April 2017 Report 1065

Women in the labor force: a databook

Over the past 70 years, women’s participation in labor force activities has greatly expanded. Immediately following World War II, less than one-third of women were in the labor force. However, women soon began to participate in greater numbers, and their labor force participation rose rapidly from the 1960s through the 1980s before slowing in the 1990s. Women reached the peak of their labor force participation in 1999, with a rate of 60.0 percent. Since then, labor force participation among women has declined, to 56.7 percent in 2015. In addition, a large share of women work full time and year-round. Over time, women have increasingly attained higher levels of education: among women ages 25 to 64 who are in the labor force, the proportion with a college degree more than tripled from 1970 to 2015, increasing from 11 percent to 41 percent. Women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings also have grown over time. In 1979, women working full time earned 62 percent of what men earned; in 2015, women’s earnings were 81 percent of men’s. This report presents historical and recent labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes at the end of this report.)

Selected demographic characteristics

Women’s labor force participation was 56.7 percent in 2015, down from 57.0 percent in 2014. Men’s labor force participation, which always has been much higher than that for women, was little changed at 69.1 percent in 2015. (See table 2.)

In 2015, the unemployment rate for women was 5.2 percent. The rate for men was 5.4 percent. Both figures were 0.9 percentage point lower than in 2014. Women’s jobless rates varied by race and ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (3.7 percent), followed by White (4.5 percent), Hispanic (7.1 percent), and Black (8.9 percent) women. (See tables 2 and 3.)

Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Divorced women had a higher labor force participation rate than married women, 62.7 percent versus 58.1 percent in 2015. By contrast, married men were more likely to participate in the labor force (73.4 percent) than divorced men (65.1 percent). (See table 4.)

Among mothers, the labor force participation rate was higher for those with children 6 to 17 years old than for those with younger children. In March 2015, the rate for women with children 6 to 17 years old was 74.6 percent. The rate for those with children under 6 years old was 63.9 percent, and the rate for women with children under 3 years old was lower, at 61.4 percent. (See table 5; data were collected in the 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Unmarried mothers have higher labor force participation rates than married mothers. In March 2015, 75.1 percent of unmarried mothers with children under 18 years old were in the labor force, compared with 67.6 percent of married mothers with children in the same age range. (See table 6; data were collected in the 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

The labor force participation rate of all women with children under 18 years of age was 69.9 percent in March 2015, down from 70.8 percent in 2014. (See table 7; data were collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Educational attainment

The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past 45 years. In 2015, 41 percent of this group held a Bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11 percent in 1970. About 6 percent of women had less than a high school diploma (that is, did not graduate from high school) in 2015, down from 34 percent in 1970. (See table 9A and 9B.)

Occupation and industry

In 2015, women accounted for 52 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related occupations, somewhat more than their share of total employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific occupations within this large category varied. For example, 18 percent of software developers, 28 percent of chief executives, and 35 percent of lawyers were women, whereas 89 percent of registered nurses, 81 percent of elementary and middle school teachers, and 60 percent of accountants and auditors were women. (See table 11.)

Asian and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and related occupations (50 percent and 44 percent, respectively) in 2015 than were Black (35 percent) and Hispanic (27 percent) women. Meanwhile, Hispanic (32 percent) and Black (28 percent) women were more likely than Asian and White women (20 percent each) to work in lower paying service occupations. (See table 12.)

In 2015, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several industry sectors: financial activities (53 percent), education and health services (75 percent), leisure and hospitality (51 percent), and other services (52 percent). However, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in agriculture (25 percent), mining (13 percent), construction (9 percent), manufacturing (29 percent), and transportation and utilities (23 percent). (See table 14.)

Earnings

In 2015, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $726, which represented 81 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($895). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians ($877) and Whites ($743) than for Blacks ($615) and Hispanics ($566). Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher for Blacks and Hispanics (90 percent each) than for Whites (81 percent) and Asians (78 percent). (See table 16; note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that may be important in explaining earnings differences.)

In 2015, female full-time wage and salary workers ages 25 and older with only a high school diploma had median usual weekly earnings of $586, which represented 83 percent of the earnings of women with an associate’s degree ($703) and 55 percent of the earnings of women with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,064). (See table 17.)

Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were the highest in 2015 for female chief executives ($1,836), pharmacists ($1,811), and lawyers ($1,717). (See table 18.)

In 2015, 4 percent of all women paid at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage ($7.25 per hour). Among women 25 years and older who were paid at an hourly rate, 3 percent had earnings at or below the minimum wage, compared with 10 percent of women ages 16 to 24. (See table 20.)

Hours of work

In 2015, 25 percent of employed women usually worked part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. The percentage of women working part time has not changed much over the past five decades. In comparison, 12 percent of employed men usually worked part time in 2015. This rate has gradually trended up over time, though it has leveled off in recent years. (See table 21.)

Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2014, 61 percent worked full time and year round, compared with 41 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round also rose over the period, from 66 percent in 1970 to 74 percent in 2014. (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 and 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

Married-couple families

Among married-couple families, 53 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2014, compared with 44 percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband worked represented 19 percent of married-couple families in 2014, versus 36 percent in 1967. (See table 24A and 24B; data were collected in the 1968 and 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

In 2014, working wives contributed 36 percent of their families’ incomes, up by 9 percentage points from 1970, when wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of their families’ total income. The proportion of wives earning more than their husbands also has grown: in 1987, 18 percent of working wives earned more than their working spouses; in 2014, the proportion was 28 percent. (See tables 25 and 26; data were collected in the 1971, 1988, and 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

The working poor

Among workers who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2014, more women (5.1 million) than men (4.4 million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 7.2 percent for women and 5.5 percent for men. Black and Hispanic women were considerably more likely than White or Asian women to be among the working poor. The working-poor rates for Black and Hispanic women were 14.6 percent and 12.6 percent, respectively, compared with 5.9 percent for White women and 4.6 percent for Asian women. (See table 27; data are from the 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

Worker displacement

From January 2013 through December 2015, 3.2 million workers ages 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 44 percent of those displaced. Women were about as likely as men to have found a new job in January 2016: the reemployment rate for women was 64 percent, compared with 67 percent for men. Among displaced workers, women and men were equally likely to be unemployed in January 2016, at 16 percent. About 20 percent of displaced women had left the labor force in January 2016, compared with 18 percent for men. (See table 28; data are from the January 2016 Displaced Worker Supplement to the CPS.)

Employee tenure

In January 2016, median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less tenure) for women declined to 4.0 years from 4.5 years in January 2014. For men, median tenure also declined; it was 4.3 years in January 2016, compared with 4.7 years in January 2014. (See table 29; data are from the January 2016 Displaced Worker Supplement to the CPS.)

School enrollment

Of the 3.0 million youth ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2015, about 2.1 million (69 percent) were enrolled in college in October. For 2015 high school graduates, the college enrollment rate was 73 percent for young women and 66 percent for young men. (See table 30.)

Female college students were more likely to be in the labor force (49.8 percent) than their male counterparts (45.4 percent). Labor force participation rates for female and male high school students were similar to one another (22.5 percent and 20.2 percent, respectively). (See table 31.)

In October 2015, the unemployment rates for youth ages 16 to 24 not enrolled in school who did not have a high school diploma were 22.6 percent for young women and 27.0 percent for young men. In contrast, the jobless rates of young women and men with at least a bachelor's degree were 7.7 percent and 4.5 percent, respectively.

Multiple jobholders and the self-employed

In 2015, 5.3 percent of employed women held more than one job. The rate for men was lower, at 4.5 percent. (See table 32.)

In 2015, 4.9 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.7 percent of their male counterparts. In 2015, 39 percent of the self-employed were women, compared with 27 percent in 1976. (See table 33.)

Foreign born

Foreign-born women were somewhat less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2015 (52.9 percent, compared with 57.4 percent). Foreign-born women had an unemployment rate of 5.6 percent, compared with 5.1 percent for native-born women. Foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (78.2 percent) than native-born men (67.3 percent). (See table 34.)

Union membership

In 2015, 10.6 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 11.5 percent for their male counterparts. For both men and women, the union membership rate in 2015 was lower than in 1983, but the rate has fallen much more for men over the 1983–2015 period. In 1983, union membership rates were 24.7 percent for men and 14.6 percent for women. (See table 35.)

Veterans

There were 1.2 million female veterans in the labor force in 2015. This represents about 12 percent of the 10.8 million veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces. The unemployment rate for female veterans was 5.4 percent in 2015. (See table 36.)

Women with disabilities

Of the 16.0 million women with disabilities in 2015, 2.7 million, or 16.7 percent, were in the labor force. About half of women with disabilities were age 65 and older; labor force participation among this age group was 5.1 percent, compared with 28.1 percent for those ages 16 to 64. For women with a disability who were age 16 and older, the unemployment rate was 10.8 percent, twice that for women without a disability (5.0 percent). (See table 37.)

