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In 2018, the overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United States was 3.9 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, jobless rates were higher than the national rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.6 percent), Blacks or African Americans (6.5 percent), people categorized as being of Two or More Races (5.5 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (5.3 percent). Jobless rates were lower than the national rate for Asians (3.0 percent) and Whites (3.5 percent). The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 4.7 percent, was higher than the rate of 3.7 percent for non-Hispanics.
Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.
This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic groups. Estimates of these additional groups are not included in all tables because of their relatively small sample sizes.
The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2018.
By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (78 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force (as computed from table 1).
Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 24 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (15 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans (7 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder (16 percent) were classified as Other Asians, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups (as computed from table 2). Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. (See table 2.) By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans made up another 10 percent. Eight percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 9 percent were classified as Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino.
Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (68.5 percent), people of Two or More Races (66.6 percent), and Hispanics (66.3 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates. American Indians and Alaska Natives (59.6 percent) had the lowest rate. The participation rate for Asians was 63.5 percent; Whites, 62.8 percent; and Blacks, 62.3 percent. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)
Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.2 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (68.0 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (74.9 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (71.8 percent). Among adult women (20 years and older), Blacks (62.4 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were Hispanics (59.4 percent), Asians (58.6 percent), and Whites (57.6 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Asians (19.6 percent) were less likely to participate in the labor force than were Whites (37.2 percent), Hispanics (32.5 percent), and Blacks (30.5 percent). (See table 3.)
The employment–population ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 55.6 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 64.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 58.3 percent for Blacks, 60.7 percent for Whites, 61.6 percent for Asians, 62.9 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, and 63.2 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)
Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (77.1 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Black men (63.7 percent) had the lowest, also continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 72.8 percent and 69.5 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 59.0 percent for Blacks, 56.9 percent for Asians, 56.6 percent for Hispanics, and 55.8 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)
The employment–population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (33.0 percent) was about 15 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (17.9 percent), about 9 percentage points higher than for Black teens (23.8 percent), and about 5 percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (27.8 percent).
Among people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. Seventy-six percent of Hispanics in the labor force had attained at least a high school diploma. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 63 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 41 percent of Whites, 31 percent of Blacks, and 21 percent of Hispanics (computed from table 6 and chart 2).
Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment. For almost all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher were generally lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)
Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across all major race and ethnicity groups. Among full-time wage and salary workers, median usual weekly earnings for Blacks ($1,065) and Hispanics ($1,101) with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than Asians ($1,465) and Whites ($1,342). (See table 17.)
Fifty-four percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 41 percent of employed Whites, 31 percent of employed Blacks, and 22 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)
Among employed men, 55 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 37 percent of Whites, 26 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. About 20 percent of employed Black and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas 13 percent of both employed Asian and White men worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-eight percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 12 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men. (See table 7.)
Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 53 percent of Asian women, compared with 45 percent of White women, 36 percent of Black women, and 27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 61 percent of Hispanics worked in two occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 55 percent of Blacks, 48 percent of Whites, and 41 percent of Asians.
Hispanics accounted for 17 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including painters, construction and maintenance (55 percent); miscellaneous agricultural workers (53 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for more than one-quarter of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (36 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (31 percent); and licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses (30 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers, but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (57 percent); software developers, applications and system software (35 percent); and physicians and surgeons (20 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 96 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 92 percent of construction managers; and 90 percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)
Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (21 percent) than were Whites (14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (4 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (13 percent). Twenty-one percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (13 percent), Hispanic men (11 percent), and Black men (11 percent). A large share of employed women across all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (40 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 9.)
Eighty-eight percent of both Asian families and Hispanic families had an employed family member. By contrast, White and Black families were less likely to have an employed family member: 80 percent and 79 percent, respectively.
Families maintained by women (no opposite-sex spouse present) accounted for 42 percent of Black families, 25 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). In comparison, 76 percent of Black families, 78 percent of White families, and 80 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member. (See table 10.)
Among mothers with children under 18 years old, Black mothers (77.2 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than White mothers (71.2 percent), Asian mothers (65.0 percent), or Hispanic mothers (63.9 percent). (See table 11.)
Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18 years. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 93.9 percent for White men, 93.8 percent for Hispanic men, 93.4 percent for Asian men, and 89.0 percent for Black men.
Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.6 percent) and Blacks (6.5 percent) had the highest unemployment rates, and the rate was lowest for Asians (3.0 percent). The jobless rates were 3.5 percent for Whites, 4.7 percent for Hispanics, 5.3 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 5.5 percent for individuals of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)
Among adults (20 years and older), the jobless rate for Black men (6.2 percent) was higher than that for Black women (5.6 percent). By contrast, adult Hispanic men (3.8 percent) had a lower rate than adult Hispanic women (4.7 percent). For Asians and Whites, the rates for adult men and women showed little or no difference. Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, at 21.9 percent, compared with 14.5 percent for Hispanics, 11.3 percent for Whites, and 8.9 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)
Unemployed Asians and Blacks experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Asians and Blacks was 10.9 weeks and 10.8 weeks, respectively, whereas the figure for Whites was 8.8 weeks and Hispanics, 8.2 weeks. (See table 13.)
