March 2022 Report 1097

Women in the labor force: a databook

In 2020, the share of women who participated in the labor force fell by 1.2 percentage points to 56.2 percent, the lowest rate since 1987, and nearly 4 percentage points below the peak of 60.0 percent in 1999. By comparison, the labor force participation rate for men was 67.7 percent in 2020, down by 1.5 percentage points from the previous year and the lowest rate in the history of the series. (Both series began in 1948.) The steep declines in 2020 reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market.

The rapid rise in women’s labor force participation was a major development in the labor market during the second half of the 20th century. Overall, women’s labor force participation increased dramatically from the 1960s through the 1980s, before slowing in the 1990s and early 2000s. Labor force participation among women then began a decline that accelerated in the wake of the December 2007–June 2009 recession, hitting a prepandemic low in 2015 at 56.7 percent. The rate then rose to 57.4 percent in 2019, before the pandemic affected the labor market.

Women’s involvement in the labor market has changed in notable ways over the past several decades. For example, women became much more likely to pursue higher levels of education: from 1970 to 2020, the proportion of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force who held a college degree more than quadrupled, whereas the proportion of men with a college degree more than doubled over that time. Women also have become more likely to work full time and year round. In addition, women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings have grown over time: women working full time earned 62.3 percent of what men earned in 1979 and 82.3 percent in 2020. More recently, over the past decade or so, women in the baby boom generation (defined as people born between 1946 and 1964) began to retire in large numbers, which had put downward pressure on their labor force participation rate.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the job market in 2020 were widespread and varied by gender and across race and ethnicity groups. For example, women were disproportionally affected by the pandemic-induced recession in the spring of 2020, in part reflecting their overrepresentation in some of the hardest hit sectors of the economy.¹

In addition to the effects of the pandemic, there are long-standing labor market differences among demographic groups. These differences are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment, the occupations and industries in which the groups work, the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report presents historical and recent labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes.)

Selected demographic characteristics

Women’s labor force participation rate was 56.2 percent in 2020, 1.2 percentage points lower than the rate in 2019. Men’s labor force participation rate, which always has been much higher than that for women, also decreased in 2020; the rate for men was down by 1.5 percentage points to 67.7 percent. These declines in labor force participation reflect the impact of the pandemic on the labor market. (See table 2.)

The unemployment rate for women was 8.3 percent in 2020, more than double the rate from a year earlier. The rate for men was 7.8 percent in 2020, also more than double the rate from a year earlier. Women’s unemployment rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. In 2020, Hispanic women and Black women had the highest jobless rates (11.4 percent and 10.9 percent, respectively). Unemployment rates for Asian women and White women were lower, at 9.6 percent and 7.6 percent, respectively. Men’s unemployment rates exhibited a similar pattern. The rates for Black men (12.1 percent) and Hispanic men (9.7 percent) were higher than those for Asian men (7.8 percent) and White men (7.0 percent). (See tables 2 and 3.)

Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. Never-married women had the highest participation rate of all women, at 63.5 percent in 2020. Separated and divorced women were more likely to participate in the labor force (61.7 percent and 59.7 percent, respectively) than married women (57.4 percent). Across all marital statuses, men were more likely to participate in the labor force than their female counterparts. Married men were more likely to participate in the labor force (71.4 percent) than separated men (69.8 percent), never-married men (66.3 percent), and divorced men (63.6 percent). Labor force participation rates for widowed women and men, who tend to be older, were 17.9 percent and 23.3 percent, respectively. (See table 4.)

The labor force participation rate for women with children under 18 years of age was 72.5 percent in March 2020, much lower than the rate of 93.1 percent for men with children under 18 years. Among mothers, the labor force participation rate for those with children 6 to 17 years old, at 76.4 percent, was considerably higher than for those with younger children. The rate for women with children under 6 years old was 67.4 percent, and the rate for women with children under 3 years old was 65.6 percent. By contrast, the labor force participation rate for fathers was similar regardless of the age of their children; the rate was 92.0 percent for fathers with children 6 to 17 years old, 94.5 percent for fathers of children under 6 years old, and 94.7 percent for fathers of children under 3 years old. (See tables 5 and 7; data were collected in the 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Unmarried mothers are much more likely to participate in the labor force than married mothers. In March 2020, 77.7 percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, compared with 70.4 percent of married mothers. (See table 6; data were collected in the 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS.)

Educational attainment

The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the past half century. In 2020, 47.2 percent of women ages 25 to 64 held a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 11.2 percent in 1970. In 2020, 4.8 percent of women in the labor force had less than a high school diploma—that is, they did not graduate from high school or earn a GED—down from 33.5 percent in 1970. (See tables 9A and 9B.)

Occupation and industry

Women accounted for 51.7 percent of all workers employed in management, professional, and related occupations in 2020, somewhat more than their share of total employment (46.8 percent). The share of women in specific occupations within this large category varied. For example, 19.4 percent of software developers, 29.3 percent of chief executives, and 37.4 percent of lawyers were women. Whereas 87.4 percent of registered nurses, 79.6 percent of elementary and middle school teachers, and 59.7 percent of accountants and auditors were women. (See table 11.)

In 2020, Asian women and White women were more likely to work in higher paying management, professional, and related occupations (56.6 percent and 48.4 percent, respectively) than were Black women (40.2 percent) and Hispanic women (31.3 percent). Black women (25.3 percent) and Hispanic women (27.9 percent) were more likely than Asian women (17.3 percent) and White women (17.6 percent) to work in lower paying service occupations. (See table 12.)

By industry, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several sectors in 2020: education and health services (74.6 percent), other services (52.6 percent), financial activities (51.9 percent), and leisure and hospitality (50.4 percent). (Other services include repair and maintenance services, personal and laundry services, membership associations and organizations, and private households.) Comparably, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in manufacturing (29.5 percent), agriculture (27.7 percent), transportation and utilities (24.1 percent), mining (14.5 percent), and construction (10.9 percent). (See table 14.)

Earnings

In 2020, women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $891, which represented 82.3 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($1,082). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians ($1,143) than for Whites ($905), Blacks ($764), and Hispanics ($705). Women-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher for Blacks (92.0 percent) and Hispanics (88.5 percent) than for Whites (81.5 percent) and Asians (79.0 percent). (See table 16; note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors, like occupation, that may be important in explaining earnings differences.)

Women’s median usual weekly earnings vary by educational attainment. In 2020, female full-time wage and salary workers age 25 and older with less than a high school diploma had median weekly earnings of $525. Women whose highest degree was a high school diploma had earnings of $671, those with an associate’s degree had earnings of $809, and those with a bachelor’s degree and higher had earnings of $1,239. (See table 17.)

By occupation, median usual weekly earnings of female full-time wage and salary workers were the highest in 2020 for pharmacists ($2,160), chief executives ($2,051), computer and information systems managers ($1,910), other physicians ($1,905), and physician assistants ($1,894). Earnings for men were highest for chief executives ($2,712), lawyers ($2,324), other physicians ($2,311), and pharmacists ($2,286). (See table 18.)

In 2020, 2.0 percent of women who were paid hourly rates had earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage ($7.25 per hour). Among women ages 16 to 24 who were paid an hourly rate, 5.3 percent had earnings at or below the minimum wage, compared with 1.3 percent of women age 25 and over. (See table 20.)

Data in this report for the year 2020 reflect the impact of the pandemic on the labor market. Comparisons with data from prior years should be interpreted with caution. Large declines in employment in 2020, particularly among low-wage workers (who were disproportionately affected by job loss related to the pandemic), resulted in changes in the median earnings distribution. This large and abrupt shift in the earnings distribution during the year manifested as an increase in the rate of earnings growth in 2020. However, the underlying rate of growth in workers’ median weekly earnings during the year is more difficult to discern because of the sudden, dramatic shift in the earnings distribution. More information is available at https://www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-and-response-on-the-employment-situation-news-release.htm.

Hours of work

Women are more likely than men to usually work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. In 2020, 22.4 percent of employed women usually worked part time. By comparison, 11.6 percent of employed men usually worked part time. (See table 21.)

Of all women who worked at some point during the calendar year of 2019, 64.5 percent worked full time and year round (50 to 52 weeks), compared with 40.7 percent in 1970. The proportion of men who worked full time and year round also rose over the period, from 66.1 percent in 1970 to 75.4 percent in 2019. (See table 23; data were collected in the 1971 through 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

Married-couple families

Among opposite-sex married-couple families, 54.0 percent had earnings from both the wife and the husband in 2019. This percentage, which has changed little over the past 10 years, is below the peak of 60.4 percent in 1996 but above the 43.6 percent seen in 1967 when the series began. Couples in which only the husband worked for pay represented 16.9 percent of married-couple families in 2019 versus 35.6 percent in 1967. (See table 24B; data were collected in the 1968 through 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

The working poor

Among people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks in 2019, more women (3.4 million) than men (2.9 million) lived below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all individuals who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks) was 4.5 percent for women and 3.5 percent for men. Black women and Hispanic women were much more likely to be among the working poor than White women or Asian women. The working-poor rates for Black women and Hispanic women were 8.9 percent and 7.1 percent, respectively, higher than the rates of 3.7 percent for White women and 2.3 percent for Asian women. (See table 26; data are from the 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous calendar year.)

Worker displacement

From January 2017 through December 2019, 2.7 million workers age 20 and older were displaced from jobs they had held for at least 3 years; women accounted for 45 percent of those displaced. Labor market outcomes were similar for displaced women and men. Displaced women were about as likely as men to have found a new job in January 2020: the reemployment rate was 67.8 percent for women and 71.9 percent for men. Displaced women and men were also about equally likely to be unemployed, at 12.5 percent and 12.3 percent, respectively. In January 2020, 19.7 percent of displaced women and 15.7 percent of displaced men had left the labor force. (See table 27; data are from the January 2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)

Employee tenure

In January 2020, the median number of years that employed women had been with their employers was 3.9 years, about unchanged from January 2018. Median employee tenure (the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less tenure) for men held at 4.3 years. (See table 28; data are from the January 2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement to the CPS.)

School enrollment

Of the 3.1 million young people ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school between January and October 2020, 62.7 percent (2.0 million) were enrolled in college in October of that year. For the 2020 high school graduates, the college enrollment rate continued to be higher for young women (66.2 percent) than for young men (59.3 percent). (See table 29; data are from the October 2020 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

Among those enrolled in high school, young women were more likely to be in the labor force (24.8 percent) in October 2020 than were young men (20.8 percent). Among college students, women were much more likely to participate in the labor force than men, at 49.7 percent and 42.2 percent, respectively. Among young people ages 16 to 24 who were not enrolled in school in October 2020, the unemployment rate for those without a high school diploma was 11.2 percent for women and 10.2 percent for men. In contrast, the unemployment rates for young women and men with at least a bachelor’s degree were 7.9 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively. (See table 30; data are from the October 2020 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

Multiple jobholders and the self-employed

In 2020, 6.7 million workers had more than one job. Just over half (3.4 million) of these workers were women. The multiple jobholding rate for women, at 5.0 percent, was higher than that for men, at 4.1 percent. (See table 31.)

In 2020, 5.2 percent of working women in nonagricultural industries were self-employed, compared with 6.5 percent of men. In 2020, 41.6 percent of the self-employed were women, compared with 26.8 percent in 1976. (See table 32.)

Foreign born

Foreign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force in 2020 (53.2 percent compared with 56.8 percent). By contrast, foreign-born men were more likely to be in the labor force (76.6 percent) than were native-born men (65.9 percent). The unemployment rate for foreign-born women, at 10.8 percent, was higher than for native-born women, at 7.9 percent. At 8.0 percent, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men was about the same as that for native-born men (7.8 percent). Differences in labor force indicators reflect a variety of factors, including variations in the distributions of foreign-born and native-born workers by age, educational attainment, occupation, industry, and geographic region. (See table 33.)

Union membership

In 2020, 10.5 percent of female wage and salary workers were members of unions, compared with 11.0 percent of their male counterparts. For both women and men, the union membership rate in 2020 was lower than in 1983 (the first year that union membership data were regularly collected in the CPS). In 1983, union membership rates were 14.6 percent for women and 24.7 percent for men. (See table 34.)

Veterans

There were 1.1 million female veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces in the labor force in 2020, accounting for 12.3 percent of the 8.9 million veterans in the labor force. Nearly half of all female veterans in the labor force in 2020 served during the Gulf War-era II period (September 2001 to present). The labor force participation rate among female Gulf War-era II veterans was 68.6 percent, significantly lower than the 80.8 percent participation from their male counterparts. Among Gulf War-era II veterans, the unemployment rate for women was 7.2 percent in 2020, similar to the rate of 7.4 percent for men. (See table 35.)

People with disabilities

Of the 15.9 million women with disabilities in 2020, 2.8 million, or 17.5 percent, participated in the labor force. A little over half of women with disabilities (54 percent) were age 65 and older; labor force participation among this age group was 5.4 percent, compared with 31.5 percent for those ages 16 to 64 with disabilities. Among the 14.0 million men with disabilities, 23.8 percent participated in the labor force in 2020. Forty-seven percent of men with disabilities were age 65 and older. Among men in this age group, 10.5 percent were labor force participants, compared with 35.6 percent of men ages 16 to 64 with disabilities. Among people with a disability, the unemployment rate for women, at 13.2 percent, was higher than that for men, at 12.0 percent. These rates were considerably higher than the rates of women and men without a disability (8.2 percent and 7.6 percent, respectively). (See table 36.)