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2015 annual averages (Number in thousands)
Age	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total
16 years and older	250,801	157,130	62.7	148,834	59.3	8,296	5.3	93,671
16 to 19 years	16,619	5,700	34.3	4,734	28.5	966	16.9	10,919
16 to 17 years	8,852	1,987	22.5	1,624	18.3	363	18.3	6,864
18 to 19 years	7,767	3,713	47.8	3,110	40.0	603	16.2	4,055
20 to 24 years	21,971	15,523	70.7	14,022	63.8	1,501	9.7	6,448
25 to 54 years	125,109	101,152	80.9	96,638	77.2	4,515	4.5	23,957
25 to 34 years	42,771	34,647	81.0	32,742	76.6	1,905	5.5	8,125
25 to 29 years	21,716	17,494	80.6	16,437	75.7	1,057	6.0	4,223
30 to 34 years	21,055	17,153	81.5	16,305	77.4	848	4.9	3,902
35 to 44 years	39,701	32,603	82.1	31,252	78.7	1,351	4.1	7,098
35 to 39 years	19,885	16,267	81.8	15,559	78.2	708	4.4	3,618
40 to 44 years	19,816	16,336	82.4	15,693	79.2	643	3.9	3,479
45 to 54 years	42,637	33,902	79.5	32,643	76.6	1,259	3.7	8,734
45 to 49 years	20,531	16,640	81.0	16,024	78.0	616	3.7	3,891
50 to 54 years	22,106	17,262	78.1	16,619	75.2	643	3.7	4,844
55 to 64 years	40,594	25,954	63.9	24,975	61.5	978	3.8	14,640
55 to 59 years	21,524	15,395	71.5	14,818	68.8	576	3.7	6,129
60 to 64 years	19,070	10,559	55.4	10,157	53.3	402	3.8	8,511
65 years and older	46,509	8,801	18.9	8,465	18.2	337	3.8	37,708
65 to 69 years	15,976	5,124	32.1	4,926	30.8	198	3.9	10,852
70 to 74 years	11,329	2,104	18.6	2,021	17.8	83	3.9	9,225
75 years and older	19,203	1,573	8.2	1,517	7.9	56	3.5	17,630
Women
16 years and older	129,700	73,510	56.7	69,703	53.7	3,807	5.2	56,190
16 to 19 years	8,189	2,815	34.4	2,380	29.1	435	15.5	5,374
16 to 17 years	4,342	991	22.8	825	19.0	166	16.7	3,351
18 to 19 years	3,847	1,824	47.4	1,555	40.4	269	14.8	2,023
20 to 24 years	10,959	7,485	68.3	6,849	62.5	636	8.5	3,474
25 to 54 years	63,684	46,926	73.7	44,786	70.3	2,140	4.6	16,758
25 to 34 years	21,629	15,871	73.4	14,996	69.3	874	5.5	5,758
25 to 29 years	10,938	8,076	73.8	7,596	69.4	480	5.9	2,862
30 to 34 years	10,691	7,795	72.9	7,400	69.2	394	5.1	2,896
35 to 44 years	20,257	15,047	74.3	14,391	71.0	656	4.4	5,210
35 to 39 years	10,129	7,454	73.6	7,115	70.2	339	4.5	2,675
40 to 44 years	10,128	7,593	75.0	7,276	71.8	317	4.2	2,536
45 to 54 years	21,798	16,009	73.4	15,399	70.6	610	3.8	5,789
45 to 49 years	10,470	7,801	74.5	7,491	71.6	310	4.0	2,669
50 to 54 years	11,328	8,208	72.5	7,907	69.8	300	3.7	3,121
55 to 64 years	21,076	12,326	58.5	11,884	56.4	442	3.6	8,749
55 to 59 years	11,103	7,362	66.3	7,105	64.0	257	3.5	3,740
60 to 64 years	9,973	4,964	49.8	4,779	47.9	185	3.7	5,009
65 years and older	25,792	3,957	15.3	3,804	14.7	153	3.9	21,835
65 to 69 years	8,487	2,370	27.9	2,275	26.8	95	4.0	6,117
70 to 74 years	6,106	913	14.9	880	14.4	33	3.6	5,194
75 years and older	11,199	674	6.0	649	5.8	25	3.7	10,525
Men
16 years and older	121,101	83,620	69.1	79,131	65.3	4,490	5.4	37,481
16 to 19 years	8,430	2,885	34.2	2,354	27.9	531	18.4	5,545
16 to 17 years	4,509	997	22.1	799	17.7	197	19.8	3,513
18 to 19 years	3,920	1,888	48.2	1,555	39.7	333	17.6	2,032
20 to 24 years	11,012	8,038	73.0	7,173	65.1	865	10.8	2,974
25 to 54 years	61,425	54,226	88.3	51,851	84.4	2,374	4.4	7,199
25 to 34 years	21,142	18,776	88.8	17,746	83.9	1,030	5.5	2,366
25 to 29 years	10,778	9,418	87.4	8,841	82.0	577	6.1	1,360
30 to 34 years	10,364	9,358	90.3	8,905	85.9	454	4.8	1,006
35 to 44 years	19,444	17,556	90.3	16,861	86.7	695	4.0	1,887
35 to 39 years	9,757	8,813	90.3	8,444	86.6	369	4.2	944
40 to 44 years	9,687	8,743	90.3	8,417	86.9	327	3.7	944
45 to 54 years	20,839	17,893	85.9	17,245	82.8	649	3.6	2,945
45 to 49 years	10,061	8,839	87.9	8,533	84.8	306	3.5	1,222
50 to 54 years	10,778	9,054	84.0	8,712	80.8	343	3.8	1,723
55 to 64 years	19,518	13,627	69.8	13,092	67.1	536	3.9	5,891
55 to 59 years	10,421	8,032	77.1	7,713	74.0	319	4.0	2,389
60 to 64 years	9,097	5,595	61.5	5,378	59.1	217	3.9	3,502
65 years and older	20,717	4,845	23.4	4,661	22.5	184	3.8	15,872
65 to 69 years	7,489	2,754	36.8	2,652	35.4	103	3.7	4,735
70 to 74 years	5,223	1,192	22.8	1,141	21.9	50	4.2	4,031
75 years and older	8,004	898	11.2	868	10.8	31	3.4	7,106
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total
1948	103,068	60,621	58.8	58,343	56.6	2,276	3.8	42,447
1949	103,994	61,286	58.9	57,651	55.4	3,637	5.9	42,708
1950	104,995	62,208	59.2	58,918	56.1	3,288	5.3	42,787
1951	104,621	62,017	59.2	59,961	57.3	2,055	3.3	42,604
1952	105,231	62,138	59.0	60,250	57.3	1,883	3.0	43,093
1953	107,056	63,015	58.9	61,179	57.1	1,834	2.9	44,041
1954	108,321	63,643	58.8	60,109	55.5	3,532	5.5	44,678
1955	109,683	65,023	59.3	62,170	56.7	2,852	4.4	44,660
1956	110,954	66,552	60.0	63,799	57.5	2,750	4.1	44,402
1957	112,265	66,929	59.6	64,071	57.1	2,859	4.3	45,336
1958	113,727	67,639	59.5	63,036	55.4	4,602	6.8	46,088
1959	115,329	68,369	59.3	64,630	56.0	3,740	5.5	46,960
1960	117,245	69,628	59.4	65,778	56.1	3,852	5.5	47,617
1961	118,771	70,459	59.3	65,746	55.4	4,714	6.7	48,312
1962	120,153	70,614	58.8	66,702	55.5	3,911	5.5	49,539
1963	122,416	71,833	58.7	67,762	55.4	4,070	5.7	50,583
1964	124,485	73,091	58.7	69,305	55.7	3,786	5.2	51,394
1965	126,513	74,455	58.9	71,088	56.2	3,366	4.5	52,058
1966	128,058	75,770	59.2	72,895	56.9	2,875	3.8	52,288
1967	129,874	77,347	59.6	74,372	57.3	2,975	3.8	52,527
1968	132,028	78,737	59.6	75,920	57.5	2,817	3.6	53,291
1969	134,335	80,734	60.1	77,902	58.0	2,832	3.5	53,602
1970	137,085	82,771	60.4	78,678	57.4	4,093	4.9	54,315
1971	140,216	84,382	60.2	79,367	56.6	5,016	5.9	55,834
1972	144,126	87,034	60.4	82,153	57.0	4,882	5.6	57,091
1973	147,096	89,429	60.8	85,064	57.8	4,365	4.9	57,667
1974	150,120	91,949	61.3	86,794	57.8	5,156	5.6	58,171
1975	153,153	93,775	61.2	85,846	56.1	7,929	8.5	59,377
1976	156,150	96,158	61.6	88,752	56.8	7,406	7.7	59,991
1977	159,033	99,009	62.3	92,017	57.9	6,991	7.1	60,025
1978	161,910	102,251	63.2	96,048	59.3	6,202	6.1	59,659
1979	164,863	104,962	63.7	98,824	59.9	6,137	5.8	59,900
1980	167,745	106,940	63.8	99,303	59.2	7,637	7.1	60,806
1981	170,130	108,670	63.9	100,397	59.0	8,273	7.6	61,460
1982	172,271	110,204	64.0	99,526	57.8	10,678	9.7	62,067
1983	174,215	111,550	64.0	100,834	57.9	10,717	9.6	62,665
1984	176,383	113,544	64.4	105,005	59.5	8,539	7.5	62,839
1985	178,206	115,461	64.8	107,150	60.1	8,312	7.2	62,744
1986	180,587	117,834	65.3	109,597	60.7	8,237	7.0	62,752
1987	182,753	119,865	65.6	112,440	61.5	7,425	6.2	62,888
1988	184,613	121,669	65.9	114,968	62.3	6,701	5.5	62,944
1989	186,393	123,869	66.5	117,342	63.0	6,528	5.3	62,523
1990	189,164	125,840	66.5	118,793	62.8	7,047	5.6	63,324
1991	190,925	126,346	66.2	117,718	61.7	8,628	6.8	64,578
1992	192,805	128,105	66.4	118,492	61.5	9,613	7.5	64,700
1993	194,838	129,200	66.3	120,259	61.7	8,940	6.9	65,638
1994	196,814	131,056	66.6	123,060	62.5	7,996	6.1	65,758
1995	198,584	132,304	66.6	124,900	62.9	7,404	5.6	66,280
1996	200,591	133,943	66.8	126,708	63.2	7,236	5.4	66,647
1997	203,133	136,297	67.1	129,558	63.8	6,739	4.9	66,837
1998	205,220	137,673	67.1	131,463	64.1	6,210	4.5	67,547
1999	207,753	139,368	67.1	133,488	64.3	5,880	4.2	68,385
2000	212,577	142,583	67.1	136,891	64.4	5,692	4.0	69,994
2001	215,092	143,734	66.8	136,933	63.7	6,801	4.7	71,359
2002	217,570	144,863	66.6	136,485	62.7	8,378	5.8	72,707
2003	221,168	146,510	66.2	137,736	62.3	8,774	6.0	74,658
2004	223,357	147,401	66.0	139,252	62.3	8,149	5.5	75,956
2005	226,082	149,320	66.0	141,730	62.7	7,591	5.1	76,762
2006	228,815	151,428	66.2	144,427	63.1	7,001	4.6	77,387
2007	231,867	153,124	66.0	146,047	63.0	7,078	4.6	78,743
2008	233,788	154,287	66.0	145,362	62.2	8,924	5.8	79,501
2009	235,801	154,142	65.4	139,877	59.3	14,265	9.3	81,659
2010	237,830	153,889	64.7	139,064	58.5	14,825	9.6	83,941
2011	239,618	153,617	64.1	139,869	58.4	13,747	8.9	86,001
2012	243,284	154,975	63.7	142,469	58.6	12,506	8.1	88,310
2013	245,679	155,389	63.2	143,929	58.6	11,460	7.4	90,290
2014	247,947	155,922	62.9	146,305	59.0	9,617	6.2	92,025
2015	250,801	157,130	62.7	148,834	59.3	8,296	5.3	93,671
Women
1948	53,071	17,335	32.7	16,617	31.3	717	4.1	35,737
1949	53,670	17,788	33.1	16,723	31.2	1,065	6.0	35,883
1950	54,270	18,389	33.9	17,340	32.0	1,049	5.7	35,881
1951	54,895	19,016	34.6	18,181	33.1	834	4.4	35,879
1952	55,529	19,269	34.7	18,568	33.4	698	3.6	36,261
1953	56,305	19,382	34.4	18,749	33.3	632	3.3	36,924
1954	56,925	19,678	34.6	18,490	32.5	1,188	6.0	37,247
1955	57,574	20,548	35.7	19,551	34.0	998	4.9	37,026
1956	58,228	21,461	36.9	20,419	35.1	1,039	4.8	36,769
1957	58,951	21,732	36.9	20,714	35.1	1,018	4.7	37,218
1958	59,690	22,118	37.1	20,613	34.5	1,504	6.8	37,574
1959	60,534	22,483	37.1	21,164	35.0	1,320	5.9	38,053
1960	61,582	23,240	37.7	21,874	35.5	1,366	5.9	38,343
1961	62,484	23,806	38.1	22,090	35.4	1,717	7.2	38,679
1962	63,321	24,014	37.9	22,525	35.6	1,488	6.2	39,308
1963	64,494	24,704	38.3	23,105	35.8	1,598	6.5	39,791
1964	65,637	25,412	38.7	23,831	36.3	1,581	6.2	40,225
1965	66,731	26,200	39.3	24,748	37.1	1,452	5.5	40,531
1966	67,795	27,299	40.3	25,976	38.3	1,324	4.8	40,496
1967	68,968	28,360	41.1	26,893	39.0	1,468	5.2	40,608
1968	70,179	29,204	41.6	27,807	39.6	1,397	4.8	40,976
1969	71,436	30,513	42.7	29,084	40.7	1,429	4.7	40,924
1970	72,782	31,543	43.3	29,688	40.8	1,855	5.9	41,239
1971	74,274	32,202	43.4	29,976	40.4	2,227	6.9	42,072
1972	76,290	33,479	43.9	31,257	41.0	2,222	6.6	42,811
1973	77,804	34,804	44.7	32,715	42.0	2,089	6.0	43,000
1974	79,312	36,211	45.7	33,769	42.6	2,441	6.7	43,101
1975	80,860	37,475	46.3	33,989	42.0	3,486	9.3	43,386
1976	82,390	38,983	47.3	35,615	43.2	3,369	8.6	43,406
1977	83,840	40,613	48.4	37,289	44.5	3,324	8.2	43,227
1978	85,334	42,631	50.0	39,569	46.4	3,061	7.2	42,703
1979	86,843	44,235	50.9	41,217	47.5	3,018	6.8	42,608
1980	88,348	45,487	51.5	42,117	47.7	3,370	7.4	42,861
1981	89,618	46,696	52.1	43,000	48.0	3,696	7.9	42,922
1982	90,748	47,755	52.6	43,256	47.7	4,499	9.4	42,993
1983	91,684	48,503	52.9	44,047	48.0	4,457	9.2	43,181
1984	92,778	49,709	53.6	45,915	49.5	3,794	7.6	43,068
1985	93,736	51,050	54.5	47,259	50.4	3,791	7.4	42,686
1986	94,789	52,413	55.3	48,706	51.4	3,707	7.1	42,376
1987	95,853	53,658	56.0	50,334	52.5	3,324	6.2	42,195
1988	96,756	54,742	56.6	51,696	53.4	3,046	5.6	42,014
1989	97,630	56,030	57.4	53,027	54.3	3,003	5.4	41,601
1990	98,787	56,829	57.5	53,689	54.3	3,140	5.5	41,957
1991	99,646	57,178	57.4	53,496	53.7	3,683	6.4	42,468
1992	100,535	58,141	57.8	54,052	53.8	4,090	7.0	42,394
1993	101,506	58,795	57.9	54,910	54.1	3,885	6.6	42,711
1994	102,460	60,239	58.8	56,610	55.3	3,629	6.0	42,221
1995	103,406	60,944	58.9	57,523	55.6	3,421	5.6	42,462
1996	104,385	61,857	59.3	58,501	56.0	3,356	5.4	42,528
1997	105,418	63,036	59.8	59,873	56.8	3,162	5.0	42,382
1998	106,462	63,714	59.8	60,771	57.1	2,944	4.6	42,748
1999	108,031	64,855	60.0	62,042	57.4	2,814	4.3	43,175
2000	110,613	66,303	59.9	63,586	57.5	2,717	4.1	44,310
2001	111,811	66,848	59.8	63,737	57.0	3,111	4.7	44,962
2002	112,985	67,363	59.6	63,582	56.3	3,781	5.6	45,621
2003	114,733	68,272	59.5	64,404	56.1	3,868	5.7	46,461
2004	115,647	68,421	59.2	64,728	56.0	3,694	5.4	47,225
2005	116,931	69,288	59.3	65,757	56.2	3,531	5.1	47,643
2006	118,210	70,173	59.4	66,925	56.6	3,247	4.6	48,037
2007	119,694	70,988	59.3	67,792	56.6	3,196	4.5	48,707
2008	120,675	71,767	59.5	67,876	56.2	3,891	5.4	48,908
2009	121,665	72,019	59.2	66,208	54.4	5,811	8.1	49,646
2010	122,656	71,904	58.6	65,705	53.6	6,199	8.6	50,752
2011	123,300	71,642	58.1	65,579	53.2	6,063	8.5	51,658
2012	125,941	72,648	57.7	66,914	53.1	5,734	7.9	53,293
2013	127,124	72,722	57.2	67,577	53.2	5,146	7.1	54,401
2014	128,199	73,039	57.0	68,613	53.5	4,426	6.1	55,159
2015	129,700	73,510	56.7	69,703	53.7	3,807	5.2	56,190
Men
1948	49,996	43,286	86.6	41,725	83.5	1,559	3.6	6,710
1949	50,321	43,498	86.4	40,925	81.3	2,572	5.9	6,825
1950	50,725	43,819	86.4	41,578	82.0	2,239	5.1	6,906
1951	49,727	43,001	86.3	41,780	84.0	1,221	2.8	6,725
1952	49,700	42,869	86.3	41,682	83.9	1,185	2.8	6,832
1953	50,750	43,633	86.0	42,430	83.6	1,202	2.8	7,117
1954	51,395	43,965	85.5	41,619	81.0	2,344	5.3	7,431
1955	52,109	44,475	85.4	42,621	81.8	1,854	4.2	7,634
1956	52,723	45,091	85.5	43,379	82.3	1,711	3.8	7,633
1957	53,315	45,197	84.8	43,357	81.3	1,841	4.1	8,118
1958	54,033	45,521	84.2	42,423	78.5	3,098	6.8	8,514
1959	54,793	45,886	83.7	43,466	79.3	2,420	5.2	8,907
1960	55,662	46,388	83.3	43,904	78.9	2,486	5.4	9,274
1961	56,286	46,653	82.9	43,656	77.6	2,997	6.4	9,633
1962	56,831	46,600	82.0	44,177	77.7	2,423	5.2	10,231
1963	57,921	47,129	81.4	44,657	77.1	2,472	5.2	10,792
1964	58,847	47,679	81.0	45,474	77.3	2,205	4.6	11,169
1965	59,782	48,255	80.7	46,340	77.5	1,914	4.0	11,527
1966	60,262	48,471	80.4	46,919	77.9	1,551	3.2	11,792
1967	60,905	48,987	80.4	47,479	78.0	1,508	3.1	11,919
1968	61,847	49,533	80.1	48,114	77.8	1,419	2.9	12,315
1969	62,898	50,221	79.8	48,818	77.6	1,403	2.8	12,677
1970	64,304	51,228	79.7	48,990	76.2	2,238	4.4	13,076
1971	65,942	52,180	79.1	49,390	74.9	2,789	5.3	13,762
1972	67,835	53,555	78.9	50,896	75.0	2,659	5.0	14,280
1973	69,292	54,624	78.8	52,349	75.5	2,275	4.2	14,667
1974	70,808	55,739	78.7	53,024	74.9	2,714	4.9	15,069
1975	72,291	56,299	77.9	51,857	71.7	4,442	7.9	15,993
1976	73,759	57,174	77.5	53,138	72.0	4,036	7.1	16,585
1977	75,193	58,396	77.7	54,728	72.8	3,667	6.3	16,797
1978	76,576	59,620	77.9	56,479	73.8	3,142	5.3	16,956
1979	78,020	60,726	77.8	57,607	73.8	3,120	5.1	17,293
1980	79,398	61,453	77.4	57,186	72.0	4,267	6.9	17,945
1981	80,511	61,974	77.0	57,397	71.3	4,577	7.4	18,537
1982	81,523	62,450	76.6	56,271	69.0	6,179	9.9	19,073
1983	82,531	63,047	76.4	56,787	68.8	6,260	9.9	19,484
1984	83,605	63,835	76.4	59,091	70.7	4,744	7.4	19,771
1985	84,469	64,411	76.3	59,891	70.9	4,521	7.0	20,058
1986	85,798	65,422	76.3	60,892	71.0	4,530	6.9	20,376
1987	86,899	66,207	76.2	62,107	71.5	4,101	6.2	20,692
1988	87,857	66,927	76.2	63,273	72.0	3,655	5.5	20,930
1989	88,762	67,840	76.4	64,315	72.5	3,525	5.2	20,923
1990	90,377	69,011	76.4	65,104	72.0	3,906	5.7	21,367
1991	91,278	69,168	75.8	64,223	70.4	4,946	7.2	22,110
1992	92,270	69,964	75.8	64,440	69.8	5,523	7.9	22,306
1993	93,332	70,404	75.4	65,349	70.0	5,055	7.2	22,927
1994	94,355	70,817	75.1	66,450	70.4	4,367	6.2	23,538
1995	95,178	71,360	75.0	67,377	70.8	3,983	5.6	23,818
1996	96,206	72,087	74.9	68,207	70.9	3,880	5.4	24,119
1997	97,715	73,261	75.0	69,685	71.3	3,577	4.9	24,454
1998	98,758	73,959	74.9	70,693	71.6	3,266	4.4	24,799
1999	99,722	74,512	74.7	71,446	71.6	3,066	4.1	25,210
2000	101,964	76,280	74.8	73,305	71.9	2,975	3.9	25,684
2001	103,282	76,886	74.4	73,196	70.9	3,690	4.8	26,396
2002	104,585	77,500	74.1	72,903	69.7	4,597	5.9	27,085
2003	106,435	78,238	73.5	73,332	68.9	4,906	6.3	28,197
2004	107,710	78,980	73.3	74,524	69.2	4,456	5.6	28,730
2005	109,151	80,033	73.3	75,973	69.6	4,059	5.1	29,119
2006	110,605	81,255	73.5	77,502	70.1	3,753	4.6	29,350
2007	112,173	82,136	73.2	78,254	69.8	3,882	4.7	30,036
2008	113,113	82,520	73.0	77,486	68.5	5,033	6.1	30,593
2009	114,136	82,123	72.0	73,670	64.5	8,453	10.3	32,013
2010	115,174	81,985	71.2	73,359	63.7	8,626	10.5	33,189
2011	116,317	81,975	70.5	74,290	63.9	7,684	9.4	34,343
2012	117,343	82,327	70.2	75,555	64.4	6,771	8.2	35,017
2013	118,555	82,667	69.7	76,353	64.4	6,314	7.6	35,889
2014	119,748	82,882	69.2	77,692	64.9	5,190	6.3	36,865
2015	121,101	83,620	69.1	79,131	65.3	4,490	5.4	37,481
Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
White
Total, 16 years and older	196,868	123,607	62.8	117,944	59.9	5,662	4.6	73,261
16 to 19 years	12,323	4,487	36.4	3,824	31.0	662	14.8	7,836
20 to 24 years	16,171	11,755	72.7	10,784	66.7	970	8.3	4,416
25 to 54 years	95,856	78,300	81.7	75,276	78.5	3,024	3.9	17,556
55 to 64 years	33,005	21,534	65.2	20,783	63.0	751	3.5	11,471
65 years and older	39,513	7,531	19.1	7,276	18.4	255	3.4	31,982
Women, 16 years and older	100,720	56,589	56.2	54,052	53.7	2,537	4.5	44,132
16 to 19 years	6,040	2,178	36.1	1,891	31.3	288	13.2	3,862
20 to 24 years	8,007	5,589	69.8	5,200	64.9	390	7.0	2,418
25 to 54 years	48,024	35,472	73.9	34,078	71.0	1,393	3.9	12,553
55 to 64 years	16,938	10,045	59.3	9,695	57.2	351	3.5	6,893
65 years and older	21,711	3,304	15.2	3,188	14.7	116	3.5	18,407
Men, 16 years and older	96,147	67,018	69.7	63,892	66.5	3,126	4.7	29,129
16 to 19 years	6,282	2,308	36.7	1,934	30.8	375	16.2	3,974
20 to 24 years	8,164	6,165	75.5	5,585	68.4	581	9.4	1,999
25 to 54 years	47,831	42,829	89.5	41,198	86.1	1,630	3.8	5,003
55 to 64 years	16,067	11,489	71.5	11,088	69.0	400	3.5	4,579
65 years and older	17,802	4,227	23.7	4,088	23.0	139	3.3	13,575
Black or African American
Total, 16 years and older	31,386	19,318	61.5	17,472	55.7	1,846	9.6	12,068
16 to 19 years	2,491	701	28.1	502	20.1	199	28.4	1,790
20 to 24 years	3,425	2,337	68.2	1,953	57.0	384	16.4	1,089
25 to 54 years	16,545	12,984	78.5	11,924	72.1	1,061	8.2	3,561
55 to 64 years	4,718	2,584	54.8	2,433	51.6	151	5.8	2,134
65 years and older	4,207	711	16.9	660	15.7	51	7.2	3,496
Women, 16 years and older	17,118	10,218	59.7	9,308	54.4	911	8.9	6,899
16 to 19 years	1,254	376	29.9	276	22.0	99	26.4	879
20 to 24 years	1,764	1,192	67.6	1,017	57.7	174	14.6	572
25 to 54 years	8,998	6,880	76.5	6,333	70.4	547	8.0	2,118
55 to 64 years	2,588	1,381	53.4	1,319	51.0	62	4.5	1,207
65 years and older	2,515	391	15.6	363	14.4	28	7.2	2,123
Men, 16 years and older	14,268	9,099	63.8	8,164	57.2	935	10.3	5,169
16 to 19 years	1,237	326	26.3	226	18.2	100	30.8	911
20 to 24 years	1,662	1,145	68.9	936	56.3	209	18.3	517
25 to 54 years	7,547	6,105	80.9	5,591	74.1	514	8.4	1,442
55 to 64 years	2,130	1,204	56.5	1,115	52.3	89	7.4	927
65 years and older	1,692	320	18.9	297	17.5	23	7.2	1,372
Asian
Total, 16 years and older	14,420	9,053	62.8	8,706	60.4	347	3.8	5,366
16 to 19 years	833	172	20.6	147	17.7	25	14.4	661
20 to 24 years	1,293	682	52.8	625	48.4	57	8.4	610
25 to 54 years	8,317	6,476	77.9	6,283	75.5	193	3.0	1,842
55 to 64 years	1,960	1,315	67.1	1,263	64.4	53	4.0	644
65 years and older	2,017	408	20.2	388	19.3	20	4.8	1,609
Women, 16 years and older	7,683	4,242	55.2	4,086	53.2	156	3.7	3,441
16 to 19 years	428	89	20.8	79	18.4	10	11.4	339
20 to 24 years	637	335	52.6	307	48.2	28	8.4	302
25 to 54 years	4,407	2,988	67.8	2,894	65.7	93	3.1	1,419
55 to 64 years	1,077	652	60.5	633	58.8	19	2.9	425
65 years and older	1,135	179	15.8	174	15.3	6	3.2	956
Men, 16 years and older	6,737	4,811	71.4	4,620	68.6	191	4.0	1,925
16 to 19 years	406	83	20.5	69	16.9	15	17.7	322
20 to 24 years	656	347	53.0	318	48.6	29	8.4	308
25 to 54 years	3,911	3,488	89.2	3,389	86.7	99	2.9	423
55 to 64 years	883	664	75.1	630	71.3	34	5.1	219
65 years and older	882	229	25.9	215	24.4	14	6.1	653
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	39,617	26,126	65.9	24,400	61.6	1,726	6.6	13,491
16 to 19 years	3,705	1,144	30.9	922	24.9	221	19.3	2,562
20 to 24 years	4,697	3,365	71.6	3,027	64.4	338	10.0	1,332
25 to 54 years	23,262	18,315	78.7	17,326	74.5	989	5.4	4,948
55 to 64 years	4,255	2,666	62.7	2,523	59.3	143	5.4	1,589
65 years and older	3,698	637	17.2	601	16.3	36	5.6	3,061
Women, 16 years and older	19,872	11,072	55.7	10,289	51.8	783	7.1	8,800
16 to 19 years	1,820	533	29.3	436	23.9	98	18.3	1,287
20 to 24 years	2,301	1,514	65.8	1,372	59.6	142	9.4	787
25 to 54 years	11,452	7,593	66.3	7,120	62.2	473	6.2	3,859
55 to 64 years	2,205	1,151	52.2	1,091	49.5	60	5.2	1,054
65 years and older	2,094	280	13.4	270	12.9	11	3.9	1,813
Men, 16 years and older	19,745	15,054	76.2	14,111	71.5	943	6.3	4,691
16 to 19 years	1,886	610	32.4	487	25.8	124	20.3	1,275
20 to 24 years	2,396	1,851	77.3	1,655	69.1	196	10.6	545
25 to 54 years	11,810	10,722	90.8	10,206	86.4	516	4.8	1,089
55 to 64 years	2,050	1,515	73.9	1,432	69.9	83	5.5	535
65 years and older	1,604	356	22.2	331	20.7	25	7.0	1,248
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Marital status and gender	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total
Total, 16 years and older	250,801	157,130	62.7	148,834	59.3	8,296	5.3	93,671
Married, spouse present	125,178	82,383	65.8	79,935	63.9	2,448	3.0	42,795
Unmarried, total	125,623	74,747	59.5	68,898	54.8	5,848	7.8	50,876
Never married	76,296	49,541	64.9	45,147	59.2	4,394	8.9	26,755
Other martial status	49,327	25,206	51.1	23,751	48.2	1,455	5.8	24,121
Divorced	25,720	16,377	63.7	15,484	60.2	893	5.5	9,343
Separated	8,783	5,856	66.7	5,436	61.9	420	7.2	2,927
Widowed	14,823	2,973	20.1	2,831	19.1	142	4.8	11,850
Women
Total, 16 years and older	129,700	73,510	56.7	69,703	53.7	3,807	5.2	56,190
Married, spouse present	62,203	36,135	58.1	34,997	56.3	1,138	3.1	26,067
Unmarried, total	67,497	37,374	55.4	34,706	51.4	2,669	7.1	30,123
Never married	36,145	22,738	62.9	20,881	57.8	1,857	8.2	13,408
Other martial status	31,352	14,637	46.7	13,825	44.1	812	5.5	16,715
Divorced	15,003	9,402	62.7	8,927	59.5	475	5.1	5,601
Separated	4,820	3,036	63.0	2,801	58.1	235	7.7	1,784
Widowed	11,529	2,199	19.1	2,097	18.2	101	4.6	9,331
Men
Total, 16 years and older	121,101	83,620	69.1	79,131	65.3	4,490	5.4	37,481
Married, spouse present	62,975	46,248	73.4	44,938	71.4	1,310	2.8	16,727
Unmarried, total	58,126	37,373	64.3	34,193	58.8	3,180	8.5	20,753
Never married	40,151	26,803	66.8	24,267	60.4	2,537	9.5	13,348
Other martial status	17,975	10,569	58.8	9,926	55.2	643	6.1	7,405
Divorced	10,718	6,975	65.1	6,557	61.2	417	6.0	3,743
Separated	3,963	2,820	71.2	2,635	66.5	185	6.6	1,143
Widowed	3,294	774	23.5	734	22.3	40	5.2	2,520
Note: Separated includes married, spouse absent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total
Women, 16 years and older	129,342	73,380	56.7	69,636	53.8	3,744	5.1	55,962
With children under 18 years old	35,911	25,107	69.9	23,841	66.4	1,265	5.0	10,805
With children 6 to 17, none younger	20,192	15,059	74.6	14,437	71.5	622	4.1	5,133
With children under 6 years old	15,719	10,048	63.9	9,405	59.8	643	6.4	5,671
With children under 3 years old	8,953	5,494	61.4	5,119	57.2	375	6.8	3,459
With no children under 18 years old	93,431	48,273	51.7	45,794	49.0	2,479	5.1	45,158
Men, 16 years and older	120,738	83,108	68.8	77,987	64.6	5,121	6.2	37,630
With children under 18 years old	27,198	25,244	92.8	24,318	89.4	925	3.7	1,954
With children 6 to 17, none younger	15,468	14,191	91.7	13,685	88.5	506	3.6	1,277
With children under 6 years old	11,730	11,053	94.2	10,634	90.7	419	3.8	677
With children under 3 years old	6,777	6,401	94.5	6,160	90.9	241	3.8	376
With no children under 18 years old	93,540	57,864	61.9	53,668	57.4	4,196	7.3	35,676
White
Women, 16 years and older	100,535	56,565	56.3	54,098	53.8	2,467	4.4	43,970
With children under 18 years old	27,158	18,889	69.6	18,126	66.7	763	4.0	8,269
With children 6 to 17, none younger	15,328	11,401	74.4	11,015	71.9	386	3.4	3,928
With children under 6 years old	11,829	7,488	63.3	7,111	60.1	377	5.0	4,341
With children under 3 years old	6,787	4,129	60.8	3,895	57.4	234	5.7	2,658
With no children under 18 years old	73,378	37,677	51.3	35,972	49.0	1,704	4.5	35,701
Men, 16 years and older	95,899	66,783	69.6	63,144	65.8	3,639	5.4	29,116
With children under 18 years old	21,972	20,572	93.6	19,873	90.4	700	3.4	1,399
With children 6 to 17, none younger	12,534	11,592	92.5	11,201	89.4	391	3.4	942
With children under 6 years old	9,438	8,980	95.1	8,672	91.9	309	3.4	458
With children under 3 years old	5,493	5,239	95.4	5,055	92.0	184	3.5	254
With no children under 18 years old	73,927	46,210	62.5	43,271	58.5	2,939	6.4	27,717
Black or African American
Women, 16 years and older	17,054	10,095	59.2	9,151	53.7	944	9.3	6,959
With children under 18 years old	4,914	3,748	76.3	3,361	68.4	387	10.3	1,166
With children 6 to 17, none younger	2,797	2,221	79.4	2,039	72.9	182	8.2	576
With children under 6 years old	2,117	1,527	72.1	1,321	62.4	206	13.5	590
With children under 3 years old	1,199	818	68.3	706	58.9	112	13.7	380
With no children under 18 years old	12,140	6,347	52.3	5,791	47.7	557	8.8	5,793
Men, 16 years and older	14,203	8,929	62.9	7,910	55.7	1,019	11.4	5,274
With children under 18 years old	2,382	2,072	87.0	1,940	81.5	131	6.3	310
With children 6 to 17, none younger	1,374	1,179	85.8	1,110	80.8	69	5.8	196
With children under 6 years old	1,007	893	88.6	831	82.4	62	7.0	114
With children under 3 years old	588	524	89.1	493	83.9	31	5.9	64
With no children under 18 years old	11,822	6,858	58.0	5,969	50.5	888	13.0	4,964
Asian
Women, 16 years and older	7,622	4,219	55.3	4,092	53.7	127	3.0	3,403
With children under 18 years old	2,468	1,529	62.0	1,492	60.4	38	2.5	939
With children 6 to 17, none younger	1,365	934	68.5	912	66.8	22	2.4	430
With children under 6 years old	1,103	595	53.9	580	52.5	15	2.6	508
With children under 3 years old	600	311	51.9	302	50.4	9	2.8	289
With no children under 18 years old	5,154	2,690	52.2	2,600	50.5	89	3.3	2,464
Men, 16 years and older	6,803	4,839	71.1	4,647	68.3	192	4.0	1,964
With children under 18 years old	2,000	1,870	93.5	1,821	91.1	49	2.6	129
With children 6 to 17, none younger	1,097	1,019	92.9	990	90.3	29	2.8	78
With children under 6 years old	903	852	94.3	831	92.0	20	2.4	51
With children under 3 years old	487	452	92.7	443	90.9	8	1.9	36
With no children under 18 years old	4,803	2,968	61.8	2,826	58.8	143	4.8	1,835
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Women, 16 years and older	19,722	10,866	55.1	10,079	51.1	787	7.2	8,855
With children under 18 years old	7,603	4,686	61.6	4,358	57.3	327	7.0	2,917
With children 6 to 17, none younger	4,058	2,737	67.5	2,600	64.1	137	5.0	1,321
With children under 6 years old	3,545	1,948	55.0	1,758	49.6	190	9.7	1,596
With children under 3 years old	1,888	954	50.6	847	44.9	107	11.2	933
With no children under 18 years old	12,119	6,181	51.0	5,721	47.2	460	7.4	5,938
Men, 16 years and older	19,601	14,860	75.8	13,793	70.4	1,067	7.2	4,740
With children under 18 years old	5,391	5,049	93.6	4,813	89.3	236	4.7	342
With children 6 to 17, none younger	2,856	2,637	92.3	2,516	88.1	120	4.6	220
With children under 6 years old	2,535	2,412	95.2	2,297	90.6	115	4.8	123
With children under 3 years old	1,388	1,329	95.8	1,254	90.3	75	5.7	59
With no children under 18 years old	14,209	9,812	69.1	8,980	63.2	832	8.5	4,398
Note: Children are "own" children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)
Presence and age of youngest child	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older	129,342	73,380	56.7	69,636	53.8	3,744	5.1	55,962
With children under 18 years old	35,911	25,107	69.9	23,841	66.4	1,265	5.0	10,805
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	20,192	15,059	74.6	14,437	71.5	622	4.1	5,133
With children under 6 years old	15,719	10,048	63.9	9,405	59.8	643	6.4	5,671
With children under 3 years old	8,953	5,494	61.4	5,119	57.2	375	6.8	3,459
With no children under 18 years old	93,431	48,273	51.7	45,794	49.0	2,479	5.1	45,158
Total, married, spouse present
Total women, 16 years and older	62,171	36,388	58.5	35,314	56.8	1,074	3.0	25,783
With children under 18 years old	24,822	16,779	67.6	16,305	65.7	474	2.8	8,043
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	13,977	10,126	72.4	9,851	70.5	275	2.7	3,851
With children under 6 years old	10,845	6,653	61.3	6,454	59.5	198	3.0	4,192
With children under 3 years old	6,316	3,760	59.5	3,633	57.5	127	3.4	2,556
With no children under 18 years old	37,350	19,609	52.5	19,009	50.9	600	3.1	17,741
Total, other marital statuses¹
Total women, 16 years and older	67,171	36,992	55.1	34,322	51.1	2,670	7.2	30,179
With children under 18 years old	11,090	8,328	75.1	7,536	68.0	791	9.5	2,762
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	6,216	4,933	79.4	4,586	73.8	347	7.0	1,283
With children under 6 years old	4,874	3,395	69.6	2,950	60.5	444	13.1	1,479
With children under 3 years old	2,637	1,734	65.7	1,486	56.4	247	14.3	903
With no children under 18 years old	56,081	28,664	51.1	26,785	47.8	1,879	6.6	27,417
White, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older	100,535	56,565	56.3	54,098	53.8	2,467	4.4	43,970
With children under 18 years old	27,158	18,889	69.6	18,126	66.7	763	4.0	8,269
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	15,328	11,401	74.4	11,015	71.9	386	3.4	3,928
With children under 6 years old	11,829	7,488	63.3	7,111	60.1	377	5.0	4,341
With children under 3 years old	6,787	4,129	60.8	3,895	57.4	234	5.7	2,658
With no children under 18 years old	73,378	37,677	51.3	35,972	49.0	1,704	4.5	35,701
White, married, spouse present
Total women, 16 years and older	51,597	29,966	58.1	29,129	56.5	836	2.8	21,632
With children under 18 years old	20,079	13,605	67.8	13,247	66.0	357	2.6	6,474
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	11,286	8,189	72.6	7,984	70.7	205	2.5	3,098
With children under 6 years old	8,793	5,416	61.6	5,263	59.9	153	2.8	3,377
With children under 3 years old	5,176	3,100	59.9	3,003	58.0	98	3.1	2,076
With no children under 18 years old	31,518	16,361	51.9	15,882	50.4	479	2.9	15,157
White, other marital statuses¹
Total women, 16 years and older	48,938	26,600	54.4	24,969	51.0	1,631	6.1	22,338
With children under 18 years old	7,079	5,284	74.6	4,878	68.9	406	7.7	1,795
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	4,042	3,212	79.5	3,030	75.0	182	5.7	830
With children under 6 years old	3,036	2,072	68.2	1,848	60.9	224	10.8	965
With children under 3 years old	1,610	1,028	63.8	892	55.4	136	13.2	582
With no children under 18 years old	41,859	21,316	50.9	20,091	48.0	1,225	5.7	20,544
Black or African American, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older	17,054	10,095	59.2	9,151	53.7	944	9.3	6,959
With children under 18 years old	4,914	3,748	76.3	3,361	68.4	387	10.3	1,166
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	2,797	2,221	79.4	2,039	72.9	182	8.2	576
With children under 6 years old	2,117	1,527	72.1	1,321	62.4	206	13.5	590
With children under 3 years old	1,199	818	68.3	706	58.9	112	13.7	380
With no children under 18 years old	12,140	6,347	52.3	5,791	47.7	557	8.8	5,793
Black or African American, married, spouse present
Total women, 16 years and older	4,485	2,874	64.1	2,740	61.1	134	4.7	1,611
With children under 18 years old	1,779	1,336	75.1	1,268	71.3	67	5.0	443
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	1,072	846	78.9	807	75.3	39	4.6	226
With children under 6 years old	707	490	69.3	462	65.3	28	5.7	217
With children under 3 years old	410	268	65.3	250	61.1	18	6.6	142
With no children under 18 years old	2,706	1,538	56.9	1,471	54.4	67	4.4	1,167
Black or African American, other marital statuses¹
Total women, 16 years and older	12,569	7,221	57.4	6,412	51.0	809	11.2	5,348
With children under 18 years old	3,135	2,412	77.0	2,092	66.7	320	13.3	722
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	1,725	1,375	79.7	1,233	71.5	142	10.4	350
With children under 6 years old	1,410	1,037	73.5	860	61.0	177	17.1	373
With children under 3 years old	789	550	69.8	456	57.8	94	17.1	238
With no children under 18 years old	9,435	4,809	51.0	4,319	45.8	489	10.2	4,626
Asian, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older	7,622	4,219	55.3	4,092	53.7	127	3.0	3,403
With children under 18 years old	2,468	1,529	62.0	1,492	60.4	38	2.5	939
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	1,365	934	68.5	912	66.8	22	2.4	430
With children under 6 years old	1,103	595	53.9	580	52.5	15	2.6	508
With children under 3 years old	600	311	51.9	302	50.4	9	2.8	289
With no children under 18 years old	5,154	2,690	52.2	2,600	50.5	89	3.3	2,464
Asian, married, spouse present
Total women, 16 years and older	4,452	2,536	57.0	2,472	55.5	65	2.5	1,916
With children under 18 years old	2,133	1,284	60.2	1,253	58.8	31	2.4	849
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	1,171	781	66.7	760	64.9	20	2.6	391
With children under 6 years old	962	504	52.4	493	51.2	11	2.1	458
With children under 3 years old	523	263	50.3	258	49.4	5	1.9	260
With no children under 18 years old	2,319	1,252	54.0	1,218	52.5	33	2.7	1,067
Asian, other marital statuses¹
Total women, 16 years and older	3,170	1,683	53.1	1,620	51.1	62	3.7	1,488
With children under 18 years old	335	245	73.1	238	71.1	7	2.7	90
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	194	154	79.4	152	78.4	2	1.2	40
With children under 6 years old	142	91	64.4	87	61.2	5	5.1	50
With children under 3 years old	77	48	-	44	-	4	-	29
With no children under 18 years old	2,835	1,438	50.7	1,382	48.7	56	3.9	1,398
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older	19,722	10,866	55.1	10,079	51.1	787	7.2	8,855
With children under 18 years old	7,603	4,686	61.6	4,358	57.3	327	7.0	2,917
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	4,058	2,737	67.5	2,600	64.1	137	5.0	1,321
With children under 6 years old	3,545	1,948	55.0	1,758	49.6	190	9.7	1,596
With children under 3 years old	1,888	954	50.6	847	44.9	107	11.2	933
With no children under 18 years old	12,119	6,181	51.0	5,721	47.2	460	7.4	5,938
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present
Total women, 16 years and older	8,747	4,638	53.0	4,399	50.3	239	5.2	4,109
With children under 18 years old	4,885	2,687	55.0	2,554	52.3	133	4.9	2,198
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	2,610	1,572	60.3	1,514	58.0	58	3.7	1,037
With children under 6 years old	2,275	1,115	49.0	1,040	45.7	75	6.7	1,160
With children under 3 years old	1,227	557	45.4	509	41.5	49	8.7	670
With no children under 18 years old	3,862	1,950	50.5	1,844	47.8	106	5.4	1,912
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses¹
Total women, 16 years and older	10,975	6,228	56.8	5,680	51.8	548	8.8	4,746
With children under 18 years old	2,718	1,998	73.5	1,804	66.4	194	9.7	720
With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger	1,448	1,165	80.4	1,086	75.0	79	6.8	284
With children under 6 years old	1,269	833	65.7	718	56.6	115	13.8	436
With children under 3 years old	661	397	60.1	339	51.3	58	14.7	264
With no children under 18 years old	8,257	4,230	51.2	3,876	46.9	354	8.4	4,027
¹ Includes never-married; married, spouse absent; divorced; separated; and widowed persons. Note: Children are own children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, and other related and unrelated children. Details for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2015 (Numbers in thousands)
Year	Civilian labor force		Employed	Unemployed
Year	Total	Percentage of population	Employed	Total	Percentage of labor force
With children under age 18
1975	14,616	47.4	13,069	1,548	11.0
1976	15,073	48.8	13,725	1,346	8.9
1977	15,669	50.8	14,276	1,393	8.9
1978	16,385	53.0	15,142	1,242	7.6
1979	16,883	54.5	15,624	1,259	7.7
1980	17,790	56.6	16,526	1,264	7.1
1981	18,422	58.1	16,952	1,471	8.0
1982	18,744	58.5	16,854	1,890	10.1
1983	18,924	58.9	16,792	2,131	11.3
1984	19,555	60.5	17,782	1,773	9.1
1985	20,041	62.1	18,306	1,735	8.7
1986	20,620	62.8	18,922	1,698	8.2
1987	21,422	64.7	19,798	1,624	7.6
1988	21,545	65.1	20,141	1,404	6.5
1989	21,936	65.7	20,647	1,289	5.9
1990	22,196	66.7	20,865	1,331	6.0
1991	22,327	66.6	20,774	1,552	7.0
1992	22,756	67.2	21,052	1,704	7.5
1993	23,063	66.9	21,521	1,541	6.7
1994	24,191	68.4	22,467	1,724	7.1
1995	24,695	69.7	23,195	1,500	6.1
1996	24,720	70.2	23,386	1,334	5.4
1997	25,604	72.1	24,082	1,522	5.9
1998	25,647	72.3	24,209	1,438	5.6
1999	25,472	72.1	24,307	1,165	4.6
2000	25,795	72.9	24,693	1,102	4.3
2001	26,269	72.7	25,030	1,239	4.7
2002	26,140	72.2	24,612	1,529	5.8
2003	26,202	71.7	24,598	1,603	6.1
2004	25,913	70.7	24,413	1,501	5.8
2005	25,941	70.5	24,564	1,377	5.3
2006	26,009	70.6	24,728	1,281	4.9
2007	26,834	71.3	25,646	1,188	4.4
2008	25,930	71.2	24,637	1,294	5.0
2009	26,122	71.6	24,079	2,043	7.8
2010	25,783	71.3	23,510	2,273	8.8
2011	25,376	70.9	23,109	2,266	8.9
2012	25,384	70.9	23,366	2,018	7.9
2013	25,112	70.3	23,121	1,991	7.9
2014	25,209	70.8	23,542	1,667	6.6
2015	25,107	69.9	23,841	1,265	5.0
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1975	8,917	54.9	8,218	700	7.9
1976	9,388	56.2	8,769	621	6.6
1977	10,040	58.3	9,389	650	6.5
1978	10,401	60.0	9,845	556	5.3
1979	10,646	61.6	10,030	615	5.8
1980	11,252	64.3	10,640	612	5.4
1981	11,490	65.5	10,725	765	6.7
1982	11,377	65.8	10,440	936	8.2
1983	11,340	66.3	10,303	1,037	9.1
1984	11,538	68.1	10,739	799	6.9
1985	11,826	69.9	10,984	842	7.1
1986	12,075	70.4	11,320	756	6.3
1987	12,438	72.0	11,661	778	6.3
1988	12,683	73.3	12,042	641	5.1
1989	12,800	74.2	12,168	632	4.9
1990	12,799	74.7	12,133	666	5.2
1991	12,691	74.4	12,017	674	5.3
1992	13,183	75.9	12,391	793	6.0
1993	13,441	75.4	12,757	684	5.1
1994	13,863	76.0	13,074	789	5.7
1995	14,300	76.4	13,608	691	4.8
1996	14,427	77.2	13,794	633	4.4
1997	14,993	78.1	14,282	711	4.7
1998	15,028	78.4	14,370	658	4.4
1999	15,150	78.5	14,633	516	3.4
2000	15,479	79.0	14,931	549	3.5
2001	15,839	79.4	15,220	619	3.9
2002	15,948	78.6	15,171	777	4.9
2003	15,993	78.7	15,166	828	5.2
2004	15,782	77.5	15,006	776	4.9
2005	15,594	76.9	14,930	663	4.3
2006	15,579	76.9	14,949	630	4.0
2007	15,940	77.7	15,341	599	3.8
2008	15,479	77.5	14,842	636	4.1
2009	15,625	78.2	14,562	1,063	6.8
2010	15,247	77.2	14,058	1,189	7.8
2011	14,973	76.5	13,842	1,131	7.6
2012	14,922	76.0	13,908	1,014	6.8
2013	14,941	74.8	13,909	1,032	6.9
2014	15,227	75.8	14,389	838	5.5
2015	15,059	74.6	14,437	622	4.1
With children under age 6
1975	5,699	39.0	4,851	848	14.9
1976	5,684	40.1	4,957	727	12.8
1977	5,629	41.2	4,887	742	13.2
1978	5,983	44.0	5,297	687	11.5
1979	6,238	45.7	5,594	644	10.3
1980	6,538	46.8	5,886	652	10.0
1981	6,933	48.9	6,227	706	10.2
1982	7,367	49.9	6,414	953	12.9
1983	7,583	50.5	6,489	1,094	14.4
1984	8,017	52.1	7,043	974	12.1
1985	8,215	53.5	7,322	893	10.9
1986	8,545	54.4	7,602	943	11.0
1987	8,983	56.7	8,137	846	9.4
1988	8,862	56.1	8,099	763	8.6
1989	9,136	56.7	8,478	657	7.2
1990	9,397	58.2	8,732	664	7.1
1991	9,636	58.4	8,758	878	9.1
1992	9,573	58.0	8,662	911	9.5
1993	9,621	57.9	8,764	857	8.9
1994	10,328	60.3	9,394	935	9.0
1995	10,395	62.3	9,587	809	7.8
1996	10,293	62.3	9,592	701	6.8
1997	10,610	65.0	9,800	810	7.6
1998	10,619	65.2	9,839	780	7.3
1999	10,322	64.4	9,674	648	6.3
2000	10,316	65.3	9,763	553	5.4
2001	10,430	64.4	9,810	620	5.9
2002	10,193	64.1	9,441	752	7.4
2003	10,209	62.9	9,433	776	7.6
2004	10,131	62.2	9,407	724	7.1
2005	10,347	62.6	9,634	714	6.9
2006	10,430	63.0	9,779	651	6.2
2007	10,894	63.5	10,305	589	5.4
2008	10,452	63.6	9,794	657	6.3
2009	10,497	63.6	9,517	980	9.3
2010	10,536	64.2	9,452	1,085	10.3
2011	10,403	64.2	9,268	1,135	10.9
2012	10,462	64.7	9,458	1,004	9.6
2013	10,171	64.7	9,212	958	9.4
2014	9,982	64.3	9,153	829	8.3
2015	10,048	63.9	9,405	643	6.4
With children under age 3
1975	2,824	34.3	2,326	500	17.7
1976	2,702	34.1	2,285	418	15.5
1977	2,795	35.4	2,371	424	15.2
1978	3,179	39.4	2,768	411	12.9
1979	3,380	41.1	2,979	401	11.9
1980	3,565	41.9	3,167	398	11.2
1981	3,826	44.3	3,380	446	11.7
1982	4,133	45.6	3,542	591	14.3
1983	4,233	46.0	3,551	682	16.1
1984	4,401	47.6	3,839	562	12.8
1985	4,601	49.5	4,089	513	11.1
1986	4,786	50.8	4,227	559	11.7
1987	5,064	52.9	4,570	494	9.8
1988	4,947	52.4	4,477	470	9.5
1989	5,053	52.4	4,671	381	7.5
1990	5,216	53.6	4,823	393	7.5
1991	5,417	54.5	4,868	550	10.1
1992	5,329	54.5	4,776	553	10.4
1993	5,349	53.9	4,857	492	9.2
1994	5,724	57.1	5,165	559	9.8
1995	5,650	58.7	5,172	478	8.5
1996	5,619	59.0	5,222	397	7.1
1997	5,839	61.8	5,366	473	8.1
1998	5,882	62.2	5,454	428	7.3
1999	5,645	60.7	5,285	359	6.4
2000	5,670	61.0	5,350	320	5.6
2001	5,743	60.7	5,350	393	6.8
2002	5,600	60.5	5,160	440	7.9
2003	5,568	58.7	5,112	456	8.2
2004	5,401	57.3	4,983	417	7.7
2005	5,704	58.9	5,299	405	7.1
2006	5,842	59.9	5,458	384	6.6
2007	6,006	60.1	5,679	327	5.5
2008	5,754	59.6	5,380	374	6.5
2009	5,960	61.1	5,401	559	9.4
2010	5,878	61.1	5,240	638	10.9
2011	5,639	60.9	5,006	633	11.2
2012	5,529	60.7	4,960	569	10.3
2013	5,448	62.1	4,937	511	9.4
2014	5,358	61.8	4,870	487	9.1
2015	5,494	61.4	5,119	375	6.8
With no children under age 18
1975	22,365	45.1	20,381	1,984	8.9
1976	23,327	45.7	21,389	1,938	8.3
1977	24,385	46.4	22,348	2,037	8.4
1978	25,362	47.0	23,631	1,731	6.8
1979	26,962	48.6	25,285	1,677	6.2
1980	27,144	48.1	25,375	1,769	6.5
1981	27,992	48.7	25,934	2,059	7.4
1982	28,351	48.6	26,041	2,311	8.2
1983	28,856	48.7	26,373	2,483	8.6
1984	29,684	49.3	27,652	2,032	6.8
1985	30,850	50.4	28,814	2,036	6.6
1986	31,112	50.5	29,107	2,005	6.4
1987	31,538	50.5	29,688	1,850	5.9
1988	32,490	51.2	30,911	1,580	4.9
1989	33,255	51.9	31,761	1,495	4.5
1990	33,942	52.3	32,391	1,551	4.6
1991	34,047	52.0	32,167	1,880	5.5
1992	34,487	52.3	32,481	2,006	5.8
1993	34,495	52.1	32,476	2,020	5.9
1994	35,455	53.1	33,345	2,110	6.0
1995	35,843	52.9	34,054	1,789	5.0
1996	36,509	53.0	34,698	1,811	5.0
1997	37,295	53.6	35,572	1,723	4.6
1998	38,253	54.1	36,680	1,573	4.1
1999	39,314	54.3	37,587	1,727	4.4
2000	40,142	54.8	38,408	1,733	4.3
2001	40,996	54.4	39,363	1,633	4.0
2002	41,278	54.0	39,038	2,241	5.4
2003	42,039	54.1	39,667	2,372	5.6
2004	42,289	53.8	40,000	2,289	5.4
2005	42,677	53.5	40,570	2,107	4.9
2006	43,392	53.6	41,440	1,952	4.5
2007	44,039	53.9	42,279	1,760	4.0
2008	45,585	54.3	43,417	2,168	4.8
2009	45,649	53.8	42,343	3,306	7.2
2010	46,098	53.5	42,256	3,842	8.3
2011	46,198	53.0	42,569	3,629	7.9
2012	47,222	52.6	43,494	3,728	7.9
2013	47,607	52.3	44,294	3,313	7.0
2014	48,076	52.1	44,980	3,096	6.4
2015	48,273	51.7	45,794	2,479	5.1
Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, step-children, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Educational attainment and gender	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total
Total, 25 to 64 years	165,702	127,106	76.7	121,613	73.4	5,493	4.3	38,596
Less than a high school diploma	17,071	10,317	60.4	9,482	55.5	835	8.1	6,754
High school graduates, no college	45,962	32,982	71.8	31,148	67.8	1,835	5.6	12,980
Some college or associate's degree	45,307	35,220	77.7	33,621	74.2	1,600	4.5	10,087
College graduates, total	57,362	48,586	84.7	47,362	82.6	1,223	2.5	8,776
Bachelor's degree	36,840	30,839	83.7	29,993	81.4	846	2.7	6,001
Advanced degree	20,522	17,747	86.5	17,370	84.6	377	2.1	2,775
Master's degree	15,210	13,018	85.6	12,711	83.6	307	2.4	2,192
Professional degree	2,559	2,251	88.0	2,219	86.7	33	1.4	308
Doctoral degree	2,754	2,478	90.0	2,440	88.6	38	1.5	276
Women
Total, 25 to 64 years	84,760	59,252	69.9	56,670	66.9	2,582	4.4	25,507
Less than a high school diploma	7,949	3,613	45.5	3,258	41.0	355	9.8	4,336
High school graduates, no college	21,806	13,727	62.9	12,960	59.4	767	5.6	8,079
Some college or associate's degree	24,328	17,566	72.2	16,742	68.8	824	4.7	6,762
College graduates, total	30,676	24,347	79.4	23,711	77.3	636	2.6	6,330
Bachelor's degree	19,494	15,191	77.9	14,749	75.7	442	2.9	4,303
Advanced degree	11,183	9,156	81.9	8,962	80.1	194	2.1	2,027
Master's degree	8,821	7,184	81.4	7,023	79.6	161	2.2	1,637
Professional degree	1,160	940	81.0	927	79.9	14	1.4	220
Doctoral degree	1,201	1,032	85.9	1,013	84.3	19	1.9	169
Men
Total, 25 to 64 years	80,943	67,853	83.8	64,943	80.2	2,910	4.3	13,089
Less than a high school diploma	9,122	6,704	73.5	6,224	68.2	480	7.2	2,418
High school graduates, no college	24,156	19,256	79.7	18,188	75.3	1,068	5.5	4,900
Some college or associate's degree	20,979	17,654	84.2	16,879	80.5	775	4.4	3,324
College graduates, total	26,685	24,239	90.8	23,652	88.6	587	2.4	2,446
Bachelor's degree	17,346	15,648	90.2	15,244	87.9	404	2.6	1,698
Advanced degree	9,340	8,591	92.0	8,408	90.0	183	2.1	748
Master's degree	6,388	5,834	91.3	5,688	89.0	146	2.5	554
Professional degree	1,399	1,311	93.7	1,292	92.4	19	1.4	88
Doctoral degree	1,553	1,446	93.1	1,428	91.9	19	1.3	107
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–2015
Year	Civilian labor force (thousands)	Percent distribution
		Total	High school		College
		Total	Less than 4 years	4 years, no college	1 to 3 years	4 years or more
Total
1970	61,765	100.0	36.1	38.1	11.8	14.1
1971	62,344	100.0	34.5	38.4	12.3	14.8
1972	63,704	100.0	33.3	38.8	12.4	15.5
1973	64,775	100.0	30.9	39.7	13.0	16.4
1974	66,527	100.0	29.3	39.5	13.7	17.5
1975	67,774	100.0	27.5	39.7	14.4	18.3
1976	69,243	100.0	25.8	39.6	15.2	19.4
1977	71,324	100.0	24.9	39.2	15.7	20.2
1978	73,504	100.0	23.7	39.2	16.5	20.6
1979	75,781	100.0	21.8	39.5	17.3	21.3
1980	78,010	100.0	20.6	39.8	17.6	22.0
1981	80,273	100.0	19.7	40.6	17.7	22.0
1982	81,516	100.0	18.8	40.8	17.3	23.1
1983	83,615	100.0	17.8	39.9	18.1	24.2
1984	86,001	100.0	16.7	40.2	18.4	24.7
1985	88,424	100.0	15.9	40.2	19.0	24.9
1986	90,500	100.0	15.5	40.2	19.5	24.8
1987	92,966	100.0	14.9	40.2	19.7	25.3
1988	94,870	100.0	14.7	39.9	19.7	25.7
1989	97,318	100.0	14.0	39.6	20.0	26.4
1990	99,175	100.0	13.4	39.5	20.7	26.4
1991	100,480	100.0	13.0	39.4	21.1	26.5
Women
1970	22,462	100.0	33.5	44.3	10.9	11.2
1971	22,804	100.0	32.2	44.2	11.9	11.8
1972	23,606	100.0	30.7	45.1	11.8	12.4
1973	24,158	100.0	28.4	45.9	12.4	13.3
1974	25,203	100.0	26.7	45.3	13.4	14.6
1975	26,146	100.0	26.5	45.5	13.9	14.1
1976	27,166	100.0	24.0	45.1	14.7	16.2
1977	28,369	100.0	22.8	45.1	15.2	16.9
1978	29,738	100.0	22.0	44.9	16.1	17.0
1979	31,151	100.0	20.1	45.0	17.1	17.8
1980	32,593	100.0	18.4	45.4	17.4	18.7
1981	33,910	100.0	17.4	46.1	17.9	18.6
1982	34,870	100.0	16.6	45.6	18.3	19.5
1983	35,712	100.0	15.6	44.8	18.8	20.9
1984	37,234	100.0	14.5	44.9	18.9	21.7
1985	38,779	100.0	13.7	44.4	19.9	22.0
1986	39,767	100.0	13.2	44.3	20.3	22.2
1987	41,105	100.0	12.5	44.0	20.7	22.8
1988	42,254	100.0	12.4	43.3	21.2	23.1
1989	43,650	100.0	11.9	42.9	20.9	24.3
1990	44,699	100.0	11.3	42.4	21.9	24.5
1991	45,315	100.0	10.9	41.6	22.2	25.2
Men
1970	39,303	100.0	37.5	34.5	12.2	15.7
1971	39,539	100.0	35.9	35.1	12.5	16.5
1972	40,098	100.0	34.8	35.1	12.8	17.3
1973	40,617	100.0	32.4	36.0	13.4	18.2
1974	41,344	100.0	30.8	36.0	13.9	19.3
1975	41,628	100.0	28.9	36.1	14.8	20.2
1976	42,077	100.0	27.0	36.0	15.5	21.5
1977	42,954	100.0	26.3	35.3	16.1	22.3
1978	43,766	100.0	24.8	35.3	16.9	23.0
1979	44,630	100.0	23.0	35.7	17.5	23.8
1980	45,417	100.0	22.2	35.7	17.7	24.3
1981	46,363	100.0	21.5	36.5	17.4	24.6
1982	47,144	100.0	20.3	36.8	17.5	25.5
1983	47,903	100.0	19.4	36.3	17.7	26.6
1984	48,767	100.0	18.4	36.7	18.0	26.9
1985	49,647	100.0	17.7	36.9	18.3	27.1
1986	50,733	100.0	17.2	37.0	18.9	26.9
1987	51,860	100.0	16.8	37.1	18.9	27.2
1988	52,616	100.0	16.5	37.3	18.5	27.8
1989	53,668	100.0	15.7	36.9	19.2	28.2
1990	54,476	100.0	15.1	37.2	19.7	28.0
1991	55,165	100.0	14.7	37.5	20.2	27.6
Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–2015
Year	Civilian labor force (thousands)	Percent distribution
Year	Civilian labor force (thousands)	Total	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college¹	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher²
Total
1992	103,018	100.0	12.1	35.7	25.6	26.6
1993	104,237	100.0	11.3	35.1	26.6	27.0
1994	105,610	100.0	10.8	33.9	27.7	27.6
1995	107,032	100.0	10.4	33.2	28.1	28.3
1996	108,932	100.0	10.6	32.9	27.8	28.7
1997	110,945	100.0	10.6	32.9	27.5	29.0
1998	111,932	100.0	10.5	32.4	27.4	29.8
1999	113,095	100.0	10.0	31.8	27.6	30.5
2000	115,750	100.0	10.1	31.4	27.8	30.7
2001	116,893	100.0	10.1	30.9	28.0	31.0
2002	118,028	100.0	10.0	30.7	27.7	31.6
2003	119,621	100.0	9.9	30.3	27.6	32.1
2004	120,135	100.0	9.7	30.1	27.7	32.4
2005	121,752	100.0	9.8	29.9	27.8	32.5
2006	123,550	100.0	9.7	29.6	27.7	33.0
2007	125,104	100.0	9.3	29.2	27.7	33.8
2008	126,011	100.0	9.0	28.8	28.0	34.2
2009	126,247	100.0	9.0	28.6	28.0	34.4
2010	126,237	100.0	8.9	28.6	27.9	34.6
2011	125,508	100.0	8.7	28.0	28.0	35.3
2012	125,963	100.0	8.4	27.4	28.2	36.0
2013	125,892	100.0	8.2	27.1	28.0	36.7
2014	126,269	100.0	8.0	26.7	27.9	37.3
2015	127,106	100.0	8.1	25.9	27.7	38.2
Women
1992	46,589	100.0	10.3	37.4	27.3	25.0
1993	47,245	100.0	9.3	36.6	28.4	25.7
1994	48,405	100.0	9.0	35.0	29.8	26.2
1995	49,247	100.0	8.8	34.1	30.2	26.9
1996	50,240	100.0	8.8	33.6	29.9	27.8
1997	51,261	100.0	8.7	33.5	29.4	28.4
1998	51,678	100.0	8.8	32.7	29.4	29.2
1999	52,525	100.0	8.5	32.1	29.5	29.9
2000	53,749	100.0	8.5	31.6	29.8	30.1
2001	54,229	100.0	8.4	31.0	30.2	30.4
2002	54,710	100.0	8.1	30.6	29.9	31.3
2003	55,596	100.0	7.9	30.0	29.9	32.2
2004	55,616	100.0	7.7	29.4	30.2	32.6
2005	56,322	100.0	7.7	28.7	30.2	33.3
2006	57,201	100.0	7.6	28.3	30.2	33.9
2007	57,791	100.0	7.1	27.9	30.1	34.9
2008	58,465	100.0	6.9	27.2	30.4	35.6
2009	58,787	100.0	7.0	26.7	30.3	36.0
2010	58,808	100.0	6.8	26.4	30.3	36.4
2011	58,520	100.0	6.7	25.8	30.4	37.1
2012	59,031	100.0	6.5	25.0	30.4	38.1
2013	58,812	100.0	6.3	24.6	30.1	39.0
2014	58,983	100.0	6.1	24.1	29.8	40.0
2015	59,252	100.0	6.1	23.2	29.6	41.1
Men
1992	56,428	100.0	13.7	34.2	24.3	27.8
1993	56,992	100.0	12.9	33.9	25.1	28.1
1994	57,205	100.0	12.4	33.0	25.9	28.8
1995	57,784	100.0	11.8	32.4	26.3	29.4
1996	58,692	100.0	12.2	32.3	26.1	29.4
1997	59,684	100.0	12.2	32.4	25.9	29.6
1998	60,255	100.0	12.0	32.1	25.6	30.3
1999	60,570	100.0	11.4	31.6	26.0	31.0
2000	62,001	100.0	11.5	31.2	26.1	31.2
2001	62,664	100.0	11.5	30.9	26.2	31.4
2002	63,318	100.0	11.6	30.8	25.8	31.8
2003	64,025	100.0	11.7	30.6	25.6	32.1
2004	64,519	100.0	11.5	30.7	25.6	32.3
2005	65,430	100.0	11.5	30.9	25.7	31.9
2006	66,350	100.0	11.5	30.6	25.5	32.3
2007	67,313	100.0	11.2	30.4	25.6	32.9
2008	67,546	100.0	10.9	30.2	25.9	33.0
2009	67,460	100.0	10.8	30.3	25.9	33.0
2010	67,429	100.0	10.6	30.6	25.8	33.0
2011	66,989	100.0	10.4	30.0	26.0	33.7
2012	66,932	100.0	10.0	29.6	26.2	34.1
2013	67,081	100.0	9.8	29.2	26.2	34.7
2014	67,287	100.0	9.8	29.1	26.2	35.0
2015	67,853	100.0	9.9	28.4	26.0	35.7
¹ Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. ² Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. Note: Data from 1970–1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2014 and 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation and gender	Year
	2014		2015
	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Total
Total, 16 years and older	146,305	100.0	148,834	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	56,050	38.3	57,960	38.9
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	23,171	15.8	24,108	16.2
Professional and related occupations	32,879	22.5	33,852	22.7
Service occupation	25,854	17.7	25,896	17.4
Sales and office occupations	33,416	22.8	33,598	22.6
Sales and related occupations	15,646	10.7	15,700	10.5
Office and administrative support occupations	17,771	12.1	17,897	12.0
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13,537	9.3	13,733	9.2
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,022	.7	1,073	.7
Construction and extraction occupations	7,637	5.2	7,652	5.1
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,879	3.3	5,008	3.4
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	17,448	11.9	17,647	11.9
Production occupations	8,438	5.8	8,522	5.7
Transportation and material moving occupations	9,010	6.2	9,125	6.1
Women
Total, 16 years and older	68,613	100.0	69,703	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	28,931	42.2	29,871	42.9
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	10,129	14.8	10,519	15.1
Professional and related occupations	18,801	27.4	19,351	27.8
Service occupation	14,651	21.4	14,686	21.1
Sales and office occupations	20,655	30.1	20,659	29.6
Sales and related occupations	7,697	11.2	7,741	11.1
Office and administrative support occupations	12,958	18.9	12,918	18.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	598	.9	642	.9
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	229	.3	260	.4
Construction and extraction occupations	197	.3	207	.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	172	.3	175	.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	3,778	5.5	3,846	5.5
Production occupations	2,364	3.4	2,452	3.5
Transportation and material moving occupations	1,414	2.1	1,394	2.0
Men
Total, 16 years and older	77,692	100.0	79,131	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	27,119	34.9	28,090	35.5
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	13,041	16.8	13,589	17.2
Professional and related occupations	14,078	18.1	14,501	18.3
Service occupation	11,203	14.4	11,209	14.2
Sales and office occupations	12,761	16.4	12,939	16.4
Sales and related occupations	7,948	10.2	7,960	10.1
Office and administrative support occupations	4,813	6.2	4,980	6.3
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	12,939	16.7	13,091	16.5
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	792	1.0	813	1.0
Construction and extraction occupations	7,440	9.6	7,445	9.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,707	6.1	4,833	6.1
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	13,670	17.6	13,801	17.4
Production occupations	6,074	7.8	6,070	7.7
Transportation and material moving occupations	7,596	9.8	7,731	9.8
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation	Total employed	Percent women
Total, 16 years and older	148,834	46.8
Management, professional, and related occupations	57,960	51.5
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	24,108	43.6
Management occupations	16,994	39.2
Chief executives	1,517	27.9
General and operations managers	899	27.6
Legislators	13	–
Advertising and promotions managers	67	53.6
Marketing and sales managers	1,006	43.2
Public relations and fundraising managers	61	59.2
Administrative services managers	195	47.7
Computer and information systems managers	652	27.2
Financial managers	1,197	49.6
Compensation and benefits managers	23	–
Human resources managers	290	73.3
Training and development managers	41	–
Industrial production managers	280	18.3
Purchasing managers	198	44.8
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	263	21.1
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers	1,052	23.9
Construction managers	737	6.7
Education administrators	928	65.7
Architectural and engineering managers	110	7.4
Food service managers	1,192	47.1
Funeral service managers	15	–
Gaming managers	23	–
Lodging managers	159	53.5
Medical and health services managers	636	73.7
Natural sciences managers	25	–
Postmasters and mail superintendents	24	–
Property, real estate, and community association managers	685	50.9
Social and community service managers	378	67.4
Emergency management directors	10	–
Managers, all other	4,315	34.3
Business and financial operations occupations	7,114	54.3
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes	46	–
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products	10	–
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products	190	52.7
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products	280	49.7
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	321	55.3
Compliance officers	246	49.0
Cost estimators	112	17.8
Human resources workers	662	74.0
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	68	73.0
Training and development specialists	118	62.1
Logisticians	117	40.9
Management analysts	848	39.7
Meeting, convention, and event planners	159	78.6
Fundraisers	77	73.4
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	261	58.8
Business operations specialists, all other	213	56.7
Accountants and auditors	1,732	59.7
Appraisers and assessors of real estate	76	39.3
Budget analysts	44	–
Credit analysts	21	–
Financial analysts	322	43.0
Personal financial advisors	498	37.9
Insurance underwriters	107	58.6
Financial examiners	15	–
Credit counselors and loan officers	332	54.6
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	58	65.5
Tax preparers	109	61.4
Financial specialists, all other	71	54.6
Professional and related occupations	33,852	57.2
Computer and mathematical occupations	4,369	24.7
Computer and information research scientists	24	–
Computer systems analysts	552	34.2
Information security analysts	70	19.7
Computer programmers	480	21.0
Software developers, applications and systems software	1,353	17.9
Web developers	204	34.3
Computer support specialists	475	26.4
Database administrators	93	38.0
Network and computer systems administrators	218	15.9
Computer network architects	114	12.1
Computer occupations, all other	547	24.3
Actuaries	21	–
Mathematicians	6	–
Operations research analysts	123	50.7
Statisticians	86	52.9
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations	4	–
Architecture and engineering occupations	2,954	15.1
Architects, except naval	203	25.7
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	38	–
Aerospace engineers	138	11.3
Agricultural engineers	6	–
Biomedical engineers	16	–
Chemical engineers	84	14.7
Civil engineers	360	12.6
Computer hardware engineers	72	12.8
Electrical and electronics engineers	302	12.5
Environmental engineers	40	–
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	214	20.2
Marine engineers and naval architects	11	–
Materials engineers	40	–
Mechanical engineers	323	8.3
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	15	–
Nuclear engineers	6	–
Petroleum engineers	44	–
Engineers, all other	440	13.6
Drafters	133	21.2
Engineering technicians, except drafters	403	20.3
Surveying and mapping technicians	65	5.2
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,404	46.6
Agricultural and food scientists	25	–
Biological scientists	86	42.6
Conservation scientists and foresters	25	–
Medical scientists	157	54.9
Life scientists, all other	1	–
Astronomers and physicists	19	–
Atmospheric and space scientists	12	–
Chemists and materials scientists	99	36.1
Environmental scientists and geoscientists	92	27.5
Physical scientists, all other	232	41.4
Economists	34	–
Survey researchers	0	–
Psychologists	193	70.3
Sociologists	1	–
Urban and regional planners	25	–
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	45	–
Agricultural and food science technicians	25	–
Biological technicians	18	–
Chemical technicians	82	40.0
Geological and petroleum technicians	21	–
Nuclear technicians	3	–
Social science research assistants	4	–
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians	203	53.9
Community and social service occupations	2,596	65.3
Counselors	802	71.4
Social workers	765	83.8
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	99	55.4
Social and human service assistants	194	82.6
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers	117	70.8
Clergy	469	20.6
Directors, religious activities and education	78	57.8
Religious workers, all other	73	59.0
Legal occupations	1,803	50.2
Lawyers	1,160	34.5
Judicial law clerks	13	–
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	58	39.0
Paralegals and legal assistants	400	85.4
Miscellaneous legal support workers	172	76.4
Education, training, and library occupations	8,908	73.4
Postsecondary teachers	1,341	46.5
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	695	96.8
Elementary and middle school teachers	3,152	80.7
Secondary school teachers	1,144	59.2
Special education teachers	330	87.5
Other teachers and instructors	876	62.3
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	53	60.1
Librarians	166	83.0
Library technicians	31	–
Teacher assistants	960	91.4
Other education, training, and library workers	161	73.7
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	3,051	47.6
Artists and related workers	222	56.9
Designers	899	54.9
Actors	49	–
Producers and directors	169	36.9
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers	296	36.1
Dancers and choreographers	19	–
Musicians, singers, and related workers	202	34.5
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other	41	–
Announcers	55	16.5
News analysts, reporters and correspondents	68	46.7
Public relations specialists	147	61.3
Editors	160	51.0
Technical writers	68	58.2
Writers and authors	208	59.4
Miscellaneous media and communication workers	84	67.9
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators	119	9.2
Photographers	180	49.9
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors	64	14.8
Media and communication equipment workers, all other	2	–
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	8,766	75.1
Chiropractors	75	29.5
Dentists	196	25.9
Dietitians and nutritionists	108	94.6
Optometrists	39	–
Pharmacists	282	57.0
Physicians and surgeons	1,007	37.9
Physician assistants	74	72.6
Podiatrists	15	–
Audiologists	16	–
Occupational therapists	116	88.0
Physical therapists	274	72.1
Radiation therapists	13	–
Recreational therapists	11	–
Respiratory therapists	108	66.8
Speech-language pathologists	158	98.6
Exercise physiologists	5	–
Therapists, all other	189	80.9
Veterinarians	90	60.5
Registered nurses	2,973	89.4
Nurse anesthetists	27	–
Nurse midwives	7	–
Nurse practitioners	149	90.8
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other	17	–
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	327	76.1
Dental hygienists	177	96.4
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians	322	73.7
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics	220	32.9
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians	626	81.5
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	670	90.1
Medical records and health information technicians	200	89.6
Opticians, dispensing	52	60.4
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	117	67.5
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	108	52.7
Service occupations	25,896	56.7
Healthcare support occupations	3,514	87.6
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides	2,032	89.4
Occupational therapy assistants and aides	23	–
Physical therapist assistants and aides	68	67.7
Massage therapists	189	77.9
Dental assistants	286	94.1
Medical assistants	524	90.7
Medical transcriptionists	42	–
Pharmacy aides	36	–
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	38	–
Phlebotomists	106	84.1
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers	170	69.6
Protective service occupations	3,109	21.3
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	52	31.4
First-line supervisors of police and detectives	110	12.8
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers	49	–
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	81	23.2
Firefighters	293	5.9
Fire inspectors	19	–
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers	443	23.8
Detectives and criminal investigators	144	27.2
Fish and game wardens	6	–
Parking enforcement workers	10	–
Police and sheriff’s patrol officers	688	13.6
Transit and railroad police	1	–
Animal control workers	5	–
Private detectives and investigators	100	38.4
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers	869	22.0
Crossing guards	57	59.8
Transportation security screeners	38	–
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers	144	43.7
Food preparation and serving related occupations	8,142	54.5
Chefs and head cooks	415	19.6
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	527	57.4
Cooks	2,091	39.9
Food preparation workers	858	59.1
Bartenders	451	59.8
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food	420	63.4
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop	233	66.7
Waiters and waitresses	2,057	70.1
Food servers, nonrestaurant	190	70.9
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	321	44.2
Dishwashers	281	21.3
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	293	82.1
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	5	–
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	5,716	41.1
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers	293	40.6
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	215	6.6
Janitors and building cleaners	2,263	34.3
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	1,510	89.3
Pest control workers	85	4.7
Grounds maintenance workers	1,349	6.4
Personal care and service occupations	5,415	76.8
First-line supervisors of gaming workers	168	46.6
First-line supervisors of personal service workers	185	71.0
Animal trainers	54	50.9
Nonfarm animal caretakers	252	67.9
Gaming services workers	89	52.2
Motion picture projectionists	6	–
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	44	–
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers	221	39.2
Embalmers and funeral attendants	9	–
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors	35	–
Barbers	116	22.1
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	707	94.2
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers	324	85.3
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	76	16.1
Tour and travel guides	54	54.3
Childcare workers	1,206	94.9
Personal care aides	1,251	85.1
Recreation and fitness workers	429	61.6
Residential advisors	38	–
Personal care and service workers, all other	149	49.8
Sales and office occupations	33,598	61.5
Sales and related occupations	15,700	49.3
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	3,245	44.0
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers	1,242	28.7
Cashiers	3,246	72.5
Counter and rental clerks	109	50.9
Parts salespersons	124	12.4
Retail salespersons	3,346	49.4
Advertising sales agents	200	49.7
Insurance sales agents	615	51.2
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	258	26.2
Travel agents	89	75.9
Sales representatives, services, all other	479	34.8
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	1,281	27.9
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	68	70.7
Real estate brokers and sales agents	906	55.5
Sales engineers	42	–
Telemarketers	60	64.3
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	156	67.0
Sales and related workers, all others	236	46.8
Office and administrative support occupations	17,897	72.2
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	1,474	68.3
Switchboard operators, including answering service	16	–
Telephone operators	34	–
Communications equipment operators, all other	5	–
Bill and account collectors	168	68.3
Billing and posting clerks	473	90.1
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	1,182	89.8
Gaming cage workers	14	–
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	138	89.3
Procurement clerks	40	–
Tellers	357	87.3
Financial clerks, all other	69	63.3
Brokerage clerks	3	–
Correspondence clerks	3	–
Court, municipal, and license clerks	71	87.0
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	52	72.9
Customer service representatives	2,271	65.1
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	74	77.3
File clerks	203	82.2
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	156	59.5
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	151	83.2
Library assistants, clerical	98	77.3
Loan interviewers and clerks	139	83.5
New accounts clerks	26	–
Order clerks	84	65.6
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	59	82.9
Receptionists and information clerks	1,232	90.6
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	111	61.3
Information and record clerks, all other	127	76.9
Cargo and freight agents	21	–
Couriers and messengers	235	14.3
Dispatchers	277	56.3
Meter readers, utilities	41	–
Postal service clerks	130	46.0
Postal service mail carriers	320	41.2
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	64	50.0
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	286	55.0
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks	575	29.5
Stock clerks and order fillers	1,529	35.8
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	72	57.8
Secretaries and administrative assistants	2,870	94.5
Computer operators	69	46.8
Data entry keyers	281	74.3
Word processors and typists	103	92.1
Desktop publishers	1	–
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	287	77.1
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	81	59.4
Office clerks, general	1,288	82.3
Office machine operators, except computer	37	–
Proofreaders and copy markers	8	–
Statistical assistants	17	–
Office and administrative support workers, all other	477	77.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13,733	4.7
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,073	24.2
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	54	21.2
Agricultural inspectors	18	–
Animal breeders	8	–
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	97	61.7
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	789	21.9
Fishers and related fishing workers	39	–
Hunters and trappers	0	–
Forest and conservation workers	18	–
Logging workers	51	2.8
Construction and extraction occupations	7,652	2.7
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	712	3.3
Boilermakers	20	–
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	172	.7
Carpenters	1,281	1.8
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	156	1.7
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	54	.2
Construction laborers	1,649	2.9
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	12	–
Pile-driver operators	2	–
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	357	1.9
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	151	1.6
Electricians	773	2.3
Glaziers	47	–
Insulation workers	49	–
Painters, construction and maintenance	572	5.7
Paperhangers	1	–
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	573	.7
Plasterers and stucco masons	28	–
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	10	–
Roofers	221	2.3
Sheet metal workers	122	4.5
Structural iron and steel workers	58	2.2
Solar photovoltaic installers	11	–
Helpers, construction trades	52	1.3
Construction and building inspectors	90	9.9
Elevator installers and repairers	30	–
Fence erectors	34	–
Hazardous materials removal workers	42	–
Highway maintenance workers	103	2.0
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	11	–
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	12	–
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	32	–
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	34	–
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	29	–
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	9	–
Mining machine operators	67	2.5
Roof bolters, mining	2	–
Roustabouts, oil and gas	9	–
Helpers--extraction workers	4	–
Other extraction workers	64	3.8
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	5,008	3.5
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	262	6.1
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	241	13.2
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	158	8.5
Avionics technicians	5	–
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	23	–
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	1	–
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility	20	–
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	18	–
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers	38	–
Security and fire alarm systems installers	74	3.8
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	140	5.2
Automotive body and related repairers	154	.6
Automotive glass installers and repairers	22	–
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	924	1.5
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	345	.1
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	233	.0
Small engine mechanics	54	3.1
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	81	1.9
Control and valve installers and repairers	29	–
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	408	1.7
Home appliance repairers	53	3.8
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics	425	3.6
Maintenance and repair workers, general	527	3.2
Maintenance workers, machinery	29	–
Millwrights	57	3.3
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	119	1.2
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	177	6.0
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	66	4.8
Wind turbine service technicians	4	–
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	48	–
Commercial divers	1	–
Locksmiths and safe repairers	21	–
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	5	–
Riggers	10	–
Signal and track switch repairers	8	–
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers	28	–
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers	200	5.8
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	17,647	21.8
Production occupations	8,522	28.8
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers	817	18.6
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	14	–
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	133	51.4
Engine and other machine assemblers	11	–
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	32	–
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	1,026	38.6
Bakers	231	60.8
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	302	25.7
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	14	–
Food batchmakers	101	72.3
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	13	–
Food processing workers, all other	135	34.2
Computer control programmers and operators	88	3.9
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	9	–
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	8	–
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	15	–
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	82	21.6
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and and plastic	5	–
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51	10.3
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	11	–
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	0	–
Machinists	363	6.7
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters	30	–
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	5	–
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	46	–
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	1	–
Tool and die makers	47	–
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	615	4.2
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	–
Layout workers, metal and plastic	5	–
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	23	–
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	6	–
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other	376	22.5
Prepress technicians and workers	22	–
Printing press operators	180	20.0
Print binding and finishing workers	20	–
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	192	60.8
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	34	–
Sewing machine operators	196	74.8
Shoe and leather workers and repairers	7	–
Shoe machine operators and tenders	2	–
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	83	82.2
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders	3	–
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	9	–
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders	9	–
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders	9	–
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers	0	–
Fabric and apparel patternmakers	4	–
Upholsterers	40	–
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other	16	–
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	60	7.9
Furniture finishers	15	–
Model makers and patternmakers, wood	1	–
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	29	–
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	24	–
Woodworkers, all other	31	–
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	33	–
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	81	3.4
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	89	4.4
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	36	–
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	63	13.0
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	86	11.0
Cutting workers	64	16.7
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	28	–
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	7	–
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	752	37.3
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers	44	–
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians	110	48.6
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	250	49.9
Painting workers	151	12.9
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	33	–
Semiconductor processors	1	–
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders	11	–
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders	4	–
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders	4	–
Etchers and engravers	19	–
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	27	–
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	30	–
Tire builders	10	–
Helpers--production workers	40	–
Production workers, all other	944	25.5
Transportation and material moving occupations	9,125	15.3
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers	205	18.1
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	140	9.4
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists	30	–
Flight attendants	86	74.9
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	19	–
Bus drivers	550	47.1
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	3,469	5.1
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs	446	14.6
Motor vehicle operators, all other	51	9.4
Locomotive engineers and operators	50	3.5
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	6	–
Railroad conductors and yardmasters	52	7.7
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers	15	–
Sailors and marine oilers	11	–
Ship and boat captains and operators	35	–
Ship engineers	6	–
Bridge and lock tenders	5	–
Parking lot attendants	91	10.0
Automotive and watercraft service attendants	99	11.0
Transportation inspectors	29	–
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants	22	–
Other transportation workers	43	–
Conveyor operators and tenders	7	–
Crane and tower operators	76	3.4
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators	35	–
