.4	70.8	95.1	50.6
2015	76.1	93.9	61.4	76.4	94.7	60.6	77.5	89.7	70.3	70.8	92.8	52.0	70.9	94.4	50.6
2016	76.5	94.2	61.8	77.1	95.1	61.3	78.2	90.2	70.8	69.3	92.5	49.8	70.9	94.5	50.6
2017	77.0	94.6	62.3	77.4	95.3	61.8	79.2	91.5	71.1	70.7	93.2	50.8	70.9	95.3	50.5
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
1972	5.6	5.0	6.6	5.1	4.5	5.9	10.4	9.3	11.8	-	-	-	-	-	-
1973	4.9	4.2	6.0	4.3	3.8	5.3	9.4	8.0	11.1	-	-	-	7.5	6.7	9.0
1974	5.6	4.9	6.7	5.0	4.4	6.1	10.5	9.8	11.3	-	-	-	8.1	7.3	9.4
1975	8.5	7.9	9.3	7.8	7.2	8.6	14.8	14.8	14.8	-	-	-	12.2	11.4	13.5
1976	7.7	7.1	8.6	7.0	6.4	7.9	14.0	13.7	14.3	-	-	-	11.5	10.8	12.7
1977	7.1	6.3	8.2	6.2	5.5	7.3	14.0	13.3	14.9	-	-	-	10.1	9.0	11.9
1978	6.1	5.3	7.2	5.2	4.6	6.2	12.8	11.8	13.8	-	-	-	9.1	7.7	11.3
1979	5.8	5.1	6.8	5.1	4.5	5.9	12.3	11.4	13.3	-	-	-	8.3	7.0	10.3
1980	7.1	6.9	7.4	6.3	6.1	6.5	14.3	14.5	14.0	-	-	-	10.1	9.7	10.7
1981	7.6	7.4	7.9	6.7	6.5	6.9	15.6	15.7	15.6	-	-	-	10.4	10.2	10.8
1982	9.7	9.9	9.4	8.6	8.8	8.3	18.9	20.1	17.6	-	-	-	13.8	13.6	14.1
1983	9.6	9.9	9.2	8.4	8.8	7.9	19.5	20.3	18.6	-	-	-	13.7	13.6	13.8
1984	7.5	7.4	7.6	6.5	6.4	6.5	15.9	16.4	15.4	-	-	-	10.7	10.5	11.1
1985	7.2	7.0	7.4	6.2	6.1	6.4	15.1	15.3	14.9	-	-	-	10.5	10.2	11.0
1986	7.0	6.9	7.1	6.0	6.0	6.1	14.5	14.8	14.2	-	-	-	10.6	10.5	10.8
1987	6.2	6.2	6.2	5.3	5.4	5.2	13.0	12.7	13.2	-	-	-	8.8	8.7	8.9
1988	5.5	5.5	5.6	4.7	4.7	4.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	-	-	-	8.2	8.1	8.3
1989	5.3	5.2	5.4	4.5	4.5	4.5	11.4	11.5	11.4	-	-	-	8.0	7.6	8.8
1990	5.6	5.7	5.5	4.8	4.9	4.7	11.4	11.9	10.9	-	-	-	8.2	8.0	8.4
1991	6.8	7.2	6.4	6.1	6.5	5.6	12.5	13.0	12.0	-	-	-	10.0	10.3	9.6
1992	7.5	7.9	7.0	6.6	7.0	6.1	14.2	15.2	13.2	-	-	-	11.6	11.7	11.4
1993	6.9	7.2	6.6	6.1	6.3	5.7	13.0	13.8	12.1	-	-	-	10.8	10.6	11.0
1994	6.1	6.2	6.0	5.3	5.4	5.2	11.5	12.0	11.0	-	-	-	9.9	9.4	10.7
1995	5.6	5.6	5.6	4.9	4.9	4.8	10.4	10.6	10.2	-	-	-	9.3	8.8	10.0
1996	5.4	5.4	5.4	4.7	4.7	4.7	10.5	11.1	10.0	-	-	-	8.9	7.9	10.2
1997	4.9	4.9	5.0	4.2	4.2	4.2	10.0	10.2	9.9	-	-	-	7.7	7.0	8.9
1998	4.5	4.4	4.6	3.9	3.9	3.9	8.9	8.9	9.0	-	-	-	7.2	6.4	8.2
1999	4.2	4.1	4.3	3.7	3.6	3.8	8.0	8.2	7.8	-	-	-	6.4	5.6	7.6
2000	4.0	3.9	4.1	3.5	3.4	3.6	7.6	8.0	7.1	3.6	3.6	3.6	5.7	5.0	6.8
2001	4.7	4.8	4.7	4.2	4.2	4.1	8.6	9.3	8.1	4.5	4.5	4.4	6.6	5.9	7.5
2002	5.8	5.9	5.6	5.1	5.3	4.9	10.2	10.7	9.8	5.9	6.1	5.7	7.5	7.2	8.0
2003	6.0	6.3	5.7	5.2	5.6	4.8	10.8	11.6	10.2	6.0	6.2	5.7	7.7	7.2	8.4
2004	5.5	5.6	5.4	4.8	5.0	4.7	10.4	11.1	9.8	4.4	4.5	4.3	7.0	6.5	7.6
2005	5.1	5.1	5.1	4.4	4.4	4.4	10.0	10.5	9.5	4.0	4.0	3.9	6.0	5.4	6.9
2006	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.0	4.0	4.0	8.9	9.5	8.4	3.0	3.0	3.1	5.2	4.8	5.9
2007	4.6	4.7	4.5	4.1	4.2	4.0	8.3	9.1	7.5	3.2	3.1	3.4	5.6	5.3	6.1
2008	5.8	6.1	5.4	5.2	5.5	4.9	10.1	11.4	8.9	4.0	4.1	3.7	7.6	7.6	7.7
2009	9.3	10.3	8.1	8.5	9.4	7.3	14.8	17.5	12.4	7.3	7.9	6.6	12.1	12.5	11.5
2010	9.6	10.5	8.6	8.7	9.6	7.7	16.0	18.4	13.8	7.5	7.8	7.1	12.5	12.7	12.3
2011	8.9	9.4	8.5	7.9	8.3	7.5	15.8	17.8	14.1	7.0	6.8	7.3	11.5	11.2	11.8
2012	8.1	8.2	7.9	7.2	7.4	7.0	13.8	15.0	12.8	5.9	5.8	6.1	10.3	9.9	10.9
2013	7.4	7.6	7.1	6.5	6.8	6.2	13.1	14.2	12.1	5.2	5.6	4.8	9.1	8.8	9.5
2014	6.2	6.3	6.1	5.3	5.4	5.2	11.3	12.2	10.5	5.0	5.3	4.6	7.4	6.8	8.2
2015	5.3	5.4	5.2	4.6	4.7	4.5	9.6	10.3	8.9	3.8	4.0	3.7	6.6	6.3	7.1
2016	4.9	4.9	4.8	4.3	4.4	4.2	8.4	9.1	7.8	3.6	3.5	3.9	5.8	5.4	6.3
2017	4.4	4.4	4.3	3.8	3.8	3.8	7.5	8.1	6.9	3.4	3.4	3.4	5.1	4.7	5.7

Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2017 annual averages (Percent)
Year	American Indian and Alaska Native			Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander			Two or More Races
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
2003	10.5	11.2	9.6	7.7	6.9	8.6	9.1	9.3	8.9
2004	9.6	9.7	9.4	6.1	6.8	5.4	8.7	8.7	8.7
2005	9.3	8.7	10.1	4.3	4.8	3.9	8.0	7.9	8.2
2006	7.9	7.9	8.0	5.3	6.3	4.3	6.7	7.3	6.0
2007	8.1	7.9	8.4	4.8	5.4	4.3	7.1	7.4	6.8
2008	9.9	10.8	8.8	6.4	7.7	4.9	9.5	10.1	8.7
2009	13.3	15.5	10.8	10.8	11.6	10.0	13.6	14.2	12.9
2010	15.1	17.3	12.7	12.0	13.6	10.4	13.6	14.2	13.0
2011	14.6	15.4	13.7	10.4	11.4	9.3	13.6	14.0	13.1
2012	12.3	11.9	12.7	11.8	12.4	11.2	11.9	12.1	11.5
2013	12.8	13.3	12.1	10.2	11.1	9.3	11.0	11.4	10.5
2014	11.3	11.9	10.6	6.1	5.7	6.6	10.2	10.9	9.5
2015	9.9	11.1	8.5	5.7	5.7	5.6	8.4	8.1	8.7
2016	8.9	9.2	8.7	4.4	4.3	4.5	7.5	7.6	7.3
2017	7.8	8.5	7.1	6.1	5.4	7.0	6.7	6.9	6.4
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Duration of unemployment	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)	6,982	4,765	1,501	333	1,401
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 5 weeks	32.5	34.3	26.6	27.2	36.1
5 to 14 weeks	28.8	29.4	26.8	29.4	29.1
15 to 26 weeks	14.6	13.6	17.7	15.2	13.8
27 weeks and over	24.2	22.7	28.9	28.2	21.0
Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)	25.0	23.8	28.6	30.6	22.3
Median duration, in weeks	10.0	9.3	13.1	11.5	8.9