Notes

¹ Sean M. Smith, Roxanna Edwards, and Hao C. Duong, "Unemployment rises in 2020, as the country battles the COVID-19 pandemic," Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2021.12.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Age	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
									Total
									16 years and older	260,329	160,742	61.7	147,795	56.8	12,947	8.1	99,587
									16 to 19 years	16,567	5,720	34.5	4,695	28.3	1,025	17.9	10,846
16 to 17 years	8,764	2,082	23.8	1,718	19.6	364	17.5	6,682
18 to 19 years	7,803	3,638	46.6	2,977	38.2	661	18.2	4,164
20 to 24 years	20,918	14,487	69.3	12,497	59.7	1,990	13.7	6,431
25 to 54 years	126,045	102,630	81.4	95,331	75.6	7,298	7.1	23,416
25 to 34 years	44,844	36,506	81.4	33,426	74.5	3,080	8.4	8,339
25 to 29 years	22,583	18,332	81.2	16,596	73.5	1,736	9.5	4,252
30 to 34 years	22,261	18,174	81.6	16,831	75.6	1,344	7.4	4,087
35 to 44 years	41,330	33,983	82.2	31,807	77.0	2,177	6.4	7,347
35 to 39 years	21,375	17,608	82.4	16,472	77.1	1,136	6.5	3,767
40 to 44 years	19,955	16,376	82.1	15,335	76.8	1,041	6.4	3,580
45 to 54 years	39,871	32,141	80.6	30,099	75.5	2,042	6.4	7,730
45 to 49 years	19,676	16,171	82.2	15,149	77.0	1,022	6.3	3,505
50 to 54 years	20,195	15,969	79.1	14,949	74.0	1,020	6.4	4,226
55 to 64 years	42,191	27,293	64.7	25,454	60.3	1,839	6.7	14,898
55 to 59 years	21,348	15,399	72.1	14,375	67.3	1,025	6.7	5,949
60 to 64 years	20,843	11,894	57.1	11,079	53.2	815	6.8	8,950
65 years and older	54,608	10,613	19.4	9,818	18.0	795	7.5	43,995
65 to 69 years	17,773	5,864	33.0	5,422	30.5	443	7.5	11,909
70 to 74 years	14,615	2,762	18.9	2,549	17.4	213	7.7	11,854
75 years and older	22,220	1,987	8.9	1,847	8.3	140	7.0	20,233
Women
16 years and older	134,407	75,538	56.2	69,234	51.5	6,304	8.3	58,869
16 to 19 years	8,194	2,861	34.9	2,361	28.8	500	17.5	5,333
16 to 17 years	4,364	1,108	25.4	914	20.9	193	17.5	3,256
18 to 19 years	3,830	1,753	45.8	1,447	37.8	306	17.5	2,077
20 to 24 years	10,470	7,070	67.5	6,096	58.2	974	13.8	3,400
25 to 54 years	63,828	47,955	75.1	44,442	69.6	3,513	7.3	15,873
25 to 34 years	22,458	16,997	75.7	15,582	69.4	1,416	8.3	5,460
25 to 29 years	11,272	8,652	76.8	7,873	69.8	778	9.0	2,621
30 to 34 years	11,185	8,346	74.6	7,708	68.9	637	7.6	2,840
35 to 44 years	20,987	15,737	75.0	14,687	70.0	1,050	6.7	5,250
35 to 39 years	10,830	8,048	74.3	7,496	69.2	552	6.9	2,782
40 to 44 years	10,157	7,689	75.7	7,191	70.8	498	6.5	2,468
45 to 54 years	20,383	15,220	74.7	14,173	69.5	1,047	6.9	5,162
45 to 49 years	10,064	7,649	76.0	7,130	70.8	520	6.8	2,415
50 to 54 years	10,318	7,571	73.4	7,043	68.3	528	7.0	2,747
55 to 64 years	21,864	12,911	59.1	11,987	54.8	924	7.2	8,953
55 to 59 years	10,986	7,312	66.6	6,783	61.7	529	7.2	3,674
60 to 64 years	10,878	5,599	51.5	5,204	47.8	394	7.0	5,279
65 years and older	30,052	4,742	15.8	4,348	14.5	394	8.3	25,310
65 to 69 years	9,436	2,643	28.0	2,432	25.8	211	8.0	6,793
70 to 74 years	7,847	1,228	15.6	1,122	14.3	106	8.6	6,620
75 years and older	12,768	871	6.8	794	6.2	77	8.8	11,898
Men
16 years and older	125,922	85,204	67.7	78,560	62.4	6,644	7.8	40,718
16 to 19 years	8,373	2,859	34.1	2,333	27.9	526	18.4	5,514
16 to 17 years	4,400	974	22.1	803	18.3	171	17.5	3,426
18 to 19 years	3,973	1,885	47.4	1,530	38.5	355	18.8	2,088
20 to 24 years	10,448	7,417	71.0	6,401	61.3	1,016	13.7	3,032
25 to 54 years	62,218	54,675	87.9	50,890	81.8	3,785	6.9	7,543
25 to 34 years	22,387	19,509	87.1	17,844	79.7	1,664	8.5	2,878
25 to 29 years	11,311	9,680	85.6	8,722	77.1	958	9.9	1,631
30 to 34 years	11,076	9,829	88.7	9,122	82.4	707	7.2	1,247
35 to 44 years	20,343	18,246	89.7	17,120	84.2	1,126	6.2	2,096
35 to 39 years	10,544	9,560	90.7	8,976	85.1	583	6.1	985
40 to 44 years	9,798	8,687	88.7	8,144	83.1	543	6.3	1,112
45 to 54 years	19,488	16,920	86.8	15,926	81.7	995	5.9	2,568
45 to 49 years	9,612	8,522	88.7	8,020	83.4	502	5.9	1,090
50 to 54 years	9,876	8,398	85.0	7,906	80.0	492	5.9	1,478
55 to 64 years	20,327	14,382	70.8	13,467	66.2	916	6.4	5,945
55 to 59 years	10,362	8,087	78.0	7,592	73.3	495	6.1	2,274
60 to 64 years	9,966	6,295	63.2	5,875	58.9	420	6.7	3,671
65 years and older	24,556	5,871	23.9	5,470	22.3	401	6.8	18,685
65 to 69 years	8,337	3,221	38.6	2,990	35.9	231	7.2	5,116
70 to 74 years	6,768	1,534	22.7	1,427	21.1	107	7.0	5,234
75 years and older	9,451	1,116	11.8	1,053	11.1	63	5.7	8,335
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 16 years and older, by gender, 1948–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Year	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
									Total
									1948	103,068	60,621	58.8	58,343	56.6	2,276	3.8	42,447
									1949	103,994	61,286	58.9	57,651	55.4	3,637	5.9	42,708
1950	104,995	62,208	59.2	58,918	56.1	3,288	5.3	42,787
1951	104,621	62,017	59.2	59,961	57.3	2,055	3.3	42,604
1952	105,231	62,138	59.0	60,250	57.3	1,883	3.0	43,093
1953	107,056	63,015	58.9	61,179	57.1	1,834	2.9	44,041
1954	108,321	63,643	58.8	60,109	55.5	3,532	5.5	44,678
1955	109,683	65,023	59.3	62,170	56.7	2,852	4.4	44,660
1956	110,954	66,552	60.0	63,799	57.5	2,750	4.1	44,402
1957	112,265	66,929	59.6	64,071	57.1	2,859	4.3	45,336
1958	113,727	67,639	59.5	63,036	55.4	4,602	6.8	46,088
1959	115,329	68,369	59.3	64,630	56.0	3,740	5.5	46,960
1960	117,245	69,628	59.4	65,778	56.1	3,852	5.5	47,617
1961	118,771	70,459	59.3	65,746	55.4	4,714	6.7	48,312
1962	120,153	70,614	58.8	66,702	55.5	3,911	5.5	49,539
1963	122,416	71,833	58.7	67,762	55.4	4,070	5.7	50,583
1964	124,485	73,091	58.7	69,305	55.7	3,786	5.2	51,394
1965	126,513	74,455	58.9	71,088	56.2	3,366	4.5	52,058
1966	128,058	75,770	59.2	72,895	56.9	2,875	3.8	52,288
1967	129,874	77,347	59.6	74,372	57.3	2,975	3.8	52,527
1968	132,028	78,737	59.6	75,920	57.5	2,817	3.6	53,291
1969	134,335	80,734	60.1	77,902	58.0	2,832	3.5	53,602
1970	137,085	82,771	60.4	78,678	57.4	4,093	4.9	54,315
1971	140,216	84,382	60.2	79,367	56.6	5,016	5.9	55,834
1972	144,126	87,034	60.4	82,153	57.0	4,882	5.6	57,091
1973	147,096	89,429	60.8	85,064	57.8	4,365	4.9	57,667
1974	150,120	91,949	61.3	86,794	57.8	5,156	5.6	58,171
1975	153,153	93,775	61.2	85,846	56.1	7,929	8.5	59,378
1976	156,150	96,158	61.6	88,752	56.8	7,406	7.7	59,991
1977	159,033	99,009	62.3	92,017	57.9	6,991	7.1	60,025
1978	161,910	102,251	63.2	96,048	59.3	6,202	6.1	59,659
1979	164,863	104,962	63.7	98,824	59.9	6,137	5.8	59,900
1980	167,745	106,940	63.8	99,303	59.2	7,637	7.1	60,806
1981	170,130	108,670	63.9	100,397	59.0	8,273	7.6	61,460
1982	172,271	110,204	64.0	99,526	57.8	10,678	9.7	62,067
1983	174,215	111,550	64.0	100,834	57.9	10,717	9.6	62,665
1984	176,383	113,544	64.4	105,005	59.5	8,539	7.5	62,839
1985	178,206	115,461	64.8	107,150	60.1	8,312	7.2	62,744
1986	180,587	117,834	65.3	109,597	60.7	8,237	7.0	62,752
1987	182,753	119,865	65.6	112,440	61.5	7,425	6.2	62,888
1988	184,613	121,669	65.9	114,968	62.3	6,701	5.5	62,944
1989	186,393	123,869	66.5	117,342	63.0	6,528	5.3	62,523
1990	189,164	125,840	66.5	118,793	62.8	7,047	5.6	63,324
1991	190,925	126,346	66.2	117,718	61.7	8,628	6.8	64,578
1992	192,805	128,105	66.4	118,492	61.5	9,613	7.5	64,700
1993	194,838	129,200	66.3	120,259	61.7	8,940	6.9	65,638
1994	196,814	131,056	66.6	123,060	62.5	7,996	6.1	65,758
1995	198,584	132,304	66.6	124,900	62.9	7,404	5.6	66,280
1996	200,591	133,943	66.8	126,708	63.2	7,236	5.4	66,647
1997	203,133	136,297	67.1	129,558	63.8	6,739	4.9	66,837
1998	205,220	137,673	67.1	131,463	64.1	6,210	4.5	67,547
1999	207,753	139,368	67.1	133,488	64.3	5,880	4.2	68,385
2000	212,577	142,583	67.1	136,891	64.4	5,692	4.0	69,994
2001	215,092	143,734	66.8	136,933	63.7	6,801	4.7	71,359
2002	217,570	144,863	66.6	136,485	62.7	8,378	5.8	72,707
2003	221,168	146,510	66.2	137,736	62.3	8,774	6.0	74,658
2004	223,357	147,401	66.0	139,252	62.3	8,149	5.5	75,956
2005	226,082	149,320	66.0	141,730	62.7	7,591	5.1	76,762
2006	228,815	151,428	66.2	144,427	63.1	7,001	4.6	77,387
2007	231,867	153,124	66.0	146,047	63.0	7,078	4.6	78,743
2008	233,788	154,287	66.0	145,362	62.2	8,924	5.8	79,501
2009	235,801	154,142	65.4	139,877	59.3	14,265	9.3	81,659
2010	237,830	153,889	64.7	139,064	58.5	14,825	9.6	83,941
2011	239,618	153,617	64.1	139,869	58.4	13,747	8.9	86,001
2012	243,284	154,975	63.7	142,469	58.6	12,506	8.1	88,310
2013	245,679	155,389	63.2	143,929	58.6	11,460	7.4	90,290
2014	247,947	155,922	62.9	146,305	59.0	9,617	6.2	92,025
2015	250,801	157,130	62.7	148,834	59.3	8,296	5.3	93,671
2016	253,538	159,187	62.8	151,436	59.7	7,751	4.9	94,351
2017	255,079	160,320	62.9	153,337	60.1	6,982	4.4	94,759
2018	257,791	162,075	62.9	155,761	60.4	6,314	3.9	95,716
2019	259,175	163,539	63.1	157,538	60.8	6,001	3.7	95,636
2020	260,329	160,742	61.7	147,795	56.8	12,947	8.1	99,587
Women
1948	53,071	17,335	32.7	16,617	31.3	717	4.1	35,737
1949	53,670	17,788	33.1	16,723	31.2	1,065	6.0	35,883
1950	54,270	18,389	33.9	17,340	32.0	1,049	5.7	35,881
1951	54,895	19,016	34.6	18,181	33.1	834	4.4	35,879
1952	55,529	19,269	34.7	18,568	33.4	698	3.6	36,261
1953	56,305	19,382	34.4	18,749	33.3	632	3.3	36,924
1954	56,925	19,678	34.6	18,490	32.5	1,188	6.0	37,247
1955	57,574	20,548	35.7	19,551	34.0	998	4.9	37,026
1956	58,228	21,461	36.9	20,419	35.1	1,039	4.8	36,769
1957	58,951	21,732	36.9	20,714	35.1	1,018	4.7	37,218
1958	59,690	22,118	37.1	20,613	34.5	1,504	6.8	37,574
1959	60,534	22,483	37.1	21,164	35.0	1,320	5.9	38,053
1960	61,582	23,240	37.7	21,874	35.5	1,366	5.9	38,343
1961	62,484	23,806	38.1	22,090	35.4	1,717	7.2	38,679
1962	63,321	24,014	37.9	22,525	35.6	1,488	6.2	39,308
1963	64,494	24,704	38.3	23,105	35.8	1,598	6.5	39,791
1964	65,637	25,412	38.7	23,831	36.3	1,581	6.2	40,225
1965	66,731	26,200	39.3	24,748	37.1	1,452	5.5	40,531
1966	67,795	27,299	40.3	25,976	38.3	1,324	4.8	40,496
1967	68,968	28,360	41.1	26,893	39.0	1,468	5.2	40,608
1968	70,179	29,204	41.6	27,807	39.6	1,397	4.8	40,976
1969	71,436	30,513	42.7	29,084	40.7	1,429	4.7	40,924
1970	72,782	31,543	43.3	29,688	40.8	1,855	5.9	41,239
1971	74,274	32,202	43.4	29,976	40.4	2,227	6.9	42,072
1972	76,290	33,479	43.9	31,257	41.0	2,222	6.6	42,811
1973	77,804	34,804	44.7	32,715	42.0	2,089	6.0	43,000
1974	79,312	36,211	45.7	33,769	42.6	2,441	6.7	43,101
1975	80,860	37,475	46.3	33,989	42.0	3,486	9.3	43,385
1976	82,390	38,983	47.3	35,615	43.2	3,369	8.6	43,406
1977	83,840	40,613	48.4	37,289	44.5	3,324	8.2	43,227
1978	85,334	42,631	50.0	39,569	46.4	3,061	7.2	42,703
1979	86,843	44,235	50.9	41,217	47.5	3,018	6.8	42,608
1980	88,348	45,487	51.5	42,117	47.7	3,370	7.4	42,861
1981	89,618	46,696	52.1	43,000	48.0	3,696	7.9	42,922
1982	90,748	47,755	52.6	43,256	47.7	4,499	9.4	42,993
1983	91,684	48,503	52.9	44,047	48.0	4,457	9.2	43,181
1984	92,778	49,709	53.6	45,915	49.5	3,794	7.6	43,068
1985	93,736	51,050	54.5	47,259	50.4	3,791	7.4	42,686
1986	94,789	52,413	55.3	48,706	51.4	3,707	7.1	42,376
1987	95,853	53,658	56.0	50,334	52.5	3,324	6.2	42,195
1988	96,756	54,742	56.6	51,696	53.4	3,046	5.6	42,014
1989	97,630	56,030	57.4	53,027	54.3	3,003	5.4	41,601
1990	98,787	56,829	57.5	53,689	54.3	3,140	5.5	41,957
1991	99,646	57,178	57.4	53,496	53.7	3,683	6.4	42,468
1992	100,535	58,141	57.8	54,052	53.8	4,090	7.0	42,394
1993	101,506	58,795	57.9	54,910	54.1	3,885	6.6	42,711
1994	102,460	60,239	58.8	56,610	55.3	3,629	6.0	42,221
1995	103,406	60,944	58.9	57,523	55.6	3,421	5.6	42,462
1996	104,385	61,857	59.3	58,501	56.0	3,356	5.4	42,528
1997	105,418	63,036	59.8	59,873	56.8	3,162	5.0	42,382
1998	106,462	63,714	59.8	60,771	57.1	2,944	4.6	42,748
1999	108,031	64,855	60.0	62,042	57.4	2,814	4.3	43,175
2000	110,613	66,303	59.9	63,586	57.5	2,717	4.1	44,310
2001	111,811	66,848	59.8	63,737	57.0	3,111	4.7	44,962
2002	112,985	67,363	59.6	63,582	56.3	3,781	5.6	45,621
2003	114,733	68,272	59.5	64,404	56.1	3,868	5.7	46,461
2004	115,647	68,421	59.2	64,728	56.0	3,694	5.4	47,225
2005	116,931	69,288	59.3	65,757	56.2	3,531	5.1	47,643
2006	118,210	70,173	59.4	66,925	56.6	3,247	4.6	48,037
2007	119,694	70,988	59.3	67,792	56.6	3,196	4.5	48,707
2008	120,675	71,767	59.5	67,876	56.2	3,891	5.4	48,908
2009	121,665	72,019	59.2	66,208	54.4	5,811	8.1	49,646
2010	122,656	71,904	58.6	65,705	53.6	6,199	8.6	50,752
2011	123,300	71,642	58.1	65,579	53.2	6,063	8.5	51,658
2012	125,941	72,648	57.7	66,914	53.1	5,734	7.9	53,293
2013	127,124	72,722	57.2	67,577	53.2	5,146	7.1	54,401
2014	128,199	73,039	57.0	68,613	53.5	4,426	6.1	55,159
2015	129,700	73,510	56.7	69,703	53.7	3,807	5.2	56,190
2016	131,040	74,432	56.8	70,868	54.1	3,564	4.8	56,608
2017	131,804	75,175	57.0	71,936	54.6	3,239	4.3	56,629
2018	133,112	75,978	57.1	73,063	54.9	2,916	3.8	57,134
2019	133,822	76,852	57.4	74,078	55.4	2,774	3.6	56,970
2020	134,407	75,538	56.2	69,234	51.5	6,304	8.3	58,869
Men
1948	49,996	43,286	86.6	41,725	83.5	1,559	3.6	6,710
1949	50,321	43,498	86.4	40,925	81.3	2,572	5.9	6,825
1950	50,725	43,819	86.4	41,578	82.0	2,239	5.1	6,906
1951	49,727	43,001	86.5	41,780	84.0	1,221	2.8	6,725
1952	49,700	42,869	86.3	41,682	83.9	1,185	2.8	6,832
1953	50,750	43,633	86.0	42,430	83.6	1,202	2.8	7,117
1954	51,395	43,965	85.5	41,619	81.0	2,344	5.3	7,431
1955	52,109	44,475	85.4	42,621	81.8	1,854	4.2	7,634
1956	52,723	45,091	85.5	43,379	82.3	1,711	3.8	7,633
1957	53,315	45,197	84.8	43,357	81.3	1,841	4.1	8,118
1958	54,033	45,521	84.2	42,423	78.5	3,098	6.8	8,514
1959	54,793	45,886	83.7	43,466	79.3	2,420	5.2	8,907
1960	55,662	46,388	83.3	43,904	78.9	2,486	5.4	9,274
1961	56,286	46,653	82.9	43,656	77.6	2,997	6.4	9,633
1962	56,831	46,600	82.0	44,177	77.7	2,423	5.2	10,231
1963	57,921	47,129	81.4	44,657	77.1	2,472	5.2	10,792
1964	58,847	47,679	81.0	45,474	77.3	2,205	4.6	11,169
1965	59,782	48,255	80.7	46,340	77.5	1,914	4.0	11,527
1966	60,262	48,471	80.4	46,919	77.9	1,551	3.2	11,792
1967	60,905	48,987	80.4	47,479	78.0	1,508	3.1	11,919
1968	61,847	49,533	80.1	48,114	77.8	1,419	2.9	12,315
1969	62,898	50,221	79.8	48,818	77.6	1,403	2.8	12,677
1970	64,304	51,228	79.7	48,990	76.2	2,238	4.4	13,076
1971	65,942	52,180	79.1	49,390	74.9	2,789	5.3	13,762
1972	67,835	53,555	78.9	50,896	75.0	2,659	5.0	14,280
1973	69,292	54,624	78.8	52,349	75.5	2,275	4.2	14,667
1974	70,808	55,739	78.7	53,024	74.9	2,714	4.9	15,069
1975	72,291	56,299	77.9	51,857	71.7	4,442	7.9	15,992
1976	73,759	57,174	77.5	53,138	72.0	4,036	7.1	16,585
1977	75,193	58,396	77.7	54,728	72.8	3,667	6.3	16,797
1978	76,576	59,620	77.9	56,479	73.8	3,142	5.3	16,956
1979	78,020	60,726	77.8	57,607	73.8	3,120	5.1	17,293
1980	79,398	61,453	77.4	57,186	72.0	4,267	6.9	17,945
1981	80,511	61,974	77.0	57,397	71.3	4,577	7.4	18,537
1982	81,523	62,450	76.6	56,271	69.0	6,179	9.9	19,073
1983	82,531	63,047	76.4	56,787	68.8	6,260	9.9	19,484
1984	83,605	63,835	76.4	59,091	70.7	4,744	7.4	19,771
1985	84,469	64,411	76.3	59,891	70.9	4,521	7.0	20,058
1986	85,798	65,422	76.3	60,892	71.0	4,530	6.9	20,376
1987	86,899	66,207	76.2	62,107	71.5	4,101	6.2	20,692
1988	87,857	66,927	76.2	63,273	72.0	3,655	5.5	20,930
1989	88,762	67,840	76.4	64,315	72.5	3,525	5.2	20,923
1990	90,377	69,011	76.4	65,104	72.0	3,906	5.7	21,367
1991	91,278	69,168	75.8	64,223	70.4	4,946	7.2	22,110
1992	92,270	69,964	75.8	64,440	69.8	5,523	7.9	22,306
1993	93,332	70,404	75.4	65,349	70.0	5,055	7.2	22,927
1994	94,355	70,817	75.1	66,450	70.4	4,367	6.2	23,538
1995	95,178	71,360	75.0	67,377	70.8	3,983	5.6	23,818
1996	96,206	72,087	74.9	68,207	70.9	3,880	5.4	24,119
1997	97,715	73,261	75.0	69,685	71.3	3,577	4.9	24,454
1998	98,758	73,959	74.9	70,693	71.6	3,266	4.4	24,799
1999	99,722	74,512	74.7	71,446	71.6	3,066	4.1	25,210
2000	101,964	76,280	74.8	73,305	71.9	2,975	3.9	25,684
2001	103,282	76,886	74.4	73,196	70.9	3,690	4.8	26,396
2002	104,585	77,500	74.1	72,903	69.7	4,597	5.9	27,085
2003	106,435	78,238	73.5	73,332	68.9	4,906	6.3	28,197
2004	107,710	78,980	73.3	74,524	69.2	4,456	5.6	28,730
2005	109,151	80,033	73.3	75,973	69.6	4,059	5.1	29,119
2006	110,605	81,255	73.5	77,502	70.1	3,753	4.6	29,350
2007	112,173	82,136	73.2	78,254	69.8	3,882	4.7	30,036
2008	113,113	82,520	73.0	77,486	68.5	5,033	6.1	30,593
2009	114,136	82,123	72.0	73,670	64.5	8,453	10.3	32,013
2010	115,174	81,985	71.2	73,359	63.7	8,626	10.5	33,189
2011	116,317	81,975	70.5	74,290	63.9	7,684	9.4	34,343
2012	117,343	82,327	70.2	75,555	64.4	6,771	8.2	35,017
2013	118,555	82,667	69.7	76,353	64.4	6,314	7.6	35,889
2014	119,748	82,882	69.2	77,692	64.9	5,190	6.3	36,865
2015	121,101	83,620	69.1	79,131	65.3	4,490	5.4	37,481
2016	122,497	84,755	69.2	80,568	65.8	4,187	4.9	37,743
2017	123,275	85,145	69.1	81,402	66.0	3,743	4.4	38,130
2018	124,678	86,096	69.1	82,698	66.3	3,398	3.9	38,582
2019	125,353	86,687	69.2	83,460	66.6	3,227	3.7	38,667
2020	125,922	85,204	67.7	78,560	62.4	6,644	7.8	40,718
Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information about historical comparability is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
									White
									Total, 16 years and older	201,306	124,431	61.8	115,341	57.3	9,090	7.3	76,875
									16 to 19 years	12,151	4,467	36.8	3,723	30.6	744	16.6	7,683
20 to 24 years	15,335	10,951	71.4	9,633	62.8	1,318	12.0	4,384
25 to 54 years	94,426	77,804	82.4	72,797	77.1	5,007	6.4	16,621
55 to 64 years	33,772	22,278	66.0	20,889	61.9	1,389	6.2	11,495
65 years and older	45,623	8,930	19.6	8,298	18.2	633	7.1	36,692
Women, 16 years and older	102,850	57,260	55.7	52,895	51.4	4,365	7.6	45,590
16 to 19 years	5,978	2,200	36.8	1,847	30.9	353	16.0	3,778
20 to 24 years	7,623	5,275	69.2	4,625	60.7	650	12.3	2,348
25 to 54 years	47,109	35,580	75.5	33,221	70.5	2,359	6.6	11,529
55 to 64 years	17,292	10,307	59.6	9,619	55.6	688	6.7	6,986
65 years and older	24,848	3,898	15.7	3,582	14.4	316	8.1	20,950
Men, 16 years and older	98,456	67,171	68.2	62,446	63.4	4,725	7.0	31,285
16 to 19 years	6,173	2,267	36.7	1,876	30.4	391	17.3	3,906
20 to 24 years	7,712	5,676	73.6	5,008	64.9	668	11.8	2,035
25 to 54 years	47,317	42,224	89.2	39,577	83.6	2,648	6.3	5,093
55 to 64 years	16,480	11,971	72.6	11,270	68.4	701	5.9	4,509
65 years and older	20,775	5,032	24.2	4,715	22.7	317	6.3	15,743
Black or African American
Total, 16 years and older	33,344	20,177	60.5	17,873	53.6	2,304	11.4	13,167
16 to 19 years	2,419	720	29.8	546	22.6	173	24.1	1,699
20 to 24 years	3,079	2,005	65.1	1,600	52.0	404	20.2	1,074
25 to 54 years	17,404	13,588	78.1	12,205	70.1	1,384	10.2	3,816
55 to 64 years	5,140	2,902	56.5	2,652	51.6	250	8.6	2,238
65 years and older	5,302	962	18.2	869	16.4	93	9.7	4,339
Women, 16 years and older	18,094	10,635	58.8	9,481	52.4	1,155	10.9	7,459
16 to 19 years	1,221	397	32.5	305	24.9	93	23.3	824
20 to 24 years	1,594	1,018	63.9	824	51.7	195	19.1	576
25 to 54 years	9,335	7,123	76.3	6,434	68.9	688	9.7	2,212
55 to 64 years	2,809	1,584	56.4	1,450	51.6	134	8.5	1,225
65 years and older	3,134	513	16.4	468	14.9	45	8.7	2,621
Men, 16 years and older	15,250	9,542	62.6	8,392	55.0	1,150	12.1	5,708
16 to 19 years	1,197	322	26.9	242	20.2	81	25.0	875
20 to 24 years	1,485	987	66.4	777	52.3	210	21.2	498
25 to 54 years	8,069	6,465	80.1	5,770	71.5	695	10.8	1,604
55 to 64 years	2,332	1,318	56.5	1,203	51.6	116	8.8	1,013
65 years and older	2,167	449	20.7	401	18.5	49	10.8	1,718
Asian
Total, 16 years and older	16,467	10,331	62.7	9,437	57.3	894	8.7	6,136
16 to 19 years	921	177	19.2	151	16.4	26	14.9	744
20 to 24 years	1,341	727	54.2	605	45.1	122	16.8	614
25 to 54 years	9,342	7,418	79.4	6,867	73.5	551	7.4	1,924
55 to 64 years	2,216	1,475	66.6	1,335	60.2	141	9.5	741
65 years and older	2,647	534	20.2	480	18.2	53	10.0	2,113
Women, 16 years and older	8,759	4,863	55.5	4,396	50.2	467	9.6	3,896
16 to 19 years	473	80	16.9	67	14.1	13	16.5	393
20 to 24 years	672	382	56.8	321	47.7	61	16.0	290
25 to 54 years	4,909	3,458	70.4	3,159	64.3	300	8.7	1,451
55 to 64 years	1,197	701	58.5	633	52.8	68	9.7	496
65 years and older	1,508	243	16.1	218	14.5	25	10.1	1,265
Men, 16 years and older	7,708	5,468	70.9	5,041	65.4	427	7.8	2,240
16 to 19 years	448	97	21.7	84	18.7	13	13.6	351
20 to 24 years	669	345	51.6	284	42.5	61	17.7	324
25 to 54 years	4,433	3,960	89.3	3,709	83.7	251	6.3	473
55 to 64 years	1,019	774	76.0	702	68.9	72	9.3	245
65 years and older	1,139	291	25.6	262	23.0	29	9.9	847
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	44,182	28,970	65.6	25,952	58.7	3,018	10.4	15,213
16 to 19 years	4,017	1,303	32.4	1,026	25.5	277	21.2	2,714
20 to 24 years	4,791	3,418	71.3	2,904	60.6	513	15.0	1,373
25 to 54 years	25,266	19,880	78.7	18,080	71.6	1,800	9.1	5,386
55 to 64 years	5,252	3,417	65.1	3,091	58.9	326	9.5	1,835
65 years and older	4,857	952	19.6	850	17.5	102	10.7	3,905
Women, 16 years and older	22,201	12,515	56.4	11,095	50.0	1,421	11.4	9,686
16 to 19 years	1,986	632	31.8	502	25.3	130	20.5	1,354
20 to 24 years	2,380	1,598	67.1	1,336	56.1	261	16.4	782
25 to 54 years	12,414	8,408	67.7	7,573	61.0	835	9.9	4,006
55 to 64 years	2,686	1,478	55.0	1,332	49.6	145	9.8	1,208
65 years and older	2,735	400	14.6	352	12.9	48	12.1	2,335
Men, 16 years and older	21,981	16,455	74.9	14,857	67.6	1,598	9.7	5,527
16 to 19 years	2,031	671	33.1	524	25.8	147	21.9	1,360
20 to 24 years	2,411	1,820	75.5	1,568	65.0	252	13.8	591
25 to 54 years	12,852	11,472	89.3	10,507	81.8	965	8.4	1,379
55 to 64 years	2,566	1,939	75.6	1,759	68.5	180	9.3	627
65 years and older	2,122	552	26.0	499	23.5	54	9.7	1,569
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Marital status and gender	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
									Total
									16 years and older	260,329	160,742	61.7	147,795	56.8	12,947	8.1	99,587
									Married, spouse present¹	129,615	83,543	64.5	78,925	60.9	4,618	5.5	46,072
Other marital status²	130,714	77,199	59.1	68,870	52.7	8,330	10.8	53,515
Never married	82,285	53,475	65.0	47,136	57.3	6,339	11.9	28,810
Widowed, divorced, or separated³	48,429	23,724	49.0	21,734	44.9	1,991	8.4	24,704
Widowed	14,898	2,849	19.1	2,611	17.5	237	8.3	12,049
Divorced	25,678	15,746	61.3	14,510	56.5	1,236	7.8	9,932
Separated³	7,853	5,130	65.3	4,612	58.7	517	10.1	2,723
Women
16 years and older	134,407	75,538	56.2	69,234	51.5	6,304	8.3	58,869
Married, spouse present¹	64,680	37,157	57.4	34,809	53.8	2,347	6.3	27,523
Other marital status²	69,727	38,382	55.0	34,425	49.4	3,957	10.3	31,345
Never married	38,984	24,749	63.5	21,936	56.3	2,813	11.4	14,235
Widowed, divorced, or separated³	30,743	13,633	44.3	12,489	40.6	1,143	8.4	17,110
Widowed	11,483	2,052	17.9	1,872	16.3	180	8.8	9,431
Divorced	14,919	8,904	59.7	8,225	55.1	679	7.6	6,015
Separated³	4,340	2,677	61.7	2,392	55.1	285	10.6	1,663
Men
16 years and older	125,922	85,204	67.7	78,560	62.4	6,644	7.8	40,718
Married, spouse present¹	64,935	46,386	71.4	44,116	67.9	2,271	4.9	18,549
Other marital status²	60,987	38,818	63.6	34,445	56.5	4,373	11.3	22,169