Hoist and winch operators	6	–
Industrial truck and tractor operators	589	7.1
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	338	11.1
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	1,908	17.6
Machine feeders and offbearers	33	–
Packers and packagers, hand	505	51.9
Pumping station operators	23	–
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	97	10.4
Mine shuttle car operators	1	–
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders	5	–
Material moving workers, all other	43	–
Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Percent distribution)
Occupation	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)	54,052	9,308	4,086	10,289
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	44.0	35.2	50.2	26.6
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	15.6	11.7	17.5	9.7
Professional and related occupations	28.4	23.6	32.6	16.9
Service occupations	19.8	27.7	20.0	31.8
Sales and office occupations	30.1	29.2	23.2	30.4
Sales and related occupations	11.2	10.7	10.2	12.2
Office and administrative support occupations	18.9	18.5	13.0	18.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	1.0	.6	.4	2.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	.4	.1	.2	1.2
Construction and extraction occupations	.3	.2	.1	.6
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	.3	.2	.2	.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	5.1	7.3	6.2	9.1
Production occupations	3.2	4.1	5.4	5.9
Transportation and material moving occupations	1.9	3.2	0.8	3.2
Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2014 and 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry and gender	Year
	2014		2015
	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Total
Total, 16 years and older	146,305	100.0	148,834	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting	2,237	1.5	2,422	1.6
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,088	.7	917	.6
Construction	9,813	6.7	9,935	6.7
Manufacturing	15,100	10.3	15,338	10.3
Durable goods	9,542	6.5	9,709	6.5
Nondurable goods	5,559	3.8	5,629	3.8
Wholesale and retail trade	20,251	13.8	20,320	13.7
Wholesale trade	3,642	2.5	3,635	2.4
Retail trade	16,609	11.4	16,686	11.2
Transportation and utilities	7,581	5.2	7,726	5.2
Transportation and warehousing	6,377	4.4	6,459	4.3
Utilities	1,204	.8	1,267	.9
Information	3,115	2.1	2,988	2.0
Financial activities	9,871	6.7	10,087	6.8
Finance and insurance	6,956	4.8	7,081	4.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,915	2.0	3,005	2.0
Professional and business services	17,004	11.6	17,409	11.7
Professional and technical services	10,327	7.1	10,625	7.1
Management, administrative, and waste services	6,677	4.6	6,784	4.6
Education and health services	32,830	22.4	33,678	22.6
Educational services	13,253	9.1	13,601	9.1
Health care and social assistance	19,577	13.4	20,077	13.5
Hospitals	6,586	4.5	6,698	4.5
Health services, except hospitals	9,930	6.8	10,165	6.8
Social assistance	3,060	2.1	3,213	2.2
Leisure and hospitality	13,489	9.2	13,821	9.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3,082	2.1	3,184	2.1
Accommodation and food services	10,407	7.1	10,637	7.1
Other services	7,169	4.9	7,264	4.9
Other services, except private households	6,349	4.3	6,466	4.3
Private households	820	.6	798	.5
Public administration	6,757	4.6	6,928	4.7
Women
Total, 16 years and older	68,613	100.0	69,703	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting	552	.8	597	.9
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	145	.2	120	.2
Construction	872	1.3	929	1.3
Manufacturing	4,420	6.4	4,456	6.4
Durable goods	2,407	3.5	2,384	3.4
Nondurable goods	2,014	2.9	2,073	3.0
Wholesale and retail trade	9,113	13.3	9,098	13.1
Wholesale trade	1,099	1.6	1,071	1.5
Retail trade	8,013	11.7	8,027	11.5
Transportation and utilities	1,744	2.5	1,749	2.5
Transportation and warehousing	1,470	2.1	1,466	2.1
Utilities	274	.4	283	.4
Information	1,209	1.8	1,169	1.7
Financial activities	5,254	7.7	5,345	7.7
Finance and insurance	3,906	5.7	3,942	5.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	1,348	2.0	1,403	2.0
Professional and business services	7,012	10.2	7,149	10.3
Professional and technical services	4,396	6.4	4,469	6.4
Management, administrative, and waste services	2,616	3.8	2,680	3.8
Education and health services	24,507	35.7	25,125	36.0
Educational services	9,129	13.3	9,373	13.4
Health care and social assistance	15,379	22.4	15,752	22.6
Hospitals	4,979	7.3	5,055	7.3
Health services, except hospitals	7,805	11.4	7,974	11.4
Social assistance	2,594	3.8	2,723	3.9
Leisure and hospitality	6,934	10.1	7,066	10.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,440	2.1	1,466	2.1
Accommodation and food services	5,493	8.0	5,599	8.0
Other services	3,785	5.5	3,764	5.4
Other services, except private households	3,028	4.4	3,023	4.3
Private households	757	1.1	741	1.1
Public administration	3,066	4.5	3,136	4.5
Men
Total, 16 years and older	77,692	100.0	79,131	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting	1,685	2.2	1,826	2.3
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	943	1.2	798	1.0
Construction	8,941	11.5	9,006	11.4
Manufacturing	10,680	13.7	10,882	13.8
Durable goods	7,135	9.2	7,325	9.3
Nondurable goods	3,545	4.6	3,556	4.5
Wholesale and retail trade	11,138	14.3	11,222	14.2
Wholesale trade	2,542	3.3	2,564	3.2
Retail trade	8,595	11.1	8,659	10.9
Transportation and utilities	5,838	7.5	5,977	7.6
Transportation and warehousing	4,907	6.3	4,993	6.3
Utilities	930	1.2	983	1.2
Information	1,906	2.5	1,819	2.3
Financial activities	4,617	5.9	4,742	6.0
Finance and insurance	3,050	3.9	3,139	4.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	1,567	2.0	1,602	2.0
Professional and business services	9,992	12.9	10,259	13.0
Professional and technical services	5,932	7.6	6,156	7.8
Management, administrative, and waste services	4,061	5.2	4,103	5.2
Education and health services	8,322	10.7	8,553	10.8
Educational services	4,124	5.3	4,229	5.3
Health care and social assistance	4,198	5.4	4,325	5.5
Hospitals	1,607	2.1	1,643	2.1
Health services, except hospitals	2,125	2.7	2,191	2.8
Social assistance	466	0.6	490	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	6,555	8.4	6,755	8.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,642	2.1	1,717	2.2
Accommodation and food services	4,914	6.3	5,038	6.4
Other services	3,384	4.4	3,500	4.4
Other services, except private households	3,321	4.3	3,443	4.4
Private households	64	.1	58	.1
Public administration	3,691	4.8	3,792	4.8
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry	Total employed	Percent women
Total, 16 years and older	148,834	46.8
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting	2,422	24.6
Crop production	1,219	23.7
Animal production and aquaculture	847	26.2
Forestry, except logging	49	–
Logging	83	3.5
Fishing, hunting, and trapping	56	11.6
Support activities for agriculture and forestry	168	35.7
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	917	13.1
Oil and gas extraction	103	18.3
Coal mining	68	5.2
Metal ore mining	45	–
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	86	10.6
Not specified type of mining	7	–
Support activities for mining	609	13.2
Construction	9,935	9.3
Manufacturing	15,338	29.1
Durable goods	9,709	24.6
Nonmetallic mineral products	456	18.3
Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing	23	–
Clay building material and refractories manufacturing	24	–
Glass and glass product manufacturing	148	21.4
Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing	180	10.7
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	82	18.2
Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing	1,726	18.2
Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing	303	11.0
Aluminum production and processing	68	20.7
Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing	60	22.5
Foundries	88	12.4
Metal forgings and stampings	64	22.0
Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing	39	–
Structural metals and boiler, tank and shipping container manufacturing	375	19.0
Machine shops; turned products; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing	300	15.7
Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities	67	17.1
Ordnance	49	–
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing	283	23.0
Not specified metal industries	30	–
Machinery manufacturing	1,270	20.8
Agricultural implement manufacturing	132	22.0
Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing	203	17.7
Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing	72	27.5
Metalworking machinery manufacturing	138	15.3
Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing	61	22.2
Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c.	654	21.9
Not specified machinery manufacturing	10	–
Computers and electronic products manufacturing	1,171	30.7
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	212	30.2
Communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing	127	23.1
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	220	31.7
Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c.	612	32.1
Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing	377	31.3
Household appliance manufacturing	87	33.2
Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c.	290	30.7
Transportation equipment manufacturing	2,366	24.5
Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing	1,284	26.7
Aircraft and parts manufacturing	734	23.4
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	102	19.7
Railroad rolling stock manufacturing	39	–
Ship and boat building	157	15.0
Other transportation equipment manufacturing	50	29.5
Wood products manufacturing	411	12.7
Sawmills and wood preservation	119	5.2
Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products	45	–
Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes	37	–
Miscellaneous wood products	209	14.7
Furniture and fixtures manufacturing	425	24.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing	1,507	33.9
Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	585	36.9
Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing	110	32.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c.	531	33.6
Not specified manufacturing industries	281	28.8
Nondurable goods manufacturing	5,629	36.8
Food manufacturing	1,753	39.7
Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling	142	29.7
Sugar and confectionery products	80	45.0
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing	173	32.0
Dairy product manufacturing	136	30.1
Animal slaughtering and processing	510	36.3
Retail bakeries	256	65.4
Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries	199	37.5
Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c.	201	36.4
Not specified food industries	54	38.7
Beverages and tobacco products manufacturing	282	28.2
Beverage manufacturing	254	25.6
Tobacco manufacturing	28	–
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing	627	53.8
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills	14	–
Fabric mills, except knitting mills	109	41.4
Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills	13	–
Carpet and rug mills	77	40.5
Textile product mills, except carpet and rug	88	49.2
Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills	16	–
Cut and sew apparel manufacturing	247	67.3
Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing	7	–
Footwear manufacturing	41	–
Leather tanning and finishing and other allied products manufacturing	16	–
Paper manufacturing and printing	890	29.6
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills	206	12.6
Paperboard container manufacturing	92	29.9
Miscellaneous paper and pulp products	83	26.9
Printing and related support activities	509	36.9
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	206	21.6
Petroleum refining	183	22.1
Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products	24	–
Chemicals manufacturing	1,367	37.0
Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments manufacturing	162	29.5
Agricultural chemical manufacturing	37	–
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing	521	49.2
Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing	71	21.6
Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing	146	45.6
Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals	430	24.7
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	504	28.9
Plastics product manufacturing	372	30.7
Tire manufacturing	56	11.9
Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing	76	33.0
Wholesale and retail trade	20,320	44.8
Wholesale trade	3,635	29.5
Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers	162	20.5
Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers	79	34.1
Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers	171	17.5
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers	338	33.7
Metals and minerals, except petroleum merchant wholesalers	53	24.8
Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers	217	28.1
Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers	139	23.3
Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers	368	24.3
Recyclable material merchant wholesalers	102	13.9
Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers	97	44.4
Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers	54	32.6
Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers	226	45.2
Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers	121	46.2
Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers	842	27.0
Farm product raw materials merchant wholesalers	73	25.3
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers	108	30.0
Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers	116	20.5
Farm supplies merchant wholesalers	61	31.2
Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers	184	40.9
Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers	66	39.9
Not specified wholesale trade	57	27.5
Retail trade	16,686	48.1
Automobile dealers	1,321	21.2
Other motor vehicle dealers	153	19.9
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores	530	13.8
Furniture and home furnishings stores	554	43.7
Household appliance stores	65	21.7
Electronics stores	588	31.0
Building material and supplies dealers	982	30.1
Hardware stores	199	34.9
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores	267	27.9
Grocery stores	2,784	48.5
Specialty food stores	249	47.0
Beer, wine, and liquor stores	137	31.0
Pharmacies and drug stores	913	66.2
Health and personal care, except drug, stores	395	68.0
Gasoline stations	533	50.7
Clothing stores	1,055	73.7
Shoe stores	177	51.5
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores	183	64.5
Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores	499	42.3
Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores	63	66.6
Musical instrument and supplies stores	43	–
Book stores and news dealers	112	64.5
Department stores and discount stores	2,090	60.4
Miscellaneous general merchandise stores	569	60.2
Retail florists	100	63.9
Office supplies and stationery stores	153	39.7
Used merchandise stores	272	63.3
Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops	108	77.5
Miscellaneous retail stores	472	51.8
Electronic shopping	285	44.1
Electronic auctions	29	–
Mail-order houses	85	65.2
Vending machine operators	57	22.7
Fuel dealers	83	25.4
Other direct selling establishments	171	73.8
Not specified retail trade	407	50.7
Transportation and utilities	7,726	22.6
Transportation and warehousing	6,459	22.7
Air transportation	539	33.7
Rail transportation	246	6.6
Water transportation	68	25.9
Truck transportation	2,018	11.4
Bus service and urban transit	481	39.3
Taxi and limousine service	337	12.6
Pipeline transportation	49	–
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	31	–
Services incidental to transportation	819	26.8
Postal Service	658	40.9
Couriers and messengers	748	17.7
Warehousing and storage	465	32.0
Utilities	1,267	22.4
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution	661	22.1
Natural gas distribution	128	26.4
Electric and gas, and other combinations	85	28.9
Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems	270	20.4
Sewage treatment facilities	92	11.1
Not specified utilities	31	–
Information	2,988	39.1
Newspaper publishers	191	51.2
Periodical, book, and directory publishers	264	55.3
Software publishers	91	30.3
Motion pictures and video industries	398	39.0
Sound recording industries	53	28.4
Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming	593	29.3
Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals	114	33.0
Wired telecommunications carriers	502	31.5
Other telecommunications services	430	34.3
Data processing, hosting, and related services	104	42.0
Libraries and archives	196	76.5
Other information services	50	32.6
Financial activities	10,087	53.0
Finance and insurance	7,081	55.7
Banking and related activities	2,051	61.9
Savings institutions, including credit unions	220	68.6
Nondepository credit and related activities	998	50.6
Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments	1,082	36.5
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,730	59.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	3,005	46.7
Real estate	2,617	49.3
Rental and leasing services	389	28.9
Automotive equipment rental and leasing	174	29.9
Video tape and disk rental	11	–
Other consumer goods rental	92	32.5
Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing	111	20.8
Professional and business services	17,409	41.1
Professional and technical services	10,625	42.1
Legal services	1,595	54.0
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,095	59.0
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,521	24.8
Specialized design services	395	55.5
Computer systems design and related services	2,542	25.6
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,554	42.9
Scientific research and development services	572	45.7
Advertising, public relations, and related services	559	49.0
Veterinary services	349	80.7
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	443	52.4
Management, administrative, and waste services	6,784	39.5
Management of companies and enterprises	193	49.0
Employment services	978	53.2
Business support services	803	63.8
Travel arrangement and reservation services	299	60.9
Investigation and security services	782	24.1
Services to buildings and dwellings	1,518	54.0
Landscaping services	1,356	8.4
Other administrative and other support services	300	48.6
Waste management and remediation services	552	18.6
Education and health services	33,678	74.6
Educational services	13,601	68.9
Elementary and secondary schools	8,892	75.4
Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges	3,792	55.1
Business, technical, and trade schools and training	107	53.2
Other schools and instruction, and educational support services	811	64.0
Health care and social assistance	20,077	78.5
Hospitals	6,698	75.5
Health services, except hospitals	10,165	78.4
Offices of physicians	1,678	75.9
Offices of dentists	895	78.5
Offices of chiropractors	152	65.9
Offices of optometrists	141	78.2
Offices of other health practitioners	334	77.6
Outpatient care centers	1,623	76.8
Home health care services	1,379	89.2
Other health care services	1,331	68.0
Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)	1,830	84.9
Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities	802	73.8
Social assistance	3,213	84.8
Individual and family services	1,493	78.6
Community food and housing, and emergency services	113	65.6
Vocational rehabilitation services	115	63.6
Child day care services	1,492	94.0
Leisure and hospitality	13,821	51.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3,184	46.1
Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	879	43.0
Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions	353	46.7
Bowling centers	39	–
Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,913	47.4
Accommodation and food services	10,637	52.6
Accommodation	1,571	57.5
Traveler accommodation	1,481	57.7
Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses	91	53.1
Food services and drinking places	9,066	51.8
Restaurants and other food services	8,835	51.8
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages	231	52.4
Other services	7,264	51.8
Other services, except private households	6,466	46.8
Repair and maintenance	2,113	10.9
Automotive repair and maintenance	1,275	7.3
Car washes	167	12.4
Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance	141	22.6
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance	328	6.7
Personal and household goods repair and maintenance	200	31.0
Footwear and leather goods repair	1	–
Personal and laundry services	2,333	71.7
Barber shops	115	22.6
Beauty salons	908	91.9
Nail salons and other personal care services	496	73.2
Drycleaning and laundry services	255	62.4
Funeral homes and cemeteries and crematories	129	35.3
Other personal services	429	56.9
Membership associations and organizations	2,020	55.4
Religious organizations	1,093	46.8
Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services	717	67.0
Labor unions	66	42.2
Business, professional, political, and similar organizations	144	68.8
Private households	798	92.8
Public administration	6,928	45.3
Executive offices and legislative bodies	1,000	53.4
Public finance activities	322	62.9
Other general government and support	138	36.2
Justice, public order, and safety activities	2,856	34.1
Administration of human resource programs	1,000	72.6
Administration of environmental quality and housing programs	260	43.2
Administration of economic programs and space research	554	43.4
National security and international affairs	799	37.2
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified Note: Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Percent distribution)
Industry	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)	54,052	9,308	4,086	10,289
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	1.0	0.1	0.1	1.2
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	.2	.1	.1	.1
Construction	1.5	.6	.6	1.4
Manufacturing	6.3	5.5	9.5	7.5
Durable goods manufacturing	3.4	2.8	5.5	3.2
Nondurable goods manufacturing	3.0	2.7	4.0	4.2
Wholesale and retail trade	13.2	11.9	12.4	14.8
Wholesale trade	1.6	.9	1.7	1.9
Retail trade	11.6	11.0	10.7	12.9
Transportation and utilities	2.3	4.0	1.5	2.8
Transportation and warehousing	1.9	3.6	1.2	2.5
Utilities	.4	.4	.3	.3
Information	1.6	1.7	2.1	1.1
Financial activities	7.9	6.4	7.9	6.2
Finance and insurance	5.7	5.1	6.5	4.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	2.2	1.3	1.4	1.8
Professional and business services	10.6	7.9	12.3	11.2
Professional and technical services	6.7	3.5	9.8	4.2
Management, administrative, and waste services	3.8	4.4	2.4	7.0
Education and health services	35.7	41.4	31.5	28.9
Educational services	14.3	11.3	8.9	9.8
Health care and social assistance	21.3	30.1	22.6	19.1
Hospitals	7.0	8.2	8.9	4.7
Health services, except hospitals	10.6	16.2	11.1	10.0
Social assistance	3.7	5.6	2.6	4.4
Leisure and hospitality	10.0	9.7	10.7	14.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2.2	1.4	2.0	1.7
Accommodation and food services	7.8	8.3	8.6	12.7
Other services	5.5	3.9	7.6	6.6
Other services, except private households	4.4	3.2	6.9	3.8
Private households	1.1	.7	.8	2.8
Public administration	4.1	6.8	3.7	3.9
Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2015 annual averages
Year and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$241	$248	$199	-	$194
1980	262	269	212	-	209
1981	284	291	235	-	223
1982	302	310	245	-	240
1983	313	320	261	-	250
1984	326	336	269	-	259
1985	344	356	277	-	270
1986	359	371	291	-	277
1987	374	384	301	-	285
1988	385	395	314	-	290
1989	399	409	319	-	298
1990	412	424	329	-	304
1991	426	442	348	-	312
1992	440	458	357	-	321
1993	459	475	369	-	331
1994	467	484	371	-	324
1995	479	494	383	-	329
1996	490	506	387	-	339
1997	503	519	400	-	351
1998	523	545	426	-	370
1999	549	573	445	-	385
2000	576	590	474	$615	399
2001	596	610	491	639	417
2002	608	623	498	658	424
2003	620	636	514	693	440
2004	638	657	525	708	456
2005	651	672	520	753	471
2006	671	690	554	784	486
2007	695	716	569	830	503
2008	722	742	589	861	529
2009	739	757	601	880	541
2010	747	765	611	855	535
2011	756	775	615	866	549
2012	768	792	621	920	568
2013	776	802	629	942	578
2014	791	816	639	953	594
2015	809	835	641	993	604
Women
1979	$182	$184	$169	-	$157
1980	201	203	185	-	172
1981	219	221	206	-	190
1982	239	242	217	-	203
1983	252	254	232	-	215
1984	265	268	241	-	223
1985	277	281	252	-	230
1986	291	294	264	-	241
1987	303	307	276	-	251
1988	315	318	288	-	260
1989	328	334	301	-	269
1990	346	353	308	-	278
1991	366	373	323	-	292
1992	380	387	335	-	302
1993	393	401	348	-	313
1994	399	408	346	-	305
1995	406	415	355	-	305
1996	418	428	362	-	316
1997	431	444	375	-	318
1998	456	468	400	-	337
1999	473	483	409	-	348
2000	493	502	429	$547	366
2001	512	522	454	563	388
2002	529	547	473	566	397
2003	552	567	491	598	410
2004	573	584	505	613	419
2005	585	596	499	665	429
2006	600	609	519	699	440
2007	614	626	533	731	473
2008	638	654	554	753	501
2009	657	669	582	779	509
2010	669	684	592	773	508
2011	684	703	595	751	518
2012	691	710	599	770	521
2013	706	722	606	819	541
2014	719	734	611	841	548
2015	726	743	615	877	566
Men
1979	$292	$298	$227	-	$219
1980	313	320	244	-	234
1981	340	350	268	-	251
1982	364	375	278	-	269
1983	379	387	294	-	274
1984	392	401	303	-	287
1985	407	418	305	-	296
1986	419	433	319	-	299
1987	434	450	327	-	306
1988	449	465	348	-	308
1989	468	482	348	-	315
1990	481	494	361	-	318
1991	493	506	375	-	323
1992	501	514	380	-	339
1993	510	524	392	-	346
1994	522	547	400	-	343
1995	538	566	411	-	350
1996	557	580	412	-	356
1997	579	595	432	-	371
1998	598	615	468	-	390
1999	618	638	488	-	406
2000	641	662	510	$685	417
2001	670	689	529	732	440
2002	679	702	524	756	451
2003	695	715	555	772	464
2004	713	732	569	802	480
2005	722	743	559	825	489
2006	743	761	591	882	505
2007	766	788	600	936	520
2008	798	825	620	966	559
2009	819	845	621	952	569
2010	824	850	633	936	560
2011	832	856	653	970	571
2012	854	879	665	1,055	592
2013	860	884	664	1,059	594
2014	871	897	680	1,080	616
2015	895	920	680	1,129	631
Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
1979	62.3	61.7	74.4	-	71.7
1980	64.2	63.4	75.8	-	73.5
1981	64.4	63.1	76.9	-	75.7
1982	65.7	64.5	78.1	-	75.5
1983	66.5	65.6	78.9	-	78.5
1984	67.6	66.8	79.5	-	77.7
1985	68.1	67.2	82.6	-	77.7
1986	69.5	67.9	82.8	-	80.6
1987	69.8	68.2	84.4	-	82.0
1988	70.2	68.4	82.8	-	84.4
1989	70.1	69.3	86.5	-	85.4
1990	71.9	71.5	85.3	-	87.4
1991	74.2	73.7	86.1	-	90.4
1992	75.8	75.3	88.2	-	89.1
1993	77.1	76.5	88.8	-	90.5
1994	76.4	74.6	86.5	-	88.9
1995	75.5	73.3	86.4	-	87.1
1996	75.0	73.8	87.9	-	88.8
1997	74.4	74.6	86.8	-	85.7
1998	76.3	76.1	85.5	-	86.4
1999	76.5	75.7	83.8	-	85.7
2000	76.9	75.8	84.1	79.9	87.8
2001	76.4	75.8	85.8	76.9	88.2
2002	77.9	77.9	90.3	74.9	88.0
2003	79.4	79.3	88.5	77.5	88.4
2004	80.4	79.8	88.8	76.4	87.3
2005	81.0	80.2	89.3	80.6	87.7
2006	80.8	80.0	87.8	79.3	87.1
2007	80.2	79.4	88.8	78.1	91.0
2008	79.9	79.3	89.4	78.0	89.6
2009	80.2	79.2	93.7	81.8	89.5
2010	81.2	80.5	93.5	82.6	90.7
2011	82.2	82.1	91.1	77.4	90.7
2012	80.9	80.8	90.1	73.0	88.0
2013	82.1	81.7	91.3	77.3	91.1
2014	82.5	81.8	89.9	77.9	89.0
2015	81.1	80.8	90.4	77.7	89.7
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2015 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender	Total employed (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings
Total
Total	99,291	$860
Less than high school diploma	7,289	493
High school graduate or more	92,001	900
High school graduate, no college	25,221	678
Some college or associate's degree	26,801	762
Some college, no degree	15,894	738
Associate's degree	10,908	798
Occupational program	4,684	785
Academic program	6,224	809
Bachelor's degree and higher	39,979	1,230
Bachelor's degree	25,043	1,137
Master's degree	11,106	1,341
Professional degree	1,752	1,730
Doctoral degree	2,080	1,623
Women
Total	44,020	761
Less than high school diploma	2,255	418
High school graduate or more	41,766	787
High school graduate, no college	9,905	586
Some college or associate's degree	12,692	664
Some college, no degree	7,153	637
Associate's degree	5,539	703
Occupational program	2,199	678
Academic program	3,340	723
Bachelor's degree and higher	19,169	1,064
Bachelor's degree	11,748	975
Master's degree	5,885	1,160
Professional degree	721	1,451
Doctoral degree	814	1,442
Men
Total	55,270	$947
Less than high school diploma	5,035	520
High school graduate or more	50,236	1,001
High school graduate, no college	15,316	759
Some college or associate's degree	14,109	883
Some college, no degree	8,741	850
Associate's degree	5,368	931
Occupational program	2,485	915
Academic program	2,883	950
Bachelor's degree and higher	20,811	1,420
Bachelor's degree	13,295	1,304
Master's degree	5,220	1,566
Professional degree	1,030	1,888
Doctoral degree	1,266	1,758
Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation	Total		Women		Men		Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Occupation	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, full-time wage and salary workers	109,080	$809	48,334	$726	60,746	$895	81.1
Management, professional, and related occupations	44,844	1,158	23,038	996	21,807	1,383	72.0
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	18,422	1,258	8,404	1,073	10,018	1,436	74.7
Management occupations	12,480	1,351	5,147	1,139	7,332	1,486	76.6
Chief executives	1,046	2,041	283	1,836	763	2,251	81.6
General and operations managers	823	1,260	202	1,002	621	1,347	74.4
Legislators	8	–	4	–	5	–	–
Advertising and promotions managers	55	1,050	26	–	29	–	–
Marketing and sales managers	948	1,462	378	1,258	570	1,603	78.5
Public relations and fundraising managers	59	1,557	35	–	24	–	–
Administrative services managers	170	1,191	73	981	96	1,451	67.6
Computer and information systems managers	636	1,728	169	1,563	466	1,817	86.0
Financial managers	1,124	1,408	573	1,130	551	1,732	65.2
Compensation and benefits managers	23	–	16	–	7	–	–
Human resources managers	254	1,365	186	1,274	68	1,495	85.2
Training and development managers	37	–	20	–	17	–	–
Industrial production managers	267	1,485	45	–	221	1,528	–
Purchasing managers	193	1,348	84	1,226	109	1,404	87.3
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	276	966	52	749	224	1,006	74.5
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers	129	769	23	–	106	847	–
Construction managers	471	1,329	42	–	429	1,357	–
Education administrators	778	1,423	496	1,252	282	1,585	79.0
Architectural and engineering managers	110	1,899	10	–	101	1,892	–
Food service managers	763	742	374	680	389	820	82.9
Funeral service managers	13	–	2	–	10	–	–
Gaming managers	19	–	6	–	13	–	–
Lodging managers	123	985	68	902	54	1,171	77.0
Medical and health services managers	592	1,210	438	1,156	154	1,422	81.3
Natural sciences managers	24	–	13	–	11	–	–
Postmasters and mail superintendents	20	–	10	–	10	–	–
Property, real estate, and community association managers	401	914	230	823	171	1,137	72.4
Social and community service managers	305	1,022	200	965	105	1,142	84.5
Emergency management directors	9	–	3	–	6	–	–
Managers, all other	2,803	1,408	1,085	1,213	1,717	1,525	79.5
Business and financial operations occupations	5,942	1,137	3,256	1,004	2,686	1,327	75.7
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes	27	–	14	–	13	–	–
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products	11	–	2	–	9	–	–
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products	142	926	69	985	73	886	111.2
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products	260	1,009	124	986	136	1,020	96.7
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	317	963	176	824	141	1,134	72.7
Compliance officers	235	1,198	109	1,025	126	1,375	74.5
Cost estimators	95	1,232	12	–	83	1,264	–
Human resources workers	592	1,002	441	984	151	1,158	85.0
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	63	998	50	898	12	–	–
Training and development specialists	107	990	65	1,037	42	–	–
Logisticians	111	1,028	44	–	66	1,075	–
Management analysts	529	1,431	237	1,348	291	1,519	88.7
Meeting, convention, and event planners	117	859	90	840	27	–	–
Fundraisers	62	1,136	48	–	14	–	–
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	203	1,284	118	1,239	85	1,411	87.8
Business operations specialists, all other	186	1,090	112	969	74	1,461	66.3
Accountants and auditors	1,464	1,132	846	988	618	1,345	73.5
Appraisers and assessors of real estate	42	–	21	–	21	–	–
Budget analysts	44	–	28	–	17	–	–
Credit analysts	17	–	9	–	8	–	–
Financial analysts	295	1,426	127	1,171	168	1,680	69.7
Personal financial advisors	407	1,419	159	1,033	248	1,738	59.4
Insurance underwriters	106	1,149	63	956	44	–	–
Financial examiners	17	–	8	–	9	–	–
Credit counselors and loan officers	313	997	166	906	146	1,186	76.4
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	59	1,051	39	–	20	–	–
Tax preparers	56	892	37	–	19	–	–
Financial specialists, all other	66	1,162	40	–	25	–	–
Professional and related occupations	26,423	1,112	14,634	963	11,789	1,343	71.7
Computer and mathematical occupations	4,009	1,428	973	1,245	3,036	1,503	82.8
Computer and information research scientists	28	–	5	–	23	–	–
Computer systems analysts	499	1,389	173	1,256	325	1,462	85.9
Information security analysts	67	1,538	11	–	56	1,562	–
Computer programmers	450	1,438	93	1,302	357	1,501	86.7
Software developers, applications and systems software	1,287	1,682	232	1,415	1,054	1,751	80.8
Web developers	151	1,165	53	1,026	98	1,233	83.2
Computer support specialists	396	1,079	105	908	291	1,135	80.0
Database administrators	90	1,536	32	–	58	1,829	–
Network and computer systems administrators	208	1,242	28	–	179	1,266	–
Computer network architects	115	1,552	15	–	100	1,577	–
Computer occupations, all other	490	1,227	116	1,145	374	1,252	91.5
Actuaries	24	–	6	–	18	–	–
Mathematicians	6	–	0	–	6	–	–
Operations research analysts	122	1,441	63	1,325	59	1,574	84.2
Statisticians	76	1,275	39	–	37	–	–
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations	1	–	0	–	1	–	–
Architecture and engineering occupations	2,656	1,424	383	1,257	2,272	1,452	86.6
Architects, except naval	138	1,441	31	–	106	1,492	–
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	29	–	6	–	23	–	–
Aerospace engineers	140	1,662	18	–	122	1,668	–
Agricultural engineers	5	–	0	–	5	–	–
Biomedical engineers	12	–	2	–	10	–	–
Chemical engineers	79	1,532	10	–	69	1,583	–
Civil engineers	316	1,460	41	–	275	1,474	–
Computer hardware engineers	72	1,876	10	–	62	1,871	–
Electrical and electronics engineers	283	1,778	37	–	246	1,819	–
Environmental engineers	35	–	9	–	26	–	–
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	205	1,447	37	–	168	1,430	–
Marine engineers and naval architects	9	–	0	–	9	–	–
Materials engineers	36	–	4	–	33	–	–
Mechanical engineers	316	1,534	23	–	294	1,550	–
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	15	–	0	–	15	–	–
Nuclear engineers	5	–	2	–	3	–	–
Petroleum engineers	43	–	3	–	39	–	–
Engineers, all other	393	1,527	54	1,448	339	1,537	94.2
Drafters	114	977	23	–	91	977	–
Engineering technicians, except drafters	352	963	68	827	284	984	84.0
Surveying and mapping technicians	58	1,012	4	–	54	1,031	–
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,176	1,206	514	1,067	662	1,379	77.4
Agricultural and food scientists	22	–	10	–	12	–	–
Biological scientists	74	1,233	28	–	46	–	–
Conservation scientists and foresters	23	–	7	–	16	–	–
Medical scientists	151	1,250	84	1,082	68	1,362	79.4
Life scientists, all other	1	–	0	–	1	–	–
Astronomers and physicists	14	–	3	–	11	–	–
Atmospheric and space scientists	8	–	1	–	8	–	–
Chemists and materials scientists	93	1,432	33	–	61	1,496	–
Environmental scientists and geoscientists	90	1,423	25	–	65	1,740	–
Physical scientists, all other	189	1,553	68	1,170	121	1,770	66.1
Economists	29	–	12	–	17	–	–
Survey researchers	0	–	0	–	0	–	–
Psychologists	114	1,367	83	1,189	31	–	–
Sociologists	0	–	0	–	0	–	–
Urban and regional planners	22	–	9	–	13	–	–
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	37	–	19	–	19	–	–
Agricultural and food science technicians	28	–	7	–	21	–	–
Biological technicians	20	–	10	–	10	–	–
Chemical technicians	75	944	32	–	43	–	–
Geological and petroleum technicians	22	–	4	–	18	–	–
Nuclear technicians	2	–	0	–	2	–	–
Social science research assistants	3	–	3	–	0	–	–
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians	157	846	78	780	79	1,001	77.9
Community and social service occupations	2,143	889	1,367	845	776	973	86.8
Counselors	635	904	451	902	184	908	99.3
Social workers	677	877	549	862	127	943	91.4
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	85	967	43	–	42	–	–
Social and human service assistants	173	676	149	673	23	–	–
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers	92	831	63	728	29	–	–
Clergy	376	1,002	60	924	316	1,021	90.5
Directors, religious activities and education	62	929	31	–	31	–	–
Religious workers, all other	44	–	21	–	23	–	–
Legal occupations	1,346	1,391	722	1,135	624	1,877	60.5
Lawyers	803	1,886	300	1,717	503	1,914	89.7
Judicial law clerks	11	–	10	–	1	–	–
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	54	1,952	20	–	33	–	–
Paralegals and legal assistants	341	927	294	910	47	–	–
Miscellaneous legal support workers	136	770	97	746	40	–	–
Education, training, and library occupations	6,884	956	5,034	907	1,849	1,144	79.3
Postsecondary teachers	917	1,258	401	1,144	516	1,405	81.4
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	517	616	506	618	11	–	–
Elementary and middle school teachers	2,806	974	2,262	957	543	1,077	88.9
Secondary school teachers	1,048	1,066	610	1,006	438	1,149	87.6
Special education teachers	297	987	258	990	38	–	–
Other teachers and instructors	378	896	199	817	179	1,024	79.8
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	38	–	20	–	18	–	–
Librarians	130	991	102	966	27	–	–
Library technicians	18	–	15	–	4	–	–
Teacher assistants	614	541	565	530	48	–	–
Other education, training, and library workers	123	1,001	95	1,031	28	–	–
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,643	1,001	713	942	930	1,088	86.6
Artists and related workers	58	1,166	20	–	39	–	–
Designers	593	993	291	918	301	1,099	83.5
Actors	12	–	4	–	8	–	–
Producers and directors	120	1,270	53	1,234	67	1,340	92.1
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers	147	780	39	–	108	818	–
Dancers and choreographers	11	–	9	–	2	–	–
Musicians, singers, and related workers	42	–	9	–	33	–	–
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other	14	–	3	–	11	–	–
Announcers	25	–	5	–	21	–	–
News analysts, reporters and correspondents	56	1,218	27	–	29	–	–
Public relations specialists	120	1,211	71	971	49	–	–
Editors	108	1,148	50	1,125	58	1,205	93.4
Technical writers	52	1,158	30	–	22	–	–
Writers and authors	79	1,232	42	–	36	–	–
Miscellaneous media and communication workers	46	–	30	–	16	–	–
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators	83	954	7	–	77	937	–
Photographers	45	–	21	–	24	–	–
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors	30	–	1	–	28	–	–
Media and communication equipment workers, all other	2	–	0	–	2	–	–
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	6,566	1,041	4,928	991	1,639	1,272	77.9
Chiropractors	22	–	7	–	15	–	–
Dentists	59	1,656	20	–	39	–	–
Dietitians and nutritionists	79	886	69	879	9	–	–
Optometrists	19	–	13	–	6	–	–
Pharmacists	206	1,920	108	1,811	98	2,117	85.5
Physicians and surgeons	740	1,824	283	1,533	457	1,915	80.1
Physician assistants	57	1,368	40	–	17	–	–
Podiatrists	9	–	4	–	5	–	–
Audiologists	8	–	6	–	1	–	–
Occupational therapists	74	1,210	64	1,199	10	–	–
Physical therapists	178	1,265	123	1,215	56	1,347	90.2
Radiation therapists	12	–	7	–	5	–	–
Recreational therapists	6	–	4	–	2	–	–
Respiratory therapists	99	1,000	67	937	32	–	–
Speech-language pathologists	108	1,147	106	1,148	1	–	–
Exercise physiologists	3	–	0	–	3	–	–
Therapists, all other	132	944	101	951	31	–	–
Veterinarians	55	1,455	39	–	16	–	–
Registered nurses	2,382	1,116	2,104	1,098	278	1,222	89.9
Nurse anesthetists	23	–	12	–	11	–	–
Nurse midwives	6	–	6	–	0	–	–
Nurse practitioners	115	1,532	103	1,522	11	–	–
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other	2	–	2	–	0	–	–
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	270	901	201	796	69	1,089	73.1
Dental hygienists	86	914	80	953	6	–	–
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians	253	964	177	908	76	1,106	82.1
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics	175	811	49	–	126	899	–
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians	487	636	389	633	99	652	97.1
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	508	743	459	737	48	–	–
Medical records and health information technicians	174	740	157	723	17	–	–
Opticians, dispensing	44	–	23	–	21	–	–
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	99	671	66	642	32	–	–
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	78	1,128	38	–	40	–	–
Service occupations	15,279	509	7,650	463	7,629	585	79.1
Healthcare support occupations	2,395	498	2,074	490	320	577	84.9
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides	1,400	467	1,237	457	163	526	86.9
Occupational therapy assistants and aides	17	–	12	–	4	–	–
Physical therapist assistants and aides	53	742	35	–	18	–	–
Massage therapists	37	–	22	–	16	–	–
Dental assistants	188	531	175	522	14	–	–
Medical assistants	422	539	387	530	35	–	–
Medical transcriptionists	28	–	26	–	3	–	–
Pharmacy aides	22	–	18	–	4	–	–
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	21	–	17	–	4	–	–
Phlebotomists	91	551	76	534	15	–	–
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers	115	524	71	511	44	–	–
Protective service occupations	2,729	796	547	655	2,181	851	77.0
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	57	856	16	–	41	–	–
First-line supervisors of police and detectives	114	1,427	17	–	97	1,425	–
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers	42	–	3	–	39	–	–
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	72	808	16	–	56	825	–
Firefighters	260	1,033	16	–	245	1,052	–
Fire inspectors	18	–	3	–	15	–	–
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers	453	754	112	686	341	779	88.1
Detectives and criminal investigators	141	1,159	41	–	100	1,265	–
Fish and game wardens	6	–	1	–	5	–	–
Parking enforcement workers	9	–	3	–	6	–	–
Police and sheriff's patrol officers	655	1,002	86	1,009	569	1,001	100.8
Transit and railroad police	3	–	0	–	3	–	–
Animal control workers	4	–	2	–	2	–	–
Private detectives and investigators	85	843	36	–	49	–	–
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers	708	567	153	515	555	592	87.0
Crossing guards	26	–	13	–	13	–	–
Transportation security screeners	33	–	11	–	22	–	–
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers	42	–	18	–	24	–	–
Food preparation and serving related occupations	4,124	441	1,991	414	2,133	481	86.1
Chefs and head cooks	340	619	55	492	285	656	75.0
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	378	498	222	458	156	621	73.8
Cooks	1,302	416	494	400	808	427	93.7
Food preparation workers	366	402	192	388	174	414	93.7
Bartenders	252	521	142	493	110	569	86.6
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food	173	391	107	380	67	401	94.8
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop	56	354	28	–	28	–	–
Waiters and waitresses	868	451	563	411	305	501	82.0
Food servers, nonrestaurant	93	509	62	485	31	–	–
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	107	403	48	–	59	389	–
Dishwashers	117	398	19	–	98	401	–
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	66	400	58	397	8	–	–
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	6	–	3	–	4	–	–
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3,605	486	1,275	419	2,330	517	81.0
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers	172	620	64	571	108	700	81.6
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	80	649	1	–	79	653	–
Janitors and building cleaners	1,536	507	425	429	1,111	547	78.4
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	876	416	742	407	134	475	85.7
Pest control workers	77	585	3	–	74	591	–
Grounds maintenance workers	862	469	39	–	824	473	–
Personal care and service occupations	2,427	498	1,763	475	664	597	79.6
First-line supervisors of gaming workers	117	769	52	680	65	900	75.6
First-line supervisors of personal service workers	60	608	35	–	25	–	–
Animal trainers	26	–	8	–	19	–	–
Nonfarm animal caretakers	100	505	68	501	32	–	–
Gaming services workers	69	676	39	–	30	–	–
Motion picture projectionists	3	–	0	–	3	–	–
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	9	–	4	–	5	–	–
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers	69	485	28	–	42	–	–
Embalmers and funeral attendants	2	–	0	–	2	–	–
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors	23	–	7	–	17	–	–
Barbers	46	–	12	–	33	–	–
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	253	461	229	463	23	–	–
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers	191	501	159	497	32	–	–
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	75	608	12	–	63	606	–
Tour and travel guides	21	–	9	–	11	–	–
Childcare workers	407	437	393	430	14	–	–
Personal care aides	680	462	552	441	128	537	82.1
Recreation and fitness workers	185	555	107	526	78	684	76.9
Residential advisors	24	–	16	–	8	–	–
Personal care and service workers, all other	67	499	32	–	35	–	–
Sales and office occupations	23,620	673	14,236	627	9,384	777	80.7
Sales and related occupations	9,725	716	4,303	578	5,423	880	65.7
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	2,326	711	1,030	614	1,296	825	74.4
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers	835	1,028	280	896	556	1,140	78.6
Cashiers	1,342	415	931	405	411	471	86
Counter and rental clerks	73	594	37	–	35	–	–
Parts salespersons	92	601	11	–	82	600	–
Retail salespersons	1,918	590	759	494	1,159	694	71.2
Advertising sales agents	161	925	83	729	78	1,155	63.1
Insurance sales agents	427	815	232	717	194	1,028	69.7
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	211	1,155	65	767	146	1,461	52.5
Travel agents	62	711	53	685	9	–	–
Sales representatives, services, all other	406	966	139	699	268	1,147	60.9
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	1,138	1,020	295	917	843	1,066	86.0
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	15	–	11	–	4	–	–
Real estate brokers and sales agents	463	837	266	735	197	1,052	69.9
Sales engineers	33	–	2	–	31	–	–
Telemarketers	39	–	21	–	17	–	–
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	28	–	18	–	9	–	–
Sales and related workers, all other	158	916	70	727	89	1,088	66.8
Office and administrative support occupations	13,894	656	9,933	646	3,961	693	93.2
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	1,297	812	863	781	434	878	89.0
Switchboard operators, including answering service	17	–	10	–	7	–	–
Telephone operators	22	–	18	–	4	–	–
Communications equipment operators, all other	5	–	3	–	2	–	–
Bill and account collectors	152	657	98	648	54	674	96.1
Billing and posting clerks	406	657	366	664	39	–	–
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	769	692	682	692	87	690	100.3
Gaming cage workers	11	–	10	–	2	–	–
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	128	757	111	751	17	–	–
Procurement clerks	35	–	21	–	15	–	–
Tellers	264	514	231	516	33	–	–
Financial clerks, all other	61	767	32	–	30	–	–
Brokerage clerks	3	–	1	–	1	–	–
Correspondence clerks	3	–	2	–	1	–	–
Court, municipal, and license clerks	60	755	51	743	9	–	–
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	42	–	29	–	12	–	–
Customer service representatives	1,760	621	1,149	604	611	690	87.5
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	67	781	50	805	17	–	–
File clerks	145	634	120	627	25	–	–
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	127	481	69	467	58	486	96.1
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	105	615	89	617	16	–	–
Library assistants, clerical	35	–	28	–	7	–	–
Loan interviewers and clerks	134	710	109	722	25	–	–
New accounts clerks	20	–	17	–	3	–	–
Order clerks	74	599	48	–	26	–	–
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	50	737	40	–	11	–	–
Receptionists and information clerks	852	575	781	569	72	619	91.9
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	95	713	61	680	34	–	–
Information and record clerks, all other	100	618	78	616	22	–	–
Cargo and freight agents	20	–	9	–	12	–	–
Couriers and messengers	153	752	19	–	134	750	–
Dispatchers	250	698	141	655	109	759	86.3
Meter readers, utilities	39	–	4	–	34	–	–
Postal service clerks	127	927	51	833	76	974	85.5
Postal service mail carriers	302	954	115	854	187	1,021	83.6
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	53	828	26	–	27	–	–
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	256	838	141	732	116	978	74.8
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks	502	591	148	566	354	604	93.7
Stock clerks and order fillers	1,027	520	376	506	651	537	94.2
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	59	629	31	–	29	–	–
Secretaries and administrative assistants	2,223	687	2,099	683	124	786	86.9
Computer operators	58	751	33	–	25	–	–
Data entry keyers	223	619	169	638	55	589	108.3
Word processors and typists	68	650	62	639	6	–	–
Desktop publishers	1	–	0	–	1	–	–
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	259	689	203	675	56	762	88.6
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	63	563	39	–	24	–	–
Office clerks, general	929	620	773	622	156	609	102.1
Office machine operators, except computer	31	–	16	–	14	–	–
Proofreaders and copy markers	2	–	2	–	0	–	–
Statistical assistants	15	–	10	–	5	–	–
Office and administrative support workers, all other	391	745	298	718	93	852	84.3
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	10,834	761	453	580	10,381	770	75.3
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	810	464	174	437	637	477	91.6
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	42	–	10	–	32	–	–
Agricultural inspectors	12	–	6	–	7	–	–
Animal breeders	2	–	0	–	2	–	–
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	83	486	51	468	32	–	–
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	613	445	102	398	511	460	86.5
Fishers and related fishing workers	11	–	0	–	11	–	–
Hunters and trappers	0	–	0	–	0	–	–
Forest and conservation workers	15	–	5	–	10	–	–
Logging workers	31	–	0	–	31	–	–
Construction and extraction occupations	5,722	749	137	704	5,586	751	93.7
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	560	1,040	20	–	540	1,047	–
Boilermakers	21	–	0	–	21	–	–
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	122	652	0	–	122	652	–
Carpenters	802	687	10	–	792	687	–
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	89	637	1	–	89	634	–
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	44	–	0	–	44	–	–
Construction laborers	1,181	639	25	–	1,155	642	–
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	10	–	0	–	10	–	–
Pile-driver operators	2	–	0	–	2	–	–
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	324	856	6	–	318	859	–
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	121	596	2	–	119	595	–
Electricians	651	888	19	–	632	891	–
Glaziers	33	–	0	–	32	–	–
Insulation workers	43	–	3	–	41	–	–
Painters, construction and maintenance	344	585	14	–	330	587	–
Paperhangers	0	–	0	–	0	–	–
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	456	863	2	–	455	862	–
Plasterers and stucco masons	20	–	1	–	19	–	–
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	9	–	0	–	9	–	–
Roofers	171	584	2	–	170	580	–
Sheet metal workers	106	766	6	–	100	776	–
Structural iron and steel workers	54	869	2	–	52	864	–
Solar photovoltaic installers	8	–	0	–	8	–	–
Helpers, construction trades	47	–	0	–	47	–	–
Construction and building inspectors	67	939	9	–	58	965	–
Elevator installers and repairers	23	–	0	–	23	–	–
Fence erectors	33	–	0	–	33	–	–
Hazardous materials removal workers	39	–	5	–	35	–	–
Highway maintenance workers	91	754	0	–	91	755	–
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	9	–	0	–	9	–	–
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	8	–	0	–	8	–	–
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	25	–	2	–	23	–	–
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	28	–	1	–	27	–	–
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	30	–	0	–	30	–	–
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	5	–	0	–	5	–	–
Mining machine operators	68	1,106	2	–	65	1,098	–
Roof bolters, mining	3	–	0	–	3	–	–
Roustabouts, oil and gas	7	–	0	–	7	–	–
Helpers—extraction workers	6	–	0	–	6	–	–
Other extraction workers	61	900	3	–	58	918	–
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,301	839	143	761	4,159	842	90.4
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	270	1,032	18	–	252	1,033	–
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	194	856	28	–	166	865	–
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	139	862	13	–	126	879	–
Avionics technicians	4	–	0	–	4	–	–
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	22	–	1	–	20	–	–
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	2	–	0	–	2	–	–
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility	18	–	0	–	17	–	–
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	17	–	0	–	17	–	–
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers	30	–	2	–	28	–	–
Security and fire alarm systems installers	67	911	2	–	65	913	–
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	133	1,025	7	–	125	1,032	–
Automotive body and related repairers	120	846	2	–	118	849	–
Automotive glass installers and repairers	21	–	1	–	20	–	–
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	710	722	16	–	694	724	–
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	327	831	0	–	327	830	–
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	206	928	0	–	206	928	–
Small engine mechanics	39	–	0	–	39	–	–
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	66	592	1	–	65	591	–
Control and valve installers and repairers	23	–	0	–	23	–	–
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	341	806	4	–	337	810	–
Home appliance repairers	36	–	0	–	36	–	–
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics	394	895	11	–	383	894	–
Maintenance and repair workers, general	469	773	10	–	459	771	–
Maintenance workers, machinery	31	–	1	–	30	–	–
Millwrights	49	–	1	–	48	–	–
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	113	1,105	0	–	112	1,105	–
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	157	882	9	–	148	880	–
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	64	996	4	–	60	1,009	–
Wind turbine service technicians	3	–	0	–	3	–	–
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	38	–	4	–	34	–	–
Commercial divers	1	–	0	–	1	–	–
Locksmiths and safe repairers	12	–	0	–	12	–	–
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	4	–	1	–	4	–	–
Riggers	7	–	0	–	7	–	–
Signal and track switch repairers	9	–	0	–	9	–	–
Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers	17	–	0	–	17	–	–
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers	150	792	6	–	144	810	–
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	14,504	656	2,958	512	11,546	704	72.7
Production occupations	7,551	663	2,003	519	5,548	729	71.2
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers	783	875	133	623	650	924	67.4
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	15	–	4	–	11	–	–
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	123	554	64	544	59	566	96.1
Engine and other machine assemblers	14	–	2	–	12	–	–
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	31	–	3	–	28	–	–
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	950	581	377	512	573	637	80.4
Bakers	150	505	80	475	69	570	83.3
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	247	542	60	463	187	582	79.6
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	9	–	1	–	7	–	–
Food batchmakers	79	500	54	489	25	–	–
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	7	–	2	–	5	–	–
Food processing workers, all other	132	594	50	508	82	679	74.8
Computer control programmers and operators	83	833	2	–	81	857	–
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	8	–	1	–	7	–	–
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	6	–	0	–	6	–	–
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	15	–	3	–	12	–	–
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	78	633	15	–	62	674	–
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	–	1	–	5	–	–
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	41	–	3	–	39	–	–
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	12	–	1	–	11	–	–
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	1	–	0	–	1	–	–
Machinists	338	834	17	–	320	840	–
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters	29	–	1	–	28	–	–
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	6	–	3	–	3	–	–
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	47	–	9	–	39	–	–
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	1	–	0	–	1	–	–
Tool and die makers	49	–	0	–	49	–	–
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	568	760	23	–	545	767	–
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	4	–	0	–	4	–	–
Layout workers, metal and plastic	4	–	1	–	4	–	–
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	24	–	0	–	24	–	–
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	7	–	0	–	7	–	–
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other	351	639	72	581	278	678	85.7
Prepress technicians and workers	14	–	2	–	12	–	–
Printing press operators	160	707	26	–	134	729	–
Print binding and finishing workers	16	–	6	–	9	–	–
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	133	466	80	460	53	487	94.5
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	21	–	12	–	9	–	–
Sewing machine operators	147	493	105	476	42	–	–
Shoe and leather workers and repairers	5	–	1	–	4	–	–
Shoe machine operators and tenders	1	–	1	–	0	–	–
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	37	–	27	–	9	–	–
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders	2	–	0	–	2	–	–
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	9	–	2	–	7	–	–
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders	8	–	4	–	3	–	–
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders	7	–	2	–	5	–	–
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers	0	–	0	–	0	–	–
Fabric and apparel patternmakers	4	–	1	–	3	–	–
Upholsterers	29	–	7	–	21	–	–
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other	16	–	4	–	12	–	–
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	40	–	2	–	38	–	–
Furniture finishers	6	–	0	–	6	–	–
Model makers and patternmakers, wood	0	–	0	–	0	–	–
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	26	–	4	–	22	–	–
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	23	–	1	–	21	–	–
Woodworkers, all other	17	–	3	–	14	–	–
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	35	–	1	–	34	–	–
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	84	996	3	–	81	1,012	–
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	82	880	3	–	79	868	–
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	35	–	3	–	33	–	–
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	62	1,052	5	–	57	1,082	–
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	82	652	7	–	75	668	–
Cutting workers	51	685	9	–	41	–	–
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	31	–	6	–	25	–	–
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	6	–	0	–	5	–	–
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	701	710	260	583	440	844	69.1
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers	19	–	7	–	11	–	–
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians	86	648	42	–	44	–	–
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	239	518	120	482	118	605	79.7
Painting workers	129	708	18	–	110	733	–
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	26	–	14	–	12	–	–
Semiconductor processors	1	–	0	–	1	–	–
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders	9	–	4	–	5	–	–
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders	4	–	1	–	2	–	–
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders	4	–	0	–	3	–	–
Etchers and engravers	12	–	4	–	8	–	–
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	14	–	2	–	12	–	–
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	27	–	5	–	22	–	–
Tire builders	8	–	0	–	8	–	–
Helpers—production workers	24	–	7	–	18	–	–
Production workers, all other	846	625	203	501	643	666	75.2
Transportation and material moving occupations	6,953	646	955	494	5,998	679	72.8
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers	186	894	33	–	153	898	–
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	114	1,735	9	–	104	1,830	–
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists	32	–	8	–	24	–	–
Flight attendants	63	846	43	–	20	–	–
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	18	–	4	–	14	–	–
Bus drivers	323	615	138	572	184	681	84.0
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	2,687	747	105	632	2,582	751	84.2
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs	253	585	38	–	216	600	–
Motor vehicle operators, all other	21	–	3	–	18	–	–
Locomotive engineers and operators	44	–	2	–	42	–	–
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	5	–	0	–	5	–	–
Railroad conductors and yardmasters	55	1,117	4	–	52	1,137	–
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers	15	–	3	–	12	–	–
Sailors and marine oilers	10	–	0	–	9	–	–
Ship and boat captains and operators	29	–	1	–	28	–	–
Ship engineers	5	–	1	–	4	–	–
Bridge and lock tenders	4	–	0	–	4	–	–
Parking lot attendants	57	492	8	–	49	–	–
Automotive and watercraft service attendants	63	452	5	–	58	470	–
Transportation inspectors	21	–	7	–	14	–	–
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants	17	–	8	–	9	–	–
Other transportation workers	39	–	4	–	35	–	–
Conveyor operators and tenders	7	–	0	–	7	–	–
Crane and tower operators	75	988	4	–	71	1,016	–
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators	25	–	0	–	25	–	–
Hoist and winch operators	5	–	0	–	5	–	–
Industrial truck and tractor operators	579	609	37	–	541	612	–
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	222	485	22	–	200	498	–
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	1,433	526	219	455	1,214	547	83.2
Machine feeders and offbearers	30	–	9	–	21	–	–
Packers and packagers, hand	385	438	227	424	158	462	91.8
Pumping station operators	18	–	1	–	17	–	–
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	72	501	6	–	66	496	–
Mine shuttle car operators	0	–	0	–	0	–	–
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders	6	–	0	–	6	–	–
Material moving workers, all other	37	–	5	–	32	–	–
Note: Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Industry	Total		Women		Men		Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Industry	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, 16 years and older	109,080	$809	48,334	$726	60,746	$895	81.1
Agriculture and related industries	1,124	533	201	469	923	556	84.4
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	846	1,162	102	1,021	744	1,168	87.4
Construction	6,882	788	574	757	6,308	791	95.7
Manufacturing	13,968	839	3,872	688	10,096	902	76.3
Durable goods manufacturing	8,996	873	2,132	726	6,864	919	79.0
Nondurable goods manufacturing	4,972	776	1,739	643	3,233	863	74.5
Wholesale and retail trade	13,819	653	5,508	571	8,311	741	77.1
Wholesale trade	3,095	841	888	736	2,208	897	82.1
Retail trade	10,723	610	4,620	538	6,103	689	78.1
Transportation and utilities	6,313	871	1,359	733	4,954	915	80.1
Transportation and warehousing	5,072	819	1,094	676	3,978	863	78.3
Utilities	1,240	1,098	265	924	975	1,150	80.3
Information	2,351	1,091	874	938	1,477	1,205	77.8
Financial activities	8,170	961	4,414	821	3,755	1,219	67.4
Finance and insurance	6,255	1,020	3,539	843	2,716	1,374	61.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	1,915	787	875	749	1,040	842	89.0
Professional and business services	12,418	953	4,871	811	7,547	1,091	74.3
Professional and technical services	7,704	1,253	3,119	966	4,585	1,458	66.3
Management, administrative, and waste services	4,713	609	1,752	585	2,961	623	93.9
Education and health services	25,210	846	18,520	787	6,690	1,011	77.8
Educational services	10,426	935	7,092	896	3,334	1,048	85.5
Health care and social assistance	14,784	760	11,428	718	3,355	974	73.7
Leisure and hospitality	7,416	518	3,398	480	4,018	569	84.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,654	662	666	594	988	723	82.2
Accommodation and food services	5,762	492	2,732	453	3,030	520	87.1
Other services	4,154	686	1,826	592	2,328	775	76.4
Other services, except private households	3,776	712	1,484	616	2,292	778	79.2
Private households	378	478	342	470	36	( ¹ )	( ² )
Public administration	6,410	983	2,815	885	3,595	1,069	82.8
1 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000. ² Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000. Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic	Workers paid hourly rates
	Total	Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
	Total	Total	Percentage of hourly paid workers	At prevailing federal minimum wage	Below prevailing federal minimum wage
Age and gender
Total, 16 years and older	78,232	2,561	3.3	870	1,691
16 to 24 years	15,562	1,153	7.4	475	678
25 years and older	62,670	1,408	2.2	395	1,013
Women, 16 years and older	39,500	1,602	4.1	540	1,062
16 to 24 years	7,784	736	9.5	282	454
25 years and older	31,716	866	2.7	258	608
Men, 16 years and older	38,732	959	2.5	330	629
16 to 24 years	7,778	417	5.4	193	224
25 years and older	30,954	542	1.8	137	404
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity¹
White	60,306	1,872	3.1	561	1,311
Women	29,858	1,205	4.0	343	862
Men	30,448	667	2.2	218	450
Black or African American	11,178	481	4.3	247	234
Women	6,163	270	4.4	162	108
Men	5,015	212	4.2	85	127
Asian	3,690	109	3.0	32	78
Women	1,975	74	3.8	20	55
Men	1,715	35	2.0	12	23
Hispanic or Latino	15,809	459	2.9	159	300
Women	6,984	272	3.9	92	179
Men	8,825	188	2.1	67	121
Full- and part-time status²
Full-time workers	57,809	1,075	1.9	288	787
Women	26,146	606	2.3	170	436
Men	31,662	469	1.5	118	351
Part-time workers	20,285	1,477	7.3	579	898
Women	13,296	991	7.5	367	624
Men	6,989	486	7.0	212	274
¹ Estimates for the race groups—White, Black or African American, and Asian—do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. ² The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours. Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year and gender	Total employed	Usually full time	Usually part time	Percentage usuallyfull time	Percentage usuallypart time
Total
1968	75,920	65,277	10,644	86.0	14.0
1969	77,902	66,596	11,306	85.5	14.5
1970	78,678	66,753	11,925	84.8	15.2
1971	79,367	66,973	12,393	84.4	15.6
1972	82,153	69,214	12,939	84.3	15.7
1973	85,064	71,803	13,262	84.4	15.6
1974	86,794	73,093	13,701	84.2	15.8
1975	85,846	71,586	14,260	83.4	16.6
1976	88,752	73,964	14,788	83.3	16.7
1977	92,017	76,625	15,391	83.3	16.7
1978	96,048	80,193	15,855	83.5	16.5
1979	98,824	82,654	16,171	83.6	16.4
1980	99,303	82,562	16,740	83.1	16.9
1981	100,397	83,243	17,154	82.9	17.1
1982	99,526	81,421	18,106	81.8	18.2
1983	100,834	82,322	18,511	81.6	18.4
1984	105,005	86,544	18,462	82.4	17.6
1985	107,150	88,534	18,615	82.6	17.4
1986	109,597	90,529	19,069	82.6	17.4
1987	112,440	92,957	19,483	82.7	17.3
1988	114,968	95,214	19,754	82.8	17.2
1989	117,342	97,369	19,973	83.0	17.0
1990	118,793	98,666	20,128	83.1	16.9
1991	117,718	97,190	20,528	82.6	17.4
1992	118,492	97,664	20,828	82.4	17.6
1993	120,259	99,114	21,145	82.4	17.6
1994	123,060	99,772	23,288	81.1	18.9
1995	124,900	101,679	23,220	81.4	18.6
1996	126,708	103,537	23,170	81.7	18.3
1997	129,558	106,334	23,224	82.1	17.9
1998	131,463	108,202	23,261	82.3	17.7
1999	133,488	110,302	23,186	82.6	17.4
2000	136,891	113,846	23,044	83.2	16.8
2001	136,933	113,573	23,361	82.9	17.1
2002	136,485	112,700	23,785	82.6	17.4
2003	137,736	113,324	24,412	82.3	17.7
2004	139,252	114,518	24,734	82.2	17.8
2005	141,730	117,016	24,714	82.6	17.4
2006	144,427	119,688	24,739	82.9	17.1
2007	146,047	121,091	24,956	82.9	17.1
2008	145,362	120,030	25,332	82.6	17.4
2009	139,877	112,634	27,244	80.5	19.5
2010	139,064	111,714	27,350	80.3	19.7
2011	139,869	112,556	27,313	80.5	19.5
2012	142,469	114,809	27,661	80.6	19.4
2013	143,929	116,314	27,615	80.8	19.2
2014	146,305	118,718	27,587	81.1	18.9
2015	148,834	121,492	27,341	81.6	18.4
Women
1968	27,807	20,893	6,914	75.1	24.9
1969	29,084	21,781	7,303	74.9	25.1
1970	29,688	21,929	7,758	73.9	26.1
1971	29,976	21,950	8,026	73.2	26.8
1972	31,257	22,842	8,416	73.1	26.9
1973	32,715	23,960	8,756	73.2	26.8
1974	33,769	24,714	9,055	73.2	26.8
1975	33,989	24,598	9,391	72.4	27.6
1976	35,615	25,814	9,799	72.5	27.5
1977	37,289	27,076	10,213	72.6	27.4
1978	39,569	28,912	10,658	73.1	26.9
1979	41,217	30,227	10,990	73.3	26.7
1980	42,117	30,845	11,270	73.2	26.8
1981	43,000	31,337	11,664	72.9	27.1
1982	43,256	31,086	12,170	71.9	28.1
1983	44,047	31,679	12,367	71.9	28.1
1984	45,915	33,473	12,441	72.9	27.1
1985	47,259	34,672	12,587	73.4	26.6
1986	48,706	35,845	12,862	73.6	26.4
1987	50,334	37,210	13,124	73.9	26.1
1988	51,696	38,398	13,298	74.3	25.7
1989	53,027	39,484	13,544	74.5	25.5
1990	53,689	40,165	13,524	74.8	25.2
1991	53,496	39,783	13,713	74.4	25.6
1992	54,052	40,301	13,751	74.6	25.4
1993	54,910	40,991	13,919	74.7	25.3
1994	56,610	40,940	15,670	72.3	27.7
1995	57,523	41,743	15,779	72.6	27.4
1996	58,501	42,776	15,725	73.1	26.9
1997	59,873	44,076	15,797	73.6	26.4
1998	60,771	45,014	15,757	74.1	25.9
1999	62,042	46,372	15,670	74.7	25.3
2000	63,586	47,916	15,670	75.4	24.6
2001	63,737	47,950	15,788	75.2	24.8
2002	63,582	47,494	16,088	74.7	25.3
2003	64,404	47,946	16,459	74.4	25.6
2004	64,728	48,073	16,654	74.3	25.7
2005	65,757	49,158	16,598	74.8	25.2
2006	66,925	50,380	16,545	75.3	24.7
2007	67,792	51,056	16,736	75.3	24.7
2008	67,876	51,178	16,698	75.4	24.6
2009	66,208	48,683	17,525	73.5	26.5
2010	65,705	48,214	17,491	73.4	26.6
2011	65,579	48,224	17,355	73.5	26.5
2012	66,914	49,331	17,583	73.7	26.3
2013	67,577	49,979	17,598	74.0	26.0
2014	68,613	50,889	17,724	74.2	25.8
2015	69,703	52,142	17,561	74.8	25.2
Men
1968	48,114	44,384	3,730	92.2	7.8
1969	48,818	44,815	4,003	91.8	8.2
1970	48,990	44,825	4,166	91.5	8.5
1971	49,390	45,023	4,367	91.2	8.8
1972	50,896	46,373	4,523	91.1	8.9
1973	52,349	47,843	4,507	91.4	8.6
1974	53,024	48,378	4,646	91.2	8.8
1975	51,857	46,988	4,870	90.6	9.4
1976	53,138	48,150	4,988	90.6	9.4
1977	54,728	49,551	5,178	90.5	9.5
1978	56,479	51,281	5,198	90.8	9.2
1979	57,607	52,427	5,180	91.0	9.0
1980	57,186	51,717	5,471	90.4	9.6
1981	57,397	51,906	5,492	90.4	9.6
1982	56,271	50,334	5,937	89.4	10.6
1983	56,787	50,643	6,145	89.2	10.8
1984	59,091	53,070	6,020	89.8	10.2
1985	59,891	53,862	6,028	89.9	10.1
1986	60,892	54,685	6,207	89.8	10.2
1987	62,107	55,746	6,360	89.8	10.2
1988	63,273	56,816	6,457	89.8	10.2
1989	64,315	57,885	6,430	90.0	10.0
1990	65,104	58,501	6,604	89.9	10.1
1991	64,223	57,407	6,815	89.4	10.6
1992	64,440	57,363	7,077	89.0	11.0
1993	65,349	58,123	7,226	88.9	11.1
1994	66,450	58,832	7,617	88.5	11.5
1995	67,377	59,936	7,441	89.0	11.0
1996	68,207	60,762	7,445	89.1	10.9
1997	69,685	62,258	7,427	89.3	10.7
1998	70,693	63,189	7,504	89.4	10.6
1999	71,446	63,930	7,516	89.5	10.5
2000	73,305	65,930	7,375	89.9	10.1
2001	73,196	65,623	7,573	89.7	10.3
2002	72,903	65,205	7,697	89.4	10.6
2003	73,332	65,379	7,953	89.2	10.8
2004	74,524	66,444	8,080	89.2	10.8
2005	75,973	67,858	8,115	89.3	10.7
2006	77,502	69,307	8,194	89.4	10.6
2007	78,254	70,035	8,220	89.5	10.5
2008	77,486	68,853	8,634	88.9	11.1
2009	73,670	63,951	9,719	86.8	13.2
2010	73,359	63,501	9,858	86.6	13.4
2011	74,290	64,333	9,957	86.6	13.4
2012	75,555	65,477	10,078	86.7	13.3
2013	76,353	66,335	10,017	86.9	13.1
2014	77,692	67,829	9,863	87.3	12.7
2015	79,131	69,351	9,780	87.6	12.4
Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey. Source: Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2015 annual averages
Year	All industries			Nonagricultural industries
Year	Total	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men
1976	38.7	34.1	41.7	38.4	34.1	41.4
1977	38.8	34.2	41.9	38.5	34.2	41.6
1978	39.0	34.5	42.1	38.7	34.4	41.8
1979	38.9	34.5	42.0	38.6	34.4	41.7
1980	38.5	34.5	41.5	38.3	34.4	41.2
1981	38.1	34.1	41.1	37.9	34.1	40.7
1982	38.0	34.1	40.9	37.7	34.0	40.6
1983	38.3	34.5	41.2	38.1	34.4	41.0
1984	38.8	34.9	41.8	38.6	34.9	41.5
1985	39.0	35.2	42.0	38.9	35.2	41.8
1986	39.1	35.4	42.1	38.9	35.3	41.9
1987	39.0	35.3	42.0	38.8	35.3	41.8
1988	39.4	35.7	42.4	39.3	35.7	42.2
1989	39.6	35.8	42.6	39.4	35.8	42.4
1990	39.4	35.8	42.3	39.3	35.8	42.1
1991	39.2	35.8	42.0	39.1	35.8	41.9
1992	38.9	35.6	41.7	38.8	35.6	41.6
1993	39.4	36.0	42.2	39.3	36.0	42.1
1994	39.2	35.5	42.2	39.1	35.6	42.1
1995	39.3	35.6	42.3	39.2	35.7	42.2
1996	39.3	35.7	42.3	39.2	35.7	42.2
1997	39.5	36.0	42.4	39.4	36.0	42.3
1998	39.3	35.8	42.2	39.2	35.9	42.2
1999	39.6	36.2	42.4	39.5	36.2	42.4
2000	39.7	36.4	42.5	39.6	36.4	42.4
2001	39.2	36.1	41.9	39.2	36.1	41.8
2002	39.2	36.0	41.8	39.1	36.1	41.7
2003	39.0	35.9	41.7	39.0	35.9	41.6
2004	39.0	35.9	41.7	39.0	35.9	41.6
2005	39.2	36.1	41.8	39.1	36.1	41.7
2006	39.2	36.2	41.8	39.2	36.2	41.7
2007	39.2	36.1	41.7	39.1	36.1	41.6
2008	38.9	36.1	41.3	38.8	36.1	41.2
2009	37.9	35.3	40.2	37.8	35.3	40.1
2010	38.2	35.5	40.5	38.1	35.6	40.4
2011	38.3	35.6	40.6	38.2	35.6	40.6
2012	38.5	35.8	40.8	38.4	35.8	40.7
2013	38.6	36.0	40.9	38.5	36.0	40.8
2014	38.6	35.9	41.0	38.6	35.9	40.9
2015	38.6	35.9	40.9	38.5	35.9	40.8
Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2014 (Percentage distribution)
Year and gender	Population in thousands	Worked during the year		Percent distribution by work experience
		Total in thousands	Percentage of population	Total	Usually work full time			Usually work part time
		Total in thousands	Percentage of population	Total	Total	50 to 52 weeks	1 to 49 weeks	Total	50 to 52 weeks	1 to 49 weeks
Total
1970	138,953	93,850	67.5	100.0	79.4	55.6	23.8	20.6	6.7	13.9
1975	153,180	102,603	67.0	100.0	78.9	54.3	24.6	21.2	7.5	13.7
1980	169,452	115,752	68.3	100.0	78.5	56.1	22.4	21.4	7.7	13.7
1985	179,944	123,466	68.6	100.0	78.2	58.7	19.5	21.9	8.3	13.6
1990	189,238	132,562	70.1	100.0	78.8	60.4	18.4	21.3	8.7	12.6
1995	199,925	138,971	69.5	100.0	78.6	62.9	15.7	21.3	9.1	12.2
2000	214,292	150,787	70.4	100.0	80.4	66.7	13.8	19.5	9.3	10.2
2005	227,975	154,322	67.7	100.0	80.3	67.5	12.8	19.7	10.0	9.7
2006	231,033	156,658	67.8	100.0	80.9	68.4	12.5	19.1	9.7	9.4
2007	232,995	157,653	67.7	100.0	80.9	68.4	12.5	19.1	9.8	9.3
2008	235,086	157,472	67.0	100.0	79.5	65.6	13.9	20.5	10.5	10.0
2009	237,158	153,929	64.9	100.0	78.3	64.0	14.3	21.7	11.3	10.4
2010	238,999	152,320	63.7	100.0	78.2	64.7	13.5	21.8	11.2	10.6
2011	242,602	153,479	63.3	100.0	78.6	65.8	12.8	21.4	11.2	10.2
2012	244,993	156,194	63.8	100.0	78.4	65.5	12.9	21.6	11.2	10.4
2013	247,258	156,987	63.5	100.0	79.0	66.9	12.1	21.0	10.9	10.1
2014	250,080	159,056	63.6	100.0	79.6	67.9	11.7	20.6	10.8	9.8
Women
1970	73,657	38,809	52.5	100.0	67.9	40.7	27.2	32.2	10.1	22.1
1975	80,834	43,511	52.9	100.0	67.1	41.4	25.7	32.8	11.7	21.1
1980	89,259	51,492	57.7	100.0	67.7	44.7	23.0	32.3	11.9	20.4
1985	94,490	56,165	59.4	100.0	68.1	48.9	19.2	31.8	12.3	19.5
1990	98,970	61,494	62.1	100.0	69.8	51.5	18.3	30.2	12.8	17.4
1995	104,058	65,304	62.8	100.0	70.2	54.3	15.9	29.7	13.3	16.4
2000	111,440	71,341	64.0	100.0	72.9	58.4	14.5	27.1	13.4	13.7
2005	117,814	72,309	61.4	100.0	72.7	59.9	12.8	27.3	14.1	13.2
2006	119,300	73,527	61.6	100.0	73.0	60.7	12.3	27.0	14.1	12.9
2007	120,300	74,115	61.6	100.0	73.6	61.5	12.1	26.4	14.2	12.2
2008	121,328	74,363	61.3	100.0	72.2	59.3	12.9	27.8	15.0	12.9
2009	122,339	72,855	59.6	100.0	71.5	59.3	12.2	28.5	15.8	12.7
2010	123,012	71,980	58.5	100.0	71.5	59.4	12.1	28.5	15.6	12.9
2011	125,619	72,976	58.1	100.0	71.7	59.8	11.9	28.3	15.7	12.6
2012	126,791	74,051	58.4	100.0	71.5	59.4	12.1	28.5	15.2	13.3
2013	127,863	74,397	58.2	100.0	71.8	60.5	11.3	28.2	15.2	13.0
2014	129,342	75,416	58.3	100.0	72.7	61.2	11.5	27.3	14.7	12.6
Men
1970	65,296	55,041	84.1	100.0	87.6	66.1	21.5	12.4	4.4	8.0
1975	72,346	59,091	80.6	100.0	87.5	63.8	23.7	12.5	4.4	8.1
1980	80,193	64,260	80.1	100.0	87.2	65.2	22.0	12.8	4.4	8.4
1985	85,454	67,301	78.8	100.0	86.5	66.8	19.7	13.5	4.8	8.7
1990	90,269	71,068	78.7	100.0	86.4	68.0	18.4	13.5	5.1	8.4
1995	95,867	73,667	76.8	100.0	86.2	70.6	15.6	13.9	5.5	8.4
2000	102,853	79,446	77.2	100.0	87.5	74.2	13.2	12.6	5.5	7.1
2005	110,161	82,013	74.4	100.0	87.0	74.2	12.8	13.0	6.3	6.7
2006	111,733	83,131	74.4	100.0	87.8	75.2	12.6	12.2	5.7	6.5
2007	112,695	83,538	74.1	100.0	87.4	74.6	12.8	12.6	5.9	6.7
2008	113,758	83,109	73.1	100.0	86.0	71.2	14.8	14.0	6.5	7.5
2009	114,820	81,073	70.6	100.0	84.4	68.3	16.1	15.6	7.3	8.3
2010	115,986	80,341	69.3	100.0	84.3	69.4	14.9	15.7	7.3	8.4
2011	116,984	80,503	68.8	100.0	84.8	71.2	13.6	15.2	7.2	8.0
2012	118,202	82,143	69.5	100.0	84.5	71.0	13.5	15.5	7.5	8.0
2013	119,395	82,590	69.2	100.0	85.5	72.7	12.8	14.5	7.1	7.4
2014	120,738	83,640	69.3	100.0	85.7	73.9	11.8	14.3	7.2	7.1
Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year. The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2015.

