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December 2020 Report 1088

Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2019

Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2019 image

In 2019, the overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United States was 3.7 percent, however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, jobless rates were higher than the national rate for Blacks or African Americans (6.1 percent), American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.1 percent), and people categorized as being of Two or More Races (5.3 percent). Jobless rates were lower than the national rate for Asians (2.7 percent), Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (3.2 percent), and Whites (3.3 percent). The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 4.3 percent, was higher than the rate of 3.5 percent for non-Hispanics.

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic groups. Because of their relatively small sample sizes, estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables.

The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2019.

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (77 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 24 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (14 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—17 percent—was classified as Other Asians, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, and Cambodian—and those who were of two or more Asian groups. (As calculated from the data in table 2.)

People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race, made up 18 percent of the total labor force. The majority of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), Black (5 percent), and Asian (1 percent). By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans made up another 10 percent, over a third of whom were Salvadorans. Eight percent of Hispanics in the labor force were Puerto Rican, and 7 percent were South American. People of Cuban and Dominican ethnicity each represented 4 percent of the Hispanic labor force. An additional 5 percent were classified as Other Hispanic or Latino. (See table 2.)

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (68.4 percent), people of Two or More Races (67.1 percent), and Hispanics (66.8 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates. The participation rate for Asians was 64.0 percent; Whites, 63.0 percent; Blacks, 62.5 percent; and American Indians and Alaska Natives, 60.8 percent. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.2 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, and Blacks (68.1 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (75.1 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (71.8 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (62.5 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were Hispanics (60.4 percent), Asians (59.3 percent), and Whites (57.9 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Asians (21.6 percent) were less likely to participate in the labor force than were Whites (37.5 percent), Hispanics (32.2 percent), and Blacks (30.1 percent). (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 57.1 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 66.2 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 63.9 percent for Hispanics, 63.6 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 62.3 percent for Asians, 61.0 percent for Whites, and 58.7 percent for Blacks. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (77.4 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Black men (64.0 percent) had the lowest, also continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian adult men and White adult men were 73.1 percent and 69.6 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 59.4 percent for Blacks, 57.9 percent for Hispanics, 57.8 percent for Asians, and 56.2 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)

The employment-population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (33.2 percent) was about 13 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (19.8 percent), about 9 percentage points higher than for Black teens (23.9 percent), and about 6 percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (27.2 percent).

Educational attainment

Among people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. Seventy-seven percent of Hispanics in the labor force had attained at least a high school diploma. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 65 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 41 percent of Whites, 32 percent of Blacks, and 22 percent of Hispanics. (As calculated from the data in table 6 and chart 2.)

Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment. For almost all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across almost all major race and ethnicity groups. Among full-time wage and salary workers, median usual weekly earnings for Blacks ($1,110) and Hispanics ($1,155) with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than for Whites ($1,380) and Asians ($1,579). (See table 17.)

Occupation

Fifty-five percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 41 percent of employed Whites, 32 percent of employed Blacks, and 23 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)

Among employed men, 57 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 38 percent of Whites, 26 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. About 20 percent of employed Black and Hispanic men worked in service occupations, compared with 13 percent and 12 percent of employed White and Asian men, respectively. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material-moving occupations. Twenty-seven percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 11 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men. (See table 7.)

Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 53 percent of Asian women, compared with 46 percent of White women, 37 percent of Black women, and 29 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 60 percent of Hispanics worked in two major occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 54 percent of Blacks, 47 percent of Whites, and 40 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 18 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including painters, construction and maintenance (56 percent); miscellaneous agricultural workers (54 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (37 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (30 percent); and taxi drivers and chauffeurs (30 percent). Asians accounted for 7 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (59 percent); software developers, applications and system software (38 percent); and physicians and surgeons (18 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, and accounted for 97 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; construction managers (91 percent); and carpenters (89 percent). (See table 8.)

Industry

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (21 percent) than were Whites (14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (14 percent). Twenty-two percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (14 percent), Black men (12 percent), and Hispanic men (12 percent). A large share of employed women across all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (41 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (31 percent), and Hispanics (31 percent). (See table 9.)

Families and parents

Eighty-eight percent of both Asian families and Hispanic families had at least one family member employed. About 80 percent of White and Black families had at least one family member employed.

Families maintained by women (no opposite-sex spouse present) accounted for 41 percent of Black families, 25 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). In comparison, 77 percent of Black families, 79 percent of White families, and 83 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member. (As calculated from the data in table 10.)

Among mothers with children under 18 years old, Black mothers (77.6 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than White mothers (71.9 percent), Asian mothers (65.8 percent), or Hispanic mothers (64.9 percent). (See table 11.)

Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18 years. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 94.1 percent for White men, 93.8 percent for Asian men, 93.8 percent for Hispanic men, and 88.6 percent for Black men.

Unemployment

In 2019, the unemployment rate averaged 6.1 percent for Blacks, 6.1 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives, 5.3 percent for people of Two or More Races, 3.3 percent for Whites, 3.2 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 2.7 percent for Asians. The unemployment rate was 4.3 percent for Hispanics. With the exception of Whites, the remaining groups experienced unemployment rates that were the lowest in the history of each series. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Blacks were the most likely to be jobless (with an unemployment rate of 6.0 percent), while Asians (2.6 percent) were the least likely. The jobless rate for White men (3.0 percent) was lower than the rate for Hispanic men (3.5 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (5.1 percent) were also the most likely to be jobless, while Asians (2.5 percent) were the least likely. The jobless rate for White women (3.0 percent) was lower than the rate for Hispanic women (4.1 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, at 20.7 percent, compared with 15.4 percent for Hispanics, 11.5 percent for Whites, and 8.2 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)

Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 10.8 weeks and 9.7 weeks, respectively, whereas the figure was 8.6 weeks for Whites and Hispanics. (See table 13.)

Of the 6.0 million people unemployed in 2019, 46 percent were job losers (workers who were on temporary layoff, lost their jobs permanently, or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (30 percent), job leavers (14 percent), and new entrants (10 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, 48 percent of Whites and 47 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 43 percent of Blacks and 41 percent of Asians. Sixteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent of unemployed Hispanics, 11 percent of unemployed Blacks, and 9 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)

Not in the labor force

As calculated from the data in table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, and 23 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force; wanted to work and were available to work; and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 77 percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the marginally attached.

Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (29 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them.

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2019 were $706 for Hispanics, $735 for Blacks, $945 for Whites, and $1,174 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,036), Black men ($769), and Hispanic men ($747) were 78 percent, 58 percent, and 56 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian men ($1,336). The median earnings of White women ($840), Black women ($704), and Hispanic women ($642) were 82 percent, 69 percent, and 63 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($1,025). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men and White men working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group), at $1,851 and $1,549, respectively, were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,251) and Black men ($1,174) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)

Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were relatively close across a number of occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $576 for Asians, $540 for Whites, $523 for Blacks, and $511 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were considerably higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Gender and race Civilian
noninsti-
tutional
population
Civilian labor force Not
in
labor
force
Total Percent of
population
Employed Unemployed
Total Percent of
population
Total Percent of
labor force

Total

259,175 163,539 63.1 157,538 60.8 6,001 3.7 95,636

Men

125,353 86,687 69.2 83,460 66.6 3,227 3.7 38,667

Women

133,822 76,852 57.4 74,078 55.4 2,774 3.6 56,970

White

200,827 126,600 63.0 122,441 61.0 4,159 3.3 74,227

Men

98,220 68,367 69.6 66,100 67.3 2,266 3.3 29,853

Women

102,607 58,233 56.8 56,341 54.9 1,893 3.2 44,374

Black

33,036 20,632 62.5 19,381 58.7 1,251 6.1 12,404

Men

15,102 9,790 64.8 9,145 60.6 645 6.6 5,312

Women

17,934 10,842 60.5 10,236 57.1 607 5.6 7,092

Asian

16,351 10,460 64.0 10,179 62.3 280 2.7 5,891

Men

7,666 5,502 71.8 5,353 69.8 149 2.7 2,164

Women

8,685 4,958 57.1 4,826 55.6 132 2.7 3,727

American Indian and Alaska Native

2,832 1,721 60.8 1,617 57.1 104 6.1 1,110

Men

1,383 901 65.1 842 60.9 59 6.5 483

Women

1,448 821 56.7 775 53.5 46 5.6 628

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander

963 659 68.4 638 66.2 21 3.2 304

Men

470 347 73.9 336 71.5 11 3.3 123

Women

493 312 63.2 302 61.2 10 3.2 181

Two or More Races

5,165 3,467 67.1 3,283 63.6 184 5.3 1,699

Men

2,512 1,780 70.9 1,683 67.0 97 5.4 731

Women

2,654 1,686 63.5 1,599 60.3 87 5.2 968

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2019 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic Civilian
noninsti-
tutional
population
Civilian labor force Not
in
labor
force
Total Percent of
population
Employed Unemployed
Total Percent of
population
Total Percent of
labor force

Total

259,175 163,539 63.1 157,538 60.8 6,001 3.7 95,636

Men

125,353 86,687 69.2 83,460 66.6 3,227 3.7 38,667

Women

133,822 76,852 57.4 74,078 55.4 2,774 3.6 56,970

Asian

16,351 10,460 64.0 10,179 62.3 280 2.7 5,891

Men

7,666 5,502 71.8 5,353 69.8 149 2.7 2,164

Women

8,685 4,958 57.1 4,826 55.6 132 2.7 3,727

Asian Indian

3,709 2,535 68.3 2,470 66.6 64 2.5 1,174

Chinese

3,688 2,284 61.9 2,227 60.4 58 2.5 1,403

Filipino

2,277 1,500 65.9 1,455 63.9 45 3.0 777

Japanese

902 518 57.4 506 56.1 12 2.3 384

Korean

1,280 786 61.4 771 60.3 15 1.9 494

Vietnamese

1,756 1,100 62.6 1,076 61.2 24 2.2 657

Other Asian

2,739 1,737 63.4 1,674 61.1 62 3.6 1,003

Hispanic or Latino

43,507 29,053 66.8 27,805 63.9 1,248 4.3 14,454

Men

21,660 16,439 75.9 15,782 72.9 657 4.0 5,221

Women

21,846 12,614 57.7 12,023 55.0 591 4.7 9,232

Mexican

26,251 17,611 67.1 16,836 64.1 775 4.4 8,640

Men

13,265 10,198 76.9 9,795 73.8 403 4.0 3,068

Women

12,985 7,413 57.1 7,041 54.2 372 5.0 5,573

Puerto Rican

3,941 2,448 62.1 2,325 59.0 124 5.0 1,493

Men

1,915 1,297 67.7 1,222 63.8 75 5.8 618

Women

2,026 1,151 56.8 1,102 54.4 49 4.2 875

Cuban

2,043 1,304 63.8 1,265 62.0 39 3.0 738

Men

1,004 708 70.5 685 68.3 22 3.2 296

Women

1,039 596 57.4 580 55.8 16 2.7 442

Central American

4,254 3,032 71.3 2,917 68.6 114 3.8 1,223

Men

2,159 1,769 82.0 1,712 79.3 57 3.2 390

Women

2,096 1,262 60.2 1,205 57.5 57 4.5 833

Salvadoran

1,608 1,158 72.0 1,120 69.7 38 3.3 450

Men

817 661 81.0 640 78.4 22 3.3 155

Women

791 496 62.7 480 60.7 16 3.3 295

Other Central American

2,647 1,874 70.8 1,798 67.9 76 4.1 773

Men

1,342 1,108 82.5 1,072 79.9 36 3.2 234

Women

1,305 766 58.7 726 55.6 41 5.3 538

South American

3,072 2,175 70.8 2,097 68.3 78 3.6 897

Men

1,485 1,175 79.2 1,140 76.8 36 3.1 309

Women

1,587 999 63.0 957 60.3 42 4.2 588

Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino

3,946 2,484 62.9 2,365 59.9 119 4.8 1,462

Men

1,832 1,292 70.5 1,227 67.0 64 5.0 541

Women

2,114 1,192 56.4 1,138 53.8 55 4.6 921

Dominican

1,590 1,028 64.7 969 60.9 60 5.8 561

Men

698 506 72.6 477 68.4 29 5.7 191

Women

892 522 58.5 491 55.1 31 5.9 370

Other Hispanic or Latino

2,356 1,456 61.8 1,396 59.3 59 4.1 901

Men

1,135 785 69.2 750 66.1 35 4.5 349

Women

1,222 670 54.9 646 52.9 24 3.5 551

Hispanic or Latino

43,507 29,053 66.8 27,805 63.9 1,248 4.3 14,454

Men

21,660 16,439 75.9 15,782 72.9 657 4.0 5,221

Women

21,846 12,614 57.7 12,023 55.0 591 4.7 9,232

White Hispanic or Latino

38,660 25,817 66.8 24,716 63.9 1,101 4.3 12,843

Men

19,286 14,703 76.2 14,123 73.2 580 3.9 4,583

Women

19,375 11,114 57.4 10,593 54.7 521 4.7 8,261

Black Hispanic or Latino

2,095 1,350 64.4 1,277 61.0 72 5.4 745

Men

971 669 68.9 636 65.5 33 5.0 302

Women

1,124 680 60.5 641 57.1 39 5.7 444

Asian Hispanic or Latino

451 300 66.5 292 64.8 8 2.6 151

Men

224 163 73.0 158 70.4 6 3.6 60

Women

227 137 60.1 135 59.2 2 1.5 91

Non-Hispanic or Latino

215,668 134,486 62.4 129,733 60.2 4,753 3.5 81,183

Men

103,693 70,248 67.7 67,679 65.3 2,569 3.7 33,445

Women

111,975 64,238 57.4 62,054 55.4 2,183 3.4 47,738

White non-Hispanic or Latino

162,167 100,783 62.1 97,725 60.3 3,058 3.0 61,384

Men

78,935 53,664 68.0 51,977 65.8 1,686 3.1 25,271

Women

83,232 47,119 56.6 45,748 55.0 1,371 2.9 36,113

Black non-Hispanic or Latino

30,941 19,282 62.3 18,103 58.5 1,179 6.1 11,659

Men

14,131 9,120 64.5 8,509 60.2 611 6.7 5,010

Women

16,810 10,162 60.5 9,594 57.1 568 5.6 6,648

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino

15,900 10,160 63.9 9,887 62.2 273 2.7 5,740

Men

7,443 5,339 71.7 5,196 69.8 143 2.7 2,104

Women

8,457 4,821 57.0 4,691 55.5 130 2.7 3,636

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Age, gender, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninsti-
tutional
population
Civilian labor force Not
in
labor
force
Total Percent of
population
Employed Unemployed
Total Percent of
population
Total Percent of
labor force