Never married	43,301	28,726	66.3	25,201	58.2	3,526	12.3	14,575
Widowed, divorced, or separated³	17,686	10,091	57.1	9,244	52.3	847	8.4	7,594
Widowed	3,414	797	23.3	739	21.7	57	7.2	2,618
Divorced	10,759	6,842	63.6	6,285	58.4	557	8.1	3,917
Separated³	3,512	2,453	69.8	2,220	63.2	233	9.5	1,059
¹Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages. ²Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent. ³Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in thousands)
Characteristic	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total
Women, 16 years and older	134,119	76,538	57.1	72,727	54.2	3,811	5.0	57,581
With children under 18 years old	33,983	24,623	72.5	23,391	68.8	1,232	5.0	9,360
With children 6 to 17, none younger	19,079	14,575	76.4	13,899	72.8	676	4.6	4,505
With children under 6 years old	14,904	10,048	67.4	9,492	63.7	556	5.5	4,855
With children under 3 years old	8,425	5,526	65.6	5,248	62.3	277	5.0	2,900
With no children under 18 years old	100,136	51,915	51.8	49,336	49.3	2,579	5.0	48,221
Men, 16 years and older	125,638	85,249	67.9	80,581	64.1	4,667	5.5	40,389
With children under 18 years old	26,877	25,018	93.1	24,027	89.4	991	4.0	1,859
With children 6 to 17, none younger	15,122	13,907	92.0	13,362	88.4	544	3.9	1,216
With children under 6 years old	11,754	11,111	94.5	10,665	90.7	446	4.0	643
With children under 3 years old	6,754	6,395	94.7	6,158	91.2	237	3.7	359
With no children under 18 years old	98,762	60,231	61.0	56,554	57.3	3,677	6.1	38,530
White
Women, 16 years and older	102,712	58,096	56.6	55,600	54.1	2,496	4.3	44,616
With children under 18 years old	25,297	18,291	72.3	17,453	69.0	838	4.6	7,007
With children 6 to 17, none younger	14,280	10,920	76.5	10,436	73.1	485	4.4	3,360
With children under 6 years old	11,017	7,370	66.9	7,017	63.7	353	4.8	3,647
With children under 3 years old	6,235	4,090	65.6	3,933	63.1	157	3.8	2,145
With no children under 18 years old	77,415	39,805	51.4	38,147	49.3	1,658	4.2	37,610
Men, 16 years and older	98,480	67,478	68.5	64,211	65.2	3,267	4.8	31,002
With children under 18 years old	21,245	19,999	94.1	19,253	90.6	746	3.7	1,246
With children 6 to 17, none younger	11,971	11,162	93.2	10,744	89.7	418	3.7	809
With children under 6 years old	9,274	8,837	95.3	8,509	91.8	328	3.7	436
With children under 3 years old	5,361	5,118	95.5	4,952	92.4	166	3.3	243
With no children under 18 years old	77,236	47,480	61.5	44,958	58.2	2,521	5.3	29,756
Black or African American
Women, 16 years and older	18,038	10,699	59.3	9,887	54.8	812	7.6	7,340
With children under 18 years old	4,748	3,647	76.8	3,398	71.6	249	6.8	1,100
With children 6 to 17, none younger	2,579	2,053	79.6	1,938	75.1	116	5.6	526
With children under 6 years old	2,168	1,594	73.5	1,461	67.4	133	8.4	574
With children under 3 years old	1,182	820	69.3	735	62.2	84	10.3	363
With no children under 18 years old	13,291	7,051	53.1	6,488	48.8	563	8.0	6,239
Men, 16 years and older	15,194	9,356	61.6	8,453	55.6	903	9.7	5,838
With children under 18 years old	2,516	2,165	86.0	2,028	80.6	137	6.3	351
With children 6 to 17, none younger	1,390	1,167	84.0	1,107	79.7	60	5.2	222
With children under 6 years old	1,126	997	88.6	920	81.7	77	7.7	129
With children under 3 years old	608	541	89.1	502	82.6	39	7.3	66
With no children under 18 years old	12,678	7,192	56.7	6,425	50.7	766	10.7	5,487
Asian
Women, 16 years and older	8,696	4,886	56.2	4,635	53.3	250	5.1	3,810
With children under 18 years old	2,645	1,737	65.7	1,666	63.0	71	4.1	908
With children 6 to 17, none younger	1,499	1,053	70.2	1,010	67.4	43	4.1	447
With children under 6 years old	1,145	684	59.7	656	57.3	28	4.2	461
With children under 3 years old	637	377	59.2	360	56.6	16	4.3	260
With no children under 18 years old	6,051	3,149	52.0	2,970	49.1	179	5.7	2,903
Men, 16 years and older	7,717	5,549	71.9	5,270	68.3	279	5.0	2,168
With children under 18 years old	2,282	2,139	93.8	2,068	90.7	71	3.3	142
With children 6 to 17, none younger	1,293	1,194	92.3	1,150	88.9	44	3.7	99
With children under 6 years old	988	945	95.6	918	92.9	27	2.9	43
With children under 3 years old	558	533	95.6	509	91.4	23	4.4	25
With no children under 18 years old	5,435	3,409	62.7	3,201	58.9	208	6.1	2,026
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Women, 16 years and older	22,051	12,819	58.1	11,855	53.8	964	7.5	9,232
With children under 18 years old	7,536	4,862	64.5	4,506	59.8	357	7.3	2,674
With children 6 to 17, none younger	4,234	2,928	69.2	2,756	65.1	173	5.9	1,306
With children under 6 years old	3,302	1,934	58.6	1,750	53.0	184	9.5	1,368
With children under 3 years old	1,791	995	55.5	930	51.9	65	6.6	796
With no children under 18 years old	14,515	7,957	54.8	7,350	50.6	607	7.6	6,558
Men, 16 years and older	21,837	16,301	74.6	15,151	69.4	1,151	7.1	5,536
With children under 18 years old	5,461	5,087	93.1	4,810	88.1	277	5.4	374
With children 6 to 17, none younger	3,127	2,870	91.8	2,715	86.8	155	5.4	257
With children under 6 years old	2,334	2,216	95.0	2,095	89.8	122	5.5	117
With children under 3 years old	1,242	1,182	95.1	1,128	90.8	54	4.6	60
With no children under 18 years old	16,376	11,214	68.5	10,341	63.1	874	7.8	5,162
Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, marital status, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, March 2020 (numbers in thousands)
Presence and age of youngest child	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
									Total, all marital statuses
									Total women, 16 years and older	134,119	76,538	57.1	72,727	54.2	3,811	5.0	57,581
With children under 18 years old	33,983	24,623	72.5	23,391	68.8	1,232	5.0	9,360
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	19,079	14,575	76.4	13,899	72.8	676	4.6	4,505
With children under 6 years old	14,904	10,048	67.4	9,492	63.7	556	5.5	4,855
With children under 3 years old	8,425	5,526	65.6	5,248	62.3	277	5.0	2,900
With no children under 18 years old	100,136	51,915	51.8	49,336	49.3	2,579	5.0	48,221
Total, married, spouse present¹
Total women, 16 years and older	64,851	37,863	58.4	36,545	56.4	1,318	3.5	26,989
With children under 18 years old	24,479	17,241	70.4	16,555	67.6	687	4.0	7,238
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	13,441	10,017	74.5	9,630	71.6	387	3.9	3,424
With children under 6 years old	11,038	7,225	65.4	6,925	62.7	300	4.1	3,814
With children under 3 years old	6,384	4,132	64.7	3,966	62.1	166	4.0	2,252
With no children under 18 years old	40,372	20,621	51.1	19,990	49.5	631	3.1	19,751
Total, other marital statuses²
Total women, 16 years and older	69,268	38,675	55.8	36,182	52.2	2,494	6.4	30,592
With children under 18 years old	9,504	7,382	77.7	6,836	71.9	546	7.4	2,122
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	5,638	4,558	80.8	4,269	75.7	289	6.3	1,080
With children under 6 years old	3,865	2,824	73.1	2,568	66.4	256	9.1	1,042
With children under 3 years old	2,041	1,394	68.3	1,282	62.8	112	8.0	647
With no children under 18 years old	59,764	31,294	52.4	29,346	49.1	1,948	6.2	28,470
White, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older	102,712	58,096	56.6	55,600	54.1	2,496	4.3	44,616
With children under 18 years old	25,297	18,291	72.3	17,453	69.0	838	4.6	7,007
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	14,280	10,920	76.5	10,436	73.1	485	4.4	3,360
With children under 6 years old	11,017	7,370	66.9	7,017	63.7	353	4.8	3,647
With children under 3 years old	6,235	4,090	65.6	3,933	63.1	157	3.8	2,145
With no children under 18 years old	77,415	39,805	51.4	38,147	49.3	1,658	4.2	37,610
White, married, spouse present¹
Total women, 16 years and older	53,067	30,701	57.9	29,748	56.1	953	3.1	22,366
With children under 18 years old	19,292	13,636	70.7	13,114	68.0	523	3.8	5,656
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	10,585	7,933	74.9	7,629	72.1	304	3.8	2,652
With children under 6 years old	8,707	5,703	65.5	5,485	63.0	218	3.8	3,004
With children under 3 years old	5,063	3,315	65.5	3,196	63.1	118	3.6	1,748
With no children under 18 years old	33,775	17,064	50.5	16,634	49.2	430	2.5	16,710
White, other marital statuses²
Total women, 16 years and older	49,645	27,395	55.2	25,852	52.1	1,543	5.6	22,250
With children under 18 years old	6,005	4,654	77.5	4,339	72.3	315	6.8	1,351
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	3,695	2,987	80.8	2,806	76.0	181	6.1	708
With children under 6 years old	2,310	1,667	72.2	1,532	66.3	135	8.1	643
With children under 3 years old	1,172	775	66.2	737	62.9	39	5.0	397
With no children under 18 years old	43,640	22,741	52.1	21,514	49.3	1,228	5.4	20,899
Black or African American, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older	18,038	10,699	59.3	9,887	54.8	812	7.6	7,340
With children under 18 years old	4,748	3,647	76.8	3,398	71.6	249	6.8	1,100
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	2,579	2,053	79.6	1,938	75.1	116	5.6	526
With children under 6 years old	2,168	1,594	73.5	1,461	67.4	133	8.4	574
With children under 3 years old	1,182	820	69.3	735	62.2	84	10.3	363
With no children under 18 years old	13,291	7,051	53.1	6,488	48.8	563	8.0	6,239
Black or African American, married, spouse present¹
Total women, 16 years and older	4,931	3,073	62.3	2,926	59.3	147	4.8	1,858
With children under 18 years old	1,980	1,488	75.2	1,421	71.8	67	4.5	491
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	1,031	814	78.9	780	75.6	34	4.2	217
With children under 6 years old	949	675	71.1	641	67.6	34	5.0	274
With children under 3 years old	530	344	64.8	323	60.9	21	6.0	187
With no children under 18 years old	2,951	1,585	53.7	1,505	51.0	80	5.0	1,366
Black or African American, other marital statuses²
Total women, 16 years and older	13,107	7,625	58.2	6,961	53.1	665	8.7	5,482
With children under 18 years old	2,768	2,159	78.0	1,977	71.4	182	8.4	609
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	1,548	1,240	80.1	1,158	74.8	82	6.6	309
With children under 6 years old	1,220	919	75.4	820	67.2	100	10.8	301
With children under 3 years old	652	476	73.0	413	63.2	63	13.3	176
With no children under 18 years old	10,339	5,466	52.9	4,983	48.2	483	8.8	4,873
Asian, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older	8,696	4,886	56.2	4,635	53.3	250	5.1	3,810
With children under 18 years old	2,645	1,737	65.7	1,666	63.0	71	4.1	908
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	1,499	1,053	70.2	1,010	67.4	43	4.1	447
With children under 6 years old	1,145	684	59.7	656	57.3	28	4.2	461
With children under 3 years old	637	377	59.2	360	56.6	16	4.3	260
With no children under 18 years old	6,051	3,149	52.0	2,970	49.1	179	5.7	2,903
Asian, married, spouse present¹
Total women, 16 years and older	5,171	2,996	57.9	2,848	55.1	148	4.9	2,175
With children under 18 years old	2,394	1,536	64.2	1,476	61.6	60	3.9	858
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	1,346	922	68.5	886	65.8	36	3.9	424
With children under 6 years old	1,048	614	58.5	590	56.3	24	3.9	435
With children under 3 years old	583	340	58.3	324	55.5	16	4.8	243
With no children under 18 years old	2,777	1,460	52.6	1,372	49.4	87	6.0	1,317
Asian, other marital statuses²
Total women, 16 years and older	3,525	1,890	53.6	1,787	50.7	103	5.4	1,635
With children under 18 years old	251	201	80.2	190	75.8	11	5.5	50
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	154	131	85.0	124	80.7	7	5.0	23
With children under 6 years old	97	70	72.6	66	68.0	4	6.3	26
With children under 3 years old	54	37	68.2	37	68.2	-	-	17
With no children under 18 years old	3,275	1,689	51.6	1,597	48.8	92	5.4	1,586
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older	22,051	12,819	58.1	11,855	53.8	964	7.5	9,232
With children under 18 years old	7,536	4,862	64.5	4,506	59.8	357	7.3	2,674
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	4,234	2,928	69.2	2,756	65.1	173	5.9	1,306
With children under 6 years old	3,302	1,934	58.6	1,750	53.0	184	9.5	1,368
With children under 3 years old	1,791	995	55.5	930	51.9	65	6.6	796
With no children under 18 years old	14,515	7,957	54.8	7,350	50.6	607	7.6	6,558
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present¹
Total women, 16 years and older	9,635	5,381	55.8	5,059	52.5	322	6.0	4,255
With children under 18 years old	4,978	2,909	58.4	2,722	54.7	188	6.5	2,069
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	2,759	1,743	63.2	1,642	59.5	102	5.8	1,016
With children under 6 years old	2,219	1,166	52.5	1,080	48.7	86	7.4	1,053
With children under 3 years old	1,220	629	51.6	589	48.3	41	6.4	590
With no children under 18 years old	4,657	2,471	53.1	2,337	50.2	134	5.4	2,186
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses²
Total women, 16 years and older	12,416	7,439	59.9	6,796	54.7	642	8.6	4,977
With children under 18 years old	2,558	1,953	76.4	1,784	69.7	169	8.7	605
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger	1,475	1,185	80.3	1,114	75.5	71	6.0	290
With children under 6 years old	1,083	768	70.9	670	61.9	98	12.7	315
With children under 3 years old	572	366	63.9	341	59.6	25	6.8	206
With no children under 18 years old	9,858	5,486	55.6	5,012	50.8	473	8.6	4,372
¹ Beginning with ASEC data for 2019, includes women in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2019, included only women in opposite-sex marriages. ² Includes women who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent. Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of children, March 1975–March 2020 (numbers in thousands)
Year	Civilian labor force
	Total	Percentage of population	Employed	Unemployed
				Total	Percentage of labor force
				Total	Percentage of labor force
With children under age 18
1975	14,616	47.4	13,069	1,548	11.0
1976	15,073	48.8	13,725	1,346	8.9
1977	15,669	50.8	14,276	1,393	8.9
1978	16,385	53.0	15,142	1,242	7.6
1979	16,883	54.5	15,624	1,259	7.7
1980	17,790	56.6	16,526	1,264	7.1
1981	18,422	58.1	16,952	1,471	8.0
1982	18,744	58.5	16,854	1,890	10.1
1983	18,924	58.9	16,792	2,131	11.3
1984	19,555	60.5	17,782	1,773	9.1
1985	20,041	62.1	18,306	1,735	8.7
1986	20,620	62.8	18,922	1,698	8.2
1987	21,422	64.7	19,798	1,624	7.6
1988	21,545	65.1	20,141	1,404	6.5
1989	21,936	65.7	20,647	1,289	5.9
1990	22,196	66.7	20,865	1,331	6.0
1991	22,327	66.6	20,774	1,552	7.0
1992	22,756	67.2	21,052	1,704	7.5
1993	23,063	66.9	21,521	1,541	6.7
1994	24,191	68.4	22,467	1,724	7.1
1995	24,695	69.7	23,195	1,500	6.1
1996	24,720	70.2	23,386	1,334	5.4
1997	25,604	72.1	24,082	1,522	5.9
1998	25,647	72.3	24,209	1,438	5.6
1999	25,472	72.1	24,307	1,165	4.6
2000	25,795	72.9	24,693	1,102	4.3
2001	26,269	72.7	25,030	1,239	4.7
2002	26,140	72.2	24,612	1,529	5.8
2003	26,202	71.7	24,598	1,603	6.1
2004	25,913	70.7	24,413	1,501	5.8
2005	25,941	70.5	24,564	1,377	5.3
2006	26,009	70.6	24,728	1,281	4.9
2007	26,834	71.3	25,646	1,188	4.4
2008	25,930	71.2	24,637	1,294	5.0
2009	26,122	71.6	24,079	2,043	7.8
2010	25,783	71.3	23,510	2,273	8.8
2011	25,376	70.9	23,109	2,266	8.9
2012	25,384	70.9	23,366	2,018	7.9
2013	25,112	70.3	23,121	1,991	7.9
2014	25,209	70.8	23,542	1,667	6.6
2015	25,107	69.9	23,841	1,265	5.0
2016	25,070	70.8	23,877	1,193	4.8
2017	24,863	71.3	23,748	1,114	4.5
2018	24,802	71.4	23,849	953	3.8
2019	24,892	72.4	24,038	854	3.4
2020	24,623	72.5	23,391	1,232	5.0
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
1975	8,917	54.9	8,218	700	7.9
1976	9,388	56.2	8,769	621	6.6
1977	10,040	58.3	9,389	650	6.5
1978	10,401	60.0	9,845	556	5.3
1979	10,646	61.6	10,030	615	5.8
1980	11,252	64.3	10,640	612	5.4
1981	11,490	65.5	10,725	765	6.7
1982	11,377	65.8	10,440	936	8.2
1983	11,340	66.3	10,303	1,037	9.1
1984	11,538	68.1	10,739	799	6.9
1985	11,826	69.9	10,984	842	7.1
1986	12,075	70.4	11,320	756	6.3
1987	12,438	72.0	11,661	778	6.3
1988	12,683	73.3	12,042	641	5.1
1989	12,800	74.2	12,168	632	4.9
1990	12,799	74.7	12,133	666	5.2
1991	12,691	74.4	12,017	674	5.3
1992	13,183	75.9	12,391	793	6.0
1993	13,441	75.4	12,757	684	5.1
1994	13,863	76.0	13,074	789	5.7
1995	14,300	76.4	13,608	691	4.8
1996	14,427	77.2	13,794	633	4.4
1997	14,993	78.1	14,282	711	4.7
1998	15,028	78.4	14,370	658	4.4
1999	15,150	78.5	14,633	516	3.4
2000	15,479	79.0	14,931	549	3.5
2001	15,839	79.4	15,220	619	3.9
2002	15,948	78.6	15,171	777	4.9
2003	15,993	78.7	15,166	828	5.2
2004	15,782	77.5	15,006	776	4.9
2005	15,594	76.9	14,930	663	4.3
2006	15,579	76.9	14,949	630	4.0
2007	15,940	77.7	15,341	599	3.8
2008	15,479	77.5	14,842	636	4.1
2009	15,625	78.2	14,562	1,063	6.8
2010	15,247	77.2	14,058	1,189	7.8
2011	14,973	76.5	13,842	1,131	7.6
2012	14,922	76.0	13,908	1,014	6.8
2013	14,941	74.8	13,909	1,032	6.9
2014	15,227	75.8	14,389	838	5.5
2015	15,059	74.6	14,437	622	4.1
2016	15,135	75.0	14,519	616	4.1
2017	15,080	76.0	14,481	599	4.0
2018	15,053	76.5	14,544	508	3.4
2019	14,972	77.0	14,526	446	3.0
2020	14,575	76.4	13,899	676	4.6
With children under age 6
1975	5,699	39.0	4,851	848	14.9
1976	5,684	40.1	4,957	727	12.8
1977	5,629	41.2	4,887	742	13.2
1978	5,983	44.0	5,297	687	11.5
1979	6,238	45.7	5,594	644	10.3
1980	6,538	46.8	5,886	652	10.0
1981	6,933	48.9	6,227	706	10.2
1982	7,367	49.9	6,414	953	12.9
1983	7,583	50.5	6,489	1,094	14.4
1984	8,017	52.1	7,043	974	12.1
1985	8,215	53.5	7,322	893	10.9
1986	8,545	54.4	7,602	943	11.0
1987	8,983	56.7	8,137	846	9.4
1988	8,862	56.1	8,099	763	8.6
1989	9,136	56.7	8,478	657	7.2
1990	9,397	58.2	8,732	664	7.1
1991	9,636	58.4	8,758	878	9.1
1992	9,573	58.0	8,662	911	9.5
1993	9,621	57.9	8,764	857	8.9
1994	10,328	60.3	9,394	935	9.0
1995	10,395	62.3	9,587	809	7.8
1996	10,293	62.3	9,592	701	6.8
1997	10,610	65.0	9,800	810	7.6
1998	10,619	65.2	9,839	780	7.3
1999	10,322	64.4	9,674	648	6.3
2000	10,316	65.3	9,763	553	5.4
2001	10,430	64.4	9,810	620	5.9
2002	10,193	64.1	9,441	752	7.4
2003	10,209	62.9	9,433	776	7.6
2004	10,131	62.2	9,407	724	7.1
2005	10,347	62.6	9,634	714	6.9
2006	10,430	63.0	9,779	651	6.2
2007	10,894	63.5	10,305	589	5.4
2008	10,452	63.6	9,794	657	6.3
2009	10,497	63.6	9,517	980	9.3
2010	10,536	64.2	9,452	1,085	10.3
2011	10,403	64.2	9,268	1,135	10.9
2012	10,462	64.7	9,458	1,004	9.6
2013	10,171	64.7	9,212	958	9.4
2014	9,982	64.3	9,153	829	8.3
2015	10,048	63.9	9,405	643	6.4
2016	9,934	65.3	9,358	576	5.8
2017	9,783	65.1	9,268	515	5.3
2018	9,749	64.7	9,304	445	4.6
2019	9,920	66.4	9,513	407	4.1
2020	10,048	67.4	9,492	556	5.5
With children under age 3
1975	2,824	34.3	2,326	500	17.7
1976	2,702	34.1	2,285	418	15.5
1977	2,795	35.4	2,371	424	15.2
1978	3,179	39.4	2,768	411	12.9
1979	3,380	41.1	2,979	401	11.9
1980	3,565	41.9	3,167	398	11.2
1981	3,826	44.3	3,380	446	11.7
1982	4,133	45.6	3,542	591	14.3
1983	4,233	46.0	3,551	682	16.1
1984	4,401	47.6	3,839	562	12.8
1985	4,601	49.5	4,089	513	11.1
1986	4,786	50.8	4,227	559	11.7
1987	5,064	52.9	4,570	494	9.8
1988	4,947	52.4	4,477	470	9.5
1989	5,053	52.4	4,671	381	7.5
1990	5,216	53.6	4,823	393	7.5
1991	5,417	54.5	4,868	550	10.1
1992	5,329	54.5	4,776	553	10.4
1993	5,349	53.9	4,857	492	9.2
1994	5,724	57.1	5,165	559	9.8
1995	5,650	58.7	5,172	478	8.5
1996	5,619	59.0	5,222	397	7.1
1997	5,839	61.8	5,366	473	8.1
1998	5,882	62.2	5,454	428	7.3
1999	5,645	60.7	5,285	359	6.4
2000	5,670	61.0	5,350	320	5.6
2001	5,743	60.7	5,350	393	6.8
2002	5,600	60.5	5,160	440	7.9
2003	5,568	58.7	5,112	456	8.2
2004	5,401	57.3	4,983	417	7.7
2005	5,704	58.9	5,299	405	7.1
2006	5,842	59.9	5,458	384	6.6
2007	6,006	60.1	5,679	327	5.5
2008	5,754	59.6	5,380	374	6.5
2009	5,960	61.1	5,401	559	9.4
2010	5,878	61.1	5,240	638	10.9
2011	5,639	60.9	5,006	633	11.2
2012	5,529	60.7	4,960	569	10.3
2013	5,448	62.1	4,937	511	9.4
2014	5,358	61.8	4,870	487	9.1
2015	5,494	61.4	5,119	375	6.8
2016	5,486	63.1	5,165	322	5.9
2017	5,449	63.1	5,153	296	5.4
2018	5,236	62.0	4,998	239	4.6
2019	5,439	63.8	5,220	218	4.0
2020	5,526	65.6	5,248	277	5.0
With no children under age 18
1975	22,365	45.1	20,381	1,984	8.9
1976	23,327	45.7	21,389	1,938	8.3
1977	24,385	46.4	22,348	2,037	8.4
1978	25,362	47.0	23,631	1,731	6.8
1979	26,962	48.6	25,285	1,677	6.2
1980	27,144	48.1	25,375	1,769	6.5
1981	27,992	48.7	25,934	2,059	7.4
1982	28,351	48.6	26,041	2,311	8.2
1983	28,856	48.7	26,373	2,483	8.6
1984	29,684	49.3	27,652	2,032	6.8
1985	30,850	50.4	28,814	2,036	6.6
1986	31,112	50.5	29,107	2,005	6.4
1987	31,538	50.5	29,688	1,850	5.9
1988	32,490	51.2	30,911	1,580	4.9
1989	33,255	51.9	31,761	1,495	4.5
1990	33,942	52.3	32,391	1,551	4.6
1991	34,047	52.0	32,167	1,880	5.5
1992	34,487	52.3	32,481	2,006	5.8
1993	34,495	52.1	32,476	2,020	5.9
1994	35,455	53.1	33,345	2,110	6.0
1995	35,843	52.9	34,054	1,789	5.0
1996	36,509	53.0	34,698	1,811	5.0
1997	37,295	53.6	35,572	1,723	4.6
1998	38,253	54.1	36,680	1,573	4.1
1999	39,314	54.3	37,587	1,727	4.4
2000	40,142	54.8	38,408	1,733	4.3
2001	40,996	54.4	39,363	1,633	4.0
2002	41,278	54.0	39,038	2,241	5.4
2003	42,039	54.1	39,667	2,372	5.6
2004	42,289	53.8	40,000	2,289	5.4
2005	42,677	53.5	40,570	2,107	4.9
2006	43,392	53.6	41,440	1,952	4.5
2007	44,039	53.9	42,279	1,760	4.0
2008	45,585	54.3	43,417	2,168	4.8
2009	45,649	53.8	42,343	3,306	7.2
2010	46,098	53.5	42,256	3,842	8.3
2011	46,198	53.0	42,569	3,629	7.9
2012	47,222	52.6	43,494	3,728	7.9
2013	47,607	52.3	44,294	3,313	7.0
2014	48,076	52.1	44,980	3,096	6.4
2015	48,273	51.7	45,794	2,479	5.1
2016	49,663	52.1	47,180	2,484	5.0
2017	50,675	52.5	48,541	2,134	4.2
2018	51,227	52.3	49,247	1,980	3.9
2019	52,068	52.5	50,244	1,824	3.5
2020	51,915	51.8	49,336	2,579	5.0
Note: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975–2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Educational attainment and gender	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total
Total, 25 to 64 years	168,236	129,923	77.2	120,785	71.8	9,138	7.0	38,314
Less than a high school diploma	13,833	8,254	59.7	7,284	52.7	970	11.8	5,579
High school graduates, no college	45,060	32,121	71.3	29,204	64.8	2,917	9.1	12,939
Some college or associate's degree	43,505	33,635	77.3	31,034	71.3	2,601	7.7	9,871
Bachelor's degree and higher	65,837	55,913	84.9	53,263	80.9	2,650	4.7	9,924
Bachelor's degree	41,888	34,929	83.4	33,018	78.8	1,911	5.5	6,959
Advanced degree	23,949	20,984	87.6	20,245	84.5	739	3.5	2,965
Master's degree	18,035	15,653	86.8	15,052	83.5	601	3.8	2,382
Professional degree	2,530	2,250	88.9	2,183	86.3	67	3.0	280
Doctoral degree	3,384	3,081	91.0	3,010	88.9	71	2.3	303
Women
Total, 25 to 64 years	85,691	60,865	71.0	56,429	65.9	4,437	7.3	24,826
Less than a high school diploma	6,381	2,917	45.7	2,513	39.4	404	13.8	3,465
High school graduates, no college	20,649	12,818	62.1	11,567	56.0	1,251	9.8	7,831
Some college or associate's degree	22,849	16,420	71.9	15,076	66.0	1,344	8.2	6,429
Bachelor's degree and higher	35,811	28,711	80.2	27,273	76.2	1,438	5.0	7,101