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)	3,743	2,592	766	177	730
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 5 weeks	31.9	33.6	26.4	26.4	38.2
5 to 14 weeks	28.7	29.3	26.0	31.6	30.2
15 to 26 weeks	15.0	13.7	19.0	16.4	12.6
27 weeks and over	24.4	23.4	28.5	25.6	19.0
Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)	25.3	24.5	28.0	31.4	21.2
Median duration, in weeks	10.1	9.4	13.5	11.3	8.0

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)	3,239	2,173	735	156	671
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 5 weeks	33.2	35.1	26.9	28.0	33.8
5 to 14 weeks	28.8	29.4	27.6	27.0	27.9
15 to 26 weeks	14.1	13.5	16.3	13.9	15.1
27 weeks and over	23.9	21.9	29.2	31.1	23.2
Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)	24.5	22.9	29.3	29.7	23.4
Median duration, in weeks	9.8	9.1	12.7	11.8	10.0
Footnotes (1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Reason for unemployment	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)	6,982	4,765	1,501	333	1,401
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	49.2	50.8	47.0	42.4	49.6
On temporary layoff	13.7	16.0	7.5	8.2	15.8
Not on temporary layoff	35.5	34.7	39.4	34.1	33.8
Permanent job losers	25.3	25.1	26.5	28.1	22.5
Persons who completed temporary jobs	10.2	9.6	13.0	6.0	11.3
Job leavers	11.1	11.7	9.7	11.5	10.5
Reentrants	29.8	28.7	32.1	31.0	29.1
New entrants	9.9	8.9	11.3	15.2	10.8

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)	3,743	2,592	766	177	730
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	54.4	55.9	52.2	48.9	56.8
On temporary layoff	14.9	17.0	8.6	8.2	18.6
Not on temporary layoff	39.6	38.9	43.6	40.7	38.2
Permanent job losers	27.7	27.4	29.5	33.6	24.4
Persons who completed temporary jobs	11.9	11.5	14.1	7.2	13.8
Job leavers	10.2	10.8	8.4	11.2	10.2
Reentrants	25.7	25.0	27.2	25.6	24.1
New entrants	9.7	8.3	12.3	14.2	9.0

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)	3,239	2,173	735	156	671
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	43.1	44.6	41.6	34.9	41.7
On temporary layoff	12.3	14.8	6.4	8.3	12.7
Not on temporary layoff	30.8	29.8	35.1	26.7	29.0
Permanent job losers	22.6	22.5	23.3	21.9	20.5
Persons who completed temporary jobs	8.2	7.3	11.8	4.7	8.5
Job leavers	12.2	12.7	11.0	11.7	10.9
Reentrants	34.5	33.2	37.2	37.1	34.5
New entrants	10.1	9.5	10.2	16.3	12.9
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2017 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian labor force(1)	Not in the labor force
		Total	Want a job					Do not want a job now
			Total	Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 weeks
				Total	Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)
				Total	Total	Discouraged workers(3)	Other(4)
Total

Total, 16 years and older	160,320	94,759	5,518	2,198	1,587	476	1,112	89,242
16 to 24 years	21,160	16,989	1,655	702	439	115	324	15,335
25 to 54 years	102,683	23,014	2,282	1,001	743	223	519	20,732
55 years and older	36,476	54,756	1,581	495	405	138	268	53,175