Table 24A. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2014 (Numbers in thousands)
Year	Married-couple families
	Total	No earners	One earner				Two or more earners
	Total	No earners	Total	Husband only	Wife only	Other family member	Total	Husband and wife	Husband and other family member	Wife and other family member	Husband and wife are not earners
1967	43,292	2,943	16,490	15,429	716	345	23,859	18,888	4,639	-	-
1968	43,842	2,888	16,375	15,310	730	335	24,579	19,743	4,522	-	-
1969	44,436	3,022	16,268	15,133	797	339	25,145	20,327	4,517	-	-
1970	44,832	3,252	16,117	14,931	867	320	25,464	20,510	4,622	-	-
1971	45,939	3,471	16,847	15,502	1,004	340	25,621	20,641	4,651	-	-
1972	46,594	3,632	16,787	15,387	1,003	398	26,175	21,279	4,553	-	-
1973	47,185	4,027	16,080	14,547	1,110	423	27,078	22,152	4,535	-	-
1974	47,438	4,325	15,795	14,122	1,216	457	27,319	22,451	4,442	-	-
1975	47,878	4,943	16,217	14,343	1,394	481	26,717	22,338	3,861	-	-
1976	48,150	4,962	15,630	13,690	1,424	516	27,559	23,104	3,829	-	-
1977	48,131	5,177	15,119	13,153	1,456	512	27,835	23,474	3,812	-	-
1978	48,532	5,226	14,456	12,434	1,509	513	28,850	24,655	3,609	-	-
1979	49,132	5,559	13,912	11,934	1,499	480	29,660	25,595	3,476	-	-
1980	49,316	5,903	13,900	11,621	1,707	573	29,513	25,557	3,380	-	-
1981	49,669	6,213	13,832	11,524	1,680	628	29,624	25,729	3,212	-	-
1982	49,947	6,427	14,235	11,575	2,048	613	29,285	25,387	3,149	-	-
1983	50,134	6,549	13,692	11,100	1,944	647	29,893	26,119	2,996	-	-
1984	50,395	6,630	12,952	10,472	1,852	628	30,814	27,035	2,891	-	-
1985	50,978	6,693	12,961	10,406	1,897	658	31,324	27,787	2,764	-	-
1986	51,574	6,731	12,565	9,984	1,917	664	32,278	28,811	2,730	-	-
1987	51,847	6,741	12,435	9,787	1,946	702	32,671	29,369	2,576	-	-
1988	52,149	6,754	11,876	9,463	1,777	636	33,519	30,536	2,303	532	148
1989	52,385	6,812	11,748	9,212	1,840	695	33,825	30,879	2,373	435	138
1990	52,241	6,770	11,630	9,107	1,826	698	33,841	30,829	2,369	479	164
1991	52,549	7,091	11,523	8,873	1,993	657	33,935	31,049	2,161	527	197
1992	53,254	7,256	11,977	9,114	2,145	718	34,021	31,268	1,940	624	199
1993	53,248	7,282	11,842	8,745	2,411	687	34,123	31,302	2,051	614	156
1994	53,929	7,227	11,774	8,719	2,374	681	34,928	32,125	2,048	603	151
1995	53,621	7,278	11,739	8,821	2,253	664	34,604	32,061	1,878	539	127
1996	53,654	7,148	11,556	8,671	2,214	671	34,950	32,406	1,899	522	123
1997	54,362	7,289	11,728	8,792	2,302	634	35,345	32,764	1,853	569	158
1998	54,829	7,257	12,279	9,198	2,419	662	35,293	32,810	1,726	616	141
1999	55,352	7,163	12,328	9,093	2,595	640	35,861	33,360	1,815	519	167
2000	56,643	7,463	12,717	9,515	2,601	600	36,463	33,892	1,865	566	139
2001	56,798	7,666	12,907	9,621	2,698	588	36,224	33,696	1,898	501	129
2002	57,362	7,803	13,487	10,109	2,818	560	36,071	33,547	1,845	558	121
2003	57,767	8,043	14,051	10,469	3,026	557	35,673	33,220	1,789	548	117
2004	58,045	7,996	14,352	10,821	2,991	540	35,696	33,131	1,832	610	123
2005	58,225	8,017	14,292	10,603	3,096	593	35,915	33,380	1,818	597	121
2006	59,050	8,091	14,545	10,693	3,261	591	36,414	33,880	1,752	639	142
2007	58,490	7,914	14,264	10,392	3,265	608	36,312	33,718	1,847	597	149
2008	59,183	8,083	14,622	10,567	3,435	620	36,477	33,930	1,739	650	158
2009	58,516	8,466	15,035	10,565	3,849	621	35,015	32,327	1,789	739	160
2010	58,135	8,626	15,406	10,880	3,935	591	34,103	31,425	1,783	722	172
2011	59,071	9,152	15,972	11,301	4,015	656	33,947	31,212	1,833	739	163
2012	59,327	9,101	15,831	11,271	3,891	669	34,395	31,594	1,881	750	170
2013	59,795	9,556	15,825	11,368	3,788	669	34,414	31,685	1,849	711	169
2014	60,091	9,434	15,627	11,240	3,767	620	35,030	32,000	2,082	764	183
Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2015.