Bachelor's degree	22,570	17,563	77.8	16,520	73.2	1,043	5.9	5,007
Advanced degree	13,242	11,148	84.2	10,752	81.2	395	3.5	2,094
Master's degree	10,469	8,734	83.4	8,401	80.2	334	3.8	1,734
Professional degree	1,163	982	84.5	953	81.9	30	3.0	180
Doctoral degree	1,610	1,431	88.8	1,399	86.9	31	2.2	180
Men
Total, 25 to 64 years	82,545	69,057	83.7	64,356	78.0	4,701	6.8	13,488
Less than a high school diploma	7,452	5,337	71.6	4,771	64.0	566	10.6	2,115
High school graduates, no college	24,411	19,303	79.1	17,637	72.2	1,667	8.6	5,108
Some college or associate's degree	20,656	17,214	83.3	15,958	77.3	1,256	7.3	3,442
Bachelor's degree and higher	30,026	27,202	90.6	25,990	86.6	1,212	4.5	2,823
Bachelor's degree	19,318	17,366	89.9	16,498	85.4	868	5.0	1,952
Advanced degree	10,708	9,836	91.9	9,492	88.7	344	3.5	871
Master's degree	7,566	6,919	91.4	6,651	87.9	268	3.9	648
Professional degree	1,368	1,268	92.7	1,231	90.0	37	2.9	100
Doctoral degree	1,774	1,650	93.0	1,611	90.8	39	2.4	124
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9A. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1970–91
Year	Civilian labor force (thousands)	Percent distribution
		Total	High school		College
		Total	Less than 4 years	4 years, no college	1 to 3 years	4 years or more
Total
1970	61,765	100.0	36.1	38.1	11.8	14.1
1971	62,344	100.0	34.5	38.4	12.3	14.8
1972	63,704	100.0	33.3	38.8	12.4	15.5
1973	64,775	100.0	30.9	39.7	13.0	16.4
1974	66,527	100.0	29.3	39.5	13.7	17.5
1975	67,774	100.0	27.5	39.7	14.4	18.3
1976	69,243	100.0	25.8	39.6	15.2	19.4
1977	71,324	100.0	24.9	39.2	15.7	20.2
1978	73,504	100.0	23.7	39.2	16.5	20.6
1979	75,781	100.0	21.8	39.5	17.3	21.3
1980	78,010	100.0	20.6	39.8	17.6	22.0
1981	80,273	100.0	19.7	40.6	17.7	22.0
1982	81,516	100.0	18.8	40.8	17.3	23.1
1983	83,615	100.0	17.8	39.9	18.1	24.2
1984	86,001	100.0	16.7	40.2	18.4	24.7
1985	88,424	100.0	15.9	40.2	19.0	24.9
1986	90,500	100.0	15.5	40.2	19.5	24.8
1987	92,966	100.0	14.9	40.2	19.7	25.3
1988	94,870	100.0	14.7	39.9	19.7	25.7
1989	97,318	100.0	14.0	39.6	20.0	26.4
1990	99,175	100.0	13.4	39.5	20.7	26.4
1991	100,480	100.0	13.0	39.4	21.1	26.5
Women
1970	22,462	100.0	33.5	44.3	10.9	11.2
1971	22,804	100.0	32.2	44.2	11.9	11.8
1972	23,606	100.0	30.7	45.1	11.8	12.4
1973	24,158	100.0	28.4	45.9	12.4	13.3
1974	25,203	100.0	26.7	45.3	13.4	14.6
1975	26,146	100.0	26.5	45.5	13.9	14.1
1976	27,166	100.0	24.0	45.1	14.7	16.2
1977	28,369	100.0	22.8	45.1	15.2	16.9
1978	29,738	100.0	22.0	44.9	16.1	17.0
1979	31,151	100.0	20.1	45.0	17.1	17.8
1980	32,593	100.0	18.4	45.4	17.4	18.7
1981	33,910	100.0	17.4	46.1	17.9	18.6
1982	34,870	100.0	16.6	45.6	18.3	19.5
1983	35,712	100.0	15.6	44.8	18.8	20.9
1984	37,234	100.0	14.5	44.9	18.9	21.7
1985	38,779	100.0	13.7	44.4	19.9	22.0
1986	39,767	100.0	13.2	44.3	20.3	22.2
1987	41,105	100.0	12.5	44.0	20.7	22.8
1988	42,254	100.0	12.4	43.3	21.2	23.1
1989	43,650	100.0	11.9	42.9	20.9	24.3
1990	44,699	100.0	11.3	42.4	21.9	24.5
1991	45,315	100.0	10.9	41.6	22.2	25.2
Men
1970	39,303	100.0	37.5	34.5	12.2	15.7
1971	39,539	100.0	35.9	35.1	12.5	16.5
1972	40,098	100.0	34.8	35.1	12.8	17.3
1973	40,617	100.0	32.4	36.0	13.4	18.2
1974	41,344	100.0	30.8	36.0	13.9	19.3
1975	41,628	100.0	28.9	36.1	14.8	20.2
1976	42,077	100.0	27.0	36.0	15.5	21.5
1977	42,954	100.0	26.3	35.3	16.1	22.3
1978	43,766	100.0	24.8	35.3	16.9	23.0
1979	44,630	100.0	23.0	35.7	17.5	23.8
1980	45,417	100.0	22.2	35.7	17.7	24.3
1981	46,363	100.0	21.5	36.5	17.4	24.6
1982	47,144	100.0	20.3	36.8	17.5	25.5
1983	47,903	100.0	19.4	36.3	17.7	26.6
1984	48,767	100.0	18.4	36.7	18.0	26.9
1985	49,647	100.0	17.7	36.9	18.3	27.1
1986	50,733	100.0	17.2	37.0	18.9	26.9
1987	51,860	100.0	16.8	37.1	18.9	27.2
1988	52,616	100.0	16.5	37.3	18.5	27.8
1989	53,668	100.0	15.7	36.9	19.2	28.2
1990	54,476	100.0	15.1	37.2	19.7	28.0
1991	55,165	100.0	14.7	37.5	20.2	27.6
Note: Data from 1970–91 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages (shown in table 9B), and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9B. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and gender, 1992–2020
Year	Civilian labor force (thousands)	Percent distribution
		Total	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college¹	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher²
		Total	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college¹	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher²	Total
1992	103,018	100.0	12.1	35.7	25.6	26.6
1993	104,237	100.0	11.3	35.1	26.6	27.0
1994	105,610	100.0	10.8	33.9	27.7	27.6
1995	107,032	100.0	10.4	33.2	28.1	28.3
1996	108,932	100.0	10.6	32.9	27.8	28.7
1997	110,945	100.0	10.6	32.9	27.5	29.0
1998	111,932	100.0	10.5	32.4	27.4	29.8
1999	113,095	100.0	10.0	31.8	27.6	30.5
2000	115,750	100.0	10.1	31.4	27.8	30.7
2001	116,893	100.0	10.1	30.9	28.0	31.0
2002	118,028	100.0	10.0	30.7	27.7	31.6
2003	119,621	100.0	9.9	30.3	27.6	32.1
2004	120,135	100.0	9.7	30.1	27.7	32.4
2005	121,752	100.0	9.8	29.9	27.8	32.5
2006	123,550	100.0	9.7	29.6	27.7	33.0
2007	125,104	100.0	9.3	29.2	27.7	33.8
2008	126,011	100.0	9.0	28.8	28.0	34.2
2009	126,247	100.0	9.0	28.6	28.0	34.4
2010	126,237	100.0	8.9	28.6	27.9	34.6
2011	125,508	100.0	8.7	28.0	28.0	35.3
2012	125,963	100.0	8.4	27.4	28.2	36.0
2013	125,892	100.0	8.2	27.1	28.0	36.7
2014	126,269	100.0	8.0	26.7	27.9	37.3
2015	127,106	100.0	8.1	25.9	27.7	38.2
2016	128,713	100.0	7.8	25.9	27.6	38.7
2017	129,582	100.0	7.4	25.8	27.2	39.5
2018	131,058	100.0	7.3	25.6	26.7	40.4
2019	131,783	100.0	7.0	25.4	26.3	41.2
2020	129,923	100.0	6.4	24.7	25.9	43.0
Women
1992	46,589	100.0	10.3	37.4	27.3	25.0
1993	47,245	100.0	9.3	36.6	28.4	25.7
1994	48,405	100.0	9.0	35.0	29.8	26.2
1995	49,247	100.0	8.8	34.1	30.2	26.9
1996	50,240	100.0	8.8	33.6	29.9	27.8
1997	51,261	100.0	8.7	33.5	29.4	28.4
1998	51,678	100.0	8.8	32.7	29.4	29.2
1999	52,525	100.0	8.5	32.1	29.5	29.9
2000	53,749	100.0	8.5	31.6	29.8	30.1
2001	54,229	100.0	8.4	31.0	30.2	30.4
2002	54,710	100.0	8.1	30.6	29.9	31.3
2003	55,596	100.0	7.9	30.0	29.9	32.2
2004	55,616	100.0	7.7	29.4	30.2	32.6
2005	56,322	100.0	7.7	28.7	30.2	33.3
2006	57,201	100.0	7.6	28.3	30.2	33.9
2007	57,791	100.0	7.1	27.9	30.1	34.9
2008	58,465	100.0	6.9	27.2	30.4	35.6
2009	58,787	100.0	7.0	26.7	30.3	36.0
2010	58,808	100.0	6.8	26.4	30.3	36.4
2011	58,520	100.0	6.7	25.8	30.4	37.1
2012	59,031	100.0	6.5	25.0	30.4	38.1
2013	58,812	100.0	6.3	24.6	30.1	39.0
2014	58,983	100.0	6.1	24.1	29.8	40.0
2015	59,252	100.0	6.1	23.2	29.6	41.1
2016	60,049	100.0	6.0	22.9	29.6	41.6
2017	60,614	100.0	5.8	22.7	28.9	42.7
2018	61,182	100.0	5.7	22.3	28.3	43.8
2019	61,704	100.0	5.4	22.0	27.5	45.0
2020	60,865	100.0	4.8	21.1	27.0	47.2
Men
1992	56,428	100.0	13.7	34.2	24.3	27.8
1993	56,992	100.0	12.9	33.9	25.1	28.1
1994	57,205	100.0	12.4	33.0	25.9	28.8
1995	57,784	100.0	11.8	32.4	26.3	29.4
1996	58,692	100.0	12.2	32.3	26.1	29.4
1997	59,684	100.0	12.2	32.4	25.9	29.6
1998	60,255	100.0	12.0	32.1	25.6	30.3
1999	60,570	100.0	11.4	31.6	26.0	31.0
2000	62,001	100.0	11.5	31.2	26.1	31.2
2001	62,664	100.0	11.5	30.9	26.2	31.4
2002	63,318	100.0	11.6	30.8	25.8	31.8
2003	64,025	100.0	11.7	30.6	25.6	32.1
2004	64,519	100.0	11.5	30.7	25.6	32.3
2005	65,430	100.0	11.5	30.9	25.7	31.9
2006	66,350	100.0	11.5	30.6	25.5	32.3
2007	67,313	100.0	11.2	30.4	25.6	32.9
2008	67,546	100.0	10.9	30.2	25.9	33.0
2009	67,460	100.0	10.8	30.3	25.9	33.0
2010	67,429	100.0	10.6	30.6	25.8	33.0
2011	66,989	100.0	10.4	30.0	26.0	33.7
2012	66,932	100.0	10.0	29.6	26.2	34.1
2013	67,081	100.0	9.8	29.2	26.2	34.7
2014	67,287	100.0	9.8	29.1	26.2	35.0
2015	67,853	100.0	9.9	28.4	26.0	35.7
2016	68,664	100.0	9.3	28.6	25.9	36.2
2017	68,968	100.0	8.9	28.6	25.7	36.8
2018	69,876	100.0	8.8	28.4	25.3	37.5
2019	70,079	100.0	8.5	28.4	25.2	37.9
2020	69,057	100.0	7.7	28.0	24.9	39.4
¹ Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. ² Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. Note: Data from 1970–91 (table 9A) are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed. Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on the highest diploma or degree received. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employed people, by occupation and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Occupation and gender	Year
	2019		2020
	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Total
Total, 16 years and older	157,538	100.0	147,795	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	64,218	40.8	63,644	43.1
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	26,981	17.1	27,143	18.4
Professional and related occupations	37,237	23.6	36,502	24.7
Service occupations	26,978	17.1	22,853	15.5
Sales and office occupations	33,370	21.2	29,726	20.1
Sales and related occupations	15,582	9.9	14,168	9.6
Office and administrative support occupations	17,789	11.3	15,558	10.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,343	9.1	13,357	9.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,156	0.7	1,045	0.7
Construction and extraction occupations	8,325	5.3	7,710	5.2
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,862	3.1	4,602	3.1
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	18,628	11.8	18,215	12.3
Production occupations	8,565	5.4	7,590	5.1
Transportation and material moving occupations	10,063	6.4	10,625	7.2
Women
Total, 16 years and older	74,078	100.0	69,234	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	33,267	44.9	32,910	47.5
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	11,909	16.1	12,114	17.5
Professional and related occupations	21,358	28.8	20,796	30.0
Service occupations	15,534	21.0	13,033	18.8
Sales and office occupations	20,222	27.3	18,221	26.3
Sales and related occupations	7,602	10.3	6,907	10.0
Office and administrative support occupations	12,620	17.0	11,314	16.3
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	774	1.0	750	1.1
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	291	0.4	252	0.4
Construction and extraction occupations	292	0.4	308	0.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	191	0.3	190	0.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	4,281	5.8	4,321	6.2
Production occupations	2,450	3.3	2,147	3.1
Transportation and material moving occupations	1,831	2.5	2,174	3.1
Men
Total, 16 years and older	83,460	100.0	78,560	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	30,950	37.1	30,734	39.1
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	15,072	18.1	15,028	19.1
Professional and related occupations	15,879	19.0	15,706	20.0
Service occupations	11,445	13.7	9,820	12.5
Sales and office occupations	13,148	15.8	11,506	14.6
Sales and related occupations	7,979	9.6	7,261	9.2
Office and administrative support occupations	5,169	6.2	4,244	5.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13,569	16.3	12,607	16.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	865	1.0	793	1.0
Construction and extraction occupations	8,033	9.6	7,402	9.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,671	5.6	4,411	5.6
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	14,348	17.2	13,894	17.7
Production occupations	6,115	7.3	5,443	6.9
Transportation and material moving occupations	8,233	9.9	8,451	10.8
Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting comparability over time. No historical data have been revised. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Employed people, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Occupation	Total employed	Percent women
Total, 16 years and older	147,795	46.8
Management, professional, and related occupations	63,644	51.7
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	27,143	44.6
Management occupations	18,564	40.4
Chief executives	1,669	29.3
General and operations managers	1,057	30.5
Legislators	25	-
Advertising and promotions managers	56	52.1
Marketing managers	554	60.7
Sales managers	521	30.9
Public relations and fundraising managers	95	66.4
Administrative services managers	65	71.7
Facilities managers	134	25.0
Computer and information systems managers	744	26.6
Financial managers	1,309	52.6
Compensation and benefits managers	18	-
Human resources managers	287	76.8
Training and development managers	52	55.8
Industrial production managers	272	22.6
Purchasing managers	212	45.8
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	300	21.3
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers	901	25.1
Construction managers	966	8.4
Education and childcare administrators	948	66.5
Architectural and engineering managers	171	9.5
Food service managers	1,092	46.6
Funeral home managers	10	-
Entertainment and recreation managers	40	-
Lodging managers	123	56.0
Medical and health services managers	711	70.3
Natural sciences managers	16	-
Postmasters and mail superintendents	24	-
Property, real estate, and community association managers	781	48.5
Social and community service managers	424	72.5
Emergency management directors	12	-
Personal service managers, all other	2	-
Managers, all other	4,969	37.5
Business and financial operations occupations	8,578	53.9
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes	36	-
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products	10	-
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products	178	52.7
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products	230	52.0
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	350	60.4
Compliance officers	305	57.1
Cost estimators	121	15.0
Human resources workers	832	74.3
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	74	76.0
Training and development specialists	115	57.1
Logisticians	147	38.1
Project management specialists	715	44.4
Management analysts	997	42.7
Meeting, convention, and event planners	118	73.7
Fundraisers	99	74.8
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	438	58.6
Business operations specialists, all other	308	57.3
Accountants and auditors	1,696	59.7
Property appraisers and assessors	86	29.7
Budget analysts	60	53.2
Credit analysts	30	-
Financial and investment analysts	351	41.6
Personal financial advisors	514	34.0
Insurance underwriters	102	58.0
Financial examiners	25	-
Credit counselors and loan officers	400	54.4
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	61	57.9
Tax preparers	96	67.6
Other financial specialists	82	54.2
Professional and related occupations	36,502	57.0
Computer and mathematical occupations	5,603	25.2
Computer and information research scientists	42	-
Computer systems analysts	594	35.6
Information security analysts	137	11.4
Computer programmers	417	21.1
Software developers	1,883	19.4
Software quality assurance analysts and testers	82	25.1
Web developers	104	27.8
Web and digital interface designers	70	44.8
Computer support specialists	660	25.9
Database administrators and architects	121	28.8
Network and computer systems administrators	238	19.8
Computer network architects	107	9.3
Computer occupations, all other	792	28.0
Actuaries	32	-
Mathematicians	3	-
Operations research analysts	156	42.9
Statisticians	61	50.3
Other mathematical science occupations	103	37.8
Architecture and engineering occupations	3,169	16.5
Architects, except landscape and naval	190	28.2
Landscape architects	27	-
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	45	-
Aerospace engineers	129	11.6
Agricultural engineers	7	-
Bioengineers and biomedical engineers	22	-
Chemical engineers	70	19.4
Civil engineers	422	16.0
Computer hardware engineers	89	18.4
Electrical and electronics engineers	268	11.8
Environmental engineers	33	-
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	225	23.4
Marine engineers and naval architects	16	-
Materials engineers	53	25.5
Mechanical engineers	357	8.7
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	17	-
Nuclear engineers	10	-
Petroleum engineers	15	-
Engineers, all other	560	15.3
Architectural and civil drafters	38	-
Other drafters	95	18.8
Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians	82	3.2
Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters	344	19.1
Surveying and mapping technicians	56	9.9
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,627	49.3
Agricultural and food scientists	32	-
Biological scientists	84	46.0
Conservation scientists and foresters	19	-
Medical scientists	112	52.4
Life scientists, all other	6	-
Astronomers and physicists	19	-
Atmospheric and space scientists	10	-
Chemists and materials scientists	80	40.4
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health	46	-
Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers	37	-
Physical scientists, all other	336	43.3
Economists	26	-
Survey researchers	5	-
Clinical and counseling psychologists	18	-
School psychologists	43	-
Other psychologists	145	80.3
Sociologists	3	-
Urban and regional planners	47	-
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	50	47.7
Agricultural and food science technicians	41	-
Biological technicians	24	-
Chemical technicians	68	42.6
Environmental science and geoscience technicians	21	-
Nuclear technicians	7	-
Social science research assistants	4	-
Other life, physical, and social science technicians	258	54.1
Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians	85	35.8
Community and social service occupations	2,717	68.8
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors	130	81.3
Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors	343	77.8
Marriage and family therapists	40	-
Mental health counselors	138	72.9
Rehabilitation counselors	28	-
Counselors, all other	225	68.2
Child, family, and school social workers	62	89.8
Healthcare social workers	78	87.0
Mental health and substance abuse social workers	24	-
Social workers, all other	673	85.4
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	105	50.7
Social and human service assistants	230	79.6
Other community and social service specialists	100	77.6
Clergy	420	18.5
Directors, religious activities and education	57	64.9
Religious workers, all other	64	71.5
Legal occupations	1,882	51.9
Lawyers	1,183	37.4
Judicial law clerks	21	-
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	78	53.9
Paralegals and legal assistants	416	85.8
Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers	101	69.0
Legal support workers, all other	83	62.8
Education, training, and library occupations	8,902	73.5
Postsecondary teachers	1,156	51.1
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	535	98.8
Elementary and middle school teachers	3,371	79.6
Secondary school teachers	963	58.8
Special education teachers	332	81.4
Tutors	195	67.4
Other teachers and instructors	687	67.5
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	57	63.6
Librarians and media collections specialists	176	83.2
Library technicians	34	-
Teaching assistants	1,220	80.1
Other educational instruction and library workers	176	73.4
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	3,042	51.3
Artists and related workers	256	53.5
Commercial and industrial designers	11	-
Fashion designers	34	-
Floral designers	50	81.5
Graphic designers	295	57.2
Interior designers	131	84.0
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers	24	-
Other designers	375	41.9
Actors	29	-
Producers and directors	181	45.2
Athletes and sports competitors	28	-
Coaches and scouts	210	44.8
Umpires, referees, and other sports officials	25	-
Dancers and choreographers	7	-
Music directors and composers	50	30.8
Musicians and singers	118	31.8
Disc jockeys, except radio	15	-
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other	41	-
Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys	28	-
News analysts, reporters, and journalists	77	54.0
Public relations specialists	145	59.4
Editors	99	61.1
Technical writers	65	50.1
Writers and authors	242	64.9
Interpreters and translators	91	72.9
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners	31	-
Media and communication workers, all other	19	-
Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians	77	8.0
Photographers	186	52.1
Television, video, and film camera operators and editors	100	31.1
Media and communication equipment workers, all other	2	-
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	9,559	74.4
Chiropractors	66	22.2
Dentists	173	28.7
Dietitians and nutritionists	106	91.4
Optometrists	42	-
Pharmacists	327	61.6
Emergency medicine physicians	17	-
Radiologists	25	-
Other physicians	929	40.6
Surgeons	54	26.3
Physician assistants	141	65.5
Podiatrists	12	-
Audiologists	20	-
Occupational therapists	124	86.3
Physical therapists	281	67.2
Radiation therapists	10	-
Recreational therapists	21	-
Respiratory therapists	122	72.4
Speech-language pathologists	195	94.4
Exercise physiologists	6	-
Therapists, all other	233	84.4
Veterinarians	83	64.9
Registered nurses	3,256	87.4
Nurse anesthetists	42	-
Nurse midwives	5	-
Nurse practitioners	218	88.0
Acupuncturists	23	-
Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other	15	-
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	331	70.4
Dental hygienists	190	93.9
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians	50	71.9
Diagnostic medical sonographers	90	84.0
Radiologic technologists and technicians	254	67.8
Magnetic resonance imaging technologists	57	58.8
Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists	35	-
Emergency medical technicians	141	33.7
Paramedics	78	28.1
Pharmacy technicians	336	77.2
Psychiatric technicians	67	82.2
Surgical technologists	108	71.3
Veterinary technologists and technicians	105	88.1
Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians	66	73.5
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	596	90.0
Medical records specialists	183	95.9
Opticians, dispensing	40	-
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	185	61.7
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	100	62.8
Service occupations	22,853	57.0
Healthcare support occupations	4,790	85.3
Home health aides	571	90.3
Personal care aides	1,282	81.5
Nursing assistants	1,364	89.3
Orderlies and psychiatric aides	55	57.5
Occupational therapy assistants and aides	37	-
Physical therapist assistants and aides	78	71.7
Massage therapists	151	80.6
Dental assistants	288	93.7
Medical assistants	561	90.2
Medical transcriptionists	46	-
Pharmacy aides	48	-
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	60	75.8
Phlebotomists	101	84.8
Other healthcare support workers	147	61.1
Protective service occupations	3,024	23.6
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	51	27.7
First-line supervisors of police and detectives	100	12.7
First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers	33	-
First-line supervisors of security workers	68	32.1
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	7	-