Of the 6.3 million unemployed, 47 percent were job losers (workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (31 percent), job leavers (13 percent), and new entrants (10 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, 49 percent of Whites and 49 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 46 percent of Blacks and 38 percent of Asians. Sixteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent of unemployed Hispanics, 11 percent of unemployed Blacks, and 8 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)
As computed from table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, and 23 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who
Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 78 percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (27 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)
Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2018 were $680 for Hispanics, $694 for Blacks, $916 for Whites, and $1,095 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,002), Black men ($735), and Hispanic men ($720) were 81 percent, 59 percent, and 58 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian men ($1,241). The median earnings of White women ($817), Black women ($654), and Hispanic women ($617) were 87 percent, 70 percent, and 66 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($937). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)
The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men and White men working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group), at $1,732 and $1,488, respectively, were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,174) and Black men ($1,164) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)
Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were relatively close across a number of occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $528 for Asians, $517 for Whites, $490 for Blacks, and $489 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.
Gender and race | Civilian noninsti- tutional population |
Civilian labor force | Not in labor force |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Percent of population |
Employed | Unemployed | |||||
Total | Percent of population |
Total | Percent of labor force |
|||||
Total |
257,791 | 162,075 | 62.9 | 155,761 | 60.4 | 6,314 | 3.9 | 95,716 |
Men |
124,678 | 86,096 | 69.1 | 82,698 | 66.3 | 3,398 | 3.9 | 38,582 |
Women |
133,112 | 75,978 | 57.1 | 73,063 | 54.9 | 2,916 | 3.8 | 57,134 |
White |
200,221 | 125,815 | 62.8 | 121,461 | 60.7 | 4,354 | 3.5 | 74,407 |
Men |
97,933 | 68,082 | 69.5 | 65,702 | 67.1 | 2,380 | 3.5 | 29,850 |
Women |
102,289 | 57,732 | 56.4 | 55,759 | 54.5 | 1,973 | 3.4 | 44,556 |
Black |
32,761 | 20,414 | 62.3 | 19,091 | 58.3 | 1,322 | 6.5 | 12,347 |
Men |
14,964 | 9,694 | 64.8 | 9,018 | 60.3 | 676 | 7.0 | 5,270 |
Women |
17,797 | 10,720 | 60.2 | 10,073 | 56.6 | 646 | 6.0 | 7,077 |
Asian |
15,961 | 10,137 | 63.5 | 9,832 | 61.6 | 304 | 3.0 | 5,825 |
Men |
7,471 | 5,346 | 71.6 | 5,188 | 69.4 | 159 | 3.0 | 2,124 |
Women |
8,491 | 4,790 | 56.4 | 4,644 | 54.7 | 146 | 3.0 | 3,700 |
American Indian and Alaska Native |
2,881 | 1,716 | 59.6 | 1,603 | 55.6 | 113 | 6.6 | 1,165 |
Men |
1,415 | 901 | 63.7 | 840 | 59.3 | 62 | 6.9 | 513 |
Women |
1,466 | 815 | 55.6 | 763 | 52.1 | 52 | 6.3 | 651 |
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander |
960 | 657 | 68.5 | 622 | 64.9 | 35 | 5.3 | 302 |
Men |
468 | 347 | 74.1 | 329 | 70.3 | 18 | 5.2 | 121 |
Women |
491 | 310 | 63.1 | 293 | 59.7 | 17 | 5.4 | 181 |
Two or More Races |
5,006 | 3,336 | 66.6 | 3,151 | 62.9 | 185 | 5.5 | 1,670 |
Men |
2,427 | 1,725 | 71.1 | 1,622 | 66.8 | 103 | 6.0 | 702 |
Women |
2,579 | 1,611 | 62.5 | 1,529 | 59.3 | 82 | 5.1 | 968 |
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. |
Characteristic | Civilian noninsti- tutional population |
Civilian labor force | Not in labor force |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Percent of population |
Employed | Unemployed | |||||
Total | Percent of population |
Total | Percent of labor force |
|||||
Total |
257,791 | 162,075 | 62.9 | 155,761 | 60.4 | 6,314 | 3.9 | 95,716 |
Men |
124,678 | 86,096 | 69.1 | 82,698 | 66.3 | 3,398 | 3.9 | 38,582 |
Women |
133,112 | 75,978 | 57.1 | 73,063 | 54.9 | 2,916 | 3.8 | 57,134 |
Asian |
15,961 | 10,137 | 63.5 | 9,832 | 61.6 | 304 | 3.0 | 5,825 |
Men |
7,471 | 5,346 | 71.6 | 5,188 | 69.4 | 159 | 3.0 | 2,124 |
Women |
8,491 | 4,790 | 56.4 | 4,644 | 54.7 | 146 | 3.0 | 3,700 |
Asian Indian |
3,460 | 2,385 | 68.9 | 2,318 | 67.0 | 67 | 2.8 | 1,075 |
Chinese |
3,720 | 2,268 | 61.0 | 2,207 | 59.3 | 61 | 2.7 | 1,452 |
Filipino |
2,353 | 1,534 | 65.2 | 1,486 | 63.2 | 47 | 3.1 | 819 |
Japanese |
917 | 509 | 55.5 | 495 | 54.0 | 14 | 2.7 | 408 |
Korean |
1,182 | 712 | 60.2 | 694 | 58.8 | 17 | 2.4 | 470 |
Vietnamese |
1,699 | 1,081 | 63.6 | 1,056 | 62.2 | 25 | 2.3 | 618 |
Other Asian |
2,630 | 1,649 | 62.7 | 1,575 | 59.9 | 74 | 4.5 | 981 |
Hispanic or Latino |
42,734 | 28,336 | 66.3 | 27,012 | 63.2 | 1,323 | 4.7 | 14,398 |
Men |
21,287 | 16,113 | 75.7 | 15,418 | 72.4 | 695 | 4.3 | 5,174 |
Women |
21,447 | 12,223 | 57.0 | 11,594 | 54.1 | 628 | 5.1 | 9,224 |
Mexican |
26,031 | 17,312 | 66.5 | 16,497 | 63.4 | 815 | 4.7 | 8,718 |
Men |
13,204 | 10,107 | 76.5 | 9,667 | 73.2 | 439 | 4.3 | 3,097 |
Women |
12,827 | 7,205 | 56.2 | 6,830 | 53.2 | 376 | 5.2 | 5,621 |
Puerto Rican |
3,938 | 2,408 | 61.2 | 2,272 | 57.7 | 136 | 5.7 | 1,529 |
Men |
1,875 | 1,266 | 67.5 | 1,193 | 63.6 | 73 | 5.8 | 609 |
Women |
2,063 | 1,142 | 55.4 | 1,080 | 52.3 | 63 | 5.5 | 920 |
Cuban |
1,905 | 1,181 | 62.0 | 1,139 | 59.8 | 41 | 3.5 | 725 |
Men |
940 | 660 | 70.3 | 636 | 67.7 | 24 | 3.6 | 279 |
Women |
966 | 520 | 53.9 | 503 | 52.1 | 17 | 3.3 | 446 |
Central American |
4,053 | 2,934 | 72.4 | 2,815 | 69.4 | 119 | 4.1 | 1,119 |
Men |
2,082 | 1,725 | 82.9 | 1,664 | 80.0 | 61 | 3.5 | 356 |
Women |
1,972 | 1,209 | 61.3 | 1,150 | 58.3 | 58 | 4.8 | 763 |
Salvadoran |
1,610 | 1,175 | 73.0 | 1,131 | 70.2 | 44 | 3.8 | 435 |
Men |
805 | 661 | 82.2 | 638 | 79.3 | 23 | 3.5 | 143 |
Women |
806 | 514 | 63.7 | 493 | 61.1 | 21 | 4.1 | 292 |
Other Central American |
2,443 | 1,759 | 72.0 | 1,684 | 68.9 | 75 | 4.3 | 684 |
Men |
1,277 | 1,064 | 83.3 | 1,026 | 80.3 | 38 | 3.6 | 213 |
Women |
1,166 | 695 | 59.6 | 658 | 56.4 | 37 | 5.4 | 471 |
South American |
2,887 | 2,022 | 70.0 | 1,936 | 67.0 | 86 | 4.2 | 866 |
Men |
1,352 | 1,062 | 78.6 | 1,025 | 75.8 | 37 | 3.5 | 290 |
Women |
1,535 | 959 | 62.5 | 910 | 59.3 | 49 | 5.1 | 576 |
Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino |
3,920 | 2,479 | 63.2 | 2,353 | 60.0 | 126 | 5.1 | 1,441 |
Men |
1,835 | 1,292 | 70.4 | 1,232 | 67.1 | 61 | 4.7 | 543 |
Women |
2,085 | 1,187 | 56.9 | 1,121 | 53.8 | 65 | 5.5 | 898 |
Dominican |
1,592 | 1,019 | 64.0 | 963 | 60.5 | 56 | 5.5 | 572 |
Men |
705 | 492 | 69.7 | 466 | 66.1 | 25 | 5.2 | 213 |
Women |
886 | 528 | 59.5 | 497 | 56.0 | 31 | 5.8 | 359 |
Other Hispanic or Latino |
2,328 | 1,460 | 62.7 | 1,390 | 59.7 | 70 | 4.8 | 868 |
Men |
1,130 | 801 | 70.9 | 765 | 67.8 | 35 | 4.4 | 329 |
Women |
1,198 | 659 | 55.0 | 624 | 52.1 | 34 | 5.2 | 539 |
Hispanic or Latino |
42,734 | 28,336 | 66.3 | 27,012 | 63.2 | 1,323 | 4.7 | 14,398 |
Men |
21,287 | 16,113 | 75.7 | 15,418 | 72.4 | 695 | 4.3 | 5,174 |
Women |
21,447 | 12,223 | 57.0 | 11,594 | 54.1 | 628 | 5.1 | 9,224 |
White Hispanic or Latino |
37,989 | 25,147 | 66.2 | 23,992 | 63.2 | 1,156 | 4.6 | 12,841 |
Men |
18,963 | 14,408 | 76.0 | 13,802 | 72.8 | 606 | 4.2 | 4,554 |
Women |
19,026 | 10,739 | 56.4 | 10,190 | 53.6 | 549 | 5.1 | 8,287 |
Black Hispanic or Latino |
1,899 | 1,248 | 65.8 | 1,177 | 62.0 | 72 | 5.7 | 650 |
Men |
874 | 620 | 70.9 | 584 | 66.8 | 36 | 5.8 | 254 |
Women |
1,025 | 629 | 61.4 | 593 | 57.9 | 35 | 5.6 | 396 |
Asian Hispanic or Latino |
436 | 293 | 67.3 | 280 | 64.4 | 13 | 4.4 | 142 |
Men |
221 | 160 | 72.2 | 153 | 69.3 | 7 | 4.1 | 61 |
Women |
214 | 134 | 62.3 | 127 | 59.3 | 6 | 4.7 | 81 |
Non-Hispanic or Latino |
215,057 | 133,739 | 62.2 | 128,749 | 59.9 | 4,990 | 3.7 | 81,318 |
Men |
103,391 | 69,983 | 67.7 | 67,280 | 65.1 | 2,703 | 3.9 | 33,408 |
Women |
111,666 | 63,756 | 57.1 | 61,468 | 55.0 | 2,288 | 3.6 | 47,910 |
White non-Hispanic or Latino |
162,232 | 100,667 | 62.1 | 97,469 | 60.1 | 3,198 | 3.2 | 61,565 |
Men |
78,970 | 53,674 | 68.0 | 51,900 | 65.7 | 1,774 | 3.3 | 25,296 |
Women |
83,262 | 46,993 | 56.4 | 45,569 | 54.7 | 1,424 | 3.0 | 36,269 |
Black non-Hispanic or Latino |
30,862 | 19,166 | 62.1 | 17,915 | 58.0 | 1,251 | 6.5 | 11,696 |
Men |
14,090 | 9,075 | 64.4 | 8,435 | 59.9 | 640 | 7.1 | 5,016 |
Women |
16,772 | 10,091 | 60.2 | 9,480 | 56.5 | 611 | 6.1 | 6,681 |
Asian non-Hispanic or Latino |
15,526 | 9,843 | 63.4 | 9,552 | 61.5 | 292 | 3.0 | 5,682 |
Men |
7,250 | 5,187 | 71.5 | 5,035 | 69.4 | 152 | 2.9 | 2,063 |
Women |
8,276 | 4,657 | 56.3 | 4,517 | 54.6 | 140 | 3.0 | 3,619 |
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. |
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
Civilian noninsti- tutional population |
Civilian labor force | Not in labor force |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Percent of population |
Employed | Unemployed | |||||
Total | Percent of population |
Total | Percent of labor force |
|||||
Total |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
257,791 | 162,075 | 62.9 | 155,761 | 60.4 | 6,314 | 3.9 | 95,716 |
16 to 19 years |
16,765 | 5,885 | 35.1 | 5,126 | 30.6 | 759 | 12.9 | 10,879 |
20 years and older |
241,026 | 156,190 | 64.8 | 150,635 | 62.5 | 5,555 | 3.6 | 84,836 |
20 to 24 years |
21,239 | 15,099 | 71.1 | 14,051 | 66.2 | 1,048 | 6.9 | 6,140 |
25 to 54 years |
126,390 | 103,705 | 82.1 | 100,314 | 79.4 | 3,391 | 3.3 | 22,685 |