Table 24B. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2014 (Percent distribution)
Year	Married-couple families
	Total	No earners	One earner				Two or more earners
	Total	No earners	Total	Husband only	Wife only	Other family member	Total	Husband and wife	Husband and other family member	Wife and other family member	Husband and wife are not earners
1967	100.0	6.8	38.1	35.6	1.7	0.8	55.1	43.6	10.7	-	-
1968	100.0	6.6	37.4	34.9	1.7	.8	56.1	45.0	10.3	-	-
1969	100.0	6.8	36.6	34.1	1.8	.8	56.6	45.7	10.2	-	-
1970	100.0	7.3	35.9	33.3	1.9	.7	56.8	45.7	10.3	-	-
1971	100.0	7.6	36.7	33.7	2.2	.7	55.8	44.9	10.1	-	-
1972	100.0	7.8	36.0	33.0	2.2	.9	56.2	45.7	9.8	-	-
1973	100.0	8.5	34.1	30.8	2.4	.9	57.4	46.9	9.6	-	-
1974	100.0	9.1	33.3	29.8	2.6	1.0	57.6	47.3	9.4	-	-
1975	100.0	10.3	33.9	30.0	2.9	1.0	55.8	46.7	8.1	-	-
1976	100.0	10.3	32.5	28.4	3.0	1.1	57.2	48.0	8.0	-	-
1977	100.0	10.8	31.4	27.3	3.0	1.1	57.8	48.8	7.9	-	-
1978	100.0	10.8	29.8	25.6	3.1	1.1	59.4	50.8	7.4	-	-
1979	100.0	11.3	28.3	24.3	3.1	1.0	60.4	52.1	7.1	-	-
1980	100.0	12.0	28.2	23.6	3.5	1.2	59.8	51.8	6.9	-	-
1981	100.0	12.5	27.8	23.2	3.4	1.3	59.6	51.8	6.5	-	-
1982	100.0	12.9	28.5	23.2	4.1	1.2	58.6	50.8	6.3	-	-
1983	100.0	13.1	27.3	22.1	3.9	1.3	59.6	52.1	6.0	-	-
1984	100.0	13.2	25.7	20.8	3.7	1.2	61.1	53.6	5.7	-	-
1985	100.0	13.1	25.4	20.4	3.7	1.3	61.4	54.5	5.4	-	-
1986	100.0	13.1	24.4	19.4	3.7	1.3	62.6	55.9	5.3	-	-
1987	100.0	13.0	24.0	18.9	3.8	1.4	63.0	56.6	5.0	-	-
1988	100.0	13.0	22.8	18.1	3.4	1.2	64.3	58.6	4.4	1.0	0.3
1989	100.0	13.0	22.4	17.6	3.5	1.3	64.6	58.9	4.5	.8	.3
1990	100.0	13.0	22.3	17.4	3.5	1.3	64.8	59.0	4.5	.9	.3
1991	100.0	13.5	21.9	16.9	3.8	1.3	64.6	59.1	4.1	1.0	.4
1992	100.0	13.6	22.5	17.1	4.0	1.3	63.9	58.7	3.6	1.2	.4
1993	100.0	13.7	22.2	16.4	4.5	1.3	64.1	58.8	3.9	1.2	.3
1994	100.0	13.4	21.8	16.2	4.4	1.3	64.8	59.6	3.8	1.1	.3
1995	100.0	13.6	21.9	16.5	4.2	1.2	64.5	59.8	3.5	1.0	.2
1996	100.0	13.3	21.5	16.2	4.1	1.3	65.1	60.4	3.5	1.0	.2
1997	100.0	13.4	21.6	16.2	4.2	1.2	65.0	60.3	3.4	1.0	.3
1998	100.0	13.2	22.4	16.8	4.4	1.2	64.4	59.8	3.1	1.1	.3
1999	100.0	12.9	22.3	16.4	4.7	1.2	64.8	60.3	3.3	.9	.3
2000	100.0	13.2	22.5	16.8	4.6	1.1	64.4	59.8	3.3	1.0	.2
2001	100.0	13.5	22.7	16.9	4.8	1.0	63.8	59.3	3.3	.9	.2
2002	100.0	13.6	23.5	17.6	4.9	1.0	62.9	58.5	3.2	1.0	.2
2003	100.0	13.9	24.3	18.1	5.2	1.0	61.8	57.5	3.1	.9	.2
2004	100.0	13.8	24.7	18.6	5.2	.9	61.5	57.1	3.2	1.0	.2
2005	100.0	13.8	24.5	18.2	5.3	1.0	61.7	57.3	3.1	1.0	.2
2006	100.0	13.7	24.6	18.1	5.5	1.0	61.7	57.4	3.0	1.1	.2
2007	100.0	13.5	24.4	17.8	5.6	1.0	62.1	57.6	3.2	1.0	.3
2008	100.0	13.7	24.7	17.9	5.8	1.0	61.6	57.3	2.9	1.1	.3
2009	100.0	14.5	25.7	18.1	6.6	1.1	59.8	55.2	3.1	1.3	.3
2010	100.0	14.8	26.5	18.7	6.8	1.0	58.7	54.1	3.1	1.2	.3
2011	100.0	15.5	27.0	19.1	6.8	1.1	57.5	52.8	3.1	1.3	.3
2012	100.0	15.3	26.7	19.0	6.6	1.1	58.0	53.3	3.2	1.3	.3
2013	100.0	16.0	26.5	19.0	6.3	1.1	57.6	53.0	3.1	1.2	.3
2014	100.0	15.7	26.0	18.7	6.3	1.0	58.3	53.3	3.5	1.3	.3
Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2015.