Firefighters	335	4.4
Fire inspectors	27	-
Bailiffs	18	-
Correctional officers and jailers	346	31.7
Detectives and criminal investigators	159	26.4
Fish and game wardens	4	-
Parking enforcement workers	12	-
Police officers	758	17.1
Animal control workers	8	-
Private detectives and investigators	90	45.4
Security guards and gambling surveillance officers	800	25.0
Crossing guards and flaggers	46	-
Transportation security screeners	42	-
School bus monitors	17	-
Other protective service workers	102	47.8
Food preparation and serving related occupations	6,556	54.4
Chefs and head cooks	383	18.0
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	466	59.4
Cooks	1,763	42.1
Food preparation workers	808	58.1
Bartenders	301	48.9
Fast food and counter workers	655	67.0
Waiters and waitresses	1,388	70.0
Food servers, nonrestaurant	157	77.1
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	231	49.7
Dishwashers	184	19.2
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	218	81.9
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	3	-
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	5,084	40.3
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers	321	42.5
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	253	6.0
Janitors and building cleaners	2,043	38.6
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	1,163	88.3
Pest control workers	112	2.5
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers	1,066	6.5
Tree trimmers and pruners	109	7.0
Other grounds maintenance workers	17	-
Personal care and service occupations	3,399	77.0
Supervisors of personal care and service workers	237	71.7
Animal trainers	72	52.6
Animal caretakers	272	76.5
Gambling services workers	64	50.6
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	22	-
Other entertainment attendants and related workers	144	37.1
Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants	14	-
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers	19	-
Barbers	102	25.6
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	646	90.8
Manicurists and pedicurists	214	79.3
Skincare specialists	72	93.9
Other personal appearance workers	19	-
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	60	32.5
Tour and travel guides	47	-
Childcare workers	928	94.8
Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors	202	67.1
Recreation workers	131	63.8
Residential advisors	33	-
Personal care and service workers, all other	102	71.9
Sales and office occupations	29,726	61.3
Sales and related occupations	14,168	48.7
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	3,067	44.7
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers	1,176	31.7
Cashiers	2,552	73.1
Counter and rental clerks	69	35.7
Parts salespersons	119	16.0
Retail salespersons	2,751	47.5
Advertising sales agents	141	53.8
Insurance sales agents	641	50.1
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	242	22.8
Travel agents	51	79.5
Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel	563	34.0
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	1,217	30.5
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	28	-
Real estate brokers and sales agents	1,037	57.5
Sales engineers	35	-
Telemarketers	48	-
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	114	62.4
Sales and related workers, all other	317	52.2
Office and administrative support occupations	15,558	72.7
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	1,273	69.2
Switchboard operators, including answering service	12	-
Telephone operators	23	-
Communications equipment operators, all other	8	-
Bill and account collectors	98	66.0
Billing and posting clerks	434	89.1
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	1,179	87.3
Gambling cage workers	13	-
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	146	86.9
Procurement clerks	34	-
Tellers	279	80.4
Financial clerks, all other	103	66.1
Brokerage clerks	6	-
Correspondence clerks	4	-
Court, municipal, and license clerks	76	85.1
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	55	64.9
Customer service representatives	2,404	63.8
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	82	81.8
File clerks	161	77.6
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	91	82.6
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	208	78.3
Library assistants, clerical	65	86.0
Loan interviewers and clerks	151	76.1
New accounts clerks	24	-
Order clerks	113	54.5
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	44	-
Receptionists and information clerks	1,147	88.3
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	108	52.5
Information and record clerks, all other	113	74.3
Cargo and freight agents	24	-
Couriers and messengers	578	22.6
Public safety telecommunicators	104	64.1
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance	205	50.8
Meter readers, utilities	25	-
Postal service clerks	91	62.1
Postal service mail carriers	312	36.7
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	66	46.9
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	244	50.3
Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks	572	33.6
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	58	40.0
Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants	196	92.5
Legal secretaries and administrative assistants	54	83.9
Medical secretaries and administrative assistants	72	93.3
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	2,080	92.9
Data entry keyers	228	74.4
Word processors and typists	44	-
Desktop publishers	0	-
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	236	79.2
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	62	41.3
Office clerks, general	1,227	83.0
Office machine operators, except computer	22	-
Proofreaders and copy markers	4	-
Statistical assistants	65	35.7
Office and administrative support workers, all other	535	75.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13,357	5.6
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,045	24.1
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	53	12.8
Agricultural inspectors	14	-
Animal breeders	4	-
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	36	-
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	834	24.4
Fishing and hunting workers	35	-
Forest and conservation workers	21	-
Logging workers	47	-
Construction and extraction occupations	7,710	4.0
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	737	3.5
Boilermakers	19	-
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	113	0.3
Carpenters	1,114	3.2
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	172	3.9
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	55	2.8
Construction laborers	1,902	3.8
Construction equipment operators	359	3.9
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	165	5.8
Electricians	901	3.1
Glaziers	45	-
Insulation workers	53	2.9
Painters and paperhangers	524	8.3
Pipelayers	49	-
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	537	2.3
Plasterers and stucco masons	24	-
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	3	-
Roofers	210	3.3
Sheet metal workers	123	5.6
Structural iron and steel workers	47	-
Solar photovoltaic installers	20	-
Helpers, construction trades	47	-
Construction and building inspectors	116	11.9
Elevator and escalator installers and repairers	19	-
Fence erectors	36	-
Hazardous materials removal workers	31	-
Highway maintenance workers	102	7.4
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	5	-
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	7	-
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	22	-
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas	22	-
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining	5	-
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	25	-
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	6	-
Underground mining machine operators	39	-
Roustabouts, oil and gas	6	-
Other extraction workers	50	1.9
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,602	4.1
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	226	9.3
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	190	10.5
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	140	8.3
Avionics technicians	9	-
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	19	-
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	3	-
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility	9	-
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	5	-
Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers	29	-
Security and fire alarm systems installers	63	0.0
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	153	5.4
Automotive body and related repairers	121	1.0
Automotive glass installers and repairers	15	-
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	750	1.4
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	357	1.8
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	191	0.8
Small engine mechanics	48	-
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	84	1.2
Control and valve installers and repairers	28	-
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	450	1.5
Home appliance repairers	38	-
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics	399	5.2
Maintenance and repair workers, general	584	4.3
Maintenance workers, machinery	24	-
Millwrights	57	4.2
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	127	1.3
Telecommunications line installers and repairer	131	6.3
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	73	16.2
Wind turbine service technicians	5	-
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	29	-
Commercial divers	6	-
Locksmiths and safe repairers	28	-
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	5	-
Riggers	7	-
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers	16	-
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers	183	5.5
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	18,215	23.7
Production occupations	7,590	28.3
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers	748	19.0
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	4	-
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	91	42.2
Engine and other machine assemblers	7	-
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	21	-
Other assemblers and fabricators	872	32.7
Bakers	235	64.1
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	266	25.7
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	10	-
Food batchmakers	94	56.8
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	13	-
Food processing workers, all other	125	36.9
Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers	105	9.0
Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	28	-
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	72	15.0
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	41	-
Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	7	-
Machinists	290	5.8
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters	21	-
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	8	-
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	35	-
Tool and die makers	37	-
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	520	3.8
Other metal workers and plastic workers	341	22.2
Prepress technicians and workers	13	-
Printing press operators	128	19.7
Print binding and finishing workers	17	-
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	120	71.5
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	25	-
Sewing machine operators	131	66.7
Shoe and leather workers	12	-
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	64	84.2
Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders	16	-
Upholsterers	24	-
Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers	13	-
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	50	7.8
Furniture finishers	13	-
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	28	-
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	13	-
Other woodworkers	23	-
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	41	-
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	56	10.6
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	112	11.0
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	43	-
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	49	-
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	79	19.9
Cutting workers	54	27.1
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	23	-
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	12	-
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	751	38.7
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers	48	-
Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians	74	59.9
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	252	45.8
Painting workers	148	8.1
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	10	-
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders	11	-
Etchers and engravers	5	-
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	26	-
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	22	-
Tire builders	2	-
Helpers--production workers	38	-
Other production equipment operators and tenders	8	-
Other production workers	1,046	27.6
Transportation and material moving occupations	10,625	20.5
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers	265	23.5
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	155	5.6
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists	38	-
Flight attendants	81	79.7
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	10	-
Bus drivers, school	201	58.5
Bus drivers, transit and intercity	187	40.7
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	3,364	7.8
Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs	88	16.3
Taxi drivers	327	15.1
Motor vehicle operators, all other	143	22.6
Locomotive engineers and operators	55	7.7
Railroad conductors and yardmasters	40	-
Other rail transportation workers	12	-
Sailors and marine oilers	19	-
Ship and boat captains and operators	31	-
Ship engineers	3	-
Parking attendants	53	19.3
Transportation service attendants	93	13.8
Transportation inspectors	35	-
Passenger attendants	21	-
Other transportation workers	25	-
Crane and tower operators	54	0.8
Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators	30	-
Industrial truck and tractor operators	553	7.0
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	344	19.2
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	1,995	20.5
Machine feeders and offbearers	11	-
Packers and packagers, hand	640	51.4
Stockers and order fillers	1,570	35.0
Pumping station operators	20	-
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	98	9.7
Other material moving workers	62	18.2
Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting comparability over time. No historical data have been revised. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Values not shown where base is less than 50,000.) Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (percent distribution)
Occupation	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)	52,895	9,481	4,396	11,095
Percent	100.0	100	100	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	48.4	40.2	56.6	31.3
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	18.1	14.2	18.8	12.4
Professional and related occupations	30.3	26.0	37.8	19.0
Service occupations	17.6	25.3	17.3	27.9
Sales and office occupations	27.0	25.7	18.8	28.1
Sales and related occupations	10.2	9.2	8.2	11.3
Office and administrative support occupations	16.8	16.5	10.7	16.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	1.2	0.7	0.6	2.2
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.4	0.1	0.1	1.0
Construction and extraction occupations	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.9
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	5.8	8.1	6.7	10.4
Production occupations	2.9	3.5	4.1	5.2
Transportation and material moving occupations	2.9	4.7	2.6	5.2
Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting comparability over time. No historical data have been revised. Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Employed people, by industry and gender, 2019 and 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Industry and gender	Year
	2019		2020
	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Total
Total, 16 years and older	157,538	100.0	147,795	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting	2,425	1.5	2,349	1.6
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	750	0.5	684	0.5
Construction	11,373	7.2	10,786	7.3
Manufacturing	15,741	10.0	14,550	9.8
Durable goods manufacturing	9,970	6.3	9,129	6.2
Nondurable goods manufacturing	5,771	3.7	5,421	3.7
Wholesale and retail trade	19,742	12.5	18,989	12.8
Wholesale trade	3,525	2.2	3,380	2.3
Retail trade	16,217	10.3	15,609	10.6
Transportation and utilities	8,991	5.7	8,552	5.8
Transportation and warehousing	7,614	4.8	7,170	4.9
Utilities	1,377	0.9	1,382	0.9
Information	2,766	1.8	2,594	1.8
Financial activities	10,765	6.8	10,646	7.2
Finance and insurance	7,464	4.7	7,605	5.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	3,301	2.1	3,040	2.1
Professional and business services	19,606	12.4	18,816	12.7
Professional and technical services	12,808	8.1	12,643	8.6
Management, administrative, and waste services	6,799	4.3	6,173	4.2
Education and health services	35,894	22.8	34,105	23.1
Educational services	14,193	9.0	13,369	9.0
Health care and social assistance	21,701	13.8	20,736	14.0
Hospitals	7,425	4.7	7,305	4.9
Health services, except hospitals	10,846	6.9	10,284	7.0
Social assistance	3,430	2.2	3,147	2.1
Leisure and hospitality	14,643	9.3	11,480	7.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3,444	2.2	2,601	1.8
Accommodation and food services	11,200	7.1	8,879	6.0
Other services	7,617	4.8	6,742	4.6
Other services, except private households	6,796	4.3	6,088	4.1
Other services, private households	821	0.5	654	0.4
Public administration	7,225	4.6	7,501	5.1
Women
Total, 16 years and older	74,078	100.0	69,234	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting	635	0.9	650	0.9
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	118	0.2	99	0.1
Construction	1,168	1.6	1,173	1.7
Manufacturing	4,630	6.3	4,295	6.2
Durable goods manufacturing	2,505	3.4	2,314	3.3
Nondurable goods manufacturing	2,125	2.9	1,981	2.9
Wholesale and retail trade	8,728	11.8	8,355	12.1
Wholesale trade	1,008	1.4	1,022	1.5
Retail trade	7,721	10.4	7,333	10.6
Transportation and utilities	2,166	2.9	2,059	3.0
Transportation and warehousing	1,892	2.6	1,764	2.5
Utilities	274	0.4	295	0.4
Information	1,120	1.5	1,050	1.5
Financial activities	5,660	7.6	5,524	8.0
Finance and insurance	4,083	5.5	4,060	5.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	1,576	2.1	1,464	2.1
Professional and business services	8,104	10.9	7,785	11.2
Professional and technical services	5,456	7.4	5,314	7.7
Management, administrative, and waste services	2,648	3.6	2,471	3.6
Education and health services	26,842	36.2	25,432	36.7
Educational services	9,883	13.3	9,292	13.4
Health care and social assistance	16,959	22.9	16,141	23.3
Hospitals	5,562	7.5	5,470	7.9
Health services, except hospitals	8,523	11.5	7,976	11.5
Social assistance	2,874	3.9	2,694	3.9
Leisure and hospitality	7,499	10.1	5,786	8.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,583	2.1	1,183	1.7
Accommodation and food services	5,915	8.0	4,603	6.6
Other services	4,103	5.5	3,544	5.1
Other services, except private households	3,356	4.5	2,963	4.3
Other services, private households	747	1.0	581	0.8
Public administration	3,304	4.5	3,481	5.0
Men
Total, 16 years and older	83,460	100.0	78,560	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting	1,790	2.1	1,699	2.2
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	632	0.8	585	0.7
Construction	10,205	12.2	9,613	12.2
Manufacturing	11,111	13.3	10,255	13.1
Durable goods manufacturing	7,465	8.9	6,814	8.7
Nondurable goods manufacturing	3,646	4.4	3,441	4.4
Wholesale and retail trade	11,014	13.2	10,634	13.5
Wholesale trade	2,517	3.0	2,358	3.0
Retail trade	8,497	10.2	8,276	10.5
Transportation and utilities	6,824	8.2	6,492	8.3
Transportation and warehousing	5,722	6.9	5,406	6.9
Utilities	1,103	1.3	1,087	1.4
Information	1,645	2.0	1,544	2.0
Financial activities	5,106	6.1	5,121	6.5
Finance and insurance	3,381	4.1	3,545	4.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	1,725	2.1	1,577	2.0
Professional and business services	11,502	13.8	11,031	14.0
Professional and technical services	7,352	8.8	7,329	9.3
Management, administrative, and waste services	4,150	5.0	3,702	4.7
Education and health services	9,052	10.8	8,672	11.0
Educational services	4,310	5.2	4,077	5.2
Health care and social assistance	4,742	5.7	4,595	5.8
Hospitals	1,863	2.2	1,835	2.3
Health services, except hospitals	2,323	2.8	2,307	2.9
Social assistance	555	0.7	453	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	7,145	8.6	5,694	7.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,860	2.2	1,418	1.8
Accommodation and food services	5,284	6.3	4,276	5.4
Other services	3,514	4.2	3,198	4.1
Other services, except private households	3,440	4.1	3,125	4.0
Other services, private households	74	0.1	73	0.1
Public administration	3,920	4.7	4,020	5.1
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Employed people, by detailed industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Industry	Total employed	Percent women
Total, 16 years and older	147,795	46.8
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting	2,349	27.7
Crop production	1,186	28.9
Animal production and aquaculture	832	28.1
Support activities for agriculture and forestry	145	33.9
Forestry, except logging	53	25.5
Logging	88	7.3
Fishing, hunting, and trapping	45	-
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	684	14.5
Oil and gas extraction	97	14.9
Coal mining	51	10.1
Metal ore mining	36	-
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	83	10.7
Not specified type of mining	0	-
Support activities for mining	417	15.2
Construction	10,786	10.9
Manufacturing	14,550	29.5
Durable goods manufacturing	9,129	25.4
Nonmetallic mineral products manufacturing	410	21.3
Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture manufacturing	17	-
Clay building material and refractories manufacturing	38	-
Glass and glass product manufacturing	123	22.9
Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing	157	12.9
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	75	29.6
Primary metals and fabricated metal products manufacturing	1,534	16.4
Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing	256	12.1