Men, 16 years and older	85,145	38,130	2,539	1,089	835	299	536	35,591
16 to 24 years	10,887	8,332	863	385	257	75	182	7,468
25 to 54 years	54,813	7,038	940	452	366	137	229	6,098
55 years and older	19,445	22,760	736	252	213	87	126	22,025

Women, 16 years and older	75,175	56,629	2,979	1,109	752	177	575	53,650
16 to 24 years	10,273	8,658	792	317	183	40	143	7,866
25 to 54 years	47,870	15,975	1,342	548	377	86	291	14,633
55 years and older	17,031	31,996	845	243	193	51	142	31,151

White

Total, 16 years and older	124,941	74,001	3,861	1,477	1,056	301	756	70,139
16 to 24 years	16,023	12,017	1,123	459	278	68	210	10,893
25 to 54 years	78,569	16,821	1,546	651	477	130	347	15,275
55 years and older	30,348	45,163	1,192	368	301	103	199	43,971

Men, 16 years and older	67,592	29,633	1,757	722	552	189	362	27,875
16 to 24 years	8,358	5,851	578	249	162	43	120	5,273
25 to 54 years	42,793	4,889	623	285	228	81	147	4,266
55 years and older	16,442	18,893	557	188	161	65	96	18,336

Women, 16 years and older	57,349	44,368	2,104	755	505	112	393	42,264
16 to 24 years	7,666	6,165	545	210	116	25	91	5,620
25 to 54 years	35,777	11,933	923	366	249	49	200	11,009
55 years and older	13,907	26,270	636	179	140	38	103	25,634

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older	20,088	12,159	1,026	453	352	129	224	11,133
16 to 24 years	2,995	2,755	328	150	106	39	68	2,427
25 to 54 years	13,530	3,423	442	223	180	69	111	2,981
55 years and older	3,563	5,981	257	80	67	21	45	5,725

Men, 16 years and older	9,508	5,204	494	235	191	81	110	4,710
16 to 24 years	1,436	1,384	179	85	62	26	36	1,205
25 to 54 years	6,388	1,407	199	112	98	42	56	1,208
55 years and older	1,685	2,413	116	38	31	13	18	2,297

Women, 16 years and older	10,580	6,955	532	218	161	48	113	6,422
16 to 24 years	1,559	1,371	149	66	44	13	32	1,222
25 to 54 years	7,143	2,016	243	111	81	27	54	1,773
55 years and older	1,878	3,568	141	42	35	8	27	3,427

Asian

Total, 16 years and older	9,781	5,587	343	143	89	22	68	5,244
16 to 24 years	934	1,304	84	42	23	4	19	1,220
25 to 54 years	7,005	1,811	179	72	44	10	35	1,632
55 years and older	1,842	2,473	80	29	22	8	14	2,393

Men, 16 years and older	5,166	2,015	148	69	43	13	30	1,867
16 to 24 years	470	643	44	24	14	3	11	599
25 to 54 years	3,748	419	67	30	19	6	13	352
55 years and older	949	953	37	15	10	4	6	916

Women, 16 years and older	4,615	3,572	196	73	46	9	37	3,377
16 to 24 years	464	661	40	18	9	1	8	620
25 to 54 years	3,258	1,392	113	42	25	4	21	1,280
55 years and older	893	1,520	43	14	12	4	8	1,477

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older	27,339	14,032	1,069	401	301	88	213	12,963
16 to 24 years	4,550	3,980	378	145	102	29	74	3,601
25 to 54 years	19,072	4,978	498	195	148	45	103	4,480
55 years and older	3,717	5,074	193	61	51	15	36	4,881

Men, 16 years and older	15,604	4,974	436	187	151	53	98	4,537
16 to 24 years	2,446	1,879	192	79	60	18	42	1,686
25 to 54 years	11,054	1,150	164	78	65	26	39	986
55 years and older	2,104	1,946	80	30	26	8	18	1,865