Total

Total, 16 years and older

259,175 163,539 63.1 157,538 60.8 6,001 3.7 95,636

16 to 19 years

16,693 5,896 35.3 5,150 30.9 746 12.7 10,796

20 years and older

242,482 157,642 65.0 152,388 62.8 5,254 3.3 84,840

20 to 24 years

21,055 15,196 72.2 14,172 67.3 1,024 6.7 5,860

25 to 54 years

126,281 104,180 82.5 100,976 80.0 3,204 3.1 22,102

55 to 64 years

42,241 27,603 65.3 26,893 63.7 710 2.6 14,638

65 years and older

52,905 10,663 20.2 10,347 19.6 317 3.0 42,241

Men, 16 years and older

125,353 86,687 69.2 83,460 66.6 3,227 3.7 38,667

16 to 19 years

8,445 2,950 34.9 2,543 30.1 408 13.8 5,495

20 years and older

116,908 83,737 71.6 80,917 69.2 2,819 3.4 33,172

20 to 24 years

10,530 7,789 74.0 7,187 68.3 602 7.7 2,741

25 to 54 years

62,304 55,531 89.1 53,845 86.4 1,686 3.0 6,773

55 to 64 years

20,335 14,547 71.5 14,187 69.8 361 2.5 5,787

65 years and older

23,740 5,869 24.7 5,699 24.0 170 2.9 17,871

Women, 16 years and older

133,822 76,852 57.4 74,078 55.4 2,774 3.6 56,970

16 to 19 years

8,247 2,946 35.7 2,607 31.6 339 11.5 5,301

20 years and older

125,574 73,906 58.9 71,470 56.9 2,435 3.3 51,668

20 to 24 years

10,525 7,406 70.4 6,985 66.4 421 5.7 3,119

25 to 54 years

63,977 48,648 76.0 47,131 73.7 1,517 3.1 15,329

55 to 64 years

21,906 13,056 59.6 12,706 58.0 350 2.7 8,850

65 years and older

29,165 4,795 16.4 4,648 15.9 147 3.1 24,370

White

Total, 16 years and older

200,827 126,600 63.0 122,441 61.0 4,159 3.3 74,227

16 to 19 years

12,247 4,594 37.5 4,067 33.2 528 11.5 7,653

20 years and older

188,580 122,006 64.7 118,374 62.8 3,631 3.0 66,575

20 to 24 years

15,427 11,395 73.9 10,739 69.6 656 5.8 4,032

25 to 54 years

94,893 79,027 83.3 76,857 81.0 2,170 2.7 15,866

55 to 64 years

33,915 22,599 66.6 22,046 65.0 553 2.4 11,316

65 years and older

44,346 8,986 20.3 8,733 19.7 253 2.8 35,360

Men, 16 years and older

98,220 68,367 69.6 66,100 67.3 2,266 3.3 29,853

16 to 19 years

6,227 2,330 37.4 2,030 32.6 299 12.8 3,897

20 years and older

91,993 66,037 71.8 64,070 69.6 1,967 3.0 25,956

20 to 24 years

7,769 5,930 76.3 5,543 71.3 387 6.5 1,839

25 to 54 years

47,539 42,920 90.3 41,766 87.9 1,154 2.7 4,618

55 to 64 years

16,532 12,130 73.4 11,840 71.6 290 2.4 4,403

65 years and older

20,153 5,057 25.1 4,921 24.4 136 2.7 15,096

Women, 16 years and older

102,607 58,233 56.8 56,341 54.9 1,893 3.2 44,374

16 to 19 years

6,020 2,265 37.6 2,036 33.8 228 10.1 3,755

20 years and older

96,587 55,968 57.9 54,304 56.2 1,664 3.0 40,619

20 to 24 years

7,658 5,465 71.4 5,196 67.8 269 4.9 2,193

25 to 54 years

47,354 36,106 76.2 35,090 74.1 1,016 2.8 11,248

55 to 64 years

17,382 10,469 60.2 10,206 58.7 263 2.5 6,913

65 years and older

24,193 3,928 16.2 3,812 15.8 116 3.0 20,264

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older

33,036 20,632 62.5 19,381 58.7 1,251 6.1 12,404

16 to 19 years

2,463 741 30.1 588 23.9 153 20.7 1,722

20 years and older

30,573 19,891 65.1 18,793 61.5 1,098 5.5 10,682

20 to 24 years

3,104 2,186 70.4 1,935 62.3 251 11.5 918

25 to 54 years

17,317 13,861 80.0 13,164 76.0 697 5.0 3,456

55 to 64 years

5,095 2,905 57.0 2,799 54.9 106 3.6 2,190

65 years and older

5,058 939 18.6 895 17.7 44 4.6 4,119

Men, 16 years and older

15,102 9,790 64.8 9,145 60.6 645 6.6 5,312

16 to 19 years

1,222 336 27.5 262 21.4 74 22.0 886

20 years and older

13,881 9,454 68.1 8,883 64.0 571 6.0 4,426

20 to 24 years

1,499 1,062 70.9 916 61.1 147 13.8 436

25 to 54 years

8,018 6,635 82.8 6,277 78.3 358 5.4 1,383

55 to 64 years

2,311 1,336 57.8 1,291 55.8 45 3.4 976

65 years and older

2,053 421 20.5 400 19.5 21 5.0 1,631

Women, 16 years and older

17,934 10,842 60.5 10,236 57.1 607 5.6 7,092

16 to 19 years

1,241 405 32.7 326 26.3 79 19.6 836

20 years and older

16,693 10,437 62.5 9,910 59.4 527 5.1 6,256

20 to 24 years

1,605 1,124 70.0 1,019 63.5 105 9.3 482

25 to 54 years

9,300 7,227 77.7 6,887 74.1 339 4.7 2,073

55 to 64 years

2,783 1,569 56.4 1,508 54.2 61 3.9 1,214

65 years and older

3,005 518 17.2 495 16.5 22 4.3 2,487

Asian

Total, 16 years and older

16,351 10,460 64.0 10,179 62.3 280 2.7 5,891

16 to 19 years

978 211 21.6 194 19.8 17 8.2 767

20 years and older

15,373 10,249 66.7 9,986 65.0 263 2.6 5,124

20 to 24 years

1,353 730 54.0 688 50.8 42 5.8 623

25 to 54 years

9,304 7,479 80.4 7,303 78.5 176 2.3 1,824

55 to 64 years

2,183 1,489 68.2 1,458 66.8 32 2.1 694

65 years and older

2,533 550 21.7 537 21.2 14 2.5 1,983

Men, 16 years and older

7,666 5,502 71.8 5,353 69.8 149 2.7 2,164

16 to 19 years

478 106 22.1 96 20.2 9 8.6 372

20 years and older

7,189 5,396 75.1 5,257 73.1 140 2.6 1,792

20 to 24 years

672 340 50.6 320 47.7 20 5.8 332

25 to 54 years

4,423 3,989 90.2 3,895 88.0 95 2.4 434

55 to 64 years

996 778 78.1 760 76.3 18 2.3 219

65 years and older

1,097 290 26.4 282 25.7 7 2.6 807

Women, 16 years and older

8,685 4,958 57.1 4,826 55.6 132 2.7 3,727

16 to 19 years

500 106 21.1 97 19.4 8 7.8 395

20 years and older

8,185 4,852 59.3 4,729 57.8 124 2.5 3,332

20 to 24 years

681 390 57.3 367 54.0 23 5.8 291

25 to 54 years

4,880 3,490 71.5 3,409 69.9 81 2.3 1,390

55 to 64 years

1,187 712 60.0 698 58.8 14 2.0 475

65 years and older

1,436 261 18.1 254 17.7 6 2.3 1,176

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

43,507 29,053 66.8 27,805 63.9 1,248 4.3 14,454

16 to 19 years

3,989 1,283 32.2 1,085 27.2 198 15.4 2,706

20 years and older

39,517 27,770 70.3 26,720 67.6 1,050 3.8 11,748

20 to 24 years

4,760 3,472 73.0 3,242 68.1 230 6.6 1,287

25 to 54 years

25,061 20,076 80.1 19,398 77.4 679 3.4 4,985

55 to 64 years

5,081 3,321 65.4 3,217 63.3 104 3.1 1,760

65 years and older

4,615 900 19.5 862 18.7 37 4.2 3,715

Men, 16 years and older

21,660 16,439 75.9 15,782 72.9 657 4.0 5,221

16 to 19 years

2,020 682 33.7 578 28.6 104 15.3 1,339

20 years and older

19,640 15,757 80.2 15,204 77.4 553 3.5 3,883

20 to 24 years

2,401 1,851 77.1 1,717 71.5 133 7.2 551

25 to 54 years

12,749 11,520 90.4 11,178 87.7 341 3.0 1,229

55 to 64 years

2,470 1,874 75.9 1,816 73.5 58 3.1 596

65 years and older

2,020 513 25.4 492 24.4 21 4.1 1,507

Women, 16 years and older

21,846 12,614 57.7 12,023 55.0 591 4.7 9,232

16 to 19 years

1,969 602 30.6 508 25.8 94 15.6 1,367

20 years and older

19,877 12,012 60.4 11,516 57.9 497 4.1 7,865

20 to 24 years

2,358 1,622 68.8 1,525 64.7 97 6.0 736

25 to 54 years

12,313 8,557 69.5 8,219 66.8 337 3.9 3,756

55 to 64 years

2,612 1,447 55.4 1,401 53.6 46 3.2 1,164

65 years and older

2,595 387 14.9 370 14.3 17 4.3 2,208

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972

60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 - - - - - -

1973

60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 - - - 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974

61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 - - - 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975

61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 - - - 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976

61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 - - - 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977

62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 - - - 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978

63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 - - - 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979

63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 - - - 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980

63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 - - - 64.0 81.4 47.4

1981

63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 - - - 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982

64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 - - - 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983

64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 - - - 63.8 80.3 47.7

1984

64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 - - - 64.9 80.6 49.6

1985

64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 - - - 64.6 80.3 49.3

1986

65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 - - - 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987

65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 - - - 66.4 81.0 52.0

1988

65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 - - - 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989

66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 - - - 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990

66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 - - - 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991

66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 - - - 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992

66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 - - - 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993

66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 - - - 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994

66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 - - - 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995

66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 - - - 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996

66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 - - - 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997

67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 - - - 67.9 80.1 55.1

1998

67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 - - - 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999

67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 - - - 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000

67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001

66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002

66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003

66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004

66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005

66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006

66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007

66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008

66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009

65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010

64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

2011

64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9

2012

63.7 70.2 57.7 64.0 71.0 57.4 61.5 63.6 59.8 63.9 72.2 56.5 66.4 76.1 56.6

2013

63.2 69.7 57.2 63.5 70.5 56.9 61.2 63.5 59.2 64.6 73.0 57.1 66.0 76.3 55.7

2014

62.9 69.2 57.0 63.1 69.8 56.7 61.2 63.6 59.2 63.6 72.4 55.8 66.1 76.1 56.0

2015

62.7 69.1 56.7 62.8 69.7 56.2 61.5 63.8 59.7 62.8 71.4 55.2 65.9 76.2 55.7

2016

62.8 69.2 56.8 62.9 69.8 56.3 61.6 64.1 59.4 63.2 72.1 55.5 65.8 76.0 55.8

2017

62.9 69.1 57.0 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.6 60.3 63.6 71.9 56.4 66.1 75.8 56.4

2018

62.9 69.1 57.1 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.8 60.2 63.5 71.6 56.4 66.3 75.7 57.0

2019

63.1 69.2 57.4 63.0 69.6 56.8 62.5 64.8 60.5 64.0 71.8 57.1 66.8 75.9 57.7
Table 4a. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003

64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4

2004

63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3

2005

63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3

2006

63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7

2007

63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8

2008

63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4

2009

59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0

2010

57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3

2011

59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5

2012

59.3 66.4 52.6 71.4 73.9 69.1 65.3 70.4 60.5

2013

59.2 65.3 53.3 70.0 73.7 66.6 63.3 69.2 57.8

2014

60.9 67.2 54.7 67.6 73.8 61.6 64.2 69.7 59.0

2015

60.6 65.9 55.5 66.6 73.7 59.7 64.5 68.4 60.9

2016

61.1 67.2 55.4 68.7 76.0 61.3 65.0 68.1 62.1

2017

60.3 65.8 54.8 67.0 72.6 61.7 66.9 70.7 63.3

2018

59.6 63.7 55.6 68.5 74.1 63.1 66.6 71.1 62.5

2019

60.8 65.1 56.7 68.4 73.9 63.2 67.1 70.9 63.5

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972

57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 - - - - - -

1973

57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 - - - 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974