55 to 64 years |
42,114 | 27,354 | 65.0 | 26,565 | 63.1 | 789 | 2.9 | 14,760 |
65 years and older |
51,283 | 10,032 | 19.6 | 9,705 | 18.9 | 327 | 3.3 | 41,251 |
Men, 16 years and older |
124,678 | 86,096 | 69.1 | 82,698 | 66.3 | 3,398 | 3.9 | 38,582 |
16 to 19 years |
8,493 | 2,909 | 34.2 | 2,487 | 29.3 | 422 | 14.5 | 5,585 |
20 years and older |
116,185 | 83,188 | 71.6 | 80,211 | 69.0 | 2,976 | 3.6 | 32,997 |
20 to 24 years |
10,639 | 7,786 | 73.2 | 7,190 | 67.6 | 596 | 7.7 | 2,853 |
25 to 54 years |
62,294 | 55,440 | 89.0 | 53,673 | 86.2 | 1,768 | 3.2 | 6,854 |
55 to 64 years |
20,263 | 14,436 | 71.2 | 14,001 | 69.1 | 435 | 3.0 | 5,827 |
65 years and older |
22,988 | 5,525 | 24.0 | 5,348 | 23.3 | 177 | 3.2 | 17,464 |
Women, 16 years and older |
133,112 | 75,978 | 57.1 | 73,063 | 54.9 | 2,916 | 3.8 | 57,134 |
16 to 19 years |
8,272 | 2,977 | 36.0 | 2,639 | 31.9 | 338 | 11.3 | 5,295 |
20 years and older |
124,841 | 73,002 | 58.5 | 70,424 | 56.4 | 2,578 | 3.5 | 51,839 |
20 to 24 years |
10,600 | 7,312 | 69.0 | 6,861 | 64.7 | 452 | 6.2 | 3,288 |
25 to 54 years |
64,096 | 48,264 | 75.3 | 46,641 | 72.8 | 1,623 | 3.4 | 15,831 |
55 to 64 years |
21,851 | 12,918 | 59.1 | 12,564 | 57.5 | 354 | 2.7 | 8,933 |
65 years and older |
28,295 | 4,508 | 15.9 | 4,358 | 15.4 | 150 | 3.3 | 23,787 |
White |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
200,221 | 125,815 | 62.8 | 121,461 | 60.7 | 4,354 | 3.5 | 74,407 |
16 to 19 years |
12,318 | 4,576 | 37.2 | 4,060 | 33.0 | 516 | 11.3 | 7,741 |
20 years and older |
187,904 | 121,238 | 64.5 | 117,401 | 62.5 | 3,837 | 3.2 | 66,666 |
20 to 24 years |
15,557 | 11,383 | 73.2 | 10,697 | 68.8 | 685 | 6.0 | 4,174 |
25 to 54 years |
95,354 | 78,888 | 82.7 | 76,608 | 80.3 | 2,280 | 2.9 | 16,467 |
55 to 64 years |
33,900 | 22,464 | 66.3 | 21,855 | 64.5 | 610 | 2.7 | 11,435 |
65 years and older |
43,094 | 8,504 | 19.7 | 8,241 | 19.1 | 262 | 3.1 | 34,590 |
Men, 16 years and older |
97,933 | 68,082 | 69.5 | 65,702 | 67.1 | 2,380 | 3.5 | 29,850 |
16 to 19 years |
6,271 | 2,270 | 36.2 | 1,983 | 31.6 | 286 | 12.6 | 4,001 |
20 years and older |
91,662 | 65,812 | 71.8 | 63,719 | 69.5 | 2,094 | 3.2 | 25,849 |
20 to 24 years |
7,848 | 5,951 | 75.8 | 5,561 | 70.9 | 390 | 6.6 | 1,897 |
25 to 54 years |
47,744 | 43,034 | 90.1 | 41,819 | 87.6 | 1,215 | 2.8 | 4,710 |
55 to 64 years |
16,515 | 12,031 | 72.8 | 11,692 | 70.8 | 339 | 2.8 | 4,485 |
65 years and older |
19,554 | 4,796 | 24.5 | 4,647 | 23.8 | 149 | 3.1 | 14,758 |
Women, 16 years and older |
102,289 | 57,732 | 56.4 | 55,759 | 54.5 | 1,973 | 3.4 | 44,556 |
16 to 19 years |
6,047 | 2,307 | 38.1 | 2,077 | 34.3 | 230 | 10.0 | 3,740 |
20 years and older |
96,242 | 55,426 | 57.6 | 53,682 | 55.8 | 1,743 | 3.1 | 40,816 |
20 to 24 years |
7,709 | 5,432 | 70.5 | 5,137 | 66.6 | 295 | 5.4 | 2,277 |
25 to 54 years |
47,610 | 35,853 | 75.3 | 34,789 | 73.1 | 1,065 | 3.0 | 11,756 |
55 to 64 years |
17,384 | 10,434 | 60.0 | 10,163 | 58.5 | 271 | 2.6 | 6,951 |
65 years and older |
23,540 | 3,707 | 15.7 | 3,594 | 15.3 | 113 | 3.0 | 19,832 |
Black or African American |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
32,761 | 20,414 | 62.3 | 19,091 | 58.3 | 1,322 | 6.5 | 12,347 |
16 to 19 years |
2,499 | 763 | 30.5 | 596 | 23.8 | 167 | 21.9 | 1,736 |
20 years and older |
30,262 | 19,651 | 64.9 | 18,496 | 61.1 | 1,155 | 5.9 | 10,611 |
20 to 24 years |
3,172 | 2,173 | 68.5 | 1,940 | 61.2 | 234 | 10.8 | 998 |
25 to 54 years |
17,205 | 13,776 | 80.1 | 13,016 | 75.7 | 760 | 5.5 | 3,429 |
55 to 64 years |
5,037 | 2,846 | 56.5 | 2,728 | 54.2 | 117 | 4.1 | 2,191 |
65 years and older |
4,848 | 856 | 17.7 | 812 | 16.7 | 44 | 5.2 | 3,992 |
Men, 16 years and older |
14,964 | 9,694 | 64.8 | 9,018 | 60.3 | 676 | 7.0 | 5,270 |
16 to 19 years |
1,241 | 367 | 29.6 | 273 | 22.0 | 94 | 25.7 | 874 |
20 years and older |
13,723 | 9,327 | 68.0 | 8,745 | 63.7 | 582 | 6.2 | 4,396 |
20 to 24 years |
1,535 | 1,046 | 68.1 | 913 | 59.5 | 133 | 12.7 | 490 |
25 to 54 years |
7,932 | 6,560 | 82.7 | 6,191 | 78.0 | 369 | 5.6 | 1,373 |
55 to 64 years |
2,282 | 1,343 | 58.9 | 1,281 | 56.1 | 62 | 4.6 | 939 |
65 years and older |
1,974 | 379 | 19.2 | 361 | 18.3 | 18 | 4.7 | 1,595 |
Women, 16 years and older |
17,797 | 10,720 | 60.2 | 10,073 | 56.6 | 646 | 6.0 | 7,077 |
16 to 19 years |
1,257 | 395 | 31.4 | 322 | 25.6 | 73 | 18.4 | 862 |
20 years and older |
16,539 | 10,324 | 62.4 | 9,751 | 59.0 | 573 | 5.6 | 6,215 |
20 to 24 years |
1,636 | 1,128 | 68.9 | 1,027 | 62.7 | 101 | 8.9 | 509 |
25 to 54 years |
9,273 | 7,216 | 77.8 | 6,825 | 73.6 | 391 | 5.4 | 2,057 |
55 to 64 years |
2,755 | 1,503 | 54.5 | 1,448 | 52.5 | 55 | 3.7 | 1,252 |
65 years and older |
2,875 | 478 | 16.6 | 451 | 15.7 | 26 | 5.5 | 2,397 |
Asian |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
15,961 | 10,137 | 63.5 | 9,832 | 61.6 | 304 | 3.0 | 5,825 |
16 to 19 years |
928 | 182 | 19.6 | 166 | 17.9 | 16 | 8.9 | 746 |
20 years and older |
15,034 | 9,955 | 66.2 | 9,666 | 64.3 | 288 | 2.9 | 5,079 |
20 to 24 years |
1,368 | 719 | 52.6 | 660 | 48.2 | 59 | 8.2 | 649 |
25 to 54 years |
9,117 | 7,285 | 79.9 | 7,106 | 77.9 | 179 | 2.5 | 1,832 |
55 to 64 years |
2,160 | 1,472 | 68.1 | 1,434 | 66.4 | 38 | 2.6 | 689 |
65 years and older |
2,389 | 478 | 20.0 | 467 | 19.5 | 11 | 2.4 | 1,910 |
Men, 16 years and older |
7,471 | 5,346 | 71.6 | 5,188 | 69.4 | 159 | 3.0 | 2,124 |
16 to 19 years |
459 | 91 | 19.8 | 85 | 18.5 | 6 | 7.0 | 368 |
20 years and older |
7,012 | 5,255 | 74.9 | 5,103 | 72.8 | 152 | 2.9 | 1,756 |
20 to 24 years |
685 | 363 | 53.0 | 330 | 48.2 | 33 | 9.0 | 322 |
25 to 54 years |
4,324 | 3,879 | 89.7 | 3,787 | 87.6 | 93 | 2.4 | 445 |
55 to 64 years |
976 | 761 | 77.9 | 739 | 75.7 | 22 | 2.9 | 216 |
65 years and older |
1,026 | 253 | 24.6 | 248 | 24.1 | 5 | 2.0 | 774 |
Women, 16 years and older |
8,491 | 4,790 | 56.4 | 4,644 | 54.7 | 146 | 3.0 | 3,700 |
16 to 19 years |
469 | 91 | 19.4 | 81 | 17.3 | 10 | 10.8 | 378 |
20 years and older |
8,022 | 4,699 | 58.6 | 4,563 | 56.9 | 136 | 2.9 | 3,323 |
20 to 24 years |
683 | 357 | 52.2 | 330 | 48.3 | 27 | 7.4 | 327 |
25 to 54 years |
4,792 | 3,406 | 71.1 | 3,319 | 69.3 | 87 | 2.6 | 1,386 |
55 to 64 years |
1,184 | 711 | 60.1 | 695 | 58.7 | 16 | 2.3 | 473 |
65 years and older |
1,362 | 226 | 16.6 | 219 | 16.1 | 6 | 2.8 | 1,137 |
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
42,734 | 28,336 | 66.3 | 27,012 | 63.2 | 1,323 | 4.7 | 14,398 |
16 to 19 years |
3,938 | 1,280 | 32.5 | 1,094 | 27.8 | 186 | 14.5 | 2,658 |
20 years and older |
38,795 | 27,056 | 69.7 | 25,918 | 66.8 | 1,138 | 4.2 | 11,740 |
20 to 24 years |
4,744 | 3,399 | 71.6 | 3,160 | 66.6 | 239 | 7.0 | 1,345 |
25 to 54 years |
24,745 | 19,725 | 79.7 | 18,998 | 76.8 | 727 | 3.7 | 5,021 |
55 to 64 years |
4,892 | 3,113 | 63.6 | 2,982 | 61.0 | 131 | 4.2 | 1,779 |
65 years and older |
4,414 | 819 | 18.6 | 778 | 17.6 | 42 | 5.1 | 3,595 |
Men, 16 years and older |
21,287 | 16,113 | 75.7 | 15,418 | 72.4 | 695 | 4.3 | 5,174 |
16 to 19 years |
1,998 | 649 | 32.5 | 545 | 27.3 | 104 | 16.0 | 1,349 |
20 years and older |
19,289 | 15,464 | 80.2 | 14,873 | 77.1 | 591 | 3.8 | 3,825 |
20 to 24 years |
2,402 | 1,841 | 76.6 | 1,705 | 71.0 | 136 | 7.4 | 561 |
25 to 54 years |
12,596 | 11,375 | 90.3 | 11,018 | 87.5 | 356 | 3.1 | 1,221 |
55 to 64 years |
2,374 | 1,776 | 74.8 | 1,704 | 71.8 | 73 | 4.1 | 598 |
65 years and older |
1,917 | 472 | 24.6 | 446 | 23.3 | 26 | 5.5 | 1,445 |
Women, 16 years and older |
21,447 | 12,223 | 57.0 | 11,594 | 54.1 | 628 | 5.1 | 9,224 |
16 to 19 years |
1,940 | 631 | 32.5 | 549 | 28.3 | 82 | 12.9 | 1,309 |
20 years and older |
19,507 | 11,592 | 59.4 | 11,045 | 56.6 | 547 | 4.7 | 7,915 |
20 to 24 years |
2,342 | 1,558 | 66.5 | 1,456 | 62.1 | 103 | 6.6 | 784 |
25 to 54 years |
12,149 | 8,350 | 68.7 | 7,980 | 65.7 | 370 | 4.4 | 3,800 |
55 to 64 years |
2,518 | 1,337 | 53.1 | 1,278 | 50.8 | 58 | 4.4 | 1,181 |
65 years and older |
2,497 | 347 | 13.9 | 331 | 13.3 | 16 | 4.5 | 2,150 |
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. |
Year | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
1972 |
60.4 | 78.9 | 43.9 | 60.4 | 79.6 | 43.2 | 59.9 | 73.6 | 48.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1973 |
60.8 | 78.8 | 44.7 | 60.8 | 79.4 | 44.1 | 60.2 | 73.4 | 49.3 | - | - | - | 60.2 | 81.5 | 41.0 |
1974 |
61.3 | 78.7 | 45.7 | 61.4 | 79.4 | 45.2 | 59.8 | 72.9 | 49.0 | - | - | - | 61.1 | 81.7 | 42.4 |
1975 |
61.2 | 77.9 | 46.3 | 61.5 | 78.7 | 45.9 | 58.8 | 70.9 | 48.8 | - | - | - | 60.8 | 80.7 | 43.2 |
1976 |
61.6 | 77.5 | 47.3 | 61.8 | 78.4 | 46.9 | 59.0 | 70.0 | 49.8 | - | - | - | 60.8 | 79.6 | 44.3 |
1977 |
62.3 | 77.7 | 48.4 | 62.5 | 78.5 | 48.0 | 59.8 | 70.6 | 50.8 | - | - | - | 61.6 | 80.9 | 44.3 |
1978 |
63.2 | 77.9 | 50.0 | 63.3 | 78.6 | 49.4 | 61.5 | 71.5 | 53.1 | - | - | - | 62.9 | 81.1 | 46.6 |
1979 |
63.7 | 77.8 | 50.9 | 63.9 | 78.6 | 50.5 | 61.4 | 71.3 | 53.1 | - | - | - | 63.6 | 81.3 | 47.4 |
1980 |
63.8 | 77.4 | 51.5 | 64.1 | 78.2 | 51.2 | 61.0 | 70.3 | 53.1 | - | - | - | 64.0 | 81.4 | 47.4 |
1981 |
63.9 | 77.0 | 52.1 | 64.3 | 77.9 | 51.9 | 60.8 | 70.0 | 53.5 | - | - | - | 64.1 | 80.6 | 48.3 |
1982 |
64.0 | 76.6 | 52.6 | 64.3 | 77.4 | 52.4 | 61.0 | 70.1 | 53.7 | - | - | - | 63.6 | 79.7 | 48.1 |
1983 |
64.0 | 76.4 | 52.9 | 64.3 | 77.1 | 52.7 | 61.5 | 70.6 | 54.2 | - | - | - | 63.8 | 80.3 | 47.7 |
1984 |
64.4 | 76.4 | 53.6 | 64.6 | 77.1 | 53.3 | 62.2 | 70.8 | 55.2 | - | - | - | 64.9 | 80.6 | 49.6 |
1985 |
64.8 | 76.3 | 54.5 | 65.0 | 77.0 | 54.1 | 62.9 | 70.8 | 56.5 | - | - | - | 64.6 | 80.3 | 49.3 |
1986 |
65.3 | 76.3 | 55.3 | 65.5 | 76.9 | 55.0 | 63.3 | 71.2 | 56.9 | - | - | - | 65.4 | 81.0 | 50.1 |
1987 |