Women, 16 years and older	11,735	9,058	633	213	150	36	115	8,425
16 to 24 years	2,104	2,101	186	65	42	10	32	1,915
25 to 54 years	8,018	3,829	334	116	83	19	64	3,495
55 years and older	1,613	3,129	113	32	25	7	18	3,016
Footnotes (1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed. (2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2017 annual averages
Year	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$241	$248	$199	-	$194
1980	262	269	212	-	209
1981	284	291	235	-	223
1982	302	310	245	-	240
1983	313	320	261	-	250
1984	326	336	269	-	259
1985	344	356	277	-	270
1986	359	371	291	-	277
1987	374	384	301	-	285
1988	385	395	314	-	290
1989	399	409	319	-	298
1990	412	424	329	-	304
1991	426	442	348	-	312
1992	440	458	357	-	321
1993	459	475	369	-	331
1994	467	484	371	-	324
1995	479	494	383	-	329
1996	490	506	387	-	339
1997	503	519	400	-	351
1998	523	545	426	-	370
1999	549	573	445	-	385
2000	576	590	474	$615	399
2001	596	610	491	639	417
2002	608	623	498	658	424
2003	620	636	514	693	440
2004	638	657	525	708	456
2005	651	672	520	753	471
2006	671	690	554	784	486
2007	695	716	569	830	503
2008	722	742	589	861	529
2009	739	757	601	880	541
2010	747	765	611	855	535
2011	756	775	615	866	549
2012	768	792	621	920	568
2013	776	802	629	942	578
2014	791	816	639	953	594
2015	809	835	641	993	604
2016	832	862	678	1,021	624
2017	860	890	682	1,043	655

Men
1979	$292	$298	$227	-	$219
1980	313	320	244	-	234
1981	340	350	268	-	251
1982	364	375	278	-	269
1983	379	387	294	-	274
1984	392	401	303	-	287
1985	407	418	305	-	296
1986	419	433	319	-	299
1987	434	450	327	-	306
1988	449	465	348	-	308
1989	468	482	348	-	315
1990	481	494	361	-	318
1991	493	506	375	-	323
1992	501	514	380	-	339
1993	510	524	392	-	346
1994	522	547	400	-	343
1995	538	566	411	-	350
1996	557	580	412	-	356
1997	579	595	432	-	371
1998	598	615	468	-	390
1999	618	638	488	-	406
2000	641	662	510	$685	417
2001	670	689	529	732	440
2002	679	702	524	756	451
2003	695	715	555	772	464
2004	713	732	569	802	480
2005	722	743	559	825	489
2006	743	761	591	882	505
2007	766	788	600	936	520
2008	798	825	620	966	559
2009	819	845	621	952	569
2010	824	850	633	936	560
2011	832	856	653	970	571
2012	854	879	665	1,055	592
2013	860	884	664	1,059	594
2014	871	897	680	1,080	616
2015	895	920	680	1,129	631
2016	915	942	718	1,151	663
2017	941	971	710	1,207	690

Women
1979	$182	$184	$169	-	$157
1980	201	203	185	-	172
1981	219	221	206	-	190
1982	239	242	217	-	203
1983	252	254	232	-	215
1984	265	268	241	-	223
1985	277	281	252	-	230
1986	291	294	264	-	241
1987	303	307	276	-	251
1988	315	318	288	-	260
1989	328	334	301	-	269
1990	346	353	308	-	278
1991	366	373	323	-	292
1992	380	387	335	-	302
1993	393	401	348	-	313
1994	399	408	346	-	305
1995	406	415	355	-	305
1996	418	428	362	-	316
1997	431	444	375	-	318
1998	456	468	400	-	337
1999	473	483	409	-	348
2000	493	502	429	$547	366
2001	512	522	454	563	388
2002	529	547	473	566	397
2003	552	567	491	598	410
2004	573	584	505	613	419
2005	585	596	499	665	429
2006	600	609	519	699	440
2007	614	626	533	731	473
2008	638	654	554	753	501
2009	657	669	582	779	509
2010	669	684	592	773	508
2011	684	703	595	751	518
2012	691	710	599	770	521
2013	706	722	606	819	541
2014	719	734	611	841	548
2015	726	743	615	877	566
2016	749	766	641	902	586
2017	770	795	657	903	603