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2014
Year	Contribution to family income (median percentage)
1970	26.6
1971	27.5
1972	26.7
1973	26.0
1974	25.4
1975	26.3
1976	26.4
1977	26.1
1978	26.1
1979	26.0
1980	26.7
1981	27.3
1982	28.4
1983	28.8
1984	28.4
1985	28.3
1986	29.0
1987	29.5
1988	29.6
1989	29.9
1990	30.7
1991	31.3
1992	32.4
1993	32.2
1994	31.9
1995	31.9
1996	32.6
1997	32.7
1998	32.8
1999	32.8
2000	33.5
2001	34.4
2002	34.8
2003	35.2
2004	34.9
2005	35.1
2006	35.6
2007	36.0
2008	36.0
2009	37.1
2010	37.6
2011	37.0
2012	37.3
2013	37.3
2014	36.0
Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2015.

Table 26. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2014 (Numbers in thousands)
Year	Families in which wives have earnings but husbands may not¹			Families in which both wives and husbands have earnings²
Year	Married-couple families in which wife (but not necessarily husband) have earnings from work	Wives who earn more than their husbands	Percentage of wives who earn more than their husbands	Married-couple families in which both wife and husband have earnings from work	Wives who earn more than their husbands	Percentage of wives who earn more than their husbands
1987	32,025	7,581	23.7	29,755	5,311	17.8
1988	32,810	7,827	23.9	30,503	5,520	18.1
1989	33,119	8,068	24.4	30,848	5,796	18.8
1990	33,093	8,221	24.8	30,794	5,923	19.2
1991	33,516	8,983	26.8	30,998	6,465	20.9
1992	33,987	9,715	28.6	31,221	6,948	22.3
1993	34,286	10,000	29.2	31,264	6,978	22.3
1994	35,066	10,184	29.0	32,091	7,209	22.5
1995	34,819	9,822	28.2	32,030	7,033	22.0
1996	35,120	10,070	28.7	32,389	7,340	22.7
1997	35,613	10,309	28.9	32,745	7,441	22.7
1998	35,807	10,468	29.2	32,782	7,443	22.7
1999	36,454	10,548	28.9	33,340	7,434	22.3
2000	37,037	11,070	29.9	33,873	7,906	23.3
2001	36,864	11,329	30.7	33,665	8,130	24.1
2002	36,905	11,765	31.9	33,531	8,391	25.0
2003	36,761	11,923	32.4	33,189	8,351	25.2
2004	36,710	11,985	32.6	33,110	8,386	25.3
2005	37,055	12,215	33.0	33,364	8,524	25.5
2006	37,733	12,601	33.4	33,838	8,707	25.7
2007	37,536	12,570	33.5	33,678	8,712	25.9
2008	37,988	13,104	34.5	33,905	9,020	26.6
2009	36,858	13,903	37.7	32,280	9,326	28.9
2010	36,024	13,798	38.3	31,373	9,147	29.2
2011	35,908	13,505	37.6	31,165	8,762	28.1
2012	36,181	13,779	38.1	31,549	9,147	29.0
2013	36,138	13,779	38.1	31,646	9,287	29.3
2014	36,489	13,530	37.1	31,963	9,005	28.2
¹ Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work. ² Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work. Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Earnings include self-employment earnings. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1988–2015.

Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2014 (Numbers in thousands)
Age and gender	Total					Below poverty level					Rate¹
Age and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	150,319	118,831	18,076	8,747	24,335	9,487	6,503	2,112	379	2,843	6.3	5.5	11.7	4.3	11.7
16 to 19 years	3,303	2,581	414	118	687	343	235	71	10	88	10.4	9.1	17.1	8.7	12.8
20 to 24 years	13,234	10,129	1,959	544	2,816	1,605	1,140	367	39	363	12.1	11.2	18.8	7.2	12.9
25 to 34 years	33,239	25,397	4,420	2,181	6,513	2,762	1,757	722	101	872	8.3	6.9	16.3	4.6	13.4
35 to 44 years	31,936	24,516	4,084	2,213	6,161	2,134	1,468	453	95	818	6.7	6.0	11.1	4.3	13.3
45 to 54 years	33,356	26,653	3,930	1,954	4,901	1,597	1,113	321	96	488	4.8	4.2	8.2	4.9	10.0
55 to 64 years	26,139	21,707	2,587	1,335	2,564	864	647	149	30	180	3.3	3.0	5.7	2.2	7.0
65 years and older	9,110	7,847	681	402	693	181	144	29	8	33	2.0	1.8	4.2	1.9	4.8
Women, 16 years and older	70,180	54,167	9,645	4,088	10,206	5,078	3,213	1,407	187	1,282	7.2	5.9	14.6	4.6	12.6
16 to 19 years	1,728	1,323	229	69	331	203	125	49	8	49	11.8	9.4	21.5	( 2 )	14.7
20 to 24 years	6,392	4,797	1,022	259	1,237	982	656	262	21	191	15.4	13.7	25.7	7.9	15.5
25 to 34 years	15,119	11,233	2,324	998	2,567	1,497	884	476	43	412	9.9	7.9	20.5	4.3	16.1
35 to 44 years	14,718	10,954	2,190	1,034	2,514	1,041	631	299	54	310	7.1	5.8	13.6	5.3	12.3
45 to 54 years	15,724	12,275	2,134	909	2,139	786	518	193	42	218	5.0	4.2	9.0	4.6	10.2
55 to 64 years	12,390	10,121	1,375	641	1,107	479	334	106	16	87	3.9	3.3	7.7	2.5	7.8
65 years and older	4,109	3,465	371	177	310	91	65	21	4	15	2.2	1.9	5.8	2.5	4.9
Men, 16 years and older	80,139	64,664	8,430	4,659	14,130	4,409	3,290	705	191	1,561	5.5	5.1	8.4	4.1	11.1
16 to 19 years	1,576	1,259	185	49	356	140	110	22	3	40	8.9	8.7	11.7	( 2 )	11.1
20 to 24 years	6,842	5,333	937	284	1,579	623	484	105	18	171	9.1	9.1	11.2	6.5	10.9
25 to 34 years	18,120	14,164	2,096	1,182	3,946	1,265	873	247	58	460	7.0	6.2	11.8	4.9	11.7
35 to 44 years	17,218	13,562	1,894	1,179	3,647	1,093	837	154	41	509	6.3	6.2	8.1	3.5	13.9
45 to 54 years	17,632	14,378	1,796	1,046	2,762	811	595	128	55	270	4.6	4.1	7.1	5.2	9.8
55 to 64 years	13,749	11,586	1,213	693	1,457	386	313	42	14	93	2.8	2.7	3.5	2.0	6.4
65 years and older	5,001	4,383	310	226	383	91	79	7	3	18	1.8	1.8	2.4	1.3	4.7
¹ Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks. ² Data not shown where labor force base is less than 80,000. Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: 2015 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 28. Displaced workers,1 by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2016
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Total in thousands	Percentage distribution by employment status
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Total in thousands	Total	Employed	Unemployed	Not in labor force
Total, 20 years and older	3,191	100.0	65.5	15.9	18.6
20 to 24 years	71	100.0	(²)	(²)	(²)
25 to 54 years	2,023	100.0	72.5	17.1	10.4
55 to 64 years	853	100.0	60.0	15.0	24.9
64 years and older	245	100.0	26.5	10.7	62.8
Women, 20 years and older	1,419	100.0	64.1	16.3	19.6
20 to 24 years	38	100.0	(²)	(²)	(²)
25 to 54 years	872	100.0	72.3	17.0	10.7
55 to 64 years	383	100.0	56.8	15.0	28.2
64 years and older	125	100.0	28.9	13.3	57.8
Men, 20 years and older	1,773	100.0	66.5	15.7	17.8
20 to 24 years	33	100.0	(²)	(²)	(²)
25 to 54 years	1,151	100.0	72.7	17.2	10.1
55 to 64 years	469	100.0	62.6	15.1	22.3
64 years and older	119	100.0	24.0	7.9	68.1
White
Total, 20 years and older	2,573	100.0	66.5	14.8	18.6
Women	1,123	100.0	65.0	14.9	20.1
Men	1,450	100.0	67.7	14.8	17.5
Black or African American
Total, 20 years and older	394	100.0	61.5	20.3	18.2
Women	224	100.0	62.5	20.9	16.6
Men	170	100.0	60.1	19.6	20.3
Asian
Total, 20 years and older	145	100.0	54.9	24.7	20.3
Women	49	100.0	(²)	(²)	(²)
Men	96	100.0	59.4	20.3	20.3
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 20 years and older	423	100.0	69.4	14.3	16.3
Women	187	100.0	61.9	18.4	19.6
Men	236	100.0	75.4	11.0	13.7
¹ Workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2013 and December 2015 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. ² Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2016 Displaced Worker Supplement.