65.6 | 76.2 | 56.0 | 65.8 | 76.8 | 55.7 | 63.8 | 71.1 | 58.0 | - | - | - | 66.4 | 81.0 | 52.0 |
1988 |
65.9 | 76.2 | 56.6 | 66.2 | 76.9 | 56.4 | 63.8 | 71.0 | 58.0 | - | - | - | 67.4 | 81.9 | 53.2 |
1989 |
66.5 | 76.4 | 57.4 | 66.7 | 77.1 | 57.2 | 64.2 | 71.0 | 58.7 | - | - | - | 67.6 | 82.0 | 53.5 |
1990 |
66.5 | 76.4 | 57.5 | 66.9 | 77.1 | 57.4 | 64.0 | 71.0 | 58.3 | - | - | - | 67.4 | 81.4 | 53.1 |
1991 |
66.2 | 75.8 | 57.4 | 66.6 | 76.5 | 57.4 | 63.3 | 70.4 | 57.5 | - | - | - | 66.5 | 80.3 | 52.4 |
1992 |
66.4 | 75.8 | 57.8 | 66.8 | 76.5 | 57.7 | 63.9 | 70.7 | 58.5 | - | - | - | 66.8 | 80.7 | 52.8 |
1993 |
66.3 | 75.4 | 57.9 | 66.8 | 76.2 | 58.0 | 63.2 | 69.6 | 57.9 | - | - | - | 66.2 | 80.2 | 52.1 |
1994 |
66.6 | 75.1 | 58.8 | 67.1 | 75.9 | 58.9 | 63.4 | 69.1 | 58.7 | - | - | - | 66.1 | 79.2 | 52.9 |
1995 |
66.6 | 75.0 | 58.9 | 67.1 | 75.7 | 59.0 | 63.7 | 69.0 | 59.5 | - | - | - | 65.8 | 79.1 | 52.6 |
1996 |
66.8 | 74.9 | 59.3 | 67.2 | 75.8 | 59.1 | 64.1 | 68.7 | 60.4 | - | - | - | 66.5 | 79.6 | 53.4 |
1997 |
67.1 | 75.0 | 59.8 | 67.5 | 75.9 | 59.5 | 64.7 | 68.3 | 61.7 | - | - | - | 67.9 | 80.1 | 55.1 |
1998 |
67.1 | 74.9 | 59.8 | 67.3 | 75.6 | 59.4 | 65.6 | 69.0 | 62.8 | - | - | - | 67.9 | 79.8 | 55.6 |
1999 |
67.1 | 74.7 | 60.0 | 67.3 | 75.6 | 59.6 | 65.8 | 68.7 | 63.5 | - | - | - | 67.7 | 79.8 | 55.9 |
2000 |
67.1 | 74.8 | 59.9 | 67.3 | 75.5 | 59.5 | 65.8 | 69.2 | 63.1 | 67.2 | 76.1 | 59.2 | 69.7 | 81.5 | 57.5 |
2001 |
66.8 | 74.4 | 59.8 | 67.0 | 75.1 | 59.4 | 65.3 | 68.4 | 62.8 | 67.2 | 76.2 | 59.0 | 69.5 | 81.0 | 57.6 |
2002 |
66.6 | 74.1 | 59.6 | 66.8 | 74.8 | 59.3 | 64.8 | 68.4 | 61.8 | 67.2 | 75.9 | 59.1 | 69.1 | 80.2 | 57.6 |
2003 |
66.2 | 73.5 | 59.5 | 66.5 | 74.2 | 59.2 | 64.3 | 67.3 | 61.9 | 66.4 | 75.6 | 58.3 | 68.3 | 80.1 | 55.9 |
2004 |
66.0 | 73.3 | 59.2 | 66.3 | 74.1 | 58.9 | 63.8 | 66.7 | 61.5 | 65.9 | 75.0 | 57.6 | 68.6 | 80.4 | 56.1 |
2005 |
66.0 | 73.3 | 59.3 | 66.3 | 74.1 | 58.9 | 64.2 | 67.3 | 61.6 | 66.1 | 74.8 | 58.2 | 68.0 | 80.1 | 55.3 |
2006 |
66.2 | 73.5 | 59.4 | 66.5 | 74.3 | 59.0 | 64.1 | 67.0 | 61.7 | 66.2 | 75.0 | 58.3 | 68.7 | 80.7 | 56.1 |
2007 |
66.0 | 73.2 | 59.3 | 66.4 | 74.0 | 59.0 | 63.7 | 66.8 | 61.1 | 66.5 | 75.1 | 58.6 | 68.8 | 80.5 | 56.5 |
2008 |
66.0 | 73.0 | 59.5 | 66.3 | 73.7 | 59.2 | 63.7 | 66.7 | 61.3 | 67.0 | 75.3 | 59.4 | 68.5 | 80.2 | 56.2 |
2009 |
65.4 | 72.0 | 59.2 | 65.8 | 72.8 | 59.1 | 62.4 | 65.0 | 60.3 | 66.0 | 74.6 | 58.2 | 68.0 | 78.8 | 56.5 |
2010 |
64.7 | 71.2 | 58.6 | 65.1 | 72.0 | 58.5 | 62.2 | 65.0 | 59.9 | 64.7 | 73.2 | 57.0 | 67.5 | 77.8 | 56.5 |
2011 |
64.1 | 70.5 | 58.1 | 64.5 | 71.3 | 58.0 | 61.4 | 64.2 | 59.1 | 64.6 | 73.2 | 56.8 | 66.5 | 76.5 | 55.9 |
2012 |
63.7 | 70.2 | 57.7 | 64.0 | 71.0 | 57.4 | 61.5 | 63.6 | 59.8 | 63.9 | 72.2 | 56.5 | 66.4 | 76.1 | 56.6 |
2013 |
63.2 | 69.7 | 57.2 | 63.5 | 70.5 | 56.9 | 61.2 | 63.5 | 59.2 | 64.6 | 73.0 | 57.1 | 66.0 | 76.3 | 55.7 |
2014 |
62.9 | 69.2 | 57.0 | 63.1 | 69.8 | 56.7 | 61.2 | 63.6 | 59.2 | 63.6 | 72.4 | 55.8 | 66.1 | 76.1 | 56.0 |
2015 |
62.7 | 69.1 | 56.7 | 62.8 | 69.7 | 56.2 | 61.5 | 63.8 | 59.7 | 62.8 | 71.4 | 55.2 | 65.9 | 76.2 | 55.7 |
2016 |
62.8 | 69.2 | 56.8 | 62.9 | 69.8 | 56.3 | 61.6 | 64.1 | 59.4 | 63.2 | 72.1 | 55.5 | 65.8 | 76.0 | 55.8 |
2017 |
62.9 | 69.1 | 57.0 | 62.8 | 69.5 | 56.4 | 62.3 | 64.6 | 60.3 | 63.6 | 71.9 | 56.4 | 66.1 | 75.8 | 56.4 |
2018 |
62.9 | 69.1 | 57.1 | 62.8 | 69.5 | 56.4 | 62.3 | 64.8 | 60.2 | 63.5 | 71.6 | 56.4 | 66.3 | 75.7 | 57.0 |
Year | American Indian and Alaska Native | Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | Two or More Races | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
2003 |
64.4 | 71.0 | 58.0 | 68.9 | 75.0 | 63.9 | 67.6 | 73.2 | 62.4 |
2004 |
63.8 | 70.9 | 57.1 | 71.8 | 76.6 | 67.7 | 67.0 | 74.0 | 60.3 |
2005 |
63.5 | 70.0 | 57.2 | 73.4 | 77.1 | 69.8 | 67.0 | 72.0 | 62.3 |
2006 |
63.1 | 68.6 | 57.9 | 74.5 | 80.8 | 68.6 | 65.9 | 72.3 | 59.7 |
2007 |
63.3 | 69.9 | 57.0 | 73.0 | 78.4 | 68.2 | 66.3 | 71.9 | 60.8 |
2008 |
63.7 | 70.2 | 57.6 | 72.5 | 78.9 | 66.6 | 65.5 | 70.7 | 60.4 |
2009 |
59.0 | 64.1 | 54.2 | 69.4 | 77.3 | 62.3 | 65.6 | 70.4 | 61.0 |
2010 |
57.7 | 64.0 | 51.8 | 68.4 | 71.3 | 65.5 | 65.4 | 70.9 | 60.3 |
2011 |
59.2 | 65.2 | 53.2 | 69.4 | 75.6 | 63.6 | 64.0 | 68.9 | 59.5 |
2012 |
59.3 | 66.4 | 52.6 | 71.4 | 73.9 | 69.1 | 65.3 | 70.4 | 60.5 |
2013 |
59.2 | 65.3 | 53.3 | 70.0 | 73.7 | 66.6 | 63.3 | 69.2 | 57.8 |
2014 |
60.9 | 67.2 | 54.7 | 67.6 | 73.8 | 61.6 | 64.2 | 69.7 | 59.0 |
2015 |
60.6 | 65.9 | 55.5 | 66.6 | 73.7 | 59.7 | 64.5 | 68.4 | 60.9 |
2016 |
61.1 | 67.2 | 55.4 | 68.7 | 76.0 | 61.3 | 65.0 | 68.1 | 62.1 |
2017 |
60.3 | 65.8 | 54.8 | 67.0 | 72.6 | 61.7 | 66.9 | 70.7 | 63.3 |
2018 |
59.6 | 63.7 | 55.6 | 68.5 | 74.1 | 63.1 | 66.6 | 71.1 | 62.5 |
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. |
Year | Total | White | Black or African American | Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
1972 |
57.0 | 75.0 | 41.0 | 57.4 | 76.0 | 40.7 | 53.7 | 66.8 | 43.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1973 |
57.8 | 75.5 | 42.0 | 58.2 | 76.5 | 41.8 | 54.5 | 67.5 | 43.8 | - | - | - | 55.6 | 76.0 | 37.3 |
1974 |
57.8 | 74.9 | 42.6 | 58.3 | 75.9 | 42.4 | 53.5 | 65.8 | 43.5 | - | - | - | 56.2 | 75.7 | 38.4 |
1975 |
56.1 | 71.7 | 42.0 | 56.7 | 73.0 | 42.0 | 50.1 | 60.6 | 41.6 | - | - | - | 53.4 | 71.5 | 37.4 |
1976 |
56.8 | 72.0 | 43.2 | 57.5 | 73.4 | 43.2 | 50.8 | 60.6 | 42.8 | - | - | - | 53.8 | 71.1 | 38.6 |
1977 |
57.9 | 72.8 | 44.5 | 58.6 | 74.1 | 44.5 | 51.4 | 61.4 | 43.3 | - | - | - | 55.4 | 73.6 | 39.1 |
1978 |
59.3 | 73.8 | 46.4 | 60.0 | 75.0 | 46.3 | 53.6 | 63.3 | 45.8 | - | - | - | 57.2 | 74.9 | 41.3 |
1979 |
59.9 | 73.8 | 47.5 | 60.6 | 75.1 | 47.5 | 53.8 | 63.4 | 46.0 | - | - | - | 58.3 | 75.6 | 42.5 |
1980 |
59.2 | 72.0 | 47.7 | 60.0 | 73.4 | 47.8 | 52.3 | 60.4 | 45.7 | - | - | - | 57.6 | 73.5 | 42.4 |
1981 |
59.0 | 71.3 | 48.0 | 60.0 | 72.8 | 48.3 | 51.3 | 59.1 | 45.1 | - | - | - | 57.4 | 72.4 | 43.0 |
1982 |
57.8 | 69.0 | 47.7 | 58.8 | 70.6 | 48.1 | 49.4 | 56.0 | 44.2 | - | - | - | 54.9 | 68.9 | 41.3 |
1983 |
57.9 | 68.8 | 48.0 | 58.9 | 70.4 | 48.5 | 49.5 | 56.3 | 44.1 | - | - | - | 55.1 | 69.4 | 41.1 |
1984 |
59.5 | 70.7 | 49.5 | 60.5 | 72.1 | 49.8 | 52.3 | 59.2 | 46.7 | - | - | - | 57.9 | 72.1 | 44.2 |
1985 |
60.1 | 70.9 | 50.4 | 61.0 | 72.3 | 50.7 | 53.4 | 60.0 | 48.1 | - | - | - | 57.8 | 72.1 | 43.8 |
1986 |
60.7 | 71.0 | 51.4 | 61.5 | 72.3 | 51.7 | 54.1 | 60.6 | 48.8 | - | - | - | 58.5 | 72.5 | 44.7 |
1987 |
61.5 | 71.5 | 52.5 | 62.3 | 72.7 | 52.8 | 55.6 | 62.0 | 50.3 | - | - | - | 60.5 | 74.0 | 47.4 |
1988 |
62.3 | 72.0 | 53.4 | 63.1 | 73.2 | 53.8 | 56.3 | 62.7 | 51.2 | - | - | - | 61.9 | 75.3 | 48.8 |
1989 |
63.0 | 72.5 | 54.3 | 63.8 | 73.7 | 54.6 | 56.9 | 62.8 | 52.0 | - | - | - | 62.2 | 75.8 | 48.8 |
1990 |
62.8 | 72.0 | 54.3 | 63.7 | 73.3 | 54.7 | 56.7 | 62.6 | 51.9 | - | - | - | 61.9 | 74.9 | 48.6 |
1991 |
61.7 | 70.4 | 53.7 | 62.6 | 71.6 | 54.2 | 55.4 | 61.3 | 50.6 | - | - | - | 59.8 | 72.1 | 47.3 |
1992 |
61.5 | 69.8 | 53.8 | 62.4 | 71.1 | 54.2 | 54.9 | 59.9 | 50.8 | - | - | - | 59.1 | 71.2 | 46.8 |
1993 |
61.7 | 70.0 | 54.1 | 62.7 | 71.4 | 54.6 | 55.0 | 60.0 | 50.9 | - | - | - | 59.1 | 71.7 | 46.3 |
1994 |
62.5 | 70.4 | 55.3 | 63.5 | 71.8 | 55.8 | 56.1 | 60.8 | 52.3 | - | - | - | 59.5 | 71.7 | 47.2 |
1995 |
62.9 | 70.8 | 55.6 | 63.8 | 72.0 | 56.1 | 57.1 | 61.7 | 53.4 | - | - | - | 59.7 | 72.1 | 47.3 |
1996 |
63.2 | 70.9 | 56.0 | 64.1 | 72.3 | 56.3 | 57.4 | 61.1 | 54.4 | - | - | - | 60.6 | 73.3 | 47.9 |
1997 |
63.8 | 71.3 | 56.8 | 64.6 | 72.7 | 57.0 | 58.2 | 61.4 | 55.6 | - | - | - | 62.6 | 74.5 | 50.2 |
1998 |
64.1 | 71.6 | 57.1 | 64.7 | 72.7 | 57.1 | 59.7 | 62.9 | 57.2 | - | - | - | 63.1 | 74.7 | 51.0 |
1999 |
64.3 | 71.6 | 57.4 | 64.8 | 72.8 | 57.3 | 60.6 | 63.1 | 58.6 | - | - | - | 63.4 | 75.3 | 51.7 |
2000 |
64.4 | 71.9 | 57.5 | 64.9 | 73.0 | 57.4 | 60.9 | 63.6 | 58.6 | 64.8 | 73.3 | 57.1 | 65.7 | 77.4 | 53.6 |
2001 |
63.7 | 70.9 | 57.0 | 64.2 | 72.0 | 57.0 | 59.7 | 62.1 | 57.8 | 64.2 | 72.7 | 56.4 | 64.9 | 76.2 | 53.3 |
2002 |
62.7 | 69.7 | 56.3 | 63.4 | 70.8 | 56.4 | 58.1 | 61.1 | 55.8 | 63.2 | 71.3 | 55.8 | 63.9 | 74.5 | 52.9 |
2003 |
62.3 | 68.9 | 56.1 | 63.0 | 70.1 | 56.3 | 57.4 | 59.5 | 55.6 | 62.4 | 70.9 | 54.9 | 63.1 | 74.3 | 51.2 |
2004 |
62.3 | 69.2 | 56.0 | 63.1 | 70.4 | 56.1 | 57.2 | 59.3 | 55.5 | 63.0 | 71.6 | 55.1 | 63.8 | 75.1 | 51.8 |
2005 |
62.7 | 69.6 | 56.2 | 63.4 | 70.8 | 56.3 | 57.7 | 60.2 | 55.7 | 63.4 | 71.8 | 55.9 | 64.0 | 75.8 | 51.5 |
2006 |
63.1 | 70.1 | 56.6 | 63.8 | 71.3 | 56.6 | 58.4 | 60.6 | 56.5 | 64.2 | 72.7 | 56.5 | 65.2 | 76.8 | 52.8 |
2007 |
63.0 | 69.8 | 56.6 | 63.6 | 70.9 | 56.7 | 58.4 | 60.7 | 56.5 | 64.3 | 72.8 | 56.6 | 64.9 | 76.2 | 53.0 |
2008 |
62.2 | 68.5 | 56.2 | 62.8 | 69.7 | 56.3 | 57.3 | 59.1 | 55.8 | 64.3 | 72.2 | 57.2 | 63.3 | 74.1 | 51.9 |
2009 |
59.3 | 64.5 | 54.4 | 60.2 | 66.0 | 54.8 | 53.2 | 53.7 | 52.8 | 61.2 | 68.7 | 54.4 | 59.7 | 68.9 | 50.1 |
2010 |
58.5 | 63.7 | 53.6 | 59.4 | 65.1 | 54.0 | 52.3 | 53.1 | 51.7 | 59.9 | 67.5 | 53.0 | 59.0 | 68.0 | 49.6 |
2011 |
58.4 | 63.9 | 53.2 | 59.4 | 65.3 | 53.7 | 51.7 | 52.8 | 50.8 | 60.0 | 68.2 | 52.6 | 58.9 | 67.9 | 49.3 |
2012 |
58.6 | 64.4 | 53.1 | 59.4 | 65.8 | 53.3 | 53.0 | 54.1 | 52.2 | 60.1 | 68.1 | 53.1 | 59.5 | 68.6 | 50.4 |
2013 |
58.6 | 64.4 | 53.2 | 59.4 | 65.7 | 53.3 | 53.2 | 54.5 | 52.0 | 61.2 | 69.0 | 54.3 | 60.0 | 69.6 | 50.4 |
2014 |
59.0 | 64.9 | 53.5 | 59.7 | 66.1 | 53.7 | 54.3 | 55.9 | 52.9 | 60.4 | 68.6 | 53.3 | 61.2 | 71.0 | 51.4 |
2015 |
59.3 | 65.3 | 53.7 | 59.9 | 66.5 | 53.7 | 55.7 | 57.2 | 54.4 | 60.4 | 68.6 | 53.2 | 61.6 | 71.5 | 51.8 |
2016 |
59.7 | 65.8 | 54.1 | 60.2 | 66.7 | 54.0 | 56.4 | 58.3 | 54.8 | 60.9 | 69.6 | 53.4 | 62.0 | 71.9 | 52.3 |