57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 - - - 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975

56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 - - - 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976

56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 - - - 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977

57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 - - - 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978

59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 - - - 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979

59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 - - - 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980

59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 - - - 57.6 73.5 42.4

1981

59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 - - - 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982

57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 - - - 54.9 68.9 41.3

1983

57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 - - - 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984

59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 - - - 57.9 72.1 44.2

1985

60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 - - - 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986

60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 - - - 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987

61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 - - - 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988

62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 - - - 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989

63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 - - - 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990

62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 - - - 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991

61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 - - - 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992

61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 - - - 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993

61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 - - - 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994

62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 - - - 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995

62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 - - - 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996

63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 - - - 60.6 73.3 47.9

1997

63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 - - - 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998

64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 - - - 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999

64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 - - - 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000

64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001

63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002

62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003

62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004

62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005

62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006

63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007

63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008

62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009

59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010

58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

2011

58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3

2012

58.6 64.4 53.1 59.4 65.8 53.3 53.0 54.1 52.2 60.1 68.1 53.1 59.5 68.6 50.4

2013

58.6 64.4 53.2 59.4 65.7 53.3 53.2 54.5 52.0 61.2 69.0 54.3 60.0 69.6 50.4

2014

59.0 64.9 53.5 59.7 66.1 53.7 54.3 55.9 52.9 60.4 68.6 53.3 61.2 71.0 51.4

2015

59.3 65.3 53.7 59.9 66.5 53.7 55.7 57.2 54.4 60.4 68.6 53.2 61.6 71.5 51.8

2016

59.7 65.8 54.1 60.2 66.7 54.0 56.4 58.3 54.8 60.9 69.6 53.4 62.0 71.9 52.3

2017

60.1 66.0 54.6 60.4 66.9 54.2 57.6 59.4 56.1 61.5 69.5 54.5 62.7 72.3 53.2

2018

60.4 66.3 54.9 60.7 67.1 54.5 58.3 60.3 56.6 61.6 69.4 54.7 63.2 72.4 54.1

2019

60.8 66.6 55.4 61.0 67.3 54.9 58.7 60.6 57.1 62.3 69.8 55.6 63.9 72.9 55.0
Table 5a. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003

57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8

2004

57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0

2005

57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2

2006

58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2

2007

58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6

2008

57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2

2009

51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2

2010

49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5

2011

50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7

2012

52.1 58.5 45.9 63.0 64.7 61.4 57.6 61.9 53.5

2013

51.6 56.6 46.9 62.9 65.5 60.4 56.4 61.3 51.7

2014

54.0 59.2 48.9 63.5 69.6 57.5 57.6 62.1 53.4

2015

54.6 58.6 50.8 62.8 69.5 56.3 59.0 62.8 55.6

2016

55.7 61.0 50.6 65.7 72.7 58.5 60.2 62.9 57.6

2017

55.6 60.3 50.9 62.9 68.7 57.4 62.4 65.8 59.2

2018

55.6 59.3 52.1 64.9 70.3 59.7 62.9 66.8 59.3

2019

57.1 60.9 53.5 66.2 71.5 61.2 63.6 67.0 60.3

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, gender, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 years
and older
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates,
no college(1)
Some college,
no degree
Associate's
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
higher(2)

Total

Civilian noninstitutional population

221,427 21,627 62,460 34,711 22,802 79,827

Civilian labor force

142,446 9,976 36,162 21,592 15,829 58,889

Percent of population

64.3 46.1 57.9 62.2 69.4 73.8

Employed

138,216 9,441 34,837 20,882 15,400 57,655

Employment-population ratio

62.4 43.7 55.8 60.2 67.5 72.2

Unemployed

4,230 535 1,324 709 429 1,234

Unemployment rate

3.0 5.4 3.7 3.3 2.7 2.1

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

106,378 10,832 31,429 16,557 10,022 37,538

Civilian labor force

75,947 6,356 21,277 11,503 7,597 29,214

Percent of population

71.4 58.7 67.7 69.5 75.8 77.8

Employed

73,731 6,047 20,512 11,161 7,406 28,605

Employment-population ratio

69.3 55.8 65.3 67.4 73.9 76.2

Unemployed

2,217 309 765 342 191 609

Unemployment rate

2.9 4.9 3.6 3.0 2.5 2.1

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

115,049 10,795 31,030 18,154 12,780 42,290

Civilian labor force

66,499 3,619 14,884 10,089 8,232 29,675

Percent of population

57.8 33.5 48.0 55.6 64.4 70.2

Employed

64,485 3,394 14,325 9,722 7,994 29,051

Employment-population ratio

56.1 31.4 46.2 53.6 62.6 68.7

Unemployed

2,014 226 559 367 237 625

Unemployment rate

3.0 6.2 3.8 3.6 2.9 2.1

White

Civilian noninstitutional population

173,154 16,426 48,922 27,043 18,194 62,569

Civilian labor force

110,611 7,906 28,081 16,474 12,500 45,649

Percent of population

63.9 48.1 57.4 60.9 68.7 73.0

Employed

107,636 7,519 27,183 15,992 12,190 44,752

Employment-population ratio

62.2 45.8 55.6 59.1 67.0 71.5

Unemployed

2,975 387 898 483 310 897

Unemployment rate

2.7 4.9 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.0

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

84,224 8,457 24,821 13,028 8,130 29,788

Civilian labor force

60,107 5,219 16,916 8,985 6,134 22,853

Percent of population

71.4 61.7 68.2 69.0 75.4 76.7

Employed

58,527 4,988 16,389 8,749 5,993 22,407

Employment-population ratio

69.5 59.0 66.0 67.2 73.7 75.2

Unemployed

1,580 231 526 236 141 446

Unemployment rate

2.6 4.4 3.1 2.6 2.3 2.0

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

88,929 7,969 24,101 14,015 10,064 32,781

Civilian labor force

50,504 2,687 11,166 7,489 6,365 22,796

Percent of population

56.8 33.7 46.3 53.4 63.3 69.5

Employed

49,109 2,531 10,794 7,243 6,197 22,345

Employment-population ratio

55.2 31.8 44.8 51.7 61.6 68.2

Unemployed

1,395 156 372 247 169 451

Unemployment rate

2.8 5.8 3.3 3.3 2.6 2.0

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population

27,470 3,062 9,055 5,167 2,885 7,300

Civilian labor force

17,705 1,142 5,337 3,438 2,121 5,667

Percent of population

64.5 37.3 58.9 66.5 73.5 77.6

Employed

16,858 1,029 5,007 3,275 2,041 5,506

Employment-population ratio

61.4 33.6 55.3 63.4 70.7 75.4

Unemployed

847 113 330 163 80 161

Unemployment rate

4.8 9.9 6.2 4.7 3.8 2.8

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

12,382 1,419 4,463 2,343 1,125 3,032

Civilian labor force

8,392 610 2,834 1,636 878 2,434

Percent of population

67.8 42.9 63.5 69.8 78.1 80.3

Employed

7,968 553 2,646 1,560 845 2,364

Employment-population ratio

64.3 39.0 59.3 66.6 75.1 78.0

Unemployed

424 56 188 76 33 70

Unemployment rate

5.1 9.3 6.6 4.7 3.8 2.9

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

15,088 1,643 4,592 2,824 1,761 4,269

Civilian labor force

9,313 533 2,503 1,802 1,243 3,233

Percent of population

61.7 32.4 54.5 63.8 70.6 75.7

Employed

8,891 476 2,361 1,715 1,196 3,143

Employment-population ratio

58.9 29.0 51.4 60.7 67.9 73.6

Unemployed

423 57 141 87 47 91

Unemployment rate

4.5 10.6 5.6 4.8 3.8 2.8

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population

14,020 1,255 2,421 1,146 956 8,243

Civilian labor force

9,519 483 1,411 754 670 6,202

Percent of population

67.9 38.4 58.3 65.8 70.1 75.2

Employed

9,298 468 1,384 734 653 6,059

Employment-population ratio

66.3 37.3 57.2 64.1 68.3 73.5

Unemployed

221 15 27 20 17 142

Unemployment rate

2.3 3.0 1.9 2.7 2.5 2.3

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

6,517 483 1,074 542 431 3,986

Civilian labor force

5,056 248 753 401 335 3,319

Percent of population

77.6 51.3 70.1 74.0 77.9 83.3

Employed

4,937 238 739 390 327 3,243

Employment-population ratio

75.8 49.2 68.8 72.0 75.9 81.3

Unemployed

120 10 14 11 8 76

Unemployment rate

2.4 4.2 1.8 2.7 2.5 2.3

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

7,504 773 1,346 603 525 4,256

Civilian labor force

4,462 235 658 353 334 2,882

Percent of population

59.5 30.4 48.9 58.5 63.7 67.7

Employed

4,361 230 645 344 326 2,816

Employment-population ratio

58.1 29.8 47.9 57.0 62.1 66.2

Unemployed

101 4 13 9 8 66

Unemployment rate

2.3 1.8 2.0 2.6 2.5 2.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population

34,758 9,651 10,838 4,754 2,822 6,692

Civilian labor force

24,297 5,660 7,639 3,531 2,169 5,299

Percent of population

69.9 58.6 70.5 74.3 76.8 79.2

Employed

23,477 5,411 7,394 3,411 2,097 5,164

Employment-population ratio

67.5 56.1 68.2 71.8 74.3 77.2

Unemployed

820 248 245 120 71 135

Unemployment rate

3.4 4.4 3.2 3.4 3.3 2.6

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

17,239 4,933 5,707 2,336 1,244 3,019

Civilian labor force

13,907 3,729 4,650 1,900 1,055 2,573

Percent of population

80.7 75.6 81.5 81.3 84.8 85.2

Employed

13,487 3,590 4,522 1,844 1,024 2,507

Employment-population ratio

78.2 72.8 79.2 79.0 82.3 83.0

Unemployed

420 138 128 56 32 66

Unemployment rate

3.0 3.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.6

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

17,519 4,719 5,131 2,418 1,579 3,672

Civilian labor force

10,391 1,931 2,989 1,632 1,113 2,725

Percent of population

59.3 40.9 58.3 67.5 70.5 74.2

Employed

9,991 1,821 2,872 1,567 1,074 2,657

Employment-population ratio

57.0 38.6 56.0 64.8 68.0 72.3

Unemployed

400 110 117 64 39 69

Unemployment rate

3.8 5.7 3.9 3.9 3.5 2.5

Footnotes
(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Occupation and gender Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