Aluminum production and processing	71	26.9
Nonferrous metal (except aluminum) production and processing	31	-
Foundries	59	18.5
Metal forgings and stampings	45	-
Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing	46	-
Structural metals, and boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing	304	16.1
Machine shops; turned product; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing	287	14.0
Coating, engraving, heat treating, and allied activities	61	18.5
Ordnance	46	-
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products manufacturing	310	18.6
Not specified metal industries	18	-
Machinery manufacturing	1,119	23.3
Agricultural implement manufacturing	93	18.3
Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing	129	21.5
Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing	81	26.1
Metalworking machinery manufacturing	91	13.5
Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing	41	-
Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c. or not specified	684	25.0
Computers and electronic products manufacturing	1,039	30.5
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	155	27.3
Communications, audio, and video equipment manufacturing	103	21.5
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	175	28.7
Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c.	606	33.4
Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing	376	28.9
Household appliance manufacturing	68	33.0
Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c.	307	28.0
Transportation equipment manufacturing	2,304	24.0
Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing	1,266	26.1
Aircraft and parts manufacturing	772	22.7
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	44	-
Railroad rolling stock manufacturing	27	-
Ship and boat building	176	16.0
Other transportation equipment manufacturing	20	-
Wood products manufacturing	430	16.6
Sawmills and wood preservation	141	13.5
Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products	30	-
Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes manufacturing	29	-
Miscellaneous wood products	230	19.7
Furniture and related product manufacturing	395	27.9
Miscellaneous manufacturing	1,522	36.4
Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	660	39.7
Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing	97	33.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c.	455	36.4
Not specified manufacturing industries	310	30.4
Nondurable goods manufacturing	5,421	36.5
Food manufacturing	1,672	42.2
Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling	149	33.5
Sugar and confectionery products	60	41.7
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing	138	38.5
Dairy product manufacturing	136	24.4
Animal slaughtering and processing	485	43.0
Retail bakeries	236	68.1
Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing, except retail bakeries	193	41.1
Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c.	188	32.6
Not specified food industries	87	39.3
Beverage and tobacco products manufacturing	285	24.9
Beverage manufacturing	263	24.0
Tobacco manufacturing	22	-
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing	444	52.2
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills	5	-
Fabric mills, except knitting mills	84	45.1
Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills	7	-
Carpet and rug mills	52	41.1
Textile product mills, except carpet and rug	63	48.1
Knitting fabric mills, and apparel knitting mills	6	-
Cut and sew, and apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing	186	59.7
Footwear manufacturing	18	-
Leather and hide tanning and finishing, and other leather and allied product manufacturing	25	-
Paper manufacturing and printing	801	28.1
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills	193	17.5
Paperboard container manufacturing	91	23.4
Miscellaneous paper and pulp products	98	36.1
Printing and related support activities	419	32.1
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	194	17.8
Petroleum refining	173	19.0
Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products	20	-
Chemicals manufacturing	1,479	36.3
Resin, synthetic rubber, and fibers and filaments manufacturing	157	27.8
Agricultural chemical manufacturing	35	-
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing	669	43.2
Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing	66	30.2
Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing	146	56.6
Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals	405	23.4
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	548	32.1
Plastics product manufacturing	435	33.4
Tire manufacturing	49	-
Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing	65	35.4
Wholesale and retail trade	18,989	44.0
Wholesale trade	3,380	30.2
Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers	151	22.0
Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers	58	50.3
Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers	151	15.9
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers	317	36.1
Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers	51	23.2
Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods merchant wholesalers	165	22.1
Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers	156	32.2
Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers	344	27.7
Recyclable material merchant wholesalers	88	16.0
Miscellaneous durable goods merchant wholesalers	60	36.5
Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers	43	-
Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers	241	46.3
Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers	73	51.1
Grocery and related product merchant wholesalers	833	26.9
Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers	61	26.5
Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers	97	22.8
Alcoholic beverages merchant wholesalers	102	25.8
Farm supplies merchant wholesalers	41	-
Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant wholesalers	205	37.8
Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers	73	35.7
Not specified wholesale trade	69	42.3
Retail trade	15,609	47.0
Automobile dealers	1,179	21.1
Other motor vehicle dealers	165	19.2
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores	481	16.9
Furniture and home furnishings stores	496	40.9
Household appliance stores	48	-
Electronics stores	475	29.3
Building material and supplies dealers	1,110	31.6
Hardware stores	202	32.4
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores	292	33.7
Supermarkets and other grocery (except convenience) stores	2,368	46.1
Convenience stores	336	53.3
Specialty food stores	208	51.1
Beer, wine, and liquor stores	140	34.2
Pharmacies and drug stores	845	66.8
Health and personal care, except drug, stores	411	74.6
Gasoline stations	485	51.4
Clothing stores	765	71.5
Shoe stores	110	64.1
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores	151	66.3
Sporting goods, and hobby and toy stores	421	44.0
Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores	41	-
Musical instrument and supplies stores	37	-
Book stores and news dealers	70	59.0
Department stores	352	70.4
General merchandise stores, including warehouse clubs and supercenters	1,958	54.1
Florists	89	72.6
Office supplies and stationery stores	94	42.4
Used merchandise stores	228	64.4
Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops	96	68.6
Miscellaneous retail stores	504	52.4
Electronic shopping and mail-order houses	799	44.5
Vending machine operators	34	-
Fuel dealers	92	24.0
Other direct selling establishments	142	61.6
Not specified retail trade	384	52.2
Transportation and utilities	8,552	24.1
Transportation and warehousing	7,170	24.6
Air transportation	589	31.6
Rail transportation	210	7.4
Water transportation	70	29.4
Truck transportation	2,004	12.4
Bus service and urban transit	389	39.3
Taxi and limousine service	425	18.2
Pipeline transportation	49	-
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	23	-
Services incidental to transportation	822	26.9
Postal Service	622	41.6
Couriers and messengers	1,155	25.5
Warehousing and storage	813	33.6
Utilities	1,382	21.4
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution	741	19.5
Natural gas distribution	100	19.1
Electric and gas, and other combinations	129	34.7
Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems	272	20.1
Sewage treatment facilities	104	17.0
Not specified utilities	37	-
Information	2,594	40.5
Newspaper publishers	129	53.3
Periodical, book, and directory publishers	173	53.9
Software publishers	98	32.7
Motion pictures and video industries	383	38.0
Sound recording industries	46	-
Broadcasting (except internet)	411	36.5
Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals	231	39.0
Wired telecommunications carriers	441	26.2
Telecommunications, except wired telecommunications carriers	374	36.8
Data processing, hosting, and related services	99	46.7
Libraries and archives	190	78.1
Other information services, except libraries and archives, and internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals	19	-
Financial activities	10,646	51.9
Finance and insurance	7,605	53.4
Banking and related activities	2,106	57.4
Savings institutions, including credit unions	321	66.6
Nondepository credit and related activities	1,075	48.1
Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments	1,340	37.4
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,764	58.6
Insurance carriers	1,752	60.3
Agencies, brokerages, and other insurance related activities	1,012	55.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	3,040	48.1
Real estate	2,738	50.0
Lessors of real estate, and offices of real estate agents and brokers	2,198	51.7
Real estate property managers, offices of real estate appraisers, and other activities related to real estate	540	43.3
Rental and leasing services	303	31.2
Automotive equipment rental and leasing	110	35.1
Other consumer goods rental	82	26.8
Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing	111	30.6
Professional and business services	18,816	41.4
Professional and technical services	12,643	42.0
Legal services	1,626	55.0
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,127	61.9
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,795	27.0
Specialized design services	424	63.2
Computer systems design and related services	3,836	27.0
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,808	43.0
Scientific research and development services	649	48.0
Advertising, public relations, and related services	542	52.5
Veterinary services	379	82.4
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	457	54.0
Management, administrative, and waste services	6,173	40.0
Management of companies and enterprises	87	47.6
Administrative and support services	5,629	41.9
Employment services	808	59.4
Business support services	552	65.9
Travel arrangement and reservation services	195	58.9
Investigation and security services	753	27.3
Services to buildings and dwellings (except cleaning during construction and immediately after construction)	1,631	54.4
Landscaping services	1,293	8.8
Other administrative and other support services	397	48.9
Waste management and remediation services	457	15.5
Education and health services	34,105	74.6
Educational services	13,369	69.5
Elementary and secondary schools	8,671	75.7
Colleges, universities, and professional schools, including junior colleges	3,772	55.4
Business, technical, and trade schools and training	77	57.8
Other schools and instruction, and educational support services	850	69.8
Health care and social assistance	20,736	77.8
Hospitals	7,305	74.9
General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals	7,197	74.9
Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals	109	73.2
Health services, except hospitals	10,284	77.6
Offices of physicians	1,548	74.5
Offices of dentists	879	79.8
Offices of chiropractors	142	59.3
Offices of optometrists	139	79.8
Offices of other health practitioners	348	80.4
Outpatient care centers	1,934	76.5
Home health care services	1,338	87.5
Other health care services	1,560	69.2
Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)	1,431	83.6
Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities	967	74.8
Social assistance	3,147	85.6
Individual and family services	1,707	80.5
Community food and housing, and emergency services	146	72.0
Vocational rehabilitation services	65	62.5
Child day care services	1,229	95.6
Leisure and hospitality	11,480	50.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,601	45.5
Performing arts companies	140	53.0
Spectator sports	126	19.3
Promoters of performing arts, sports, and similar events, agents and managers for artists, athletes, entertainers, and other public figures	118	49.2
Independent artists, writers, and performers	331	47.8
Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions	307	51.5
Bowling centers	30	-
Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,548	45.2
Accommodation and food services	8,879	51.8
Accommodation	967	59.0
Traveler accommodation	906	59.7
Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses, dormitories, and workers' camps	60	48.3
Food services and drinking places	7,912	51.0
Restaurants and other food services	7,763	51.0
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages	149	47.1
Other services	6,742	52.6
Other services, except private households	6,088	48.7
Repair and maintenance	1,907	12.1
Automotive repair and maintenance	1,167	9.0
Car washes	180	18.9
Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance	94	18.2
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance	282	9.5
Personal and household goods repair and maintenance	184	26.5
Personal and laundry services	2,207	73.4
Barber shops	108	30.3
Beauty salons	869	89.6
Nail salons and other personal care services	500	74.7
Drycleaning and laundry services	213	54.3
Funeral homes, and cemeteries and crematories	111	36.1
Other personal services	407	69.1
Membership associations and organizations	1,974	56.2
Religious organizations	989	45.7
Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services	758	68.7
Labor unions	66	47.2
Business, professional, political, and similar organizations	161	66.1
Other services, private households	654	88.9
Public administration	7,501	46.4
Executive offices and legislative bodies	1,122	53.1
Public finance activities	310	57.0
Other general government and support	166	39.9
Justice, public order, and safety activities	2,771	35.5
Administration of human resource programs	1,186	70.8
Administration of environmental quality and housing programs	296	45.5
Administration of economic programs and space research	682	46.7
National security and international affairs	968	37.8
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Note: Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system, derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Dash indicates data not available. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Values not shown where base is less than 50,000.) Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2020 annual averages (percent distribution)
Industry	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)	52,895	9481.0	4396.0	11,095
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related	1.2	0.2	0.2	1.3
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.1	0.0	0.3	0.1
Construction	1.9	0.6	1.0	2.0
Manufacturing	6.2	5.1	8.5	7.4
Durable goods manufacturing	3.3	2.7	4.9	3.5
Nondurable goods manufacturing	2.9	2.4	3.6	3.8
Wholesale and retail trade	12.4	10.5	10.3	14.1
Wholesale trade	1.6	0.9	1.6	1.8
Retail trade	10.8	9.6	8.6	12.3
Transportation and utilities	2.6	4.9	2.6	3.4
Transportation and warehousing	2.2	4.5	2.3	3.1
Utilities	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3
Information	1.5	1.6	1.9	1.2
Financial activities	8.2	7.1	9.0	6.6
Finance and insurance	5.8	5.7	7.5	4.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	2.3	1.4	1.5	1.8
Professional and business services	11.3	9.2	15.8	11.2
Professional and technical services	7.8	4.9	13.8	4.9
Management, administrative, and waste services	3.5	4.3	2.0	6.3
Education and health services	36.6	41.0	31.7	31.1
Educational services	14.3	10.5	10.2	10.8
Health care and social assistance	22.2	30.5	21.6	20.3
Hospitals	7.5	9.5	9.4	5.0
Health services, except hospitals	11.0	15.5	9.6	11.0
Social assistance	3.7	5.5	2.6	4.3
Leisure and hospitality	8.3	8.0	7.6	11.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1.8	1.0	1.2	1.3
Accommodation and food services	6.5	7.0	6.4	10.6
Other services	5.2	3.7	7.3	5.7
Other services, except private households	4.3	3.2	6.5	3.7
Private households	0.9	0.6	0.7	1.9
Public administration	4.5	8.0	3.8	4.1
Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2020 annual averages
Year and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$241	$248	$199	-	$194
1980	262	269	212	-	209
1981	284	291	235	-	223
1982	302	310	245	-	240
1983	313	320	261	-	250
1984	326	336	269	-	259
1985	344	356	277	-	270
1986	359	371	291	-	277
1987	374	384	301	-	285
1988	385	395	314	-	290
1989	399	409	319	-	298
1990	412	424	329	-	304
1991	426	442	348	-	312
1992	440	458	357	-	321
1993	459	475	369	-	331
1994	467	484	371	-	324
1995	479	494	383	-	329
1996	490	506	387	-	339
1997	503	519	400	-	351
1998	523	545	426	-	370
1999	549	573	445	-	385
2000	576	590	474	$615	399
2001	596	610	491	639	417
2002	608	623	498	658	424
2003	620	636	514	693	440
2004	638	657	525	708	456
2005	651	672	520	753	471
2006	671	690	554	784	486
2007	695	716	569	830	503
2008	722	742	589	861	529
2009	739	757	601	880	541
2010	747	765	611	855	535
2011	756	775	615	866	549
2012	768	792	621	920	568
2013	776	802	629	942	578
2014	791	816	639	953	594
2015	809	835	641	993	604
2016	832	862	678	1,021	624
2017	860	890	682	1,043	655
2018	886	916	694	1,095	680
2019	917	945	735	1,174	706
2020	984	1,003	794	1,310	758
Women
1979	$182	$184	$169	-	$157
1980	201	203	185	-	172
1981	219	221	206	-	190
1982	239	242	217	-	203
1983	252	254	232	-	215
1984	265	268	241	-	223
1985	277	281	252	-	230
1986	291	294	264	-	241
1987	303	307	276	-	251
1988	315	318	288	-	260
1989	328	334	301	-	269
1990	346	353	308	-	278
1991	366	373	323	-	292
1992	380	387	335	-	302
1993	393	401	348	-	313
1994	399	408	346	-	305
1995	406	415	355	-	305
1996	418	428	362	-	316
1997	431	444	375	-	318
1998	456	468	400	-	337
1999	473	483	409	-	348
2000	493	502	429	$547	366
2001	512	522	454	563	388
2002	529	547	473	566	397
2003	552	567	491	598	410
2004	573	584	505	613	419
2005	585	596	499	665	429
2006	600	609	519	699	440
2007	614	626	533	731	473
2008	638	654	554	753	501
2009	657	669	582	779	509
2010	669	684	592	773	508
2011	684	703	595	751	518
2012	691	710	599	770	521
2013	706	722	606	819	541
2014	719	734	611	841	548
2015	726	743	615	877	566
2016	749	766	641	902	586
2017	770	795	657	903	603
2018	789	817	654	937	617
2019	821	840	704	1,025	642
2020	891	905	764	1,143	705
Men
1979	$292	$298	$227	-	$219
1980	313	320	244	-	234
1981	340	350	268	-	251
1982	364	375	278	-	269
1983	379	387	294	-	274
1984	392	401	303	-	287
1985	407	418	305	-	296
1986	419	433	319	-	299
1987	434	450	327	-	306
1988	449	465	348	-	308
1989	468	482	348	-	315
1990	481	494	361	-	318
1991	493	506	375	-	323
1992	501	514	380	-	339
1993	510	524	392	-	346
1994	522	547	400	-	343
1995	538	566	411	-	350
1996	557	580	412	-	356
1997	579	595	432	-	371
1998	598	615	468	-	390
1999	618	638	488	-	406
2000	641	662	510	$685	417
2001	670	689	529	732	440
2002	679	702	524	756	451
2003	695	715	555	772	464
2004	713	732	569	802	480
2005	722	743	559	825	489
2006	743	761	591	882	505
2007	766	788	600	936	520
2008	798	825	620	966	559
2009	819	845	621	952	569
2010	824	850	633	936	560
2011	832	856	653	970	571
2012	854	879	665	1,055	592
2013	860	884	664	1,059	594
2014	871	897	680	1,080	616
2015	895	920	680	1,129	631
2016	915	942	718	1,151	663
2017	941	971	710	1,207	690
2018	973	1,002	735	1,241	720
2019	1,007	1,036	769	1,336	747
2020	1,082	1,110	830	1,447	797
Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
1979	62.3	61.7	74.4	-	71.7
1980	64.2	63.4	75.8	-	73.5
1981	64.4	63.1	76.9	-	75.7
1982	65.7	64.5	78.1	-	75.5
1983	66.5	65.6	78.9	-	78.5
1984	67.6	66.8	79.5	-	77.7
1985	68.1	67.2	82.6	-	77.7
1986	69.5	67.9	82.8	-	80.6
1987	69.8	68.2	84.4	-	82.0
1988	70.2	68.4	82.8	-	84.4
1989	70.1	69.3	86.5	-	85.4
1990	71.9	71.5	85.3	-	87.4
1991	74.2	73.7	86.1	-	90.4
1992	75.8	75.3	88.2	-	89.1
1993	77.1	76.5	88.8	-	90.5
1994	76.4	74.6	86.5	-	88.9
1995	75.5	73.3	86.4	-	87.1
1996	75.0	73.8	87.9	-	88.8
1997	74.4	74.6	86.8	-	85.7
1998	76.3	76.1	85.5	-	86.4
1999	76.5	75.7	83.8	-	85.7
2000	76.9	75.8	84.1	79.9	87.8
2001	76.4	75.8	85.8	76.9	88.2
2002	77.9	77.9	90.3	74.9	88.0
2003	79.4	79.3	88.5	77.5	88.4
2004	80.4	79.8	88.8	76.4	87.3
2005	81.0	80.2	89.3	80.6	87.7
2006	80.8	80.0	87.8	79.3	87.1
2007	80.2	79.4	88.8	78.1	91.0
2008	79.9	79.3	89.4	78.0	89.6
2009	80.2	79.2	93.7	81.8	89.5
2010	81.2	80.5	93.5	82.6	90.7
2011	82.2	82.1	91.1	77.4	90.7
2012	80.9	80.8	90.1	73.0	88.0
2013	82.1	81.7	91.3	77.3	91.1
2014	82.5	81.8	89.9	77.9	89.0
2015	81.1	80.8	90.4	77.7	89.7
2016	81.9	81.3	89.3	78.4	88.4
2017	81.8	81.9	92.5	74.8	87.4
2018	81.1	81.5	89.0	75.5	85.7
2019	81.5	81.1	91.5	76.7	85.9
2020	82.3	81.5	92.0	79.0	88.5
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 25 years and older, by educational attainment and gender, 2020 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender	Total employed (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings
Total
Total	101,024	$1,029
Less than high school diploma	5,699	619
High school graduate or more	95,325	1,071
High school graduate, no college	24,153	781
Some college or associate's degree	25,413	903
Some college, no degree	14,331	877
Associate's degree	11,082	938
Occupational program	4,551	946
Academic program	6,531	933
Bachelor's degree and higher	45,759	1,421
Bachelor's degree	27,904	1,305
Master's degree	13,371	1,545
Professional degree	1,818	1,893
Doctoral degree	2,666	1,885
Women
Total	45,304	929
Less than high school diploma	1,829	525
High school graduate or more	43,475	953
High school graduate, no college	9,140	671
Some college or associate's degree	11,677	779
Some college, no degree	6,240	750
Associate's degree	5,437	809
Occupational program	2,036	802
Academic program	3,400	814
Bachelor's degree and higher	22,658	1,239
Bachelor's degree	13,347	1,135
Master's degree	7,318	1,366
Professional degree	787	1,734
Doctoral degree	1,206	1,734
Men
Total	55,720	1,144
Less than high school diploma	3,870	674