2017 |
60.1 | 66.0 | 54.6 | 60.4 | 66.9 | 54.2 | 57.6 | 59.4 | 56.1 | 61.5 | 69.5 | 54.5 | 62.7 | 72.3 | 53.2 |
2018 |
60.4 | 66.3 | 54.9 | 60.7 | 67.1 | 54.5 | 58.3 | 60.3 | 56.6 | 61.6 | 69.4 | 54.7 | 63.2 | 72.4 | 54.1 |
Year | American Indian and Alaska Native | Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | Two or More Races | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
2003 |
57.7 | 63.1 | 52.4 | 63.6 | 69.8 | 58.4 | 61.4 | 66.4 | 56.8 |
2004 |
57.7 | 64.0 | 51.8 | 67.4 | 71.4 | 64.1 | 61.2 | 67.6 | 55.0 |
2005 |
57.6 | 63.9 | 51.5 | 70.2 | 73.4 | 67.1 | 61.6 | 66.3 | 57.2 |
2006 |
58.1 | 63.2 | 53.3 | 70.6 | 75.7 | 65.7 | 61.5 | 67.0 | 56.2 |
2007 |
58.1 | 64.3 | 52.3 | 69.4 | 74.2 | 65.3 | 61.5 | 66.5 | 56.6 |
2008 |
57.4 | 62.6 | 52.5 | 67.8 | 72.8 | 63.3 | 59.3 | 63.6 | 55.2 |
2009 |
51.2 | 54.2 | 48.3 | 61.8 | 68.3 | 56.0 | 56.7 | 60.4 | 53.2 |
2010 |
49.0 | 53.0 | 45.2 | 60.1 | 61.6 | 58.7 | 56.5 | 60.8 | 52.5 |
2011 |
50.5 | 55.2 | 45.9 | 62.2 | 67.0 | 57.7 | 55.3 | 59.2 | 51.7 |
2012 |
52.1 | 58.5 | 45.9 | 63.0 | 64.7 | 61.4 | 57.6 | 61.9 | 53.5 |
2013 |
51.6 | 56.6 | 46.9 | 62.9 | 65.5 | 60.4 | 56.4 | 61.3 | 51.7 |
2014 |
54.0 | 59.2 | 48.9 | 63.5 | 69.6 | 57.5 | 57.6 | 62.1 | 53.4 |
2015 |
54.6 | 58.6 | 50.8 | 62.8 | 69.5 | 56.3 | 59.0 | 62.8 | 55.6 |
2016 |
55.7 | 61.0 | 50.6 | 65.7 | 72.7 | 58.5 | 60.2 | 62.9 | 57.6 |
2017 |
55.6 | 60.3 | 50.9 | 62.9 | 68.7 | 57.4 | 62.4 | 65.8 | 59.2 |
2018 |
55.6 | 59.3 | 52.1 | 64.9 | 70.3 | 59.7 | 62.9 | 66.8 | 59.3 |
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. |
Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
Total, 25 years and older |
Less than a high school diploma |
High school graduates, no college(1) |
Some college, no degree |
Associate's degree |
Bachelor's degree and higher(2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
219,787 | 22,250 | 62,592 | 34,880 | 22,525 | 77,540 |
Civilian labor force |
141,091 | 10,278 | 36,010 | 21,937 | 15,649 | 57,217 |
Percent of population |
64.2 | 46.2 | 57.5 | 62.9 | 69.5 | 73.8 |
Employed |
136,584 | 9,701 | 34,550 | 21,128 | 15,209 | 55,995 |
Employment-population ratio |
62.1 | 43.6 | 55.2 | 60.6 | 67.5 | 72.2 |
Unemployed |
4,507 | 576 | 1,461 | 808 | 440 | 1,222 |
Unemployment rate |
3.2 | 5.6 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 2.1 |
Men |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
105,546 | 11,110 | 31,216 | 16,679 | 9,829 | 36,711 |
Civilian labor force |
75,401 | 6,537 | 21,145 | 11,667 | 7,383 | 28,670 |
Percent of population |
71.4 | 58.8 | 67.7 | 70.0 | 75.1 | 78.1 |
Employed |
73,021 | 6,201 | 20,294 | 11,279 | 7,182 | 28,066 |
Employment-population ratio |
69.2 | 55.8 | 65.0 | 67.6 | 73.1 | 76.5 |
Unemployed |
2,380 | 336 | 850 | 388 | 202 | 604 |
Unemployment rate |
3.2 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 2.1 |
Women |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
114,241 | 11,140 | 31,375 | 18,201 | 12,696 | 40,829 |
Civilian labor force |
65,689 | 3,741 | 14,866 | 10,269 | 8,266 | 28,548 |
Percent of population |
57.5 | 33.6 | 47.4 | 56.4 | 65.1 | 69.9 |
Employed |
63,563 | 3,501 | 14,256 | 9,850 | 8,028 | 27,929 |
Employment-population ratio |
55.6 | 31.4 | 45.4 | 54.1 | 63.2 | 68.4 |
Unemployed |
2,127 | 240 | 610 | 420 | 238 | 619 |
Unemployment rate |
3.2 | 6.4 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 2.9 | 2.2 |
White |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
172,347 | 16,900 | 49,050 | 27,256 | 18,021 | 61,121 |
Civilian labor force |
109,855 | 8,126 | 27,859 | 16,818 | 12,383 | 44,669 |
Percent of population |
63.7 | 48.1 | 56.8 | 61.7 | 68.7 | 73.1 |
Employed |
106,704 | 7,713 | 26,870 | 16,281 | 12,067 | 43,772 |
Employment-population ratio |
61.9 | 45.6 | 54.8 | 59.7 | 67.0 | 71.6 |
Unemployed |
3,152 | 413 | 989 | 537 | 316 | 897 |
Unemployment rate |
2.9 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 2.0 |
Men |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
83,814 | 8,726 | 24,591 | 13,211 | 7,979 | 29,306 |
Civilian labor force |
59,861 | 5,385 | 16,703 | 9,201 | 5,962 | 22,611 |
Percent of population |
71.4 | 61.7 | 67.9 | 69.6 | 74.7 | 77.2 |
Employed |
58,158 | 5,138 | 16,122 | 8,930 | 5,814 | 22,153 |
Employment-population ratio |
69.4 | 58.9 | 65.6 | 67.6 | 72.9 | 75.6 |
Unemployed |
1,703 | 247 | 581 | 271 | 148 | 458 |
Unemployment rate |
2.8 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.0 |
Women |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
88,534 | 8,174 | 24,458 | 14,044 | 10,042 | 31,815 |
Civilian labor force |
49,994 | 2,741 | 11,156 | 7,617 | 6,421 | 22,058 |
Percent of population |
56.5 | 33.5 | 45.6 | 54.2 | 63.9 | 69.3 |
Employed |
48,546 | 2,575 | 10,748 | 7,351 | 6,253 | 21,619 |
Employment-population ratio |
54.8 | 31.5 | 43.9 | 52.3 | 62.3 | 68.0 |
Unemployed |
1,448 | 167 | 408 | 266 | 168 | 439 |
Unemployment rate |
2.9 | 6.1 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 2.0 |
Black or African American |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
27,091 | 3,139 | 8,927 | 5,174 | 2,838 | 7,011 |
Civilian labor force |
17,478 | 1,126 | 5,343 | 3,479 | 2,079 | 5,451 |
Percent of population |
64.5 | 35.9 | 59.8 | 67.2 | 73.2 | 77.7 |
Employed |
16,556 | 1,009 | 4,986 | 3,276 | 1,994 | 5,291 |
Employment-population ratio |
61.1 | 32.1 | 55.8 | 63.3 | 70.3 | 75.5 |
Unemployed |
922 | 117 | 357 | 203 | 84 | 161 |
Unemployment rate |
5.3 | 10.4 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 4.1 | 2.9 |
Men |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
12,188 | 1,404 | 4,399 | 2,320 | 1,137 | 2,927 |
Civilian labor force |
8,281 | 567 | 2,862 | 1,630 | 873 | 2,348 |
Percent of population |
67.9 | 40.4 | 65.1 | 70.3 | 76.8 | 80.2 |
Employed |
7,832 | 505 | 2,661 | 1,543 | 840 | 2,283 |
Employment-population ratio |
64.3 | 35.9 | 60.5 | 66.5 | 73.8 | 78.0 |
Unemployed |
449 | 63 | 201 | 87 | 34 | 65 |
Unemployment rate |
5.4 | 11.0 | 7.0 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 2.8 |
Women |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
14,903 | 1,735 | 4,528 | 2,854 | 1,701 | 4,084 |
Civilian labor force |
9,197 | 559 | 2,481 | 1,849 | 1,205 | 3,103 |
Percent of population |
61.7 | 32.2 | 54.8 | 64.8 | 70.9 | 76.0 |
Employed |
8,724 | 504 | 2,325 | 1,733 | 1,155 | 3,007 |
Employment-population ratio |
58.5 | 29.1 | 51.3 | 60.7 | 67.9 | 73.6 |
Unemployed |
473 | 54 | 156 | 116 | 50 | 96 |
Unemployment rate |
5.1 | 9.7 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 4.2 | 3.1 |
Asian |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
13,666 | 1,218 | 2,549 | 1,171 | 914 | 7,814 |
Civilian labor force |
9,235 | 493 | 1,504 | 770 | 641 | 5,827 |
Percent of population |
67.6 | 40.5 | 59.0 | 65.8 | 70.2 | 74.6 |
Employed |
9,006 | 479 | 1,468 | 752 | 621 | 5,687 |
Employment-population ratio |
65.9 | 39.3 | 57.6 | 64.2 | 68.0 | 72.8 |
Unemployed |
229 | 14 | 36 | 19 | 20 | 139 |
Unemployment rate |
2.5 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 2.4 |
Men |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
6,327 | 457 | 1,133 | 572 | 386 | 3,779 |
Civilian labor force |
4,892 | 250 | 800 | 416 | 297 | 3,130 |
Percent of population |
77.3 | 54.7 | 70.6 | 72.7 | 76.8 | 82.8 |
Employed |
4,773 | 242 | 781 | 406 | 285 | 3,060 |
Employment-population ratio |
75.4 | 52.8 | 68.9 | 71.0 | 73.9 | 81.0 |
Unemployed |
119 | 9 | 19 | 10 | 11 | 70 |
Unemployment rate |
2.4 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 2.2 |
Women |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
7,339 | 761 | 1,416 | 600 | 528 | 4,035 |
Civilian labor force |
4,343 | 243 | 704 | 355 | 345 | 2,697 |
Percent of population |
59.2 | 31.9 | 49.7 | 59.2 | 65.3 | 66.8 |
Employed |
4,233 | 237 | 687 | 346 | 336 | 2,627 |
Employment-population ratio |
57.7 | 31.2 | 48.5 | 57.7 | 63.7 | 65.1 |
Unemployed |
110 | 6 | 17 | 9 | 8 | 70 |
Unemployment rate |
2.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 |
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
34,051 | 9,737 | 10,637 | 4,734 | 2,745 | 6,198 |
Civilian labor force |
23,657 | 5,753 | 7,439 | 3,469 | 2,085 | 4,911 |
Percent of population |
69.5 | 59.1 | 69.9 | 73.3 | 75.9 | 79.2 |
Employed |
22,758 | 5,488 | 7,145 | 3,341 | 2,012 | 4,770 |
Employment-population ratio |
66.8 | 56.4 | 67.2 | 70.6 | 73.3 | 77.0 |
Unemployed |
899 | 265 | 293 | 128 | 72 | 141 |
Unemployment rate |
3.8 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 2.9 |
Men |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
16,887 | 5,038 | 5,538 | 2,345 | 1,172 | 2,794 |
Civilian labor force |
13,623 | 3,828 | 4,528 | 1,881 | 982 | 2,404 |
Percent of population |
80.7 | 76.0 | 81.8 | 80.2 | 83.8 | 86.0 |
Employed |
13,168 | 3,679 | 4,369 | 1,822 | 951 | 2,346 |
Employment-population ratio |
78.0 | 73.0 | 78.9 | 77.7 | 81.2 | 84.0 |
Unemployed |
455 | 149 | 159 | 58 | 31 | 57 |
Unemployment rate |
3.3 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.4 |
Women |
||||||
Civilian noninstitutional population |
17,164 | 4,698 | 5,099 | 2,390 | 1,573 | 3,404 |
Civilian labor force |
10,034 | 1,925 | 2,911 | 1,588 | 1,102 | 2,508 |
Percent of population |
58.5 | 41.0 | 57.1 | 66.5 | 70.1 | 73.7 |
Employed |
9,589 | 1,809 | 2,776 | 1,519 | 1,061 | 2,424 |
Employment-population ratio |
55.9 | 38.5 | 54.4 | 63.6 | 67.4 | 71.2 |
Unemployed |
444 | 116 | 134 | 69 | 41 | 84 |
Unemployment rate |
4.4 | 6.0 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 3.3 |
(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. |
||||||
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. |