Women's earnings as a percent of men's
1979	62.3	61.7	74.4	-	71.7
1980	64.2	63.4	75.8	-	73.5
1981	64.4	63.1	76.9	-	75.7
1982	65.7	64.5	78.1	-	75.5
1983	66.5	65.6	78.9	-	78.5
1984	67.6	66.8	79.5	-	77.7
1985	68.1	67.2	82.6	-	77.7
1986	69.5	67.9	82.8	-	80.6
1987	69.8	68.2	84.4	-	82.0
1988	70.2	68.4	82.8	-	84.4
1989	70.1	69.3	86.5	-	85.4
1990	71.9	71.5	85.3	-	87.4
1991	74.2	73.7	86.1	-	90.4
1992	75.8	75.3	88.2	-	89.1
1993	77.1	76.5	88.8	-	90.5
1994	76.4	74.6	86.5	-	88.9
1995	75.5	73.3	86.4	-	87.1
1996	75.0	73.8	87.9	-	88.8
1997	74.4	74.6	86.8	-	85.7
1998	76.3	76.1	85.5	-	86.4
1999	76.5	75.7	83.8	-	85.7
2000	76.9	75.8	84.1	79.9	87.8
2001	76.4	75.8	85.8	76.9	88.2
2002	77.9	77.9	90.3	74.9	88.0
2003	79.4	79.3	88.5	77.5	88.4
2004	80.4	79.8	88.8	76.4	87.3
2005	81.0	80.2	89.3	80.6	87.7
2006	80.8	80.0	87.8	79.3	87.1
2007	80.2	79.4	88.8	78.1	91.0
2008	79.9	79.3	89.4	78.0	89.6
2009	80.2	79.2	93.7	81.8	89.5
2010	81.2	80.5	93.5	82.6	90.7
2011	82.2	82.1	91.1	77.4	90.7
2012	80.9	80.8	90.1	73.0	88.0
2013	82.1	81.7	91.3	77.3	91.1
2014	82.5	81.8	89.9	77.9	89.0
2015	81.1	80.8	90.4	77.7	89.7
2016	81.9	81.3	89.3	78.4	88.4
2017	81.8	81.9	92.5	74.8	87.4
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 years and older	$907	$937	$712	$1,099	$688
Less than a high school diploma	520	527	483	505	510
High school graduates, no college(1)	712	746	599	653	651
Some college, no degree	774	810	661	762	733
Associate's degree	836	868	707	791	744
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)	1,279	1,314	1,021	1,441	1,066

Men, 25 years and older	996	1,023	743	1,253	719
Less than a high school diploma	584	591	504	590	564
High school graduates, no college(1)	797	831	653	714	709
Some college, no degree	886	926	711	826	805
Associate's degree	978	1,003	790	911	823
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)	1,481	1,516	1,109	1,625	1,173

Women, 25 years and older	810	836	685	932	634
Less than a high school diploma	447	446	450	438	431
High school graduates, no college(1)	610	627	539	591	575
Some college, no degree	680	696	624	691	661
Associate's degree	727	744	649	740	667
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)	1,131	1,141	980	1,248	992
Footnotes (1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Occupation and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	$860	$890	$682	$1,043	$655
Management, professional, and related occupations	1,224	1,236	966	1,480	1,025
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	1,327	1,350	1,009	1,565	1,045
Management occupations	1,392	1,430	1,040	1,679	1,072
Business and financial operations occupations	1,174	1,196	983	1,403	987
Professional and related occupations	1,160	1,164	934	1,444	1,013
Computer and mathematical occupations	1,465	1,443	1,157	1,734	1,186
Architecture and engineering occupations	1,478	1,471	1,257	1,594	1,416
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,286	1,283	1,035	1,449	1,161
Community and social services occupations	900	927	823	1,053	793
Legal occupations	1,443	1,452	1,190	1,743	1,087
Education, training, and library occupations	1,002	1,020	880	1,001	915
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,066	1,096	828	995	1,008
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	1,124	1,137	913	1,309	1,000
Service occupations	544	562	501	554	505
Healthcare support occupations	542	563	505	533	575
Protective service occupations	852	921	679	782	764
Food preparation and serving related occupations	484	487	443	519	467
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	522	538	477	542	495
Personal care and service occupations	520	525	498	551	502
Sales and office occupations	718	739	621	763	630
Sales and related occupations	763	817	583	722	604
Office and administrative support occupations	701	710	647	779	647
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	801	808	724	901	659
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	539	547	475	484	493
Construction and extraction occupations	796	804	704	999	671
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	878	889	782	825	752
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations	692	717	606	653	596
Production occupations	701	721	614	656	599
Transportation and material-moving occupations	681	711	599	648	594