High school graduate or more	51,850	1,187
High school graduate, no college	15,013	881
Some college or associate's degree	13,736	1,027
Some college, no degree	8,091	995
Associate's degree	5,645	1,096
Occupational program	2,514	1,077
Academic program	3,131	1,112
Bachelor's degree and higher	23,100	1,644
Bachelor's degree	14,557	1,504
Master's degree	6,053	1,862
Professional degree	1,030	2,012
Doctoral degree	1,460	2,015
Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Occupation	Total		Women		Men		Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Occupation	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, full-time wage and salary workers	110,387	$984	49,476	$891	60,911	$1,082	82.3
Management, professional, and related occupations	50,023	1,356	25,933	1,164	24,090	1,578	73.8
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	20,811	1,461	9,729	1,274	11,082	1,667	76.4
Management occupations	13,517	1,541	5,747	1,347	7,770	1,737	77.5
Chief executives	1,157	2,402	363	2,051	794	2,712	75.6
General and operations managers	983	1,453	281	1,241	702	1,541	80.5
Legislators	11	-	3	-	9	-	-
Advertising and promotions managers	46	-	27	-	19	-	-
Marketing managers	483	1,537	284	1,435	199	1,732	82.9
Sales managers	495	1,794	163	1,411	332	1,896	74.4
Public relations and fundraising managers	74	1,344	50	1,286	25	-	-
Administrative services managers	62	1,284	41	-	22	-	-
Facilities managers	122	1,318	33	-	89	1,389	-
Computer and information systems managers	703	2,018	187	1,910	516	2,091	91.3
Financial managers	1,228	1,492	624	1,242	603	1,880	66.1
Compensation and benefits managers	14	-	13	-	1	-	-
Human resources managers	264	1,644	194	1,599	70	1,748	91.5
Training and development managers	47	-	20	-	27	-	-
Industrial production managers	248	1,550	53	1,402	195	1,582	88.6
Purchasing managers	221	1,544	98	1,441	123	1,636	88.1
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	266	972	55	943	212	989	95.3
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers	109	874	17	-	92	874	-
Construction managers	606	1,575	50	1,368	556	1,586	86.3
Education and childcare administrators	846	1,462	560	1,400	286	1,590	88.1
Architectural and engineering managers	155	2,413	15	-	140	2,402	-
Food service managers	707	877	344	791	363	1,006	78.6
Funeral home managers	6	-	3	-	4	-	-
Entertainment and recreation managers	34	-	9	-	24	-	-
Lodging managers	74	888	38	-	36	-	-
Medical and health services managers	629	1,555	438	1,464	192	1,839	79.6
Natural sciences managers	11	-	8	-	3	-	-
Postmasters and mail superintendents	19	-	10	-	9	-	-
Property, real estate, and community association managers	433	1,140	224	1,086	209	1,182	91.9
Social and community service managers	330	1,234	240	1,163	90	1,580	73.6
Emergency management directors	10	-	3	-	7	-	-
Personal service managers, all other	2	-	1	-	1	-	-
Managers, all other	3,120	1,564	1,299	1,379	1,821	1,749	78.8
Business and financial operations occupations	7,294	1,363	3,982	1,209	3,312	1,550	78.0
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes	27	-	15	-	12	-	-
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products	9	-	4	-	5	-	-
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products	130	1,053	66	1,066	64	1,047	101.8
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products	219	1,231	113	1,138	106	1,387	82.0
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	325	1,108	203	967	122	1,336	72.4
Compliance officers	286	1,372	167	1,371	119	1,373	99.9
Cost estimators	111	1,434	15	-	96	1,456	-
Human resources workers	739	1,251	553	1,174	185	1,443	81.4
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	67	1,143	53	1,041	14	-	-
Training and development specialists	103	1,255	60	1,171	43	-	-
Logisticians	134	1,173	50	1,140	84	1,256	90.8
Project management specialists	644	1,560	295	1,468	350	1,693	86.7
Management analysts	658	1,629	273	1,455	384	1,856	78.4
Meeting, convention, and event planners	92	1,049	63	996	29	-	-
Fundraisers	91	1,479	65	1,486	26	-	-
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	358	1,326	212	1,198	145	1,608	74.5
Business operations specialists, all other	271	1,273	144	1,086	126	1,540	70.5
Accountants and auditors	1,488	1,298	893	1,186	595	1,520	78.0
Property appraisers and assessors	51	1,225	19	-	32	-	-
Budget analysts	66	1,461	32	-	33	-	-
Credit analysts	20	-	11	-	9	-	-
Financial and investment analysts	310	1,590	128	1,488	182	1,742	85.4
Personal financial advisors	400	1,638	149	1,291	251	1,900	67.9
Insurance underwriters	101	1,261	59	1,141	42	-	-
Financial examiners	21	-	13	-	8	-	-
Credit counselors and loan officers	391	1,199	222	1,013	169	1,492	67.9
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	59	1,086	33	-	26	-	-
Tax preparers	44	-	27	-	17	-	-
Other financial specialists	80	1,328	43	-	37	-	-
Professional and related occupations	29,213	1,270	16,204	1,121	13,008	1,532	73.2
Computer and mathematical occupations	5,083	1,633	1,246	1,423	3,838	1,738	81.9
Computer and information research scientists	39	-	9	-	30	-	-
Computer systems analysts	529	1,515	175	1,413	353	1,621	87.2
Information security analysts	125	2,078	11	-	114	2,082	-
Computer programmers	388	1,653	82	1,529	307	1,673	91.4
Software developers	1,742	1,920	322	1,728	1,420	2,004	86.2
Software quality assurance analysts and testers	94	1,697	21	-	73	1,977	-
Web developers	78	1,554	18	-	60	1,551	-
Web and digital interface designers	52	1,158	22	-	30	-	-
Computer support specialists	584	1,147	157	1,095	427	1,163	94.2
Database administrators and architects	107	1,725	29	-	78	1,718	-
Network and computer systems administrators	235	1,438	48	-	187	1,461	-
Computer network architects	93	1,902	10	-	83	1,980	-
Computer occupations, all other	716	1,394	199	1,161	517	1,456	79.7
Actuaries	24	-	9	-	15	-	-
Mathematicians	2	-	1	-	2	-	-
Operations research analysts	154	1,615	73	1,460	81	1,786	81.7
Statisticians	53	1,572	30	-	24	-	-
Other mathematical science occupations	68	1,416	30	-	38	-	-
Architecture and engineering occupations	2,933	1,575	467	1,382	2,466	1,626	85.0
Architects, except landscape and naval	136	1,537	34	-	101	1,549	-
Landscape architects	15	-	5	-	11	-	-
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	38	-	3	-	36	-	-
Aerospace engineers	121	1,939	14	-	107	1,993	-
Agricultural engineers	6	-	0	-	6	-	-
Bioengineers and biomedical engineers	22	-	10	-	12	-	-
Chemical engineers	70	1,862	14	-	55	1,900	-
Civil engineers	370	1,611	54	1,588	317	1,629	97.5
Computer hardware engineers	84	1,889	18	-	66	1,884	-
Electrical and electronics engineers	243	1,864	30	-	213	1,866	-
Environmental engineers	26	-	11	-	15	-	-
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	225	1,584	46	-	179	1,595	-
Marine engineers and naval architects	18	-	0	-	18	-	-
Materials engineers	52	1,586	10	-	42	-	-
Mechanical engineers	348	1,713	31	-	317	1,736	-
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	15	-	2	-	13	-	-
Nuclear engineers	9	-	1	-	7	-	-
Petroleum engineers	18	-	2	-	16	-	-
Engineers, all other	543	1,746	83	1,463	460	1,759	83.2
Architectural and civil drafters	34	-	9	-	25	-	-
Other drafters	77	1,126	16	-	60	1,137	-
Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians	81	1,172	3	-	78	1,198	-
Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters	340	1,119	65	900	275	1,186	75.9
Surveying and mapping technicians	43	-	6	-	38	-	-
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,401	1,336	666	1,202	735	1,450	82.9
Agricultural and food scientists	26	-	11	-	15	-	-
Biological scientists	72	1,141	35	-	37	-	-
Conservation scientists and foresters	11	-	3	-	8	-	-
Medical scientists	114	1,612	60	1,372	53	2,103	65.2
Life scientists, all other	7	-	3	-	4	-	-
Astronomers and physicists	19	-	9	-	10	-	-
Atmospheric and space scientists	9	-	4	-	5	-	-
Chemists and materials scientists	83	1,362	34	-	50	1,435	-
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health	39	-	20	-	19	-	-
Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers	43	-	8	-	34	-	-
Physical scientists, all other	324	1,438	149	1,325	175	1,728	76.7
Economists	26	-	11	-	15	-	-
Survey researchers	5	-	3	-	1	-	-
Clinical and counseling psychologists	8	-	5	-	3	-	-
School psychologists	34	-	29	-	5	-	-
Other psychologists	63	1,435	50	1,302	13	-	-
Sociologists	3	-	2	-	1	-	-
Urban and regional planners	47	-	19	-	29	-	-
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	39	-	15	-	24	-	-
Agricultural and food science technicians	38	-	15	-	24	-	-
Biological technicians	22	-	15	-	7	-	-
Chemical technicians	64	1,039	25	-	39	-	-
Environmental science and geoscience technicians	18	-	6	-	13	-	-
Nuclear technicians	6	-	0	-	6	-	-
Social science research assistants	3	-	1	-	2	-	-
Other life, physical, and social science technicians	202	1,074	111	1,047	90	1,116	93.8
Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians	77	1,444	24	-	53	1,423	-
Community and social service occupations	2,187	1,003	1,484	976	703	1,103	88.5
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors	99	950	82	966	17	-	-
Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors	294	1,080	222	1,061	72	1,133	93.6
Marriage and family therapists	22	-	19	-	3	-	-
Mental health counselors	86	1,066	65	1,089	21	-	-
Rehabilitation counselors	24	-	13	-	11	-	-
Counselors, all other	132	956	85	947	47	-	-
Child, family, and school social workers	58	894	51	894	7	-	-
Healthcare social workers	70	1,152	61	1,139	9	-	-
Mental health and substance abuse social workers	19	-	17	-	2	-	-
Social workers, all other	593	985	509	972	84	1,170	83.1
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	111	1,058	58	977	53	1,203	81.2
Social and human service assistants	168	841	133	803	35	-	-
Other community and social service specialists	83	1,034	62	1,045	22	-	-
Clergy	353	1,055	61	858	292	1,131	75.9
Directors, religious activities and education	36	-	22	-	14	-	-
Religious workers, all other	38	-	24	-	14	-	-
Legal occupations	1,410	1,540	812	1,252	599	2,275	55.0
Lawyers	821	2,097	351	1,665	470	2,324	71.6
Judicial law clerks	15	-	11	-	4	-	-
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	60	1,856	34	-	26	-	-
Paralegals and legal assistants	343	942	295	918	48	-	-
Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers	101	1,136	76	989	25	-	-
Legal support workers, all other	71	1,042	46	-	25	-	-
Education, training, and library occupations	7,012	1,096	5,142	1,026	1,870	1,327	77.3
Postsecondary teachers	891	1,516	448	1,384	443	1,633	84.8
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	412	721	411	721	2	-	-
Elementary and middle school teachers	3,064	1,118	2,430	1,085	634	1,258	86.2
Secondary school teachers	914	1,199	530	1,149	383	1,319	87.1
Special education teachers	301	1,044	244	1,036	58	1,102	94.0
Tutors	42	-	31	-	11	-	-
Other teachers and instructors	376	1,061	231	942	145	1,314	71.7
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	46	-	27	-	19	-	-
Librarians and media collections specialists	120	1,073	100	1,127	19	-	-
Library technicians	17	-	14	-	2	-	-
Teaching assistants	714	617	591	604	123	732	82.5
Other educational instruction and library workers	116	1,145	85	1,108	31	-	-
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,681	1,179	804	1,128	877	1,252	90.1
Artists and related workers	87	1,116	28	-	59	1,152	-
Commercial and industrial designers	6	-	3	-	3	-	-
Fashion designers	24	-	16	-	7	-	-
Floral designers	38	-	27	-	11	-	-
Graphic designers	209	1,230	119	1,140	91	1,395	81.7
Interior designers	74	1,107	55	1,021	19	-	-
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers	22	-	12	-	10	-	-
Other designers	271	1,210	101	1,107	170	1,234	89.7
Actors	10	-	5	-	6	-	-
Producers and directors	123	1,499	60	1,548	63	1,458	106.2
Athletes and sports competitors	21	-	2	-	19	-	-
Coaches and scouts	90	931	36	-	54	946	-
Umpires, referees, and other sports officials	9	-	1	-	9	-	-
Dancers and choreographers	4	-	4	-	0	-	-
Music directors and composers	16	-	3	-	13	-	-
Musicians and singers	12	-	2	-	10	-	-
Disc jockeys, except radio	1	-	0	-	1	-	-
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other	7	-	3	-	5	-	-
Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys	18	-	2	-	16	-	-
News analysts, reporters, and journalists	62	1,044	34	-	29	-	-
Public relations specialists	128	1,553	80	1,452	48	-	-
Editors	57	1,237	29	-	28	-	-
Technical writers	53	1,347	26	-	28	-	-
Writers and authors	98	1,257	64	1,127	35	-	-
Interpreters and translators	44	-	25	-	18	-	-
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners	21	-	18	-	3	-	-
Media and communication workers, all other	14	-	6	-	8	-	-
Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians	53	1,001	6	-	47	-	-
Photographers	66	990	30	-	36	-	-
Television, video, and film camera operators and editors	40	-	10	-	30	-	-
Media and communication equipment workers, all other	3	-	0	-	3	-	-
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	7,504	1,227	5,584	1,153	1,921	1,506	76.6
Chiropractors	9	-	2	-	8	-	-
Dentists	58	2,079	18	-	41	-	-
Dietitians and nutritionists	83	1,009	77	1,019	5	-	-
Optometrists	21	-	10	-	11	-	-
Pharmacists	241	2,222	134	2,160	108	2,286	94.5
Emergency medicine physicians	10	-	2	-	8	-	-
Radiologists	20	-	5	-	15	-	-
Other physicians	752	2,102	313	1,905	439	2,311	82.4
Surgeons	48	-	16	-	32	-	-
Physician assistants	113	1,911	67	1,894	47	-	-
Podiatrists	5	-	1	-	4	-	-
Audiologists	13	-	12	-	1	-	-
Occupational therapists	96	1,373	85	1,357	11	-	-
Physical therapists	209	1,468	135	1,451	74	1,591	91.2
Radiation therapists	11	-	3	-	8	-	-
Recreational therapists	11	-	7	-	3	-	-
Respiratory therapists	100	1,162	71	1,093	29	-	-
Speech-language pathologists	152	1,297	143	1,272	8	-	-
Exercise physiologists	5	-	4	-	0	-	-
Therapists, all other	159	1,043	130	986	29	-	-
Veterinarians	55	1,795	36	-	19	-	-
Registered nurses	2,701	1,262	2,337	1,240	364	1,454	85.3
Nurse anesthetists	30	-	16	-	15	-	-
Nurse midwives	7	-	7	-	0	-	-
Nurse practitioners	171	1,872	145	1,867	26	-	-
Acupuncturists	7	-	3	-	4	-	-
Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other	1	-	1	-	0	-	-
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	289	1,028	211	946	78	1,195	79.2
Dental hygienists	96	1,125	89	1,083	7	-	-
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians	37	-	25	-	12	-	-
Diagnostic medical sonographers	73	1,227	61	1,208	12	-	-
Radiologic technologists and technicians	222	1,103	145	1,063	77	1,234	86.1
Magnetic resonance imaging technologists	45	-	21	-	24	-	-
Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists	39	-	18	-	21	-	-
Emergency medical technicians	134	844	44	-	90	936	-
Paramedics	65	1,163	23	-	43	-	-
Pharmacy technicians	257	723	199	700	58	814	86.0
Psychiatric technicians	53	658	48	-	5	-	-
Surgical technologists	74	875	49	-	25	-	-
Veterinary technologists and technicians	73	655	65	633	8	-	-
Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians	44	-	34	-	10	-	-
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	500	875	445	864	55	964	89.6
Medical records specialists	166	888	162	893	4	-	-
Opticians, dispensing	32	-	27	-	4	-	-
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	143	888	93	825	51	1,120	73.7
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	73	1,254	43	-	30	-	-
Service occupations	13,771	621	7,032	574	6,740	704	81.5
Healthcare support occupations	3,210	606	2,678	600	532	640	93.8
Home health aides	310	549	283	551	27	-	-
Personal care aides	788	543	612	537	176	567	94.7
Nursing assistants	966	595	851	588	115	689	85.3
Orderlies and psychiatric aides	57	663	30	-	27	-	-
Occupational therapy assistants and aides	26	-	21	-	5	-	-
Physical therapist assistants and aides	58	964	37	-	21	-	-
Massage therapists	38	-	25	-	14	-	-
Dental assistants	204	661	193	663	11	-	-
Medical assistants	450	675	407	665	44	-	-
Medical transcriptionists	29	-	24	-	4	-	-
Pharmacy aides	32	-	21	-	11	-	-
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	42	-	31	-	12	-	-
Phlebotomists	86	614	70	612	15	-	-
Other healthcare support workers	124	682	73	615	51	738	83.3
Protective service occupations	2,690	982	610	768	2,080	1,043	73.6
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	51	976	16	-	34	-	-
First-line supervisors of police and detectives	92	1,551	11	-	80	1,553	-
First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers	34	-	4	-	30	-	-
First-line supervisors of security workers	67	946	24	-	44	-	-
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	8	-	0	-	8	-	-
Firefighters	320	1,233	16	-	304	1,256	-
Fire inspectors	21	-	1	-	20	-	-
Bailiffs	11	-	5	-	5	-	-
Correctional officers and jailers	337	907	112	743	225	1,073	69.2
Detectives and criminal investigators	146	1,437	39	-	107	1,544	-
Fish and game wardens	5	-	1	-	4	-	-
Parking enforcement workers	7	-	2	-	5	-	-
Police officers	742	1,155	131	1,074	611	1,188	90.4
Animal control workers	9	-	3	-	7	-	-
Private detectives and investigators	72	979	35	-	38	-	-
Security guards and gambling surveillance officers	673	650	170	583	503	680	85.7
Crossing guards and flaggers	17	-	7	-	10	-	-
Transportation security screeners	40	-	16	-	24	-	-
School bus monitors	0	-	0	-	0	-	-
Other protective service workers	37	-	15	-	22	-	-
Food preparation and serving related occupations	3,353	530	1,653	506	1,700	570	88.8
Chefs and head cooks	321	696	57	613	263	707	86.7
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	335	602	198	583	137	636	91.7
Cooks	1,026	510	416	505	610	512	98.6
Food preparation workers	355	510	224	489	132	576	84.9
Bartenders	169	648	70	585	99	708	82.6
Fast food and counter workers	231	468	146	470	84	462	101.7
Waiters and waitresses	600	514	388	497	212	563	88.3
Food servers, nonrestaurant	85	531	60	513	25	-	-
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	99	508	48	-	50	545	-
Dishwashers	83	528	9	-	74	567	-
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	46	-	36	-	10	-	-
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	4	-	1	-	3	-	-
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3,138	603	1,087	511	2,051	651	78.5
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers	171	738	64	596	107	902	66.1
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	108	786	6	-	102	785	-
Janitors and building cleaners	1,372	614	447	522	925	662	78.9
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	629	503	531	497	98	556	89.4
Pest control workers	90	749	3	-	87	747	-
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers	665	605	30	-	635	603	-
Tree trimmers and pruners	82	666	5	-	77	684	-
Other grounds maintenance workers	21	-	1	-	20	-	-
Personal care and service occupations	1,380	616	1,004	591	376	740	79.9
Supervisors of personal care and service workers	96	761	60	719	35	-	-
Animal trainers	34	-	22	-	12	-	-
Animal caretakers	108	626	86	591	22	-	-
Gambling services workers	53	765	26	-	27	-	-
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	3	-	1	-	1	-	-
Other entertainment attendants and related workers	47	-	15	-	31	-	-
Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants	8	-	2	-	7	-	-
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers	10	-	2	-	8	-	-
Barbers	49	-	11	-	39	-	-
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	205	606	180	601	24	-	-
Manicurists and pedicurists	110	607	84	578	26	-	-
Skincare specialists	23	-	20	-	3	-	-
Other personal appearance workers	5	-	5	-	0	-	-
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	44	-	16	-	28	-	-
Tour and travel guides	16	-	3	-	13	-	-
Childcare workers	383	537	358	542	25	-	-
Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors	53	618	33	-	20	-	-
Recreation workers	80	715	51	658	29	-	-
Residential advisors	17	-	7	-	10	-	-
Personal care and service workers, all other	37	-	22	-	14	-	-
Sales and office occupations	21,165	809	12,729	746	8,435	956	78.0
Sales and related occupations	8,958	880	3,967	715	4,991	1,046	68.4
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	2,141	858	960	733	1,181	981	74.7
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers	783	1,226	273	1,076	510	1,338	80.4
Cashiers	1,088	507	805	501	284	524	95.6
Counter and rental clerks	48	-	21	-	27	-	-
Parts salespersons	97	741	20	-	77	756	-
Retail salespersons	1,603	705	611	603	992	779	77.4
Advertising sales agents	120	1,066	69	1,055	50	1,199	88.0
Insurance sales agents	469	931	242	825	226	1,169	70.6
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	200	1,545	41	-	158	1,880	-
Travel agents	30	-	23	-	7	-	-
Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel	497	1,351	163	1,101	333	1,482	74.3
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	1,073	1,275	315	1,065	758	1,378	77.3
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	6	-	3	-	3	-	-
Real estate brokers and sales agents	498	1,084	283	937	215	1,352	69.3
Sales engineers	37	-	5	-	32	-	-
Telemarketers	28	-	15	-	13	-	-
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	34	-	12	-	23	-	-
Sales and related workers, all other	206	950	106	838	100	1,039	80.7
Office and administrative support occupations	12,207	781	8,762	756	3,445	868	87.1
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	1,129	966	734	925	395	1,145	80.8
Switchboard operators, including answering service	8	-	7	-	1	-	-
Telephone operators	19	-	14	-	6	-	-
Communications equipment operators, all other	8	-	3	-	6	-	-
Bill and account collectors	96	758	69	744	27	-	-
Billing and posting clerks	379	749	339	736	40	-	-
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	741	824	636	809	105	1,101	73.5
Gambling cage workers	11	-	6	-	5	-	-
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	129	945	111	921	18	-	-
Procurement clerks	27	-	16	-	11	-	-
Tellers	225	639	183	634	42	-	-
Financial clerks, all other	90	1,039	58	903	31	-	-
Brokerage clerks	4	-	3	-	2	-	-
Correspondence clerks	3	-	3	-	0	-	-
Court, municipal, and license clerks	73	777	65	764	8	-	-
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	41	-	28	-	13	-	-
Customer service representatives	1,814	721	1,160	698	655	771	90.5
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	71	898	54	824	17	-	-
File clerks	138	751	106	744	32	-	-
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	60	534	50	520	10	-	-
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	155	711	123	710	33	-	-
Library assistants, clerical	25	-	19	-	6	-	-
Loan interviewers and clerks	135	911	103	874	32	-	-
New accounts clerks	22	-	14	-	8	-	-
Order clerks	75	704	39	-	36	-	-
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	44	-	38	-	6	-	-
Receptionists and information clerks	846	642	738	636	108	688	92.4