Occupation and gender | Total | White | Black or African American |
Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands) |
155,761 | 121,461 | 19,091 | 9,832 | 27,012 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
40.1 | 40.8 | 31.3 | 53.7 | 22.4 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
16.6 | 17.5 | 11.1 | 18.0 | 9.4 |
Management occupations |
11.7 | 12.6 | 7.2 | 11.0 | 6.9 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
4.9 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 7.0 | 2.4 |
Professional and related occupations |
23.5 | 23.3 | 20.2 | 35.7 | 13.0 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
3.3 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 11.5 | 1.4 |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
2.1 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 4.0 | 1.1 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
1.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.5 |
Community and social service occupations |
1.7 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
Legal occupations |
1.2 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
6.0 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 3.7 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
2.2 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.5 |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations |
6.0 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 9.5 | 3.0 |
Service occupations |
17.2 | 15.9 | 24.4 | 16.5 | 24.3 |
Healthcare support occupations |
2.3 | 1.9 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 2.5 |
Protective service occupations |
2.1 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
5.3 | 5.0 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 7.9 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
3.8 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 8.4 |
Personal care and service occupations |
3.8 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 6.4 | 3.9 |
Sales and office occupations |
21.5 | 21.6 | 22.4 | 16.8 | 20.6 |
Sales and related occupations |
10.1 | 10.4 | 9.1 | 8.6 | 9.6 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
11.3 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 8.2 | 11.0 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
9.3 | 10.3 | 5.8 | 3.3 | 17.1 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
0.7 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.9 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
5.4 | 6.0 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 11.4 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
3.2 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 3.7 |
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations |
11.9 | 11.4 | 16.1 | 9.6 | 15.7 |
Production occupations |
5.5 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 5.1 | 7.5 |
Transportation and material moving occupations |
6.4 | 5.9 | 10.0 | 4.5 | 8.2 |
Men, 16 years and older (In thousands) |
82,698 | 65,702 | 9,018 | 5,188 | 15,418 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
36.6 | 37.1 | 25.9 | 54.9 | 18.8 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
17.5 | 18.6 | 10.8 | 18.2 | 9.1 |
Management occupations |
13.3 | 14.3 | 7.6 | 12.3 | 7.2 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
4.2 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 5.9 | 1.9 |
Professional and related occupations |
19.1 | 18.5 | 15.1 | 36.7 | 9.7 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
4.6 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 15.9 | 1.8 |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
3.3 | 3.3 | 1.8 | 6.1 | 1.6 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
1.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.5 |
Community and social service occupations |
1.1 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
Legal occupations |
1.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
3.0 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 1.6 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
2.2 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.5 |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations |
2.8 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 6.1 | 1.5 |
Service occupations |
13.8 | 12.8 | 20.3 | 12.7 | 19.0 |
Healthcare support occupations |
0.6 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
Protective service occupations |
3.0 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 1.3 | 2.2 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
4.4 | 4.0 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 7.0 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
4.2 | 4.1 | 5.4 | 1.9 | 7.8 |
Personal care and service occupations |
1.7 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 1.4 |
Sales and office occupations |
15.7 | 15.6 | 17.3 | 13.9 | 13.9 |
Sales and related occupations |
9.7 | 10.0 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 7.7 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
6.1 | 5.6 | 9.0 | 5.5 | 6.2 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
16.6 | 18.1 | 11.5 | 5.7 | 28.2 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
1.0 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.4 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
9.7 | 10.7 | 6.3 | 2.5 | 19.4 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
5.8 | 6.2 | 4.9 | 2.9 | 6.3 |
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations |
17.2 | 16.4 | 25.0 | 12.8 | 20.2 |
Production occupations |
7.4 | 7.4 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 8.6 |
Transportation and material moving occupations |
9.8 | 9.1 | 16.6 | 7.2 | 11.6 |
Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) |
73,063 | 55,759 | 10,073 | 4,644 | 11,594 |
Percent |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
44.0 | 45.2 | 36.2 | 52.5 | 27.2 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
15.6 | 16.3 | 11.4 | 17.8 | 9.8 |
Management occupations |
10.0 | 10.7 | 6.9 | 9.5 | 6.6 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
5.6 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 8.2 | 3.2 |
Professional and related occupations |
28.4 | 28.9 | 24.8 | 34.7 | 17.4 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
1.8 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 6.6 | 0.9 |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
0.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.3 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
1.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.5 |
Community and social service occupations |
2.4 | 2.3 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 1.9 |
Legal occupations |
1.3 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.9 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
9.3 | 10.1 | 7.3 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
2.2 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 1.5 |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations |
9.7 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 13.3 | 4.9 |
Service occupations |
21.1 | 19.6 | 28.0 | 20.8 | 31.4 |
Healthcare support occupations |
4.3 | 3.7 | 8.2 | 3.5 | 5.0 |
Protective service occupations |
1.0 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
6.2 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 5.6 | 9.1 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
3.3 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 9.2 |
Personal care and service occupations |
6.3 | 5.7 | 7.3 | 9.7 | 7.2 |
Sales and office occupations |
28.0 | 28.7 | 27.0 | 20.0 | 29.5 |
Sales and related occupations |
10.7 | 10.9 | 9.8 | 8.8 | 12.1 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
17.3 | 17.8 | 17.2 | 11.3 | 17.4 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
1.0 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 2.3 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations |
5.9 | 5.4 | 8.1 | 6.2 | 9.6 |
Production occupations |
3.4 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 5.9 |
Transportation and material moving occupations |
2.5 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 1.6 | 3.7 |
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. |
Occupation | Total employed |
Percent of total employed | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | Black or African American |
Asian | Hispanic or Latino ethnicity |
||
Total, 16 years and older |
155,761 | 78.0 | 12.3 | 6.3 | 17.3 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
62,436 | 79.4 | 9.6 | 8.5 | 9.7 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
25,850 | 82.4 | 8.2 | 6.8 | 9.8 |
Management occupations |
18,263 | 83.9 | 7.6 | 5.9 | 10.3 |
Chief executives |
1,573 | 89.5 | 3.5 | 5.9 | 6.1 |
General and operations managers |
1,037 | 84.5 | 7.5 | 4.8 | 10.5 |
Legislators |
18 | - | - | - | - |
Advertising and promotions managers |
44 | - | - | - | - |
Marketing and sales managers |
1,083 | 85.8 | 6.7 | 5.4 | 9.7 |
Public relations and fundraising managers |
69 | 85.8 | 10.7 | 3.1 | 3.1 |
Administrative services managers |
161 | 85.4 | 7.4 | 3.0 | 13.0 |
Computer and information systems managers |
623 | 77.0 | 5.8 | 14.3 | 6.6 |
Financial managers |
1,231 | 81.7 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 9.4 |
Compensation and benefits managers |
23 | - | - | - | - |
Human resources managers |
313 | 78.1 | 12.8 | 6.3 | 10.2 |
Training and development managers |
58 | 86.3 | 10.1 | 0.0 | 15.5 |
Industrial production managers |
264 | 85.7 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 12.5 |
Purchasing managers |
219 | 85.3 | 9.0 | 4.0 | 10.7 |