Men, 16 years and older	$941	$971	$710	$1,207	$690
Management, professional, and related occupations	1,442	1,458	1,099	1,662	1,166
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	1,526	1,553	1,119	1,756	1,146
Management occupations	1,573	1,618	1,143	1,850	1,159
Business and financial operations occupations	1,390	1,414	1,075	1,630	1,106
Professional and related occupations	1,391	1,389	1,082	1,617	1,195
Computer and mathematical occupations	1,552	1,522	1,252	1,784	1,300
Architecture and engineering occupations	1,518	1,509	1,356	1,638	1,450
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,361	1,337	1,405	1,488	1,168
Community and social services occupations	976	1,032	895	1,305	904
Legal occupations	1,896	1,901	1,652	1,668	1,609
Education, training, and library occupations	1,202	1,223	1,033	1,348	1,022
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,161	1,173	791	1,121	1,075
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	1,341	1,377	1,072	1,340	1,125
Service occupations	608	621	527	613	543
Healthcare support occupations	597	617	569	518	595
Protective service occupations	894	956	731	794	782
Food preparation and serving related occupations	502	504	452	589	495
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	573	585	503	559	535
Personal care and service occupations	612	633	512	662	592
Sales and office occupations	834	880	622	849	671
Sales and related occupations	934	974	624	862	724
Office and administrative support occupations	735	746	621	837	645
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	809	818	723	911	676
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	585	595	415	495	512
Construction and extraction occupations	796	804	703	995	672
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	883	896	776	850	759
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations	736	772	641	705	642
Production occupations	769	792	668	717	672
Transportation and material-moving occupations	710	746	624	693	621

Women, 16 years and older	$770	$795	$657	$903	$603
Management, professional, and related occupations	1,052	1,065	903	1,309	921
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	1,134	1,144	962	1,389	945
Management occupations	1,173	1,189	971	1,500	970
Business and financial operations occupations	1,055	1,064	950	1,337	912
Professional and related occupations	1,014	1,024	869	1,247	902
Computer and mathematical occupations	1,235	1,223	1,054	1,484	995
Architecture and engineering occupations	1,307	1,306	1,099	1,387	1,120
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,183	1,205	899	1,403	1,134
Community and social services occupations	857	882	797	954	774
Legal occupations	1,192	1,184	1,004	1,760	843
Education, training, and library occupations	935	953	830	915	871
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	943	952	840	897	928
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	1,068	1,080	889	1,283	957
Service occupations	501	505	484	515	475
Healthcare support occupations	533	554	500	535	570
Protective service occupations	690	783	595	753	653
Food preparation and serving related occupations	459	465	435	482	424
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	463	471	420	513	435
Personal care and service occupations	503	502	493	524	483
Sales and office occupations	672	683	621	716	609
Sales and related occupations	609	628	524	634	506
Office and administrative support occupations	691	698	655	760	648
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	579	561	748	689	477
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	471	464	645	412	444
Construction and extraction occupations	802	809	745	1,186	549
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	736	674	904	664	585
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations	545	551	530	577	479
Production occupations	564	568	545	601	489
Transportation and material-moving occupations	514	518	507	502	455
Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Making up the civilian noninstitutional population are people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

Employed. Employed people include all those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. The duration of unemployment is the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:

Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended.
Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.
Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.
New entrants, people who had never worked.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.

Not in the labor force. Making up this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.

Occupation and industry. Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.[1]

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.[2]

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.[3]

Usual weekly earnings. Usual weekly earnings data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).

Median earnings. Median earnings figures indicate the numerical value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:

Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples only.
Families maintained by women and families maintained by men are each made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.[4]

[1] Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and industry data from the Current Population Survey,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 6, 2016), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

[2] More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[3] More information on the 2003 changes in the questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online; see Bowler, Ilg, Miller, Robison, and Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey,” www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[4] A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and of information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Reliability of estimates from the CPS,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 16, 2017), www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.