157,538 122,441 19,381 10,179 27,805

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations

40.8 41.4 31.9 55.0 23.3

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

17.1 18.1 11.7 18.5 10.1

Management occupations

12.1 13.0 7.6 11.4 7.3

Business and financial operations occupations

5.1 5.1 4.1 7.1 2.7

Professional and related occupations

23.6 23.3 20.2 36.6 13.3

Computer and mathematical occupations

3.4 2.9 2.4 12.2 1.5

Architecture and engineering occupations

2.1 2.1 1.2 4.3 1.1

Life, physical, and social science occupations

0.9 0.9 0.5 2.1 0.5

Community and social service occupations

1.7 1.6 2.8 1.0 1.3

Legal occupations

1.2 1.3 0.8 1.2 0.7

Education, training, and library occupations

6.0 6.3 5.0 4.9 3.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

2.1 2.2 1.3 1.9 1.4

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

6.1 6.0 6.2 9.1 3.1

Service occupations

17.1 15.9 23.8 15.8 24.2

Healthcare support occupations

2.4 2.0 5.2 1.9 2.6

Protective service occupations

2.0 1.9 3.3 0.7 1.7

Food preparation and serving related occupations

5.3 5.0 6.0 5.7 8.1

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

3.6 3.6 4.4 1.6 7.9

Personal care and service occupations

3.8 3.4 5.0 5.9 3.9

Sales and office occupations

21.2 21.3 22.3 17.0 20.6

Sales and related occupations

9.9 10.2 9.0 8.2 9.4

Office and administrative support occupations

11.3 11.1 13.3 8.8 11.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

9.1 10.1 5.7 3.1 16.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

0.7 0.8 0.3 0.2 2.0

Construction and extraction occupations

5.3 5.9 3.1 1.3 10.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

3.1 3.3 2.3 1.6 3.6

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

11.8 11.3 16.2 9.1 15.4

Production occupations

5.4 5.4 5.9 5.1 7.1

Transportation and material moving occupations

6.4 5.9 10.4 4.0 8.3

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

83,460 66,100 9,145 5,353 15,782

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations

37.1 37.5 26.0 56.6 19.4

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

18.1 19.2 11.0 18.6 9.9

Management occupations

13.7 14.7 7.9 12.7 7.8

Business and financial operations occupations

4.4 4.5 3.2 5.8 2.1

Professional and related occupations

19.0 18.2 14.9 38.1 9.5

Computer and mathematical occupations

4.8 4.1 3.3 16.5 2.0

Architecture and engineering occupations

3.3 3.3 1.8 6.4 1.6

Life, physical, and social science occupations

0.9 0.9 0.5 2.1 0.4

Community and social service occupations

1.1 1.0 1.8 0.7 0.7

Legal occupations

1.1 1.2 0.5 0.9 0.4

Education, training, and library occupations

3.0 3.0 2.7 3.5 1.5

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

2.0 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.4

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

2.9 2.7 2.5 6.1 1.5

Service occupations

13.7 12.8 19.6 11.7 19.0

Healthcare support occupations

0.6 0.5 1.5 0.7 0.6

Protective service occupations

2.9 2.8 4.5 1.1 2.4

Food preparation and serving related occupations

4.6 4.1 5.9 5.4 7.2

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

4.0 4.0 5.1 1.7 7.3

Personal care and service occupations

1.6 1.4 2.6 2.9 1.5

Sales and office occupations

15.8 15.7 17.4 14.3 14.4

Sales and related occupations

9.6 9.9 8.1 8.5 7.9

Office and administrative support occupations

6.2 5.7 9.2 5.8 6.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

16.3 17.7 11.3 5.5 27.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

1.0 1.2 0.4 0.3 2.5

Construction and extraction occupations

9.6 10.6 6.4 2.4 18.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

5.6 6.0 4.5 2.9 6.0

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

17.2 16.4 25.8 11.8 20.1

Production occupations

7.3 7.3 8.3 5.5 8.3

Transportation and material moving occupations

9.9 9.1 17.5 6.3 11.8

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

74,078 56,341 10,236 4,826 12,023

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations

44.9 46.1 37.2 53.3 28.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

16.1 16.7 12.3 18.3 10.3

Management occupations

10.2 10.9 7.4 9.8 6.7

Business and financial operations occupations

5.8 5.8 4.9 8.5 3.6

Professional and related occupations

28.8 29.3 24.9 34.9 18.2

Computer and mathematical occupations

1.9 1.5 1.6 7.4 0.9

Architecture and engineering occupations

0.7 0.6 0.5 2.0 0.4

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1.0 1.0 0.5 2.1 0.6

Community and social service occupations

2.5 2.4 3.7 1.2 2.1

Legal occupations

1.4 1.4 1.1 1.5 1.0

Education, training, and library occupations

9.4 10.2 7.0 6.5 6.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

2.2 2.4 0.9 2.0 1.4

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

9.9 9.8 9.5 12.4 5.3

Service occupations

21.0 19.5 27.6 20.2 31.1

Healthcare support occupations

4.4 3.7 8.5 3.2 5.2

Protective service occupations

0.9 0.8 2.1 0.3 0.9

Food preparation and serving related occupations

6.2 6.1 6.1 5.9 9.4

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

3.3 3.2 3.8 1.6 8.6

Personal care and service occupations

6.2 5.7 7.0 9.2 7.0

Sales and office occupations

27.3 27.9 26.7 20.0 28.7

Sales and related occupations

10.3 10.4 9.8 7.9 11.3

Office and administrative support occupations

17.0 17.5 17.0 12.2 17.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

1.0 1.2 0.7 0.4 2.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.3

Construction and extraction occupations

0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

5.8 5.3 7.7 6.1 9.3

Production occupations

3.3 3.1 3.7 4.6 5.6

Transportation and material moving occupations

2.5 2.3 4.0 1.5 3.7

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation Total
employed
Percent of total employed
White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