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers |
303 | 84.9 | 7.2 | 4.4 | 13.7 |
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers |
991 | 96.1 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 5.1 |
Construction managers |
1,021 | 91.8 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 15.3 |
Education administrators |
955 | 79.0 | 14.4 | 3.4 | 10.5 |
Architectural and engineering managers |
156 | 84.5 | 5.0 | 9.9 | 4.6 |
Food service managers |
1,273 | 75.7 | 10.7 | 10.0 | 18.5 |
Funeral service managers |
3 | - | - | - | - |
Gaming managers |
28 | - | - | - | - |
Lodging managers |
153 | 76.2 | 11.1 | 10.2 | 11.5 |
Medical and health services managers |
639 | 80.9 | 11.5 | 5.0 | 9.0 |
Natural sciences managers |
9 | - | - | - | - |
Postmasters and mail superintendents |
24 | - | - | - | - |
Property, real estate, and community association managers |
717 | 85.5 | 7.3 | 4.6 | 13.6 |
Social and community service managers |
437 | 78.4 | 13.8 | 4.0 | 7.6 |
Emergency management directors |
10 | - | - | - | - |
Managers, all other |
4,827 | 83.2 | 7.8 | 6.5 | 9.9 |
Business and financial operations occupations |
7,587 | 78.8 | 9.8 | 9.1 | 8.7 |
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes |
54 | 79.3 | 7.5 | 11.0 | 12.2 |
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products |
12 | - | - | - | - |
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products |
193 | 80.7 | 10.7 | 5.7 | 11.1 |
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products |
244 | 84.3 | 8.0 | 5.0 | 7.6 |
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators |
344 | 74.9 | 19.1 | 3.7 | 10.9 |
Compliance officers |
281 | 82.3 | 11.3 | 5.4 | 6.9 |
Cost estimators |
117 | 93.3 | 1.9 | 4.0 | 10.5 |
Human resources workers |
664 | 79.2 | 10.5 | 7.0 | 13.2 |
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists |
48 | - | - | - | - |
Training and development specialists |
120 | 76.2 | 15.3 | 2.9 | 8.7 |
Logisticians |
128 | 75.7 | 12.1 | 8.1 | 10.1 |
Management analysts |
944 | 77.6 | 8.3 | 12.3 | 6.5 |
Meeting, convention, and event planners |
126 | 77.7 | 8.6 | 5.3 | 10.5 |
Fundraisers |
96 | 86.9 | 7.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 |
Market research analysts and marketing specialists |
355 | 81.8 | 5.8 | 11.6 | 11.4 |
Business operations specialists, all other |
236 | 70.6 | 15.8 | 9.0 | 9.4 |
Accountants and auditors |
1,929 | 75.8 | 9.3 | 12.7 | 7.6 |
Appraisers and assessors of real estate |
84 | 83.9 | 10.7 | 4.0 | 4.2 |
Budget analysts |
51 | 72.6 | 11.2 | 14.5 | 13.8 |
Credit analysts |
26 | - | - | - | - |
Financial analysts |
307 | 76.1 | 8.1 | 14.1 | 5.5 |
Personal financial advisors |
537 | 86.3 | 5.0 | 6.9 | 6.6 |
Insurance underwriters |
119 | 80.7 | 13.7 | 5.3 | 6.2 |
Financial examiners |
13 | - | - | - | - |
Credit counselors and loan officers |
350 | 85.5 | 7.6 | 4.3 | 13.0 |
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents |
47 | - | - | - | - |
Tax preparers |
113 | 76.1 | 16.7 | 5.1 | 13.1 |
Financial specialists, all other |
48 | - | - | - | - |
Professional and related occupations |
36,586 | 77.2 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 9.6 |
Computer and mathematical occupations |
5,126 | 67.0 | 8.4 | 22.0 | 7.5 |
Computer and information research scientists |
19 | - | - | - | - |
Computer systems analysts |
652 | 66.5 | 10.0 | 20.4 | 7.9 |
Information security analysts |
97 | 76.8 | 12.3 | 8.5 | 6.8 |
Computer programmers |
477 | 68.8 | 9.3 | 19.4 | 7.8 |
Software developers, applications and systems software |
1,682 | 58.6 | 3.9 | 35.4 | 5.3 |
Web developers |
208 | 81.5 | 5.4 | 8.9 | 7.2 |
Computer support specialists |
566 | 72.4 | 12.6 | 12.0 | 9.8 |
Database administrators |
108 | 71.3 | 8.2 | 16.7 | 9.5 |
Network and computer systems administrators |
204 | 75.8 | 12.1 | 8.5 | 9.3 |
Computer network architects |
114 | 73.0 | 9.4 | 14.7 | 9.9 |
Computer occupations, all other |
732 | 72.1 | 11.4 | 14.9 | 9.5 |
Actuaries |
33 | - | - | - | - |
Mathematicians |
3 | - | - | - | - |
Operations research analysts |
131 | 76.9 | 10.9 | 9.8 | 9.9 |
Statisticians |
90 | 57.0 | 15.3 | 25.5 | 3.7 |
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations |
8 | - | - | - | - |
Architecture and engineering occupations |
3,263 | 79.3 | 6.5 | 11.9 | 8.9 |
Architects, except naval |
239 | 83.5 | 4.5 | 11.5 | 10.1 |
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists |
47 | - | - | - | - |
Aerospace engineers |
147 | 70.3 | 7.1 | 17.6 | 7.8 |
Agricultural engineers |
5 | - | - | - | - |
Biomedical engineers |
11 | - | - | - | - |
Chemical engineers |
72 | 73.7 | 8.9 | 17.3 | 1.9 |
Civil engineers |
456 | 84.8 | 4.4 | 9.3 | 7.9 |
Computer hardware engineers |
71 | 58.0 | 6.9 | 30.9 | 14.1 |
Electrical and electronics engineers |
269 | 70.2 | 8.4 | 17.8 | 8.1 |
Environmental engineers |
36 | - | - | - | - |
Industrial engineers, including health and safety |
246 | 83.2 | 4.9 | 9.0 | 7.4 |
Marine engineers and naval architects |
17 | - | - | - | - |
Materials engineers |
41 | - | - | - | - |
Mechanical engineers |
333 | 80.0 | 3.5 | 15.0 | 5.5 |
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers |
8 | - | - | - | - |
Nuclear engineers |
14 | - | - | - | - |
Petroleum engineers |
27 | - | - | - | - |
Engineers, all other |
576 | 77.0 | 5.9 | 15.4 | 9.2 |
Drafters |
133 | 88.5 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 11.0 |
Engineering technicians, except drafters |
439 | 78.4 | 12.0 | 6.2 | 11.1 |
Surveying and mapping technicians |
76 | 90.8 | 4.3 | 1.0 | 12.9 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations |
1,529 | 78.1 | 7.1 | 12.8 | 8.7 |
Agricultural and food scientists |
37 | - | - | - | - |
Biological scientists |
104 | 83.6 | 1.6 | 13.7 | 3.6 |
Conservation scientists and foresters |
22 | - | - | - | - |
Medical scientists |
169 | 68.8 | 9.5 | 20.7 | 8.6 |
Life scientists, all other |
1 | - | - | - | - |
Astronomers and physicists |
20 | - | - | - | - |
Atmospheric and space scientists |
12 | - | - | - | - |
Chemists and materials scientists |
118 | 78.1 | 4.2 | 16.8 | 7.7 |
Environmental scientists and geoscientists |
100 | 90.4 | 7.8 | 1.1 | 8.4 |
Physical scientists, all other |
305 | 65.9 | 4.7 | 26.0 | 6.1 |
Economists |
36 | - | - | - | - |
Survey researchers |
3 | - | - | - | - |
Psychologists |
224 | 89.0 | 7.7 | 3.0 | 11.2 |
Sociologists |
5 | - | - | - | - |
Urban and regional planners |
29 | - | - | - | - |
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers |
46 | - | - | - | - |
Agricultural and food science technicians |
36 | - | - | - | - |
Biological technicians |
19 | - | - | - | - |
Chemical technicians |
68 | 85.7 | 8.9 | 3.0 | 17.6 |
Geological and petroleum technicians |
12 | - | - | - | - |
Nuclear technicians |
10 | - | - | - | - |
Social science research assistants |
2 | - | - | - | - |
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians |
152 | 77.8 | 9.1 | 11.5 | 11.2 |
Community and social service occupations |
2,680 | 71.8 | 20.4 | 3.9 | 12.1 |
Counselors |
895 | 70.0 | 22.2 | 3.9 | 12.7 |
Social workers |
835 | 68.9 | 23.6 | 3.5 | 13.4 |
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists |
104 | 69.3 | 27.0 | 0.6 | 15.9 |
Social and human service assistants |
208 | 67.7 | 21.1 | 4.1 | 18.6 |
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers |
71 | 68.8 | 21.5 | 3.3 | 12.4 |
Clergy |
415 | 80.3 | 12.5 | 4.3 | 6.4 |
Directors, religious activities and education |
76 | 79.7 | 8.2 | 10.6 | 8.3 |
Religious workers, all other |
76 | 88.3 | 6.9 | 4.0 | 5.1 |
Legal occupations |
1,891 | 85.7 | 7.3 | 4.7 | 9.9 |
Lawyers |
1,199 | 88.0 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 6.1 |
Judicial law clerks |
13 | - | - | - | - |
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers |
80 | 85.4 | 13.3 | 1.2 | 6.7 |
Paralegals and legal assistants |
444 | 79.1 | 11.3 | 5.3 | 18.5 |
Miscellaneous legal support workers |
156 | 86.8 | 7.2 | 2.9 | 16.6 |
Education, training, and library occupations |
9,313 | 81.5 | 10.6 | 5.2 | 10.7 |
Postsecondary teachers |
1,417 | 75.7 | 7.9 | 13.7 | 7.3 |
Preschool and kindergarten teachers |
716 | 75.8 | 16.0 | 4.0 | 14.5 |
Elementary and middle school teachers |
3,421 | 83.5 | 11.1 | 3.3 | 10.3 |
Secondary school teachers |
1,062 | 88.3 | 7.3 | 2.6 | 9.0 |
Special education teachers |
369 | 87.8 | 8.5 | 1.6 | 7.6 |
Other teachers and instructors |
905 | 78.8 | 11.4 | 6.1 | 10.5 |
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians |
45 | - | - | - | - |
Librarians |
178 | 85.5 | 6.6 | 4.7 | 8.4 |
Library technicians |
33 | - | - | - | - |
Teacher assistants |
994 | 78.7 | 12.9 | 4.6 | 17.4 |
Other education, training, and library workers |
173 | 79.1 | 12.8 | 5.4 | 14.3 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations |
3,362 | 83.6 | 7.4 | 5.5 | 11.8 |
Artists and related workers |
232 | 82.7 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 9.6 |
Designers |
984 | 86.5 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 13.1 |
Actors |
36 | - | - | - | - |
Producers and directors |
201 | 83.6 | 11.3 | 2.3 | 7.1 |
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers |
359 | 81.9 | 10.7 | 2.4 | 11.8 |
Dancers and choreographers |
24 | - | - | - | - |
Musicians, singers, and related workers |
202 | 75.9 | 15.1 | 5.9 | 10.5 |
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other |
68 | 68.3 | 11.3 | 9.7 | 8.0 |
Announcers |
56 | 74.5 | 22.3 | 0.5 | 18.7 |
News analysts, reporters and correspondents |
79 | 80.9 | 8.7 | 4.1 | 15.2 |
Public relations specialists |
140 | 86.8 | 7.1 | 4.9 | 10.0 |
Editors |
160 | 91.7 | 1.7 | 4.4 | 10.3 |
Technical writers |