Table 29. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2002–2016
Age and gender	January 2002	January 2004	January 2006	January 2008	January 2010	January 2012	January 2014	January 2016
Total, 16 years and older	3.7	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.4	4.6	4.6	4.2
16 to 17 years	.7	.7	.6	.7	.7	.7	.7	.6
18 to 19 years	.8	.8	.7	.8	1.0	.8	.8	.8
20 to 24 years	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.3
25 years and older	4.7	4.9	4.9	5.1	5.2	5.4	5.5	5.1
25 to 34 years	2.7	2.9	2.9	2.7	3.1	3.2	3.0	2.8
35 to 44 years	4.6	4.9	4.9	4.9	5.1	5.3	5.2	4.9
45 to 54 years	7.6	7.7	7.3	7.6	7.8	7.8	7.9	7.9
55 to 64 years	9.9	9.6	9.3	9.9	10.0	10.3	10.4	10.1
65 years and older	8.6	9.0	8.8	10.2	9.9	10.3	10.3	10.3
Women, 16 years and older	3.4	3.8	3.9	3.9	4.2	4.6	4.5	4.0
16 to 17 years	.7	.6	.6	.6	.7	.7	.7	.6
18 to 19 years	.8	.8	.7	.8	1.0	.8	.8	.8
20 to 24 years	1.1	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.2
25 years and older	4.4	4.7	4.8	4.9	5.1	5.4	5.4	5.0
25 to 34 years	2.5	2.8	2.8	2.6	3.0	3.1	2.9	2.6
35 to 44 years	4.2	4.5	4.6	4.7	4.9	5.2	5.1	4.8
45 to 54 years	6.5	6.4	6.7	7.0	7.1	7.3	7.6	7.5
55 to 64 years	9.6	9.2	9.2	9.8	9.7	10.0	10.2	10.0
65 years and older	9.4	9.6	9.5	9.9	10.1	10.5	10.5	10.4
Men, 16 years and older	3.9	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.3
16 to 17 years	.8	.7	.7	.7	.7	.6	.7	.6
18 to 19 years	.8	.8	.7	.8	1.0	.8	.9	.8
20 to 24 years	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.3
25 years and older	4.9	5.1	5.0	5.2	5.3	5.5	5.5	5.2
25 to 34 years	2.8	3.0	2.9	2.8	3.2	3.2	3.1	2.9
35 to 44 years	5.0	5.2	5.1	5.2	5.3	5.4	5.4	5.0
45 to 54 years	9.1	9.6	8.1	8.2	8.5	8.5	8.2	8.4
55 to 64 years	10.2	9.8	9.5	10.1	10.4	10.7	10.7	10.2
65 years and older	8.1	8.2	8.3	10.4	9.7	10.2	10.0	10.2
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2002–2016 Displaced Worker Supplement.

Table 30. Labor force status of 2015 high school graduates and 2014–2015 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, October 2015 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total, 2015 high school graduates¹	2,965	1,401	47.3	1,171	39.5	230	16.4	1,563
Women	1,516	659	43.5	543	35.8	116	17.7	857
Men	1,448	742	51.2	628	43.4	114	15.3	706
Enrolled in college	2,053	738	36.0	645	31.4	93	12.6	1,314
Percentage of total 2015 graduates	69.2	52.7	-	55.1	-	40.4	-	84.1
Women	1,100	377	34.3	343	31.2	34	9.0	723
Percentage of female 2015 graduates	72.6	57.2	-	63.2	-	29.3	-	84.4
Men	953	361	37.9	302	31.7	59	16.3	592
Percentage of male 2015 graduates	65.8	48.7	-	48.1	-	51.8	-	83.9
Not enrolled in college	912	663	72.7	526	57.7	137	20.7	249
Percentage of total 2015 graduates	30.8	47.3	-	44.9	-	59.6	-	15.9
Women	416	282	67.7	199	47.9	82	29.3	135
Percentage of female 2015 graduates	27.4	42.8	-	36.6	-	70.7	-	15.8
Men	495	381	76.9	326	65.9	55	14.3	114
Percentage of male 2015 graduates	34.2	51.3	-	51.9	-	48.2	-	16.1
Total, 2014–2015 high school dropouts²	521	239	45.9	192	36.8	47	19.8	282
Women	240	104	43.3	91	37.8	13	12.7	136
Men	281	135	48.1	101	36.0	34	25.2	146
¹ Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2015. ² Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2014 and October 2015. Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, School Enrollment Supplement, October 2015.

Table 31. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2015 (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Enrolled in school	21,948	7,943	36.2	7,242	33.0	702	8.8	14,005
Women	11,226	4,317	38.5	3,997	35.6	321	7.4	6,907
Men	10,722	3,626	33.8	3,245	30.3	381	10.5	7,098
Enrolled in high school¹	9,604	2,050	21.3	1,752	18.2	299	14.6	7,554
Women	4,667	1,051	22.5	903	19.3	149	14.1	3,615
Men	4,937	999	20.2	849	17.2	150	15.0	3,939
Enrolled in college	12,344	5,893	47.7	5,490	44.5	403	6.8	6,451
Women	6,559	3,266	49.8	3,094	47.2	172	5.3	3,292
Men	5,785	2,627	45.4	2,396	41.4	231	8.8	3,159
Not enrolled in school	16,543	13,246	80.1	11,703	70.7	1,543	11.7	3,297
Women	7,874	5,958	75.7	5,268	66.9	690	11.6	1,916
Less than a high school diploma	1,034	461	44.6	357	34.5	104	22.6	573
High school graduates, no college²	3,175	2,302	72.5	1,951	61.4	351	15.2	874
Some college or associate's degree	2,147	1,796	83.6	1,669	77.7	127	7.1	351
Bachelor’s degree and higher	1,517	1,399	92.3	1,291	85.1	108	7.7	117
Men	8,670	7,289	84.1	6,436	74.2	853	11.7	1,381
Less than a high school diploma	1,220	799	65.5	584	47.9	216	27.0	420
High school graduates, no college²	4,243	3,578	84.3	3,144	74.1	434	12.1	665
Some college or associate's degree	2,101	1,855	88.3	1,699	80.9	156	8.4	247
Bachelor’s degree and higher	1,106	1,057	95.5	1,009	91.2	48	4.5	49
¹ Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school. ² Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent. Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, School Enrollment Supplement, October 2015.

Table 32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year	Total employed	Multiple jobholders				Multiple-jobholding rate¹
		Total	Women		Men	Total	Women	Men
		Total	Number	Percentage of all multiple jobholders	Men	Total	Women	Men
1994	123,060	7,260	3,336	46.0	3,924	5.9	5.9	5.9
1995	124,900	7,693	3,554	46.2	4,139	6.2	6.2	6.1
1996	126,708	7,832	3,640	46.5	4,192	6.2	6.2	6.1
1997	129,558	7,955	3,718	46.7	4,237	6.1	6.2	6.1
1998	131,463	7,926	3,748	47.3	4,178	6.0	6.2	5.9
1999	133,488	7,802	3,698	47.4	4,104	5.8	6.0	5.7
2000	136,891	7,604	3,608	47.4	3,996	5.6	5.7	5.5
2001	136,933	7,357	3,523	47.9	3,834	5.4	5.5	5.2
2002	136,485	7,291	3,557	48.8	3,734	5.3	5.6	5.1
2003	137,736	7,315	3,599	49.2	3,716	5.3	5.6	5.1
2004	139,252	7,473	3,638	48.7	3,835	5.4	5.6	5.1
2005	141,730	7,546	3,691	48.9	3,855	5.3	5.6	5.1
2006	144,427	7,576	3,753	49.5	3,822	5.2	5.6	4.9
2007	146,047	7,655	3,822	49.9	3,833	5.2	5.6	4.9
2008	145,362	7,620	3,783	49.6	3,837	5.2	5.6	5.0
2009	139,877	7,271	3,741	51.5	3,530	5.2	5.6	4.8
2010	139,064	6,878	3,552	51.6	3,326	4.9	5.4	4.5
2011	139,869	6,880	3,496	50.8	3,384	4.9	5.3	4.6
2012	142,469	6,943	3,495	50.3	3,448	4.9	5.2	4.6
2013	143,929	7,002	3,517	50.2	3,486	4.9	5.2	4.6
2014	146,305	7,146	3,636	50.9	3,511	4.9	5.3	4.5
2015	148,834	7,262	3,692	50.8	3,571	4.9	5.3	4.5
¹ Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 33. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year	Total			Women			Men			Self-employed women as percentage of total self-employed
Year	Total employed	Self-employed	Self-employed as a percentage of total	Total employed	Self-employed	Self-employed as a percentage of total	Total employed	Self-employed	Self-employed as a percentage of total	Self-employed women as percentage of total self-employed
1976	85,421	5,782	6.8	35,027	1,549	4.4	50,394	4,233	8.4	26.8
1977	88,734	6,115	6.9	36,677	1,692	4.6	52,057	4,423	8.5	27.7
1978	92,661	6,428	6.9	38,900	1,814	4.7	53,761	4,614	8.6	28.2
1979	95,477	6,792	7.1	40,556	1,982	4.9	54,921	4,810	8.8	29.2
1980	95,938	7,001	7.3	41,461	2,097	5.1	54,477	4,904	9.0	30.0
1981	97,030	7,097	7.3	42,333	2,192	5.2	54,697	4,905	9.0	30.9
1982	96,125	7,263	7.6	42,591	2,309	5.4	53,534	4,954	9.3	31.8
1983	97,450	7,575	7.8	43,367	2,439	5.6	54,083	5,136	9.5	32.2
1984	101,685	7,785	7.7	45,262	2,566	5.7	56,423	5,219	9.2	33.0
1985	103,971	7,810	7.5	46,615	2,603	5.6	57,356	5,207	9.1	33.3
1986	106,435	7,881	7.4	48,054	2,610	5.4	58,381	5,271	9.0	33.1
1987	109,232	8,201	7.5	49,668	2,778	5.6	59,564	5,423	9.1	33.9
1988	111,800	8,519	7.6	51,020	2,955	5.8	60,780	5,564	9.2	34.7
1989	114,143	8,605	7.5	52,341	3,043	5.8	61,802	5,562	9.0	35.4
1990	115,570	8,719	7.5	53,011	3,122	5.9	62,559	5,597	8.9	35.8
1991	114,449	8,850	7.7	52,815	3,150	6.0	61,634	5,700	9.2	35.6
1992	115,246	8,576	7.4	53,380	2,963	5.6	61,866	5,613	9.1	34.5
1993	117,144	8,959	7.6	54,273	3,065	5.6	62,871	5,894	9.4	34.2
1994	119,651	9,003	7.5	55,755	3,443	6.2	63,896	5,560	8.7	38.2
1995	121,460	8,901	7.3	56,642	3,440	6.1	64,818	5,461	8.4	38.6
1996	123,264	8,971	7.3	57,630	3,506	6.1	65,634	5,465	8.3	39.1
1997	126,159	9,056	7.2	59,026	3,550	6.0	67,133	5,506	8.2	39.2
1998	128,085	8,962	7.0	59,945	3,482	5.8	68,140	5,480	8.0	38.9
1999	130,207	8,790	6.8	61,193	3,424	5.6	69,014	5,366	7.8	39.0
2000	134,427	9,205	6.8	62,983	3,631	5.8	71,444	5,573	7.8	39.4
2001	134,635	9,121	6.8	63,147	3,594	5.7	71,488	5,527	7.7	39.4
2002	134,174	8,923	6.7	62,995	3,499	5.6	71,179	5,425	7.6	39.2
2003	135,461	9,344	6.9	63,824	3,609	5.7	71,636	5,736	8.0	38.6
2004	137,020	9,467	6.9	64,182	3,607	5.6	72,838	5,860	8.0	38.1
2005	139,532	9,509	6.8	65,213	3,565	5.5	74,319	5,944	8.0	37.5
2006	142,221	9,685	6.8	66,382	3,681	5.5	75,838	6,004	7.9	38.0
2007	143,952	9,557	6.6	67,302	3,637	5.4	76,650	5,920	7.7	38.1
2008	143,194	9,219	6.4	67,358	3,483	5.2	75,836	5,736	7.6	37.8
2009	137,775	8,995	6.5	65,712	3,468	5.3	72,062	5,527	7.7	38.6
2010	136,858	8,860	6.5	65,164	3,388	5.2	71,694	5,472	7.6	38.2
2011	137,615	8,603	6.3	65,023	3,341	5.1	72,592	5,262	7.2	38.8
2012	140,283	8,749	6.2	66,353	3,483	5.2	73,930	5,266	7.1	39.8
2013	141,799	8,619	6.1	67,058	3,508	5.2	74,742	5,111	6.8	40.7
2014	144,068	8,602	6.0	68,061	3,444	5.1	76,007	5,158	6.8	40.0
2015	146,411	8,665	5.9	69,106	3,396	4.9	77,305	5,269	6.7	39.2
Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total
Native born 16 years and older¹	210,544	130,872	62.2	123,871	58.8	7,002	5.4	79,671
16 to 24 years	34,965	19,362	55.4	17,082	48.9	2,280	11.8	15,602
25 to 34 years	35,111	28,989	82.6	27,369	77.9	1,620	5.6	6,122
35 to 44 years	30,548	25,420	83.2	24,373	79.8	1,048	4.1	5,127
45 to 54 years	34,495	27,389	79.4	26,395	76.5	994	3.6	7,106
55 to 64 years	34,796	22,063	63.4	21,278	61.2	785	3.6	12,733
65 years and older	40,630	7,649	18.8	7,374	18.1	275	3.6	32,981
Foreign born 16 years and older²	40,257	26,258	65.2	24,963	62.0	1,295	4.9	14,000
16 to 24 years	3,625	1,861	51.3	1,674	46.2	187	10.0	1,765
25 to 34 years	7,660	5,657	73.9	5,373	70.1	284	5.0	2,003
35 to 44 years	9,153	7,183	78.5	6,880	75.2	303	4.2	1,970
45 to 54 years	8,142	6,513	80.0	6,248	76.7	265	4.1	1,629
55 to 64 years	5,798	3,891	67.1	3,698	63.8	193	5.0	1,907
65 years and older	5,879	1,152	19.6	1,090	18.5	62	5.4	4,727
Women
Native born 16 years and older¹	108,991	62,548	57.4	59,355	54.5	3,193	5.1	46,443
16 to 24 years	17,362	9,508	54.8	8,528	49.1	980	10.3	7,854
25 to 34 years	17,885	13,718	76.7	12,979	72.6	739	5.4	4,167
35 to 44 years	15,606	12,087	77.4	11,592	74.3	495	4.1	3,519
45 to 54 years	17,689	13,181	74.5	12,696	71.8	485	3.7	4,508
55 to 64 years	18,039	10,596	58.7	10,235	56.7	361	3.4	7,443
65 years and older	22,410	3,459	15.4	3,326	14.8	133	3.9	18,951
Foreign born 16 years and older²	20,709	10,961	52.9	10,348	50.0	613	5.6	9,747
16 to 24 years	1,786	793	44.4	701	39.3	92	11.6	993
25 to 34 years	3,744	2,153	57.5	2,018	53.9	135	6.3	1,591
35 to 44 years	4,651	2,960	63.6	2,799	60.2	161	5.4	1,691
45 to 54 years	4,109	2,828	68.8	2,703	65.8	125	4.4	1,281
55 to 64 years	3,037	1,731	57.0	1,649	54.3	81	4.7	1,306
65 years and older	3,382	497	14.7	478	14.1	19	3.9	2,885
Men
Native born 16 years and older¹	101,553	68,324	67.3	64,516	63.5	3,808	5.6	33,228
16 to 24 years	17,603	9,855	56.0	8,555	48.6	1,300	13.2	7,748
25 to 34 years	17,226	15,272	88.7	14,390	83.5	881	5.8	1,954
35 to 44 years	14,942	13,333	89.2	12,781	85.5	553	4.1	1,608
45 to 54 years	16,806	14,208	84.5	13,699	81.5	509	3.6	2,598
55 to 64 years	16,757	11,467	68.4	11,043	65.9	424	3.7	5,290
65 years and older	18,219	4,189	23.0	4,048	22.2	141	3.4	14,030
Foreign born 16 years and older²	19,548	15,296	78.2	14,615	74.8	681	4.5	4,252
16 to 24 years	1,839	1,068	58.1	973	52.9	95	8.9	771
25 to 34 years	3,916	3,504	89.5	3,355	85.7	149	4.3	412
35 to 44 years	4,502	4,223	93.8	4,080	90.6	143	3.4	279
45 to 54 years	4,033	3,686	91.4	3,546	87.9	140	3.8	347
55 to 64 years	2,761	2,160	78.2	2,048	74.2	112	5.2	601
65 years and older	2,497	655	26.2	613	24.5	43	6.5	1,842
¹ The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. ² The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year	Total					Women					Men
	Total employed	Members of unions¹		Represented by unions²		Total employed	Members of unions¹		Represented by unions²		Total employed	Members of unions¹		Represented by unions²
	Total employed	Total	Percentage of employed	Total	Percentage of employed	Total employed	Total	Percentage of employed	Total	Percentage of employed	Total employed	Total	Percentage of employed	Total	Percentage of employed
1983	88,290	17,717	20.1	20,532	23.3	40,433	5,908	14.6	7,262	18.0	47,856	11,809	24.7	13,270	27.7
1984	92,194	17,340	18.8	19,932	21.6	42,172	5,829	13.8	7,100	16.8	50,022	11,511	23.0	12,832	25.7
1985	94,521	16,996	18.0	19,358	20.5	43,506	5,732	13.2	6,910	15.9	51,015	11,264	22.1	12,448	24.4
1986	96,903	16,975	17.5	19,278	19.9	44,961	5,802	12.9	6,961	15.5	51,942	11,173	21.5	12,317	23.7
1987	99,303	16,913	17.0	19,051	19.2	46,365	5,842	12.6	6,907	14.9	52,938	11,071	20.9	12,144	22.9
1988	101,407	17,002	16.8	19,241	19.0	47,495	5,982	12.6	7,109	15.0	53,912	11,019	20.4	12,132	22.5
1989	103,480	16,960	16.4	19,198	18.6	48,691	6,141	12.6	7,243	14.9	54,789	10,820	19.7	11,955	21.8
1990	104,876	16,776	16.0	19,105	18.2	49,323	6,179	12.5	7,330	14.9	55,553	10,597	19.1	11,775	21.2
1991	103,723	16,612	16.0	18,790	18.1	49,105	6,142	12.5	7,247	14.8	54,618	10,470	19.2	11,542	21.1
1992	104,668	16,418	15.7	18,578	17.7	49,842	6,274	12.6	7,411	14.9	54,826	10,144	18.5	11,167	20.4
1993	106,101	16,627	15.7	18,682	17.6	50,626	6,516	12.9	7,610	15.0	55,475	10,112	18.2	11,072	20.0
1994	107,989	16,748	15.5	18,850	17.5	51,419	6,642	12.9	7,740	15.1	56,570	10,106	17.9	11,110	19.6
1995	110,038	16,360	14.9	18,346	16.7	52,369	6,430	12.3	7,479	14.3	57,669	9,929	17.2	10,868	18.8
1996	111,960	16,269	14.5	18,158	16.2	53,488	6,410	12.0	7,397	13.8	58,473	9,859	16.9	10,761	18.4
1997	114,533	16,110	14.1	17,923	15.6	54,708	6,347	11.6	7,304	13.4	59,825	9,763	16.3	10,619	17.7
1998	116,730	16,211	13.9	17,918	15.4	55,757	6,362	11.4	7,280	13.1	60,973	9,850	16.2	10,638	17.4
1999	118,963	16,477	13.9	18,182	15.3	57,050	6,528	11.4	7,425	13.0	61,914	9,949	16.1	10,758	17.4
2000	122,089	16,334	13.4	18,153	14.9	58,427	6,671	11.4	7,662	13.1	63,662	9,664	15.2	10,491	16.5
2001	122,229	16,305	13.3	18,026	14.7	58,582	6,768	11.6	7,672	13.1	63,647	9,538	15.0	10,354	16.3
2002	121,826	16,145	13.3	17,695	14.5	58,555	6,820	11.6	7,629	13.0	63,272	9,325	14.7	10,066	15.9
2003	122,358	15,776	12.9	17,448	14.3	59,122	6,732	11.4	7,601	12.9	63,236	9,044	14.3	9,848	15.6
2004	123,554	15,472	12.5	17,087	13.8	59,408	6,593	11.1	7,450	12.5	64,145	8,878	13.8	9,638	15.0
2005	125,889	15,685	12.5	17,223	13.7	60,423	6,815	11.3	7,626	12.6	65,466	8,870	13.5	9,597	14.7
2006	128,237	15,359	12.0	16,860	13.1	61,426	6,702	10.9	7,501	12.2	66,811	8,657	13.0	9,360	14.0
2007	129,767	15,670	12.1	17,243	13.3	62,299	6,903	11.1	7,749	12.4	67,468	8,767	13.0	9,494	14.1
2008	129,377	16,098	12.4	17,761	13.7	62,532	7,160	11.4	8,036	12.9	66,846	8,938	13.4	9,724	14.5
2009	124,490	15,327	12.3	16,904	13.6	60,951	6,887	11.3	7,727	12.7	63,539	8,441	13.3	9,176	14.4
2010	124,073	14,715	11.9	16,290	13.1	60,542	6,722	11.1	7,528	12.4	63,531	7,994	12.6	8,761	13.8
2011	125,187	14,764	11.8	16,290	13.0	60,502	6,758	11.2	7,558	12.5	64,686	8,006	12.4	8,731	13.5
2012	127,577	14,366	11.3	15,922	12.5	61,679	6,470	10.5	7,311	11.9	65,898	7,895	12.0	8,611	13.1
2013	129,110	14,528	11.3	16,028	12.4	62,316	6,573	10.5	7,340	11.8	66,794	7,955	11.9	8,688	13.0
2014	131,431	14,576	11.1	16,152	12.3	63,383	6,638	10.5	7,434	11.7	68,048	7,939	11.7	8,717	12.8
2015	133,743	14,795	11.1	16,441	12.3	64,445	6,833	10.6	7,681	11.9	69,298	7,963	11.5	8,760	12.6
¹ Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. ² Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract. Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 36. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Veteran status, employment status, and period of service	Total	Women	Men	Women as a percentage of total
Total veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	21,209	1,997	19,212	9.4
Civilian labor force	10,757	1,241	9,517	11.5
Participation rate	50.7	62.1	49.5
Employed	10,263	1,174	9,089	11.4
Employment-population ratio	48.4	58.8	47.3
Unemployed	495	67	428	13.5
Unemployment rate	4.6	5.4	4.5
Not in labor force	10,452	757	9,695	7.2
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,594	635	2,959	17.7
Civilian labor force	2,913	451	2,462	15.5
Participation rate	81.0	71.0	83.2
Employed	2,745	422	2,322	15.4
Employment-population ratio	76.4	66.4	78.5
Unemployed	168	29	140	17.3
Unemployment rate	5.8	6.4	5.7
Not in labor force	681	184	497	27.0
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,440	529	2,911	15.4
Civilian labor force	2,768	389	2,378	14.1
Participation rate	80.4	73.6	81.7
Employed	2,662	368	2,294	13.8
Employment-population ratio	77.4	69.5	78.8
Unemployed	105	21	84	20.0
Unemployment rate	3.8	5.5	3.5
Not in labor force	673	140	533	20.8
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	8,901	317	8,585	3.6
Civilian labor force	2,350	86.0	2,264	3.7
Participation rate	26.4	27.2	26.4
Employed	2,248	80	2,168	3.6
Employment-population ratio	25.3	25.3	25.3
Unemployed	102	6	96	5.9
Unemployment rate	4.3	6.8	4.2
Not in labor force	6,551	231	6,320	3.5
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,273	516	4,756	9.8
Civilian labor force	2,726	314	2,412	11.5
Participation rate	51.7	60.9	50.7
Employed	2,608	304	2,303	11.7
Employment-population ratio	49.5	58.9	48.4
Unemployed	119	10	108	8.4
Unemployment rate	4.4	3.3	4.5
Not in labor force	2,547	202	2,345	7.9
Nonveterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	220,740	123,360	97,380	55.9
Civilian labor force	144,385	71,278	73,107	49.4
Participation rate	65.4	57.8	75.1
Employed	136,947	67,704	69,243	49.4
Employment-population ratio	62.0	54.9	71.1
Unemployed	7,439	3,574	3,864	48.0
Unemployment rate	5.2	5.0	5.3
Not in labor force	76,355	52,082	24,273	68.2
Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 37. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Disability status, employment status, and age	Total	Women	Men
Total persons with a disability
Civilian noninstitutional population	29,752	16,014	13,739
Civilian labor force	5,813	2,679	3,134
Participation rate	19.5	16.7	22.8
Employed	5,193	2,389	2,803
Employment-population ratio	17.5	14.9	20.4
Unemployed	621	290	331
Unemployment rate	10.7	10.8	10.6
Not in labor force	23,939	13,334	10,605
16 to 64 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	15,771	8,083	7,688
Civilian labor force	4,812	2,275	2,537
Participation rate	30.5	28.1	33.0
Employed	4,250	2,008	2,242
Employment-population ratio	26.9	24.8	29.2
Unemployed	562	267	295
Unemployment rate	11.7	11.7	11.6
Not in labor force	10,959	5,808	5,151
65 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population	13,981	7,931	6,050
Civilian labor force	1,001	404	597
Participation rate	7.2	5.1	9.9
Employed	942	381	561
Employment-population ratio	6.7	4.8	9.3
Unemployed	59	23	36
Unemployment rate	5.9	5.7	6.0
Not in labor force	12,980	7,527	5,453
Total persons without a disability
Civilian noninstitutional population	221,049	113,686	107,362
Civilian labor force	151,317	70,830	80,486
Participation rate	68.5	62.3	75.0
Employed	143,641	67,314	76,327
Employment-population ratio	65.0	59.2	71.1
Unemployed	7,676	3,517	4,159
Unemployment rate	5.1	5.0	5.2
Not in labor force	69,732	42,856	26,876
16 to 64 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	188,521	95,825	92,696
Civilian labor force	143,517	67,278	76,239
Participation rate	76.1	70.2	82.2
Employed	136,119	63,891	72,228
Employment-population ratio	72.2	66.7	77.9
Unemployed	7,398	3,387	4,011
Unemployment rate	5.2	5.0	5.3
Not in labor force	45,004	28,547	16,457
65 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population	32,528	17,861	14,666
Civilian labor force	7,800	3,553	4,248
Participation rate	24.0	19.9	29.0
Employed	7,522	3,423	4,100
Employment-population ratio	23.1	19.2	28.0
Unemployed	278	130	148
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.7	3.5
Not in labor force	24,728	14,309	10,419
Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. Upon request, this information is available to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed.

Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

Disability. The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify people with disabilities. The questions are about physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. People are classified as having a disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. More information, including the wording of the six questions used to identify people with a disability, is available at www.bls.gov/cps/demographics.htm#disability.

Displaced workers. Displaced workers are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data were collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.

Employed people. Employed people are all those who, during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business, in a profession, or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 or more hours as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.

Family. A family is a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses present. Families include those without children as well as those with children under 18.

Foreign born. The foreign born are people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents, neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such as students and temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories. The native born are people born in the United States or one of its outlying areas or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity in 2003 is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday.

Median weekly earnings. These figures indicate the number that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. Median weekly earnings shown in this publication are estimated through the linear interpolation of the $50-centered interval in which the median lies.

Minimum wage. The estimates of the numbers of workers with reported earnings at or below the federal minimum wage pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not included, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. Consequently, the estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because of data quality concerns associated with such an estimation process.

The prevailing federal minimum wage is $7.25, effective July 24, 2009. Note that some states have established minimum-wage standards that exceed the federal level. The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), because there are a number of exemptions to the minimum-wage provisions of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded their hourly earnings in response to survey questions. As a result, some might have reported hourly earnings below the minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum wage or higher.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed.

Occupation and industry. For the employed, this information applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified as being in the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The CPS uses the Census occupational classification, based on the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC), and the 2012 Census industry classification, derived from the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Additional information about these classifications is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

Race. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of two or more races. More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race is available at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of two or more races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report.

Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, in a profession, in a trade, or on a farm. The unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category. Self-employed people whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise specified.

Employee tenure. Tenure is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data were collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for work (except in the case of temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the survey reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Union membership. Union membership refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.

Usual hours or usual full- or part-time status. Data on people “at work” exclude those who were temporarily absent from a job and therefore were classified into the zero-hours-worked category, “with a job but not at work.” These are people who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the survey reference week, people also are classified according to their usual full- or part-time status. In this context, full-time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours (at all jobs combined) per week. This group includes some individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who were temporarily absent from work. Similarly, part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. These workers may include some individuals who actually worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who were temporarily absent from work.

Usual weekly earnings. Data on usual weekly earnings represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, and tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as “more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.” Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated) and are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample.

Veterans. Veterans are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on active duty at the time of the survey are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, “Did you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?”

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in the private and the public sectors. Data on union membership and earnings of wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.

Work experience. These data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the average levels for any given month, which are based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.

Workers paid by the hour. These are people paid at an hourly rate on their main job. Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.

Working poor. The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. Information on the reliability of data from the CPS and on estimating standard errors is available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.