157,538 77.7 12.3 6.5 17.6

Management, professional, and related occupations

64,218 79.0 9.6 8.7 10.1

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

26,981 82.1 8.4 7.0 10.4

Management occupations

18,985 83.6 7.8 6.1 10.7

Chief executives

1,602 88.8 4.1 5.8 6.2

General and operations managers

1,058 86.4 6.6 3.5 12.5

Legislators

19 - - - -

Advertising and promotions managers

55 89.5 0.7 7.0 9.0

Marketing and sales managers

1,184 86.1 6.1 5.6 8.9

Public relations and fundraising managers

73 89.8 8.0 0.4 1.4

Administrative services managers

184 83.9 10.5 3.2 10.9

Computer and information systems managers

654 72.7 9.6 15.8 4.7

Financial managers

1,194 80.2 8.5 9.4 11.4

Compensation and benefits managers

24 - - - -

Human resources managers

321 77.8 11.1 7.1 10.1

Training and development managers

46 - - - -

Industrial production managers

274 87.2 5.4 5.5 10.9

Purchasing managers

227 75.1 14.4 5.9 10.0

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

281 85.1 9.6 2.4 17.3

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers

962 96.6 0.9 1.0 5.7

Construction managers

994 90.9 3.5 2.5 13.9

Education administrators

958 78.6 15.3 3.3 11.8

Architectural and engineering managers

154 81.5 6.0 11.8 6.7

Food service managers

1,249 76.3 9.8 9.6 19.8

Funeral service managers

13 - - - -

Gaming managers

19 - - - -

Lodging managers

162 80.9 7.0 9.3 14.6

Medical and health services managers

677 79.0 12.7 5.7 11.8

Natural sciences managers

15 - - - -

Postmasters and mail superintendents

30 - - - -

Property, real estate, and community association managers

780 83.6 8.9 4.5 12.8

Social and community service managers

470 79.9 12.3 3.2 10.6

Emergency management directors

7 - - - -

Managers, all other

5,299 83.4 7.5 6.8 10.3

Business and financial operations occupations

7,996 78.4 9.9 9.0 9.5

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes

47 - - - -

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products

16 - - - -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products

226 87.0 6.9 3.5 14.6

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products

279 82.5 9.9 4.2 10.3

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators

318 73.6 19.5 4.4 9.5

Compliance officers

298 80.7 10.2 6.1 10.5

Cost estimators

127 90.0 3.1 5.8 8.1

Human resources workers

770 75.7 13.8 7.1 13.8

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists

51 76.0 19.0 3.7 6.0

Training and development specialists

125 77.3 15.4 4.0 10.6

Logisticians

154 77.1 15.5 2.7 8.2

Management analysts

950 76.1 7.5 13.7 8.6

Meeting, convention, and event planners

146 82.0 8.8 7.4 11.9

Fundraisers

93 89.3 5.1 2.5 5.2

Market research analysts and marketing specialists

369 80.6 5.9 11.4 7.2

Business operations specialists, all other

269 75.8 10.3 10.9 10.5

Accountants and auditors

1,964 77.1 8.5 12.0 8.9

Appraisers and assessors of real estate

84 93.2 2.7 4.1 8.3

Budget analysts

51 64.6 19.3 12.2 3.6

Credit analysts

28 - - - -

Financial analysts

345 77.8 8.6 11.7 8.3

Personal financial advisors

551 82.2 6.9 8.6 6.3

Insurance underwriters

105 87.0 5.9 5.4 6.2

Financial examiners

21 - - - -

Credit counselors and loan officers

403 81.7 12.2 4.2 11.6

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents

53 58.8 25.8 12.8 12.1

Tax preparers

97 77.5 16.6 5.6 15.2

Financial specialists, all other

57 68.6 17.9 8.7 15.9

Professional and related occupations

37,237 76.7 10.5 10.0 9.9

Computer and mathematical occupations

5,352 65.7 8.7 23.1 7.8

Computer and information research scientists

24 - - - -

Computer systems analysts

663 67.8 9.7 20.3 8.3

Information security analysts

125 74.6 16.6 7.6 12.9

Computer programmers

454 67.8 8.5 21.8 8.7

Software developers, applications and systems software

1,815 54.0 5.8 37.7 5.1

Web developers

193 77.6 6.7 12.0 4.6

Computer support specialists

547 74.2 10.5 12.7 11.3

Database administrators

106 72.0 6.8 16.7 6.2

Network and computer systems administrators

199 77.2 9.7 11.7 8.5

Computer network architects

106 76.1 13.1 10.3 14.1

Computer occupations, all other

808 70.5 12.7 14.1 9.7

Actuaries

33 - - - -

Mathematicians

3 - - - -

Operations research analysts

152 80.5 6.8 8.3 9.7

Statisticians

101 69.6 8.2 21.1 7.7

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations

22 - - - -

Architecture and engineering occupations

3,305 77.5 6.8 13.3 9.2

Architects, except naval

208 82.6 6.3 8.8 8.5

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists

48 - - - -

Aerospace engineers

134 78.0 6.5 14.5 7.3

Agricultural engineers

6 - - - -

Biomedical engineers

25 - - - -

Chemical engineers

87 75.6 4.0 17.1 2.4

Civil engineers

475 80.3 5.9 12.2 8.4

Computer hardware engineers

77 54.3 5.7 38.4 10.2

Electrical and electronics engineers

285 71.3 7.3 19.9 8.7

Environmental engineers

25 - - - -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety

245 80.7 7.9 9.4 5.9

Marine engineers and naval architects

12 - - - -

Materials engineers

44 - - - -

Mechanical engineers

351 80.4 5.1 11.6 8.4

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers

8 - - - -

Nuclear engineers

8 - - - -

Petroleum engineers

24 - - - -

Engineers, all other

582 71.8 5.4 20.6 9.8

Drafters

113 90.8 3.5 2.7 14.7

Engineering technicians, except drafters

496 76.5 12.1 8.3 12.7

Surveying and mapping technicians

53 86.3 6.6 3.5 10.9

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1,485 76.9 6.3 14.4 9.5

Agricultural and food scientists

37 - - - -

Biological scientists

104 81.0 3.4 14.4 8.7

Conservation scientists and foresters

20 - - - -

Medical scientists

170 64.1 7.3 27.8 8.8

Life scientists, all other

2 - - - -

Astronomers and physicists

17 - - - -

Atmospheric and space scientists

10 - - - -

Chemists and materials scientists

97 75.7 7.0 13.7 8.2

Environmental scientists and geoscientists

119 85.1 4.8 7.4 12.4

Physical scientists, all other

298 68.3 3.4 25.7 7.1

Economists

35 - - - -

Survey researchers

0 - - - -

Psychologists

234 89.9 5.8 3.5 10.3

Sociologists

2 - - - -

Urban and regional planners

25 - - - -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers

39 - - - -

Agricultural and food science technicians

20 - - - -

Biological technicians

23 - - - -

Chemical technicians

56 80.1 10.6 6.3 12.2

Geological and petroleum technicians

20 - - - -

Nuclear technicians

3 - - - -

Social science research assistants

1 - - - -

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians

152 72.8 8.6 15.0 13.4

Community and social service occupations

2,717 72.9 20.1 3.6 13.0

Counselors

927 72.7 21.2 2.7 12.7

Social workers

823 69.6 23.0 3.7 14.3

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists

97 70.6 26.7 0.4 15.8

Social and human service assistants

238 65.2 25.5 4.3 16.4

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers

78 71.1 22.5 2.5 21.9

Clergy

413 79.1 12.2 5.9 7.7

Directors, religious activities and education

72 92.3 5.1 2.3 13.4

Religious workers, all other

69 89.6 5.1 4.7 8.3

Legal occupations

1,955 83.0 8.3 6.1 9.5

Lawyers

1,240 86.6 5.9 5.7 5.8

Judicial law clerks

7 - - - -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers

70 81.5 13.4 4.8 8.6

Paralegals and legal assistants

444 77.1 11.8 6.7 17.7

Miscellaneous legal support workers

193 74.2 13.2 8.0 13.9

Education, training, and library occupations

9,455 81.7 10.2 5.3 11.0

Postsecondary teachers

1,386 75.3 7.0 15.1 8.3

Preschool and kindergarten teachers

655 75.8 15.7 5.2 14.9

Elementary and middle school teachers

3,604 84.7 10.2 2.6 10.2

Secondary school teachers

1,015 87.1 7.3 3.3 8.8

Special education teachers

331 85.2 9.2 3.5 6.5

Other teachers and instructors

1,017 78.4 11.7 6.1 11.6

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians

48 - - - -

Librarians

179 87.8 6.0 3.2 9.8

Library technicians

33 - - - -

Teacher assistants

999 79.0 13.4 4.1 18.0

Other education, training, and library workers

189 82.4 12.6 3.5 12.2

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

3,285 82.8 7.7 5.9 11.6

Artists and related workers

248 86.8 4.5 3.8 11.1

Designers

983 82.2 5.7 9.0 11.0

Actors

40 - - - -

Producers and directors

186 86.7 6.4 3.5 8.0

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers

345 81.1 9.3 4.3 10.8

Dancers and choreographers

23 - - - -

Musicians, singers, and related workers

202 78.9 12.4 3.9 9.7

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other

50 86.4 5.0 0.3 7.3

Announcers

58 75.6 15.7 5.3 19.2

News analysts, reporters and correspondents

93 82.4 6.9 9.7 9.3

Public relations specialists

137 83.6 9.9 5.8 13.6

Editors

147 91.3 3.0 2.4 10.6

Technical writers

61 84.2 11.8 2.9 8.8

Writers and authors

225 89.6 5.9 3.4 4.8

Miscellaneous media and communication workers

118 67.8 14.6 11.2 35.3

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators

119 78.3 9.1 7.9 14.0

Photographers

188 84.3 8.6 3.5 12.3

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors

60 83.0 10.7 0.6 12.7

Media and communication equipment workers, all other

0 - - - -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

9,684 75.3 12.5 9.6 9.0

Chiropractors

61 86.1 2.8 5.3 6.4

Dentists

162 74.3 0.8 23.6 7.2

Dietitians and nutritionists

128 77.9 15.2 5.9 9.0

Optometrists

43 - - - -

Pharmacists

341 64.5 10.5 22.0 2.7

Physicians and surgeons

1,098 72.0 8.2 18.0 7.6

Physician assistants

131 84.3 4.5 6.8 8.6

Podiatrists

10 - - - -

Audiologists

14 - - - -

Occupational therapists

136 75.7 10.2 12.4 10.2

Physical therapists

304 76.4 5.9 14.1 4.0

Radiation therapists

16 - - - -

Recreational therapists

10 - - - -

Respiratory therapists

112 66.2 23.2 8.9 8.6

Speech-language pathologists

180 93.7 3.9 2.2 6.7

Exercise physiologists

2 - - - -

Therapists, all other

235 81.1 12.2 5.1 11.9

Veterinarians

104 89.8 0.0 6.1 1.6

Registered nurses

3,242 75.9 12.4 9.2 7.2

Nurse anesthetists

33 - - - -

Nurse midwives

10 - - - -

Nurse practitioners

225 76.6 12.2 9.9 2.6

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other

35 - - - -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians

323 71.1 15.3 10.0 13.0

Dental hygienists

208 88.2 5.1 5.0 11.3

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians

398 76.7 12.8 5.8 9.7

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics

206 86.6 10.5 0.8 11.5

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians

710 74.7 15.6 5.4 16.5

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses

687 67.0 27.0 3.3 13.8

Medical records and health information technicians

185 72.8 17.5 6.0 14.4

Opticians, dispensing

49 - - - -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians

152 64.6 19.6 13.7 16.3

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

133 80.9 12.5 4.3 12.1

Service occupations

26,978 72.2 17.1 5.9 25.0

Healthcare support occupations

3,758 64.2 26.7 5.1 19.1

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides

2,086 54.3 37.2 4.4 17.6

Occupational therapy assistants and aides

29 - - - -

Physical therapist assistants and aides

101 83.2 6.8 6.5 7.2

Massage therapists

183 72.3 8.8 13.1 11.1

Dental assistants

284 85.5 6.7 3.1 28.9

Medical assistants

596 75.1 15.3 4.8 29.0

Medical transcriptionists

41 - - - -

Pharmacy aides

49 - - - -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers

59 97.2 2.1 0.4 3.7

Phlebotomists

124 70.5 24.6 2.9 14.9

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers

206 64.7 25.7 7.1 13.7

Protective service occupations

3,128 73.9 20.3 2.2 15.3

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

44 - - - -

First-line supervisors of police and detectives

83 89.2 7.6 0.4 5.6

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers

42 - - - -

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other

78 69.8 20.7 2.2 11.3

Firefighters

318 86.7 8.5 1.3 11.6

Fire inspectors

21 - - - -

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers

372 60.5 34.2 1.7 12.3

Detectives and criminal investigators

164 82.7 12.7 1.9 8.4

Fish and game wardens

4 - - - -

Parking enforcement workers

4 - - - -

Police and sheriff's patrol officers

716 82.9 12.6 1.5 17.0

Transit and railroad police

5 - - - -

Animal control workers

10 - - - -

Private detectives and investigators

97 72.6 23.5 3.0 17.7

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers

937 62.9 29.6 3.5 18.8

Crossing guards

52 76.3 17.6 1.3 21.0

Transportation security screeners

43 - - - -

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers

139 87.7 6.4 0.7 14.7

Food preparation and serving related occupations

8,378 73.7 13.9 6.9 27.0

Chefs and head cooks

474 63.0 14.3 16.4 26.0

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

597 76.7 14.9 4.8 22.6

Cooks

2,031 70.4 18.1 6.2 36.7

Food preparation workers

1,079 73.5 13.2 8.3 28.1

Bartenders

464 86.1 6.3 2.8 16.5

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food

372 70.2 19.6 5.4 19.9

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop

200 76.0 11.3 5.2 18.6

Waiters and waitresses

2,038 75.5 11.1 7.6 23.4

Food servers, nonrestaurant

191 68.4 19.2 6.6 21.6

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers

338 77.1 12.6 6.2 34.2

Dishwashers

264 73.4 16.1 4.2 28.9

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop

322 77.6 8.6 4.0 17.7

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other

7 - - - -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

5,746 77.3 14.9 2.9 38.2

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers

352 78.5 15.0 3.2 27.5

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers

285 88.0 7.5 1.1 28.1

Janitors and building cleaners

2,265 74.0 18.2 3.4 31.6

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

1,475 72.2 17.4 4.1 49.2

Pest control workers

96 85.2 8.5 1.6 18.5

Grounds maintenance workers

1,273 86.0 8.2 0.9 43.6

Personal care and service occupations

5,968 69.4 16.1 10.1 18.2

First-line supervisors of gaming workers

211 82.7 9.1 4.1 10.3

First-line supervisors of personal service workers

213 72.4 4.5 19.8 13.0

Animal trainers

63 86.7 4.6 2.0 12.3

Nonfarm animal caretakers

296 88.8 5.0 2.1 12.5

Gaming services workers

93 40.5 19.6 27.3 12.2

Motion picture projectionists

1 - - - -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers

38 - - - -

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers

210 79.6 10.8 5.4 15.5

Embalmers and funeral attendants

15 - - - -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors

26 - - - -

Barbers

137 61.8 31.1 4.5 29.0

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists

803 77.3 13.9 6.1 17.0

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers

409 30.7 7.7 59.2 11.6

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges

92 58.1 26.2 12.4 30.6

Tour and travel guides

61 82.3 1.7 5.5 5.3

Childcare workers

1,193 76.0 17.4 3.3 24.6

Personal care aides

1,458 60.2 25.1 8.4 21.6

Recreation and fitness workers

440 81.6 10.8 3.4 10.2

Residential advisors

30 - - - -

Personal care and service workers, all other

178 73.8 14.3 7.0 18.1

Sales and office occupations

33,370 78.1 13.0 5.2 17.1

Sales and related occupations

15,582 79.8 11.2 5.4 16.7

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers

3,232 81.0 9.5 5.5 14.7

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers

1,247 86.2 6.5 5.7 14.4

Cashiers

3,164 69.2 17.9 7.3 24.1

Counter and rental clerks

97 72.8 18.3 6.6 15.8

Parts salespersons

142 84.9 10.4 1.3 19.8

Retail salespersons

3,105 78.9 12.4 4.5 18.7

Advertising sales agents

190 81.9 10.8 3.7 13.7

Insurance sales agents

595 81.2 10.1 5.6 13.4

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents

231 85.9 5.4 7.5 11.9

Travel agents

82 81.6 9.5 7.1 6.7

Sales representatives, services, all other

557 85.2 7.7 5.0 12.3

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing

1,281 88.8 5.9 3.9 10.9

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters

62 79.5 11.3 3.1 16.0

Real estate brokers and sales agents

1,095 85.0 7.9 5.2 10.7

Sales engineers

35 - - - -

Telemarketers

49 - - - -

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers

135 85.4 9.4 1.2 24.9

Sales and related workers, all other

284 83.9 10.6 1.1 13.9

Office and administrative support occupations

17,789 76.6 14.5 5.0 17.5

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

1,306 80.2 13.4 3.7 13.3

Switchboard operators, including answering service

21 - - - -

Telephone operators

42 - - - -

Communications equipment operators, all other

12 - - - -

Bill and account collectors

116 63.6 30.2 1.3 17.8

Billing and posting clerks

459 81.5 10.3 4.7 15.7

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

1,015 85.2 6.9 5.4 13.0

Gaming cage workers

13 - - - -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks

155 79.8 8.4 6.9 17.9

Procurement clerks

29 - - - -

Tellers

294 80.0 9.9 4.8 20.0

Financial clerks, all other

119 83.2 10.9 3.8 15.4

Brokerage clerks

3 - - - -

Correspondence clerks

5 - - - -

Court, municipal, and license clerks

95 81.6 14.5 1.2 17.3

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks

41 - - - -

Customer service representatives

2,552 73.3 17.7 5.3 19.6

Eligibility interviewers, government programs

70 70.1 22.2 1.1 23.0

File clerks

175 75.3 16.8 4.1 14.2

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks

116 60.7 21.6 7.4 22.3

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

131 72.9 18.1 4.7 18.3

Library assistants, clerical

88 78.2 12.0 8.9 12.6

Loan interviewers and clerks

116 75.2 16.3 4.3 13.3

New accounts clerks

22 - - - -

Order clerks

112 66.9 18.2 9.9 18.3

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping

60 74.2 12.7 3.8 18.5

Receptionists and information clerks

1,288 75.8 15.4 4.6 21.8

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks

119 51.4 27.9 9.1 13.5

Information and record clerks, all other

99 79.9 13.4 2.3 22.8

Cargo and freight agents

20 - - - -

Couriers and messengers

402 73.3 17.4 4.4 21.4

Dispatchers

261 80.8 14.2 2.5 15.2

Meter readers, utilities

17 - - - -

Postal service clerks

96 47.4 35.8 13.0 6.7

Postal service mail carriers

331 72.7 19.6 5.5 14.4

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators

76 35.8 42.3 17.8 5.8

Production, planning, and expediting clerks

297 80.0 14.0 3.3 12.5

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks

563 74.7 15.5 4.2 25.1

Stock clerks and order fillers

1,512 70.3 18.2 5.0 23.1

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping

66 75.8 10.6 8.5 21.1

Secretaries and administrative assistants

2,688 85.2 8.7 3.5 13.4

Computer operators

72 76.3 11.9 9.1 19.4

Data entry keyers

250 75.1 14.7 6.5 20.3

Word processors and typists

57 77.8 12.6 3.3 16.1

Desktop publishers

0 - - - -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

269 71.3 21.8 2.4 15.5

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service

68 67.6 24.0 4.1 14.2

Office clerks, general

1,355 74.0 13.6 8.6 20.9

Office machine operators, except computer

32 - - - -

Proofreaders and copy markers

7 - - - -

Statistical assistants

58 67.4 0.0 32.3 4.9

Office and administrative support workers, all other

618 77.7 15.5 3.4 13.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

14,343 86.2 7.7 2.2 31.9

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

1,156 89.3 4.4 1.8 47.6

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers

51 88.8 1.2 1.3 28.4

Agricultural inspectors

18 - - - -

Animal breeders

10 - - - -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products

88 71.2 21.3 3.6 49.9

Miscellaneous agricultural workers

866 92.5 2.6 1.2 54.0

Fishers and related fishing workers

36 - - - -

Hunters and trappers

0 - - - -

Forest and conservation workers

21 - - - -

Logging workers

66 83.2 2.7 2.9 16.0

Construction and extraction occupations

8,325 87.1 7.3 1.6 36.4

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

682 88.0 7.5 1.2 24.8

Boilermakers

24 - - - -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons

152 91.6 5.2 1.2 37.7

Carpenters

1,292 89.1 5.1 1.5 37.3

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers

170 90.8 5.1 0.5 59.7

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers

65 89.5 4.4 1.1 53.5