69 | 82.4 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 4.8 |
Writers and authors |
227 | 89.1 | 5.4 | 4.0 | 4.5 |
Miscellaneous media and communication workers |
111 | 72.9 | 6.0 | 16.0 | 24.9 |
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators |
120 | 80.6 | 11.5 | 5.7 | 16.3 |
Photographers |
208 | 83.6 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 11.4 |
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors |
82 | 85.6 | 9.5 | 1.7 | 15.7 |
Media and communication equipment workers, all other |
5 | - | - | - | - |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations |
9,420 | 75.2 | 12.6 | 9.9 | 8.5 |
Chiropractors |
63 | 92.8 | 0.9 | 4.0 | 3.0 |
Dentists |
162 | 79.0 | 1.6 | 17.6 | 4.3 |
Dietitians and nutritionists |
104 | 78.6 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 9.6 |
Optometrists |
54 | 84.9 | 2.1 | 9.1 | 8.5 |
Pharmacists |
348 | 67.9 | 7.2 | 23.1 | 4.4 |
Physicians and surgeons |
1,094 | 70.8 | 7.6 | 19.8 | 7.4 |
Physician assistants |
132 | 90.3 | 2.9 | 5.1 | 8.2 |
Podiatrists |
11 | - | - | - | - |
Audiologists |
10 | - | - | - | - |
Occupational therapists |
116 | 91.1 | 2.5 | 6.4 | 4.2 |
Physical therapists |
286 | 76.4 | 7.4 | 14.3 | 4.3 |
Radiation therapists |
16 | - | - | - | - |
Recreational therapists |
11 | - | - | - | - |
Respiratory therapists |
108 | 64.9 | 17.3 | 13.9 | 11.6 |
Speech-language pathologists |
152 | 94.1 | 3.5 | 1.2 | 4.8 |
Exercise physiologists |
5 | - | - | - | - |
Therapists, all other |
237 | 75.1 | 18.1 | 5.3 | 8.8 |
Veterinarians |
102 | 92.9 | 0.0 | 4.1 | 2.3 |
Registered nurses |
3,213 | 75.5 | 13.1 | 9.0 | 7.2 |
Nurse anesthetists |
26 | - | - | - | - |
Nurse midwives |
3 | - | - | - | - |
Nurse practitioners |
212 | 79.1 | 11.2 | 8.8 | 2.6 |
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other |
40 | - | - | - | - |
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians |
318 | 70.0 | 18.6 | 8.5 | 12.9 |
Dental hygienists |
178 | 88.3 | 5.6 | 3.8 | 8.6 |
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians |
346 | 79.5 | 11.8 | 5.6 | 14.7 |
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics |
214 | 84.3 | 11.9 | 2.2 | 13.9 |
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians |
694 | 75.5 | 14.1 | 6.9 | 15.0 |
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses |
658 | 62.0 | 30.4 | 5.1 | 11.5 |
Medical records and health information technicians |
171 | 72.3 | 15.5 | 9.2 | 9.2 |
Opticians, dispensing |
61 | 85.4 | 7.3 | 4.9 | 6.8 |
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians |
139 | 59.8 | 24.1 | 14.4 | 12.3 |
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations |
137 | 81.4 | 10.2 | 4.1 | 10.8 |
Service occupations |
26,854 | 72.0 | 17.3 | 6.1 | 24.4 |
Healthcare support occupations |
3,629 | 64.3 | 26.2 | 5.7 | 18.3 |
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides |
2,035 | 55.8 | 35.8 | 5.4 | 16.3 |
Occupational therapy assistants and aides |
35 | - | - | - | - |
Physical therapist assistants and aides |
88 | 85.0 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 7.1 |
Massage therapists |
155 | 73.7 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 13.9 |
Dental assistants |
293 | 80.8 | 9.9 | 3.5 | 27.7 |
Medical assistants |
570 | 74.1 | 15.3 | 4.5 | 28.6 |
Medical transcriptionists |
44 | - | - | - | - |
Pharmacy aides |
34 | - | - | - | - |
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers |
56 | 84.5 | 7.0 | 2.8 | 9.4 |
Phlebotomists |
115 | 72.7 | 16.9 | 7.6 | 19.6 |
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers |
204 | 63.5 | 26.4 | 8.6 | 11.9 |
Protective service occupations |
3,203 | 73.5 | 20.1 | 2.4 | 13.8 |
First-line supervisors of correctional officers |
45 | - | - | - | - |
First-line supervisors of police and detectives |
88 | 88.8 | 9.2 | 0.4 | 9.4 |
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers |
49 | - | - | - | - |
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other |
86 | 72.5 | 22.1 | 1.8 | 8.7 |
Firefighters |
306 | 87.1 | 8.9 | 1.1 | 7.4 |
Fire inspectors |
23 | - | - | - | - |
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers |
406 | 67.0 | 29.0 | 1.2 | 13.7 |
Detectives and criminal investigators |
164 | 85.3 | 10.2 | 1.0 | 11.2 |
Fish and game wardens |
7 | - | - | - | - |
Parking enforcement workers |
4 | - | - | - | - |
Police and sheriff's patrol officers |
728 | 81.7 | 12.7 | 2.1 | 13.5 |
Transit and railroad police |
2 | - | - | - | - |
Animal control workers |
19 | - | - | - | - |
Private detectives and investigators |
96 | 78.2 | 15.7 | 3.3 | 20.2 |
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers |
958 | 60.0 | 30.7 | 3.9 | 16.8 |
Crossing guards |
66 | 58.4 | 26.5 | 1.9 | 20.9 |
Transportation security screeners |
41 | - | - | - | - |
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers |
117 | 85.2 | 6.5 | 4.0 | 9.7 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
8,220 | 73.2 | 14.8 | 6.5 | 25.9 |
Chefs and head cooks |
427 | 61.0 | 17.2 | 16.6 | 26.6 |
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers |
563 | 74.5 | 17.8 | 2.8 | 16.8 |
Cooks |
2,067 | 71.7 | 17.6 | 6.3 | 34.7 |
Food preparation workers |
988 | 71.1 | 15.9 | 6.2 | 26.2 |
Bartenders |
474 | 84.3 | 7.3 | 2.9 | 15.1 |
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food |
322 | 73.2 | 17.8 | 3.5 | 21.0 |
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop |
202 | 74.6 | 15.3 | 4.9 | 18.0 |
Waiters and waitresses |
2,020 | 76.0 | 10.7 | 7.6 | 22.6 |
Food servers, nonrestaurant |
226 | 61.2 | 25.5 | 8.4 | 22.2 |
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers |
309 | 73.1 | 13.5 | 6.0 | 29.2 |
Dishwashers |
263 | 74.3 | 13.2 | 5.7 | 27.9 |
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop |
354 | 75.1 | 12.9 | 4.5 | 27.0 |
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other |
5 | - | - | - | - |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
5,854 | 77.3 | 14.8 | 3.1 | 38.8 |
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers |
339 | 75.5 | 15.9 | 3.6 | 25.1 |
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers |
254 | 88.3 | 6.5 | 1.5 | 26.2 |
Janitors and building cleaners |
2,342 | 73.0 | 19.1 | 3.5 | 32.8 |
Maids and housekeeping cleaners |
1,512 | 74.1 | 16.1 | 4.5 | 49.3 |
Pest control workers |
79 | 84.9 | 10.6 | 0.0 | 12.2 |
Grounds maintenance workers |
1,328 | 86.5 | 7.5 | 1.0 | 45.0 |
Personal care and service occupations |
5,947 | 69.2 | 16.3 | 10.5 | 17.8 |
First-line supervisors of gaming workers |
187 | 79.8 | 10.4 | 4.1 | 10.2 |
First-line supervisors of personal service workers |
208 | 69.5 | 11.9 | 17.8 | 9.5 |
Animal trainers |
55 | 87.2 | 1.7 | 4.4 | 10.5 |
Nonfarm animal caretakers |
268 | 92.1 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 9.8 |
Gaming services workers |
102 | 49.7 | 10.6 | 30.3 | 6.7 |
Motion picture projectionists |
1 | - | - | - | - |
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers |
35 | - | - | - | - |
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers |
210 | 80.5 | 7.7 | 5.5 | 16.8 |
Embalmers and funeral attendants |
17 | - | - | - | - |
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors |
34 | - | - | - | - |
Barbers |
132 | 62.0 | 30.2 | 5.3 | 27.3 |
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists |
834 | 75.7 | 14.2 | 7.3 | 17.6 |
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers |
449 | 31.2 | 9.1 | 57.2 | 10.8 |
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges |
92 | 49.7 | 37.7 | 10.3 | 26.1 |
Tour and travel guides |
65 | 85.0 | 6.4 | 2.9 | 13.4 |
Childcare workers |
1,193 | 76.7 | 15.5 | 4.1 | 24.3 |
Personal care aides |
1,354 | 62.3 | 24.6 | 8.3 | 22.4 |
Recreation and fitness workers |
497 | 76.0 | 15.6 | 4.3 | 9.2 |
Residential advisors |
41 | - | - | - | - |
Personal care and service workers, all other |
171 | 72.2 | 17.8 | 5.4 | 15.3 |
Sales and office occupations |
33,461 | 78.6 | 12.8 | 4.9 | 16.6 |
Sales and related occupations |
15,806 | 80.2 | 11.0 | 5.3 | 16.3 |
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers |
3,366 | 80.8 | 10.2 | 5.3 | 13.9 |
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers |
1,257 | 84.7 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 15.0 |
Cashiers |
3,200 | 70.3 | 17.3 | 6.6 | 24.5 |
Counter and rental clerks |
114 | 71.4 | 20.4 | 5.8 | 24.6 |
Parts salespersons |
127 | 82.2 | 9.2 | 2.8 | 19.3 |
Retail salespersons |
3,147 | 78.7 | 12.6 | 5.1 | 18.2 |
Advertising sales agents |
221 | 81.2 | 10.4 | 4.8 | 14.9 |
Insurance sales agents |
619 | 83.3 | 8.7 | 5.3 | 11.6 |
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents |
231 | 85.6 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 11.9 |
Travel agents |
79 | 77.9 | 17.7 | 4.4 | 9.9 |
Sales representatives, services, all other |
516 | 89.0 | 6.5 | 2.9 | 7.5 |
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing |
1,273 | 90.8 | 4.1 | 2.9 | 11.2 |
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters |
60 | 79.0 | 8.8 | 7.2 | 13.4 |
Real estate brokers and sales agents |
1,072 | 86.0 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 10.8 |
Sales engineers |
34 | - | - | - | - |
Telemarketers |
58 | 69.3 | 23.3 | 3.7 | 22.9 |
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers |
158 | 86.1 | 10.6 | 1.3 | 22.8 |
Sales and related workers, all other |
275 | 85.0 | 8.7 | 4.5 | 7.2 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
17,655 | 77.1 | 14.4 | 4.6 | 16.9 |
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers |
1,450 | 81.6 | 11.2 | 3.5 | 13.5 |
Switchboard operators, including answering service |
23 | - | - | - | - |
Telephone operators |
30 | - |