Construction laborers

2,051 85.3 8.6 1.6 46.7

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators

22 - - - -

Pile-driver operators

1 - - - -

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators

375 85.1 8.9 0.9 14.9

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers

178 91.1 2.5 1.7 67.7

Electricians

914 87.4 6.8 2.6 21.1

Glaziers

38 - - - -

Insulation workers

59 91.8 5.9 1.4 43.3

Painters, construction and maintenance

599 87.4 8.1 0.6 55.5

Paperhangers

7 - - - -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters

637 87.1 8.4 0.9 27.1

Plasterers and stucco masons

23 - - - -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers

6 - - - -

Roofers

222 87.7 5.2 0.7 50.7

Sheet metal workers

140 89.1 6.7 2.3 28.9

Structural iron and steel workers

66 75.7 11.7 7.8 18.7

Solar photovoltaic installers

18 - - - -

Helpers, construction trades

50 86.6 3.4 4.5 35.2

Construction and building inspectors

105 82.0 8.3 6.8 12.8

Elevator installers and repairers

20 - - - -

Fence erectors

41 - - - -

Hazardous materials removal workers

40 - - - -

Highway maintenance workers

113 83.6 12.7 0.4 13.3

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators

4 - - - -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners

8 - - - -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers

32 - - - -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining

29 - - - -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

22 - - - -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

8 - - - -

Mining machine operators

56 85.2 9.3 0.0 13.1

Roof bolters, mining

1 - - - -

Roustabouts, oil and gas

8 - - - -

Helpers--extraction workers

2 - - - -

Other extraction workers

46 - - - -

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

4,862 84.0 9.1 3.3 20.3

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers

272 85.7 9.9 1.5 16.1

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

184 74.7 11.7 9.3 15.9

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers

131 73.1 15.8 4.9 15.0

Avionics technicians

13 - - - -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers

16 - - - -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

7 - - - -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility

17 - - - -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

9 - - - -

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers

32 - - - -

Security and fire alarm systems installers

58 76.9 14.3 4.6 23.5

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians

152 82.4 10.5 4.8 12.4

Automotive body and related repairers

125 92.4 3.4 1.8 29.6

Automotive glass installers and repairers

21 - - - -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

880 83.8 8.7 3.2 27.7

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

347 87.3 6.5 3.7 14.1

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics

211 88.3 6.0 2.6 15.8

Small engine mechanics

45 - - - -

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers

73 77.0 12.2 3.6 31.0

Control and valve installers and repairers

22 - - - -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers

466 84.0 9.1 3.0 20.2

Home appliance repairers

51 86.3 11.7 1.8 18.8

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics

408 85.6 8.7 2.5 18.1

Maintenance and repair workers, general

579 83.9 9.4 3.2 20.1

Maintenance workers, machinery

21 - - - -

Millwrights

52 88.9 7.9 1.8 10.3

Electrical power-line installers and repairers

133 89.8 3.0 0.6 15.4

Telecommunications line installers and repairers

184 82.2 12.5 2.3 24.7

Precision instrument and equipment repairers

69 73.7 11.9 12.6 11.4

Wind turbine service technicians

2 - - - -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

28 - - - -

Commercial divers

2 - - - -

Locksmiths and safe repairers

32 - - - -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers

5 - - - -

Riggers

12 - - - -

Signal and track switch repairers

7 - - - -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers

19 - - - -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers

179 88.4 8.1 0.9 27.1

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

18,628 74.2 16.9 5.0 23.0

Production occupations

8,565 76.6 13.3 6.0 23.1

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers

844 80.3 12.2 3.8 17.2

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers

8 - - - -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers

101 64.5 8.0 20.2 20.1

Engine and other machine assemblers

9 - - - -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters

25 - - - -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

1,001 67.0 19.7 9.6 21.7

Bakers

228 74.0 11.7 9.6 30.7

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers

297 71.2 17.1 6.2 37.3

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders

17 - - - -

Food batchmakers

82 87.9 7.3 1.6 36.2

Food cooking machine operators and tenders

3 - - - -

Food processing workers, all other

147 72.1 18.1 7.0 38.8

Computer control programmers and operators

108 87.0 6.6 5.0 11.4

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

13 - - - -

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

7 - - - -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

13 - - - -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

70 75.2 17.3 0.3 13.9

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

6 - - - -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

44 - - - -

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

6 - - - -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

5 - - - -

Machinists

375 84.8 7.0 4.9 11.5

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters

23 - - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic

5 - - - -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

45 - - - -

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

2 - - - -

Tool and die makers

55 95.1 3.7 0.3 3.4

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers

592 85.3 8.8 2.3 22.8

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

4 - - - -

Layout workers, metal and plastic

10 - - - -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

13 - - - -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

1 - - - -

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other

392 72.0 14.5 8.2 26.0

Prepress technicians and workers

27 - - - -

Printing press operators

133 84.3 7.2 4.0 23.1

Print binding and finishing workers

14 - - - -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers

134 55.9 25.1 12.2 37.9

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

28 - - - -

Sewing machine operators

179 69.3 11.0 15.3 35.4

Shoe and leather workers and repairers

7 - - - -

Shoe machine operators and tenders

5 - - - -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers

86 66.3 9.5 23.7 20.9

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders

2 - - - -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders

4 - - - -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders

9 - - - -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders

10 - - - -

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers

1 - - - -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers

0 - - - -

Upholsterers

30 - - - -

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other

13 - - - -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters

65 88.2 7.7 1.1 21.3

Furniture finishers

18 - - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, wood

0 - - - -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood

33 - - - -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing

12 - - - -

Woodworkers, all other

23 - - - -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers

43 - - - -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators

52 84.3 5.2 5.5 9.8

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators

110 84.6 8.4 3.5 9.7

Miscellaneous plant and system operators

51 83.2 11.6 3.9 14.7

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders

73 86.8 11.0 1.0 8.1

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers

90 80.8 11.4 1.9 26.1

Cutting workers

60 78.3 18.8 2.5 25.2

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders

27 - - - -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders

17 - - - -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

802 77.6 11.5 5.4 17.5

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers

40 - - - -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians

91 81.8 4.6 10.5 17.7

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

262 68.8 20.4 6.3 37.3

Painting workers

171 81.5 13.0 1.8 41.8

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators

13 - - - -

Semiconductor processors

0 - - - -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders

10 - - - -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders

2 - - - -

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders

2 - - - -

Etchers and engravers

8 - - - -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic

31 - - - -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders

24 - - - -

Tire builders

8 - - - -

Helpers--production workers

54 74.9 17.2 4.0 30.3

Production workers, all other

1,141 73.8 16.1 5.7 24.6

Transportation and material moving occupations

10,063 72.2 20.0 4.1 22.9

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers

206 72.2 19.4 6.7 20.3

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers

141 93.7 2.6 3.4 2.2

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists

43 - - - -

Flight attendants

110 73.7 17.5 5.4 15.3

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians

15 - - - -

Bus drivers

546 67.2 27.0 3.1 15.0

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers

3,608 75.2 18.1 2.9 20.5

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs

790 55.5 29.5 13.1 23.6

Motor vehicle operators, all other

66 83.6 10.6 5.5 18.6

Locomotive engineers and operators

42 - - - -

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators

2 - - - -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters

52 66.7 24.0 3.1 5.4

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers

9 - - - -

Sailors and marine oilers

19 - - - -

Ship and boat captains and operators

45 - - - -

Ship engineers

5 - - - -

Bridge and lock tenders

0 - - - -

Parking lot attendants

83 72.6 19.3 5.7 31.0

Automotive and watercraft service attendants

88 68.9 12.1 13.7 14.5

Transportation inspectors

42 - - - -

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants

43 - - - -

Other transportation workers

38 - - - -

Conveyor operators and tenders

2 - - - -

Crane and tower operators

63 90.1 6.3 0.0 10.6

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators

28 - - - -

Hoist and winch operators

9 - - - -

Industrial truck and tractor operators

571 69.0 25.8 1.7 31.4

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment

344 76.1 19.4 1.4 34.8

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

2,235 72.4 19.8 2.7 23.1

Machine feeders and offbearers

24 - - - -

Packers and packagers, hand

628 69.2 19.0 7.7 41.5

Pumping station operators

16 - - - -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

99 74.0 18.2 3.6 29.7

Mine shuttle car operators

2 - - - -

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders

6 - - - -

Material moving workers, all other

41 - - - -

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Industry and gender Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

157,538 122,441 19,381 10,179 27,805

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

1.5 1.8 0.3 0.4 2.4

Mining

0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.5

Construction

7.2 8.2 3.7 2.1 12.4

Manufacturing

10.0 10.2 8.4 10.5 9.5

Durable goods

6.3 6.5 4.9 7.1 5.3

Nondurable goods

3.7 3.7 3.5 3.4 4.2

Wholesale and retail trade

12.5 12.7 11.9 11.0 12.9

Wholesale trade

2.2 2.4 1.6 1.8 2.2

Retail trade

10.3 10.3 10.3 9.2 10.7

Transportation and utilities

5.7 5.2 9.3 4.9 6.1

Information

1.8 1.7 1.6 2.3 1.2

Financial activities

6.8 7.0 5.8 7.9 5.0

Professional and business services

12.4 12.4 10.1 18.5 11.3

Education and health services

22.8 22.1 28.0 22.6 17.4

Leisure and hospitality

9.3 8.9 9.9 9.9 12.7

Other services

4.8 4.8 4.2 6.3 5.5

Other services, except private households

4.3 4.3 3.7 6.0 4.2

Other services, private households

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 1.2

Public administration

4.6 4.4 6.5 3.3 3.2

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

83,460 66,100 9,145 5,353 15,782

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

2.1 2.5 0.5 0.6 3.1

Mining

0.8 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.8

Construction

12.2 13.6 7.3 3.3 20.5

Manufacturing

13.3 13.6 11.8 12.6 11.1

Durable goods

8.9 9.2 7.0 9.2 6.7

Nondurable goods

4.4 4.4 4.8 3.4 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade

13.2 13.3 13.2 11.6 12.8

Wholesale trade

3.0 3.2 2.5 2.1 2.7

Retail trade

10.2 10.1 10.6 9.5 10.1

Transportation and utilities

8.2 7.5 14.0 7.1 8.3

Information

2.0 1.9 1.9 2.8 1.4

Financial activities

6.1 6.2 5.0 8.2 4.2

Professional and business services

13.8 13.5 11.7 21.8 11.6

Education and health services

10.8 10.1 13.8 14.7 7.1

Leisure and hospitality

8.6 8.0 10.4 9.5 11.4

Other services

4.2 4.2 3.9 4.4 4.8

Other services, except private households

4.1 4.1 3.8 4.3 4.6

Other services, private households

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Public administration

4.7 4.6 6.2 3.2 2.9

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

74,078 56,341 10,236 4,826 12,023

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

0.9 1.1 0.1 0.2 1.5

Mining

0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Construction

1.6 1.8 0.6 0.9 1.8

Manufacturing

6.3 6.2 5.4 8.2 7.4

Durable goods

3.4 3.3 3.0 4.9 3.5

Nondurable goods

2.9 2.9 2.4 3.4 4.0

Wholesale and retail trade

11.8 11.9 10.8 10.3 13.0

Wholesale trade

1.4 1.4 0.9 1.5 1.6

Retail trade

10.4 10.5 9.9 8.8 11.4

Transportation and utilities

2.9 2.6 5.1 2.5 3.2

Information

1.5 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.0

Financial activities

7.6 7.9 6.6 7.6 6.0

Professional and business services

10.9 11.0 8.6 14.9 10.8

Education and health services

36.2 36.1 40.6 31.2 30.8

Leisure and hospitality

10.1 10.0 9.5 10.3 14.4

Other services

5.5 5.5 4.4 8.4 6.4

Other services, except private households

4.5 4.5 3.5 7.8 3.8

Other services, private households

1.0 1.1 0.9 0.6 2.6

Public administration

4.5 4.1 6.8 3.5 3.6

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Family type and employment status of family members Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total families

82,633 65,082 9,966 5,078 13,281

With at least one family member employed

67,006 52,435 7,975 4,487 11,721

As a percent of total families

81.1 80.6 80.0 88.4 88.3

With at least one family member unemployed

4,076 2,903 791 206 879

As a percent of total families

4.9 4.5 7.9 4.1 6.6

Some family member(s) employed

2,902 2,139 476 170 650

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

71.2 73.7 60.2 82.4 73.9

Some family member(s) employed full time

2,542 1,871 416 154 568

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

62.4 64.5 52.6 74.6 64.6

Married-couple families(1)

60,300 50,160 4,610 4,105 8,162

With at least one family member employed

48,984 40,276 3,825 3,635 7,348

As a percent of total families

81.2 80.3 83.0 88.6 90.0

With at least one family member unemployed

2,367 1,869 266 154 472

As a percent of total families

3.9 3.7 5.8 3.7 5.8

Some family member(s) employed

1,942 1,525 218 133 387

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

82.1 81.6 81.9 86.3 81.9

Some family member(s) employed full time

1,744 1,365 198 120 347

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

73.7 73.0 74.3 78.1 73.6

Families maintained by women(2)

15,317 9,882 4,118 601 3,335

With at least one family member employed

12,025 7,799 3,152 510 2,760

As a percent of total families

78.5 78.9 76.5 84.8 82.8

With at least one family member unemployed

1,163 677 397 26 260

As a percent of total families

7.6 6.9 9.6 4.3 7.8

Some family member(s) employed

624 390 189 15 164

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

53.7 57.6 47.5 56.0 63.0

Some family member(s) employed full time

506 312 159 12 133

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

43.5 46.0 40.1 47.0 51.0

Families maintained by men(2)

7,016 5,040 1,238 372 1,784

With at least one family member employed

5,998 4,361 998 342 1,613

As a percent of total families

85.5 86.5 80.6 92.0 90.4

With at least one family member unemployed

547 357 128 26 147

As a percent of total families

7.8 7.1 10.3 7.1 8.2

Some family member(s) employed

336 224 70 23 99

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

61.4 62.9 54.5 86.1 67.6

Some family member(s) employed full time

292 194 59 21 87

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

53.4 54.4 46.2 81.6 59.6

Footnotes
(1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.
(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.

Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year Total White Black or
African American
Asian Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994

60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4 - - - 62.3 71.5 51.5

1995

60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7 - - - 61.2 70.9 50.2

1996

60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3 - - - 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997

60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5 - - - 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998

60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2 - - - 62.8 72.1 51.7

1999

60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6 - - - 62.5 71.6 52.2

2000

60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5 - - - 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001

60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4 - - - 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002

60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003

59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

2004

59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005

59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006

60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

2007

59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008

59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009

59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010

58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

2011

58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6

2012

57.5 62.6 52.5 58.1 63.7 52.4 55.2 57.6 52.8 58.1 63.2 53.4 60.7 68.1 52.0

2013

57.2 62.3 52.1 57.4 62.9 52.0 54.5 57.1 52.0 58.8 64.5 53.6 60.6 68.2 51.9

2014

56.7 61.7 51.7 56.9 62.2 51.6 54.8 57.5 52.1 57.0 63.0 51.7 60.5 68.0 51.8

2015

56.5 61.6 51.5 56.7 62.1 51.2 55.3 58.0 52.7 56.5 61.7 51.7 60.4 68.1 51.9

2016

56.7 61.9 51.6 56.8 62.3 51.4 55.2 58.4 52.2 57.1 63.1 51.8 60.3 67.9 52.0

2017

56.8 61.9 51.9 56.8 62.2 51.4 56.1 59.2 53.2 57.4 62.9 52.5 61.0 68.2 53.2

2018

56.8 61.7 51.9 56.7 62.1 51.3 56.3 59.1 53.8 57.0 62.0 52.5 60.7 67.8 53.0

2019

57.0 62.0 52.2 57.0 62.4 51.6 56.4 59.0 54.0 57.7 62.6 53.2 61.3 68.3 53.8

With children under 18 years

1994

79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4 - - - 70.2 92.1 54.7

1995

80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3 - - - 71.0 92.2 55.6

1996

81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3 - - - 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997

81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0 - - - 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998

81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7 - - - 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999

82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5 - - - 74.6 93.8 60.3

2000

82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2 - - - 75.7 93.8 62.0

2001

81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9 - - - 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002

81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003

81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004

80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

2005

80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

2006

81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007

81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

2008

81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009

81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

2010

80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

2011

80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8

2012

80.4 93.1 70.3 81.0 94.0 70.3 80.0 88.9 75.4 76.7 93.0 63.2 76.4 93.7 63.2

2013

80.0 92.8 69.9 80.6 93.6 69.6 80.0 87.9 75.6 77.0 92.7 64.2 75.3 92.9 61.2

2014

80.1 92.8 70.1 80.6 93.5 69.8 79.9 87.9 75.4 77.4 93.3 64.3 75.8 93.1 62.0

2015

80.0 92.7 69.9 80.4 93.5 69.4 80.4 87.3 76.6 76.2 92.9 62.4 75.7 93.4 61.4

2016

80.4 92.8 70.5 80.8 93.6 70.0 80.8 87.3 77.2 76.7 92.6 63.4 76.0 93.4 61.8

2017

80.8 92.8 71.1 81.2 93.7 70.5 81.6 87.3 78.4 77.8 93.1 65.0 76.0 93.1 61.9

2018

81.3 93.3 71.5 81.7 93.9 71.2 81.6 89.0 77.2 78.0 93.4 65.0 77.4 93.8 63.9

2019

81.8 93.4 72.3 82.2 94.1 71.9 81.7 88.6 77.6 78.5 93.8 65.8 78.0 93.8 64.9

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994

83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5 - - - 74.9 89.7 64.5

1995

83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4 - - - 75.4 89.7 65.5

1996

84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1 - - - 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997

84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7 - - - 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998

84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6 - - - 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999

84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4 - - - 78.6 91.2 69.5

2000

85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0 - - - 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001

85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1 - - - 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002

84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003

84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004

84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005

83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006

83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007

84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

2008

84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

2009

84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010

83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

2011

83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0

2012

82.6 92.2 75.1 83.2 93.0 75.1 81.9 87.3 79.1 78.4 91.6 67.7 79.4 92.7 69.1

2013

82.3 91.9 74.7 83.0 92.8 74.8 81.4 86.4 78.6 78.8 91.7 68.4 78.1 91.8 67.5

2014

82.2 91.6 74.7 82.7 92.4 74.6 81.7 86.5 79.0 80.1 92.6 70.1 78.4 91.9 68.2

2015

82.1 91.8 74.4 82.5 92.5 74.2 81.4 85.5 79.1 79.0 92.0 68.4 78.3 92.3 67.3

2016

82.5 91.9 75.0 82.8 92.7 74.6 81.9 85.6 79.9 80.0 92.2 69.9 78.5 92.4 67.7

2017

82.8 91.7 75.7 83.3 92.6 75.3 82.4 84.9 81.1 81.5 92.8 72.2 78.8 92.0 68.1

2018

83.4 92.2 76.4 83.9 93.0 76.1 82.1 87.0 79.5 81.5 92.0 72.9 80.1 93.1 69.7

2019

83.6 92.0 76.8 84.1 92.9 76.6 82.7 86.3 80.7 81.2 92.1 72.3 80.2 92.6 70.2

With children under 6 years

1994

75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2 - - - 66.6 94.0 47.0

1995

76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9 - - - 67.6 94.1 47.7

1996

77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2 - - - 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997

78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8 - - - 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998

78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0 - - - 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999

78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9 - - - 71.2 95.9 52.1

2000

78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9 - - - 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001

78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9 - - - 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002

77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003

77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004

76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005

77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006

77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007

77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008

77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009

77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

2010

77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

2011

77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7

2012

77.7 94.2 64.6 78.2 95.1 64.3 77.6 91.0 71.0 74.7 94.5 57.8 73.3 94.6 57.0

2013

77.2 93.9 63.9 77.5 94.7 62.9 78.5 89.8 72.1 74.9 93.8 59.3 72.3 94.0 54.5

2014

77.5 94.2 64.2 78.0 94.9 63.7 77.6 89.6 71.0 74.3 94.0 57.4 73.1 94.4 55.2

2015

77.4 93.9 64.2 77.7 94.7 63.3 79.2 89.5 73.4 72.8 94.1 55.0 72.9 94.5 54.7

2016

77.8 94.0 64.7 78.2 94.8 63.9 79.4 89.5 73.6 72.8 93.2 55.6 72.9 94.6 54.8

2017

78.2 94.1 65.1 78.4 95.0 64.2 80.7 90.1 75.0 73.1 93.5 55.2 72.5 94.4 54.3

2018

78.5 94.5 65.1 78.9 95.1 64.7 80.9 91.4 74.4 73.8 95.0 55.1 74.0 94.6 56.5

2019

79.4 95.0 66.4 79.6 95.6 65.8 80.5 91.2 73.8 75.3 95.7 57.4 75.2 95.2 58.1

With children under 3 years

1994

74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6 - - - 64.4 94.1 42.2

1995

74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0 - - - 65.7 94.1 43.7

1996

75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1 - - - 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997

76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1 - - - 68.6 94.6 48.0

1998

77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5 - - - 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999

77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0 - - - 68.8 96.2 47.4

2000

76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8 - - - 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001

76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7 - - - 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002

76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003

75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004

74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005

74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006

75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007

75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008

76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009

76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010

75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

2011

75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1

2012

76.0 95.0 61.2 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0 72.4 94.3 53.7 71.2 95.5 52.4

2013

75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8 72.5 92.6 55.5 70.3 94.3 50.4

2014

76.0 94.4 61.0 76.6 95.0 60.8 75.9 90.2 67.6 72.6 94.5 53.4 70.8 95.1 50.6

2015

76.1 93.9 61.4 76.4 94.7 60.6 77.5 89.7 70.3 70.8 92.8 52.0 70.9 94.4 50.6

2016

76.5 94.2 61.8 77.1 95.1 61.3 78.2 90.2 70.8 69.3 92.5 49.8 70.9 94.5 50.6

2017

77.0 94.6 62.3 77.4 95.3 61.8 79.2 91.5 71.1 70.7 93.2 50.8 70.9 95.3 50.5

2018

76.9 94.8 61.9 77.4 95.4 61.6 79.0 91.0 71.2 71.2 95.0 50.2 71.2 94.4 51.4

2019

78.0 95.2 63.5 78.5 95.9 63.1 79.1 91.4 71.1 72.6 95.7 52.2 74.0 95.5 55.1

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972

5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 - - - - - -

1973

4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 - - - 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974

5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 - - - 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975

8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 - - - 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976

7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 - - - 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977

7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 - - - 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978

6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 - - - 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979

5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 - - - 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980

7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 - - - 10.1 9.7 10.7

1981

7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 - - - 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982

9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 - - - 13.8 13.6 14.1

1983

9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 - - - 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984

7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 - - - 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985

7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 - - - 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986

7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 - - - 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987

6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 - - - 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988

5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 - - - 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989

5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 - - - 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990

5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 - - - 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991

6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 - - - 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992

7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 - - - 11.6 11.7 11.4

1993

6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 - - - 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994

6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 - - - 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995

5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 - - - 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996

5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 - - - 8.9 7.9 10.2

1997

4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 - - - 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998

4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 - - - 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999

4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 - - - 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000

4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

2001

4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002

5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

2003

6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004

5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005

5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006

4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007

4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008

5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009

9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010

9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

2011

8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8

2012

8.1 8.2 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.0 13.8 15.0 12.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 10.3 9.9 10.9

2013

7.4 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 13.1 14.2 12.1 5.2 5.6 4.8 9.1 8.8 9.5

2014

6.2 6.3 6.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.3 12.2 10.5 5.0 5.3 4.6 7.4 6.8 8.2

2015

5.3 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.5 9.6 10.3 8.9 3.8 4.0 3.7 6.6 6.3 7.1

2016

4.9 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.2 8.4 9.1 7.8 3.6 3.5 3.9 5.8 5.4 6.3

2017

4.4 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.5 8.1 6.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 5.1 4.7 5.7

2018

3.9 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 6.5 7.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.7 4.3 5.1

2019

3.7 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.2 6.1 6.6 5.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 4.3 4.0 4.7
Table 12a. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2019 annual averages [Percent]
Year American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003

10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9

2004

9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7

2005

9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2

2006

7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0

2007

8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8

2008

9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7

2009

13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9

2010

15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0

2011

14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1

2012

12.3 11.9 12.7 11.8 12.4 11.2 11.9 12.1 11.5

2013

12.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 11.4 10.5

2014

11.3 11.9 10.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 10.2 10.9 9.5

2015

9.9 11.1 8.5 5.7 5.7 5.6 8.4 8.1 8.7

2016

8.9 9.2 8.7 4.4 4.3 4.5 7.5 7.6 7.3

2017

7.8 8.5 7.1 6.1 5.4 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.4

2018

6.6 6.9 6.3 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.5 6.0 5.1

2019

6.1 6.5 5.6 3.2 3.3 3.2 5.3 5.4 5.2

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Duration of unemployment Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

6,001 4,159 1,251 280 1,248

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks

34.8 36.6 29.0 32.6 37.2

5 to 14 weeks

29.8 29.8 30.4 30.9 29.7

15 to 26 weeks

14.3 14.1 14.9 14.0 14.4

27 weeks and over

21.1 19.6 25.7 22.4 18.6

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)

21.6 20.2 25.3 23.1 20.1

Median duration, in weeks

9.1 8.6 10.8 9.7 8.6

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

3,227 2,266 645 149 657

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks

33.7 35.2 28.1 33.9 37.9

5 to 14 weeks

29.2 29.4 28.9 28.6 28.8

15 to 26 weeks

14.5 14.0 16.1 14.6 14.2

27 weeks and over

22.5 21.4 26.9 22.9 19.2

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)

22.5 21.3 26.4 21.8 19.1

Median duration, in weeks

9.6 9.1 11.7 9.8 8.5

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

2,774 1,893 607 132 591

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks

36.0 38.2 30.1 31.1 36.5

5 to 14 weeks

30.5 30.2 31.9 33.5 30.7

15 to 26 weeks

14.1 14.1 13.7 13.4 14.8

27 weeks and over

19.4 17.5 24.3 22.0 18.0

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)

20.5 18.9 24.1 24.5 21.1

Median duration, in weeks

8.6 8.0 10.2 9.6 8.7

Footnotes
(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Reason for unemployment Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

6,001 4,159 1,251 280 1,248

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

46.4 48.2 43.2 41.3 47.1

On temporary layoff

13.7 16.0 7.7 8.6 16.8

Not on temporary layoff

32.7 32.2 35.5 32.8 30.3

Permanent job losers

22.4 22.7 22.4 23.1 18.5

Persons who completed temporary jobs

10.3 9.4 13.1 9.7 11.7

Job leavers

13.6 13.7 13.2 14.7 11.2

Reentrants

30.2 29.0 33.1 28.2 29.9

New entrants

9.8 9.1 10.5 15.8 11.8

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

3,227 2,266 645 149 657

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

49.9 52.2 44.9 44.2 53.4

On temporary layoff

14.8 17.4 7.4 8.5 20.0

Not on temporary layoff

35.1 34.7 37.5 35.7 33.4

Permanent job losers

23.5 24.1 22.5 25.9 20.5

Persons who completed temporary jobs

11.6 10.6 15.0 9.8 12.9

Job leavers

13.8 13.6 13.3 18.6 11.4

Reentrants

26.4 25.0 30.6 23.1 25.0

New entrants

9.9 9.2 11.2 14.1 10.2

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

2,774 1,893 607 132 591

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

42.4 43.5 41.4 38.1 40.1

On temporary layoff

12.4 14.4 8.1 8.6 13.3

Not on temporary layoff

29.9 29.1 33.3 29.5 26.8

Permanent job losers

21.1 21.1 22.3 19.9 16.3

Persons who completed temporary jobs

8.9 8.0 11.0 9.6 10.5

Job leavers

13.3 13.7 13.2 10.3 11.0

Reentrants

34.6 33.8 35.7 33.9 35.3

New entrants

9.7 9.0 9.7 17.7 13.5

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Age, gender, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian labor
force(1)
Not in the labor force
Total Want a job Do not
want a
job now
Total Searched for work in previous year,
but not in past 4 weeks
Total Marginally attached
(available to work now)(2)
Total Discouraged
workers(3)
Other(4)

Total

Total, 16 years and older

163,539 95,636 5,043 1,959 1,403 382 1,021 90,593

16 to 24 years

21,092 16,656 1,503 620 391 86 306 15,153

25 to 54 years

104,180 22,102 2,078 921 669 193 476 20,023

55 years and older

38,267 56,879 1,462 418 343 103 240 55,417

Men, 16 years and older

86,687 38,667 2,415 984 742 239 503 36,252

16 to 24 years

10,740 8,235 810 327 217 53 163 7,425

25 to 54 years

55,531 6,773 904 451 351 127 224 5,868

55 years and older

20,416 23,659 700 206 174 59 115 22,959

Women, 16 years and older

76,852 56,970 2,629 975 661 143 519 54,341

16 to 24 years

10,352 8,420 693 293 175 32 142 7,728

25 to 54 years

48,648 15,329 1,174 470 318 66 252 14,155

55 years and older

17,851 33,221 762 212 169 44 125 32,458

White

Total, 16 years and older

126,600 74,227 3,487 1,322 942 241 701 70,741

16 to 24 years

15,989 11,685 1,049 433 263 57 205 10,636

25 to 54 years

79,027 15,866 1,336 579 420 107 313 14,530

55 years and older

31,584 46,676 1,102 311 259 77 182 45,574

Men, 16 years and older

68,367 29,853 1,677 662 501 151 350 28,177

16 to 24 years

8,260 5,736 565 226 145 35 110 5,172

25 to 54 years

42,920 4,618 568 273 216 69 147 4,050

55 years and older

17,187 19,499 543 163 141 47 93 18,956

Women, 16 years and older

58,233 44,374 1,810 661 441 90 351 42,564

16 to 24 years

7,729 5,949 484 207 118 22 95 5,465

25 to 54 years

36,106 11,248 768 306 204 38 166 10,481

55 years and older

14,398 27,177 559 148 119 30 89 26,618

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older

20,632 12,404 975 418 320 111 209 11,429

16 to 24 years

2,927 2,639 263 120 90 23 68 2,377

25 to 54 years

13,861 3,456 462 227 173 69 104 2,994

55 years and older

3,844 6,309 251 71 56 19 37 6,058

Men, 16 years and older

9,790 5,312 470 217 171 70 102 4,843

16 to 24 years

1,398 1,322 149 69 53 15 38 1,173

25 to 54 years

6,635 1,383 215 121 97 46 51 1,168

55 years and older

1,757 2,607 106 27 21 9 13 2,501

Women, 16 years and older

10,842 7,092 506 201 148 41 107 6,586

16 to 24 years

1,529 1,317 114 52 37 8 30 1,204

25 to 54 years

7,227 2,073 247 106 76 23 53 1,826

55 years and older

2,087 3,701 144 43 35 11 24 3,557

Asian

Total, 16 years and older

10,460 5,891 315 119 69 17 52 5,577

16 to 24 years

941 1,390 82 24 10 2 8 1,307

25 to 54 years

7,479 1,824 164 71 42 11 31 1,660

55 years and older

2,040 2,677 68 23 17 4 13 2,609

Men, 16 years and older

5,502 2,164 136 57 34 11 23 2,028

16 to 24 years

446 704 42 13 7 2 5 663

25 to 54 years

3,989 434 65 34 21 8 13 369

55 years and older

1,067 1,026 29 10 7 1 6 997

Women, 16 years and older

4,958 3,727 179 62 35 6 29 3,548

16 to 24 years

496 685 41 12 4 1 3 645

25 to 54 years

3,490 1,390 99 36 22 3 19 1,292

55 years and older

972 1,651 39 14 10 2 7 1,612

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

29,053 14,454 1,025 382 282 77 205 13,429

16 to 24 years

4,756 3,993 365 152 103 19 85 3,628

25 to 54 years

20,076 4,985 462 175 131 38 93 4,523

55 years and older

4,221 5,475 197 55 47 20 27 5,278

Men, 16 years and older

16,439 5,221 450 183 141 47 94 4,771

16 to 24 years

2,532 1,889 180 75 54 11 43 1,710

25 to 54 years

11,520 1,229 166 78 62 24 38 1,064

55 years and older

2,387 2,102 105 30 25 12 13 1,998

Women, 16 years and older

12,614 9,232 574 199 141 30 111 8,658

16 to 24 years

2,223 2,104 185 76 50 8 42 1,919

25 to 54 years

8,557 3,756 297 97 69 14 55 3,460

55 years and older

1,834 3,372 93 25 22 8 14 3,280

Footnotes
(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.
(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2019 annual averages
Year Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total

1979

$241 $248 $199 - $194

1980

262 269 212 - 209

1981

284 291 235 - 223

1982

302 310 245 - 240

1983

313 320 261 - 250

1984

326 336 269 - 259

1985

344 356 277 - 270

1986

359 371 291 - 277

1987

374 384 301 - 285

1988

385 395 314 - 290

1989

399 409 319 - 298

1990

412 424 329 - 304

1991

426 442 348 - 312

1992

440 458 357 - 321

1993

459 475 369 - 331

1994

467 484 371 - 324

1995

479 494 383 - 329

1996

490 506 387 - 339

1997

503 519 400 - 351

1998

523 545 426 - 370

1999

549 573 445 - 385

2000

576 590 474 $615 399

2001

596 610 491 639 417

2002

608 623 498 658 424

2003

620 636 514 693 440

2004

638 657 525 708 456

2005

651 672 520 753 471

2006

671 690 554 784 486

2007

695 716 569 830 503

2008

722 742 589 861 529

2009

739 757 601 880 541

2010

747 765 611 855 535

2011

756 775 615 866 549

2012

768 792 621 920 568

2013

776 802 629 942 578

2014

791 816 639 953 594

2015

809 835 641 993 604

2016

832 862 678 1,021 624

2017

860 890 682 1,043 655

2018

886 916 694 1,095 680

2019

917 945 735 1,174 706

Men

1979

$292 $298 $227 - $219

1980

313 320 244 - 234

1981

340 350 268 - 251

1982

364 375 278 - 269

1983

379 387 294 - 274

1984

392 401 303 - 287

1985

407 418 305 - 296

1986

419 433 319 - 299

1987

434 450 327 - 306

1988

449 465 348 - 308

1989

468 482 348 - 315

1990

481 494 361 - 318

1991

493 506 375 - 323

1992

501 514 380 - 339

1993

510 524 392 - 346

1994

522 547 400 - 343

1995

538 566 411 - 350

1996

557 580 412 - 356

1997

579 595 432 - 371

1998

598 615 468 - 390

1999

618 638 488 - 406

2000

641 662 510 $685 417

2001

670 689 529 732 440

2002

679 702 524 756 451

2003

695 715 555 772 464

2004

713 732 569 802 480

2005

722 743 559 825 489

2006

743 761 591 882 505

2007

766 788 600 936 520

2008

798 825 620 966 559

2009

819 845 621 952 569

2010

824 850 633 936 560

2011

832 856 653 970 571

2012

854 879 665 1,055 592

2013

860 884 664 1,059 594

2014

871 897 680 1,080 616

2015

895 920 680 1,129 631

2016

915 942 718 1,151 663

2017

941 971 710 1,207 690

2018

973 1,002 735 1,241 720

2019

1,007 1,036 769 1,336 747

Women

1979

$182 $184 $169 - $157

1980

201 203 185 - 172

1981

219 221 206 - 190

1982

239 242 217 - 203

1983

252 254 232 - 215

1984

265 268 241 - 223

1985

277 281 252 - 230

1986

291 294 264 - 241

1987

303 307 276 - 251

1988

315 318 288 - 260

1989

328 334 301 - 269

1990

346 353 308 - 278

1991

366 373 323 - 292

1992

380 387 335 - 302

1993

393 401 348 - 313

1994

399 408 346 - 305

1995

406 415 355 - 305

1996

418 428 362 - 316

1997

431 444 375 - 318

1998

456 468 400 - 337

1999

473 483 409 - 348

2000

493 502 429 $547 366

2001

512 522 454 563 388

2002

529 547 473 566 397

2003

552 567 491 598 410

2004

573 584 505 613 419

2005

585 596 499 665 429

2006

600 609 519 699 440

2007

614 626 533 731 473

2008

638 654 554 753 501

2009

657 669 582 779 509

2010

669 684 592 773 508

2011

684 703 595 751 518

2012

691 710 599 770 521

2013

706 722 606 819 541

2014

719 734 611 841 548

2015

726 743 615 877 566

2016

749 766 641 902 586

2017

770 795 657 903 603

2018

789 817 654 937 617

2019

821 840 704 1,025 642

Women's earnings as
a percent of men's

1979

62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980

64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981

64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982

65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983

66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984

67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985

68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986

69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987

69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

1988

70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989

70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990

71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991

74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992

75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993

77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994

76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995

75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996

75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997

74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998

76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999

76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000

76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001

76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002

77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003

79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004

80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005

81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006

80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007

80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008

79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009

80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010

81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011

82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012

80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013

82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014

82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015

81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016

81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

2017

81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4

2018

81.1 81.5 89.0 75.5 85.7

2019

81.5 81.1 91.5 76.7 85.9

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older

$969 $995 $769 $1,232 $734

Less than a high school diploma

592 604 536 538 583

High school graduates, no college(1)

746 778 635 683 693

Some college, no degree

833 869 712 846 765

Associate's degree

887 922 733 838 799

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)

1,367 1,380 1,110 1,579 1,155

Men, 25 years and older

1,070 1,107 814 1,373 781

Less than a high school diploma

644 658 575 616 622

High school graduates, no college(1)

844 888 696 739 761

Some college, no degree

967 1,003 780 932 863

Associate's degree

1,023 1,081 802 939 922

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)

1,573 1,612 1,144 1,823 1,290

Women, 25 years and older

865 883 735 1,082 675

Less than a high school diploma

494 497 478 487 493

High school graduates, no college(1)

633 653 586 607 593

Some college, no degree

717 735 645 765 677

Associate's degree

763 781 688 789 737

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)

1,195 1,197 1,077 1,416 1,044

Footnotes
(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages
Occupation and gender Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

$917 $945 $735 $1,174 $706

Management, professional, and related occupations

1,309 1,319 1,067 1,625 1,097

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

1,415 1,430 1,191 1,669 1,124

Management occupations

1,478 1,498 1,268 1,874 1,150

Business and financial operations occupations

1,285 1,295 1,120 1,520 1,036

Professional and related occupations

1,237 1,237 1,011 1,602 1,083

Computer and mathematical occupations

1,579 1,567 1,134 1,855 1,340

Architecture and engineering occupations

1,550 1,549 1,483 1,696 1,386

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1,334 1,311 1,236 1,546 1,142

Community and social services occupations

968 998 904 1,128 928

Legal occupations

1,562 1,614 1,262 1,752 1,253

Education, training, and library occupations

1,057 1,065 963 1,245 942

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

1,151 1,150 1,058 1,322 902

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

1,180 1,196 955 1,525 1,079

Service occupations

592 602 556 607 561

Healthcare support occupations

591 603 566 626 581

Protective service occupations

900 992 692 989 851

Food preparation and serving related occupations

522 521 503 595 521

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

580 590 522 592 551

Personal care and service occupations

565 574 515 591 535

Sales and office occupations

758 775 672 801 676

Sales and related occupations

830 878 649 810 658

Office and administrative support occupations

732 739 683 796 684

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

869 877 805 947 713

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

574 573 586 545 543

Construction and extraction occupations

866 877 783 970 726

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

939 957 853 976 834

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations

727 755 660 666 646

Production occupations

745 775 647 675 644

Transportation and material-moving occupations

711 729 668 652 648

Men, 16 years and older

$1,007 $1,036 $769 $1,336 $747

Management, professional, and related occupations

1,539 1,549 1,174 1,851 1,251

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

1,598 1,626 1,351 1,907 1,240

Management occupations

1,659 1,671 1,407 2,067 1,268

Business and financial operations occupations

1,468 1,493 1,170 1,700 1,135

Professional and related occupations

1,493 1,495 1,129 1,795 1,262

Computer and mathematical occupations

1,658 1,644 1,170 1,905 1,374

Architecture and engineering occupations

1,589 1,588 1,485 1,782 1,446

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1,447 1,437 1,152 1,627 1,181

Community and social services occupations

1,064 1,137 910 1,198 1,068

Legal occupations

1,999 2,081 1,330 2,194 1,568

Education, training, and library occupations

1,265 1,290 1,088 1,440 1,192

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

1,231 1,238 1,039 1,500 958

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

1,422 1,444 1,118 1,635 1,216

Service occupations

659 685 597 668 604

Healthcare support occupations

639 662 595 883 565

Protective service occupations

953 1,027 745 1,034 852

Food preparation and serving related occupations

576 572 538 624 564

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

618 635 563 606 598

Personal care and service occupations

624 638 597 617 661

Sales and office occupations

874 931 689 843 732

Sales and related occupations

982 1,037 763 844 774

Office and administrative support occupations

771 812 655 843 708

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

881 887 820 933 723

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

593 594 643 496 563

Construction and extraction occupations

873 880 794 962 730

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

943 962 859 936 829

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations

780 806 699 712 696

Production occupations

814 847 703 737 709

Transportation and material-moving occupations

747 768 696 678 686

Women, 16 years and older

$821 $840 $704 $1,025 $642

Management, professional, and related occupations

1,135 1,134 989 1,458 966

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

1,221 1,220 1,117 1,499 982

Management occupations

1,266 1,267 1,147 1,538 998

Business and financial operations occupations

1,148 1,139 1,056 1,441 950

Professional and related occupations

1,085 1,084 944 1,441 957

Computer and mathematical occupations

1,353 1,290 987 1,627 1,159

Architecture and engineering occupations

1,339 1,263 1,479 1,466 1,138

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1,237 1,220 1,271 1,365 1,083

Community and social services occupations

941 962 902 963 901

Legal occupations

1,266 1,251 1,261 1,554 1,139

Education, training, and library occupations

987 994 914 1,159 867

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

1,077 1,058 1,135 1,239 840

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

1,130 1,140 929 1,484 1,041

Service occupations

537 540 523 576 511

Healthcare support occupations

585 597 559 605 584

Protective service occupations

731 843 616 934 848

Food preparation and serving related occupations

492 493 477 538 486

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

502 505 493 545 493

Personal care and service occupations

531 541 495 573 508

Sales and office occupations

713 719 664 779 643

Sales and related occupations

677 708 582 770 582

Office and administrative support occupations

721 722 696 782 670

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

614 610 603 1,179 523

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

513 507 561 815 504

Construction and extraction occupations

711 731 593 1,513 618

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

850 857 784 1,090 948

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations

593 596 592 592 530

Production occupations

596 605 575 599 546

Transportation and material-moving occupations

586 573 617 574 509

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

The civilian noninstitutional population is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

The employed are people who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.

The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, but were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment refers to the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment refers to the status of unemployed individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:

  • Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs who began looking for work after the jobs ended.

  • Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.

  • Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.

  • New entrants, people who had never worked.

The civilian labor force includes all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.

The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

The labor force participation rate represents the number of people in the labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.

The employment––population ratio represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.

People not in the labor force are those who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.

Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.1

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality.2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.3

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).

The median of usual weekly earnings reflects the midpoint in a given earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.

A family is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the person, or one of the people, in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:

  • Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples only.

  • Families maintained by women and families maintained by men are each made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).

  • Children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.4



1 Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and industry data from the Current Population Survey,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 30, 2018), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

2 More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

3 See Bowler, et al, www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

4 A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Calculating Approximate Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Current Population Survey Estimates,” Current Population Survey (CPS) Technical Documentation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2018), https://www.bls.gov/cps/calculating-standard-errors-and-confidence-intervals.pdf.