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	81	879	44	-	37	-	-
Information and record clerks, all other	81	915	57	830	24	-	-
Cargo and freight agents	16	-	7	-	9	-	-
Couriers and messengers	340	779	55	701	284	814	86.1
Public safety telecommunicators	102	858	60	799	42	-	-
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance	178	768	95	717	84	908	79.0
Meter readers, utilities	18	-	1	-	17	-	-
Postal service clerks	80	1,010	45	-	35	-	-
Postal service mail carriers	290	1,017	104	962	185	1,089	88.3
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	60	977	26	-	34	-	-
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	243	1,072	125	908	118	1,227	74.0
Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks	505	696	165	667	340	713	93.5
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	53	729	23	-	30	-	-
Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants	170	991	158	991	12	-	-
Legal secretaries and administrative assistants	54	914	42	-	12	-	-
Medical secretaries and administrative assistants	63	804	59	800	4	-	-
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	1,607	781	1,496	777	112	929	83.6
Data entry keyers	180	710	128	700	51	803	87.2
Word processors and typists	32	-	26	-	6	-	-
Desktop publishers	0	-	0	-	0	-	-
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	221	760	184	759	37	-	-
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	35	-	17	-	19	-	-
Office clerks, general	912	736	759	726	153	790	91.9
Office machine operators, except computer	12	-	9	-	4	-	-
Proofreaders and copy markers	4	-	2	-	2	-	-
Statistical assistants	66	1,272	27	-	39	-	-
Office and administrative support workers, all other	437	867	330	875	107	836	104.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	10,690	905	538	682	10,152	917	74.4
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	787	589	187	528	600	608	86.8
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	43	-	5	-	39	-	-
Agricultural inspectors	14	-	8	-	6	-	-
Animal breeders	0	-	0	-	0	-	-
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	41	-	30	-	11	-	-
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	628	574	137	519	491	589	88.1
Fishing and hunting workers	14	-	0	-	14	-	-
Forest and conservation workers	17	-	7	-	10	-	-
Logging workers	29	-	0	-	29	-	-
Construction and extraction occupations	5,826	906	191	796	5,635	910	87.5
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	596	1,200	17	-	579	1,199	-
Boilermakers	14	-	0	-	14	-	-
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	87	749	0	-	87	749	-
Carpenters	756	892	17	-	739	889	-
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	117	770	4	-	113	785	-
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	54	782	2	-	52	787	-
Construction laborers	1,343	783	39	-	1,304	788	-
Construction equipment operators	328	979	10	-	317	980	-
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	131	784	8	-	123	787	-
Electricians	735	1,024	22	-	713	1,035	-
Glaziers	43	-	2	-	41	-	-
Insulation workers	49	-	2	-	47	-	-
Painters and paperhangers	316	691	26	-	290	695	-
Pipelayers	41	-	1	-	39	-	-
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	444	1,002	8	-	436	1,004	-
Plasterers and stucco masons	24	-	0	-	24	-	-
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	3	-	0	-	3	-	-
Roofers	146	732	1	-	145	729	-
Sheet metal workers	103	905	4	-	99	905	-
Structural iron and steel workers	38	-	1	-	36	-	-
Solar photovoltaic installers	18	-	0	-	18	-	-
Helpers, construction trades	48	-	2	-	46	-	-
Construction and building inspectors	73	1,119	11	-	62	1,113	-
Elevator and escalator installers and repairers	17	-	0	-	17	-	-
Fence erectors	27	-	0	-	27	-	-
Hazardous materials removal workers	26	-	4	-	22	-	-
Highway maintenance workers	89	846	6	-	83	868	-
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	5	-	0	-	5	-	-
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	4	-	0	-	4	-	-
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	22	-	0	-	22	-	-
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas	16	-	0	-	16	-	-
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining	6	-	0	-	6	-	-
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	19	-	1	-	18	-	-
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	6	-	0	-	6	-	-
Underground mining machine operators	35	-	2	-	33	-	-
Roustabouts, oil and gas	7	-	0	-	7	-	-
Other extraction workers	40	-	0	-	40	-	-
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,077	984	160	801	3,917	991	80.8
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	212	1,269	21	-	191	1,283	-
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	142	960	15	-	127	965	-
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	125	1,192	8	-	116	1,242	-
Avionics technicians	8	-	0	-	8	-	-
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	15	-	0	-	14	-	-
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	3	-	0	-	3	-	-
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility	9	-	0	-	9	-	-
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	4	-	0	-	4	-	-
Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers	23	-	1	-	22	-	-
Security and fire alarm systems installers	50	1,028	0	-	50	1,028	-
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	151	1,164	5	-	146	1,174	-
Automotive body and related repairers	102	904	2	-	100	975	-
Automotive glass installers and repairers	12	-	3	-	10	-	-
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	585	855	4	-	581	857	-
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	312	1,023	6	-	306	1,023	-
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	179	999	1	-	178	998	-
Small engine mechanics	36	-	0	-	36	-	-
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	72	665	1	-	71	668	-
Control and valve installers and repairers	25	-	1	-	24	-	-
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	382	1,003	6	-	377	1,011	-
Home appliance repairers	24	-	1	-	22	-	-
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics	401	1,031	23	-	377	1,049	-
Maintenance and repair workers, general	550	895	24	-	526	897	-
Maintenance workers, machinery	22	-	0	-	22	-	-
Millwrights	62	1,178	1	-	61	1,185	-
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	139	1,268	2	-	136	1,306	-
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	155	1,031	9	-	146	1,076	-
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	62	1,085	11	-	52	1,098	-
Wind turbine service technicians	5	-	1	-	4	-	-
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	27	-	6	-	22	-	-
Commercial divers	3	-	0	-	3	-	-
Locksmiths and safe repairers	19	-	0	-	19	-	-
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	3	-	0	-	3	-	-
Riggers	6	-	0	-	6	-	-
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers	16	-	2	-	14	-	-
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers	139	780	8	-	131	810	-
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	14,738	746	3,243	614	11,494	796	77.1
Production occupations	6,820	775	1,765	630	5,055	841	74.9
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers	713	1,038	122	816	591	1,099	74.2
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	3	-	1	-	2	-	-
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	90	640	37	-	53	742	-
Engine and other machine assemblers	3	-	0	-	3	-	-
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	17	-	0	-	17	-	-
Other assemblers and fabricators	828	705	263	638	565	740	86.2
Bakers	131	596	78	584	53	621	94.0
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	221	733	57	642	163	754	85.1
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	8	-	1	-	7	-	-
Food batchmakers	70	649	38	-	32	-	-
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	7	-	5	-	2	-	-
Food processing workers, all other	118	669	44	-	74	743	-
Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers	96	964	6	-	89	974	-
Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	24	-	1	-	23	-	-
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	69	821	11	-	58	843	-
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	35	-	6	-	29	-	-
Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	8	-	2	-	6	-	-
Machinists	297	923	25	-	272	940	-
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters	19	-	0	-	19	-	-
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	9	-	2	-	7	-	-
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	37	-	5	-	31	-	-
Tool and die makers	37	-	1	-	36	-	-
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	486	839	16	-	471	848	-
Other metal workers and plastic workers	338	770	61	622	277	816	76.2
Prepress technicians and workers	12	-	3	-	10	-	-
Printing press operators	120	748	25	-	95	757	-
Print binding and finishing workers	16	-	7	-	9	-	-
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	94	538	60	522	34	-	-
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	23	-	15	-	7	-	-
Sewing machine operators	97	579	59	584	37	-	-
Shoe and leather workers	6	-	3	-	2	-	-
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	31	-	26	-	5	-	-
Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders	15	-	10	-	5	-	-
Upholsterers	20	-	2	-	18	-	-
Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers	12	-	2	-	9	-	-
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	31	-	1	-	29	-	-
Furniture finishers	9	-	6	-	3	-	-
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	20	-	3	-	16	-	-
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	9	-	1	-	9	-	-
Other woodworkers	12	-	0	-	12	-	-
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	38	-	1	-	37	-	-
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	45	-	5	-	40	-	-
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	116	955	12	-	104	990	-
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	42	-	4	-	38	-	-
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	50	1,083	3	-	47	-	-
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	79	766	17	-	61	788	-
Cutting workers	54	692	14	-	40	-	-
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	22	-	7	-	15	-	-
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	10	-	0	-	10	-	-
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	684	814	266	710	418	910	78.0
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers	22	-	10	-	12	-	-
Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians	59	694	36	-	23	-	-
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	224	620	98	544	126	667	81.6
Painting workers	139	849	15	-	124	879	-
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	3	-	2	-	1	-	-
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders	8	-	2	-	6	-	-
Etchers and engravers	3	-	0	-	3	-	-
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	19	-	2	-	17	-	-
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	22	-	4	-	18	-	-
Tire builders	0	-	0	-	0	-	-
Helpers--production workers	31	-	9	-	23	-	-
Other production equipment operators and tenders	5	-	0	-	5	-	-
Other production workers	957	739	251	637	706	798	79.8
Transportation and material moving occupations	7,917	719	1,478	600	6,439	759	79.1
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers	222	919	47	-	175	943	-
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	112	1,923	3	-	109	1,984	-
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists	32	-	3	-	29	-	-
Flight attendants	54	895	41	-	13	-	-
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	8	-	1	-	7	-	-
Bus drivers, school	105	647	53	622	52	708	87.9
Bus drivers, transit and intercity	146	783	57	791	89	774	102.2
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	2,592	896	183	666	2,409	916	72.7
Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs	57	606	10	-	47	-	-
Taxi drivers	157	734	25	-	132	743	-
Motor vehicle operators, all other	84	616	15	-	70	642	-
Locomotive engineers and operators	50	1,489	5	-	45	-	-
Railroad conductors and yardmasters	34	-	0	-	34	-	-
Other rail transportation workers	11	-	2	-	8	-	-
Sailors and marine oilers	16	-	0	-	16	-	-
Ship and boat captains and operators	30	-	2	-	28	-	-
Ship engineers	1	-	0	-	1	-	-
Parking attendants	44	-	7	-	36	-	-
Transportation service attendants	81	611	11	-	70	614	-
Transportation inspectors	26	-	6	-	21	-	-
Passenger attendants	14	-	11	-	4	-	-
Other transportation workers	24	-	7	-	16	-	-
Crane and tower operators	48	-	2	-	46	-	-
Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators	23	-	1	-	22	-	-
Industrial truck and tractor operators	507	711	41	-	467	708	-
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	214	580	35	-	179	581	-
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	1,587	650	319	595	1,268	672	88.5
Machine feeders and offbearers	11	-	6	-	4	-	-
Packers and packagers, hand	436	582	231	544	205	604	90.1
Stockers and order fillers	1,058	593	345	576	714	602	95.7
Pumping station operators	17	-	0	-	17	-	-
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	70	680	6	-	64	698	-
Other material moving workers	46	-	5	-	41	-	-
Note: Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Although the names of the broad- and intermediate-level occupational groups in the 2018 Census occupational classification remained the same, some detailed occupations were reclassified between the broader groups, substantially affecting comparability over time. No historical data have been revised. Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Industry	Total		Women		Men		Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Industry	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, 16 years and older	110,387	$984	49,476	$891	60,911	$1,082	82.3
Agriculture and related industries	1,147	651	277	582	870	670	86.9
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	640	1,446	91	1,462	549	1,440	101.5
Construction	7,598	965	747	926	6,852	970	95.5
Manufacturing	13,338	1,008	3,770	840	9,567	1,082	77.6
Durable goods manufacturing	8,457	1,050	2,055	875	6,402	1,111	78.8
Nondurable goods manufacturing	4,881	944	1,715	804	3,165	1,019	78.9
Wholesale and retail trade	13,183	768	5,249	682	7,935	852	80.0
Wholesale trade	2,886	979	839	867	2,047	1,046	82.9
Retail trade	10,297	721	4,410	655	5,887	786	83.3
Transportation and utilities	6,759	986	1,560	846	5,198	1,030	82.1
Transportation and warehousing	5,401	924	1,272	776	4,130	977	79.4
Utilities	1,357	1,338	289	1,168	1,069	1,374	85.0
Information	2,050	1,336	809	1,087	1,241	1,449	75.0
Financial activities	8,611	1,186	4,562	1,012	4,049	1,460	69.3
Finance and insurance	6,729	1,266	3,681	1,022	3,048	1,652	61.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	1,882	998	881	977	1,001	1,022	95.6
Professional and business services	13,757	1,216	5,419	1,023	8,337	1,364	75.0
Professional and technical services	9,561	1,477	3,814	1,196	5,747	1,729	69.2
Management, administrative, and waste services	4,196	728	1,605	702	2,591	748	93.9
Education and health services	26,254	1,001	19,294	943	6,960	1,198	78.7
Educational services	10,548	1,077	7,286	1,027	3,262	1,207	85.1
Health care and social assistance	15,706	940	12,008	881	3,698	1,189	74.1
Leisure and hospitality	6,052	631	2,749	595	3,303	681	87.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,408	861	552	797	856	903	88.3
Accommodation and food services	4,645	592	2,197	559	2,447	619	90.3
Other services	3,996	821	1,776	738	2,220	899	82.1
Other services, except private households	3,639	849	1,468	769	2,171	903	85.2
Private households	356	596	308	593	49	-	-
Public administration	7,002	1,160	3,173	1,014	3,829	1,302	77.9
Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 20. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Characteristic	Workers paid hourly rates
	Total	Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
	Total	Total	Percentage of hourly paid workers	At prevailing federal minimum wage	Below prevailing federal minimum wage
Age and gender
Total, 16 years and older	73,305	1,112	1.5	247	865
16 to 24 years	14,051	529	3.8	153	376
25 years and older	59,254	583	1.0	94	489
Women, 16 years and older	36,513	742	2.0	136	607
16 to 24 years	6,992	369	5.3	88	281
25 years and older	29,521	373	1.3	48	325
Men, 16 years and older	36,792	369	1.0	111	258
16 to 24 years	7,059	159	2.3	65	94
25 years and older	29,734	210	0.7	46	164
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity¹
White	55,889	810	1.4	178	631
Women	27,257	544	2.0	92	451
Men	28,632	266	0.9	86	180
Black or African American	10,738	196	1.8	50	146
Women	5,846	139	2.4	35	104
Men	4,892	57	1.2	15	42
Asian	3,533	43	1.2	3	39
Women	1,857	20	1.1	2	18
Men	1,676	23	1.4	1	22
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	16,220	205	1.3	46	160
Women	7,257	124	1.7	22	102
Men	8,963	82	0.9	24	58
Full- and part-time status²
Full-time workers	55,669	468	0.8	72	397
Women	25,156	318	1.3	38	281
Men	30,514	150	0.5	34	116
Part-time workers	17,531	637	3.6	175	462
Women	11,305	421	3.7	98	323
Men	6,226	216	3.5	77	139
¹Estimates for the race groups—White, Black or African American, and Asian—do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. ²The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours. Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 21. Employed people, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1968–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Year and gender	Total employed	Usually full time	Usually part time	Percentage usually full time	Percentage usually part time
Total
1968	75,920	65,277	10,644	86.0	14.0
1969	77,902	66,596	11,306	85.5	14.5
1970	78,678	66,753	11,925	84.8	15.2
1971	79,367	66,973	12,393	84.4	15.6
1972	82,153	69,214	12,939	84.3	15.7
1973	85,064	71,803	13,262	84.4	15.6
1974	86,794	73,093	13,701	84.2	15.8
1975	85,846	71,586	14,260	83.4	16.6
1976	88,752	73,964	14,788	83.3	16.7
1977	92,017	76,625	15,391	83.3	16.7
1978	96,048	80,193	15,855	83.5	16.5
1979	98,824	82,654	16,171	83.6	16.4
1980	99,303	82,562	16,740	83.1	16.9
1981	100,397	83,243	17,154	82.9	17.1
1982	99,526	81,421	18,106	81.8	18.2
1983	100,834	82,322	18,511	81.6	18.4
1984	105,005	86,544	18,462	82.4	17.6
1985	107,150	88,534	18,615	82.6	17.4
1986	109,597	90,529	19,069	82.6	17.4
1987	112,440	92,957	19,483	82.7	17.3
1988	114,968	95,214	19,754	82.8	17.2
1989	117,342	97,369	19,973	83.0	17.0
1990	118,793	98,666	20,128	83.1	16.9
1991	117,718	97,190	20,528	82.6	17.4
1992	118,492	97,664	20,828	82.4	17.6
1993	120,259	99,114	21,145	82.4	17.6
1994	123,060	99,772	23,288	81.1	18.9
1995	124,900	101,679	23,220	81.4	18.6
1996	126,708	103,537	23,170	81.7	18.3
1997	129,558	106,334	23,224	82.1	17.9
1998	131,463	108,202	23,261	82.3	17.7
1999	133,488	110,302	23,186	82.6	17.4
2000	136,891	113,846	23,044	83.2	16.8
2001	136,933	113,573	23,361	82.9	17.1
2002	136,485	112,700	23,785	82.6	17.4
2003	137,736	113,324	24,412	82.3	17.7
2004	139,252	114,518	24,734	82.2	17.8
2005	141,730	117,016	24,714	82.6	17.4
2006	144,427	119,688	24,739	82.9	17.1
2007	146,047	121,091	24,956	82.9	17.1
2008	145,362	120,030	25,332	82.6	17.4
2009	139,877	112,634	27,244	80.5	19.5
2010	139,064	111,714	27,350	80.3	19.7
2011	139,869	112,556	27,313	80.5	19.5
2012	142,469	114,809	27,661	80.6	19.4
2013	143,929	116,314	27,615	80.8	19.2
2014	146,305	118,718	27,587	81.1	18.9
2015	148,834	121,492	27,341	81.6	18.4
2016	151,436	123,761	27,675	81.7	18.3
2017	153,337	125,967	27,370	82.2	17.8
2018	155,761	128,572	27,189	82.5	17.5
2019	157,538	130,597	26,941	82.9	17.1
2020	147,795	123,188	24,607	83.4	16.6
Women
1968	27,807	20,893	6,914	75.1	24.9
1969	29,084	21,781	7,303	74.9	25.1
1970	29,688	21,929	7,758	73.9	26.1
1971	29,976	21,950	8,026	73.2	26.8
1972	31,257	22,842	8,416	73.1	26.9
1973	32,715	23,960	8,756	73.2	26.8
1974	33,769	24,714	9,055	73.2	26.8
1975	33,989	24,598	9,391	72.4	27.6
1976	35,615	25,814	9,799	72.5	27.5
1977	37,289	27,076	10,213	72.6	27.4
1978	39,569	28,912	10,658	73.1	26.9
1979	41,217	30,227	10,990	73.3	26.7
1980	42,117	30,845	11,270	73.2	26.8
1981	43,000	31,337	11,664	72.9	27.1
1982	43,256	31,086	12,170	71.9	28.1
1983	44,047	31,679	12,367	71.9	28.1
1984	45,915	33,473	12,441	72.9	27.1
1985	47,259	34,672	12,587	73.4	26.6
1986	48,706	35,845	12,862	73.6	26.4
1987	50,334	37,210	13,124	73.9	26.1
1988	51,696	38,398	13,298	74.3	25.7
1989	53,027	39,484	13,544	74.5	25.5
1990	53,689	40,165	13,524	74.8	25.2
1991	53,496	39,783	13,713	74.4	25.6
1992	54,052	40,301	13,751	74.6	25.4
1993	54,910	40,991	13,919	74.7	25.3
1994	56,610	40,940	15,670	72.3	27.7
1995	57,523	41,743	15,779	72.6	27.4
1996	58,501	42,776	15,725	73.1	26.9
1997	59,873	44,076	15,797	73.6	26.4
1998	60,771	45,014	15,757	74.1	25.9
1999	62,042	46,372	15,670	74.7	25.3
2000	63,586	47,916	15,670	75.4	24.6
2001	63,737	47,950	15,788	75.2	24.8
2002	63,582	47,494	16,088	74.7	25.3
2003	64,404	47,946	16,459	74.4	25.6
2004	64,728	48,073	16,654	74.3	25.7
2005	65,757	49,158	16,598	74.8	25.2
2006	66,925	50,380	16,545	75.3	24.7
2007	67,792	51,056	16,736	75.3	24.7
2008	67,876	51,178	16,698	75.4	24.6
2009	66,208	48,683	17,525	73.5	26.5
2010	65,705	48,214	17,491	73.4	26.6
2011	65,579	48,224	17,355	73.5	26.5
2012	66,914	49,331	17,583	73.7	26.3
2013	67,577	49,979	17,598	74.0	26.0
2014	68,613	50,889	17,724	74.2	25.8
2015	69,703	52,142	17,561	74.8	25.2
2016	70,868	53,194	17,674	75.1	24.9
2017	71,936	54,396	17,539	75.6	24.4
2018	73,063	55,638	17,425	76.2	23.8
2019	74,078	56,773	17,304	76.6	23.4
2020	69,234	53,727	15,508	77.6	22.4
Men
1968	48,114	44,384	3,730	92.2	7.8
1969	48,818	44,815	4,003	91.8	8.2
1970	48,990	44,825	4,166	91.5	8.5
1971	49,390	45,023	4,367	91.2	8.8
1972	50,896	46,373	4,523	91.1	8.9
1973	52,349	47,843	4,507	91.4	8.6
1974	53,024	48,378	4,646	91.2	8.8
1975	51,857	46,988	4,870	90.6	9.4
1976	53,138	48,150	4,988	90.6	9.4
1977	54,728	49,551	5,178	90.5	9.5
1978	56,479	51,281	5,198	90.8	9.2
1979	57,607	52,427	5,180	91.0	9.0
1980	57,186	51,717	5,471	90.4	9.6
1981	57,397	51,906	5,492	90.4	9.6
1982	56,271	50,334	5,937	89.4	10.6
1983	56,787	50,643	6,145	89.2	10.8
1984	59,091	53,070	6,020	89.8	10.2
1985	59,891	53,862	6,028	89.9	10.1
1986	60,892	54,685	6,207	89.8	10.2
1987	62,107	55,746	6,360	89.8	10.2
1988	63,273	56,816	6,457	89.8	10.2
1989	64,315	57,885	6,430	90.0	10.0
1990	65,104	58,501	6,604	89.9	10.1
1991	64,223	57,407	6,815	89.4	10.6
1992	64,440	57,363	7,077	89.0	11.0
1993	65,349	58,123	7,226	88.9	11.1
1994	66,450	58,832	7,617	88.5	11.5
1995	67,377	59,936	7,441	89.0	11.0
1996	68,207	60,762	7,445	89.1	10.9
1997	69,685	62,258	7,427	89.3	10.7
1998	70,693	63,189	7,504	89.4	10.6
1999	71,446	63,930	7,516	89.5	10.5
2000	73,305	65,930	7,375	89.9	10.1
2001	73,196	65,623	7,573	89.7	10.3
2002	72,903	65,205	7,697	89.4	10.6
2003	73,332	65,379	7,953	89.2	10.8
2004	74,524	66,444	8,080	89.2	10.8
2005	75,973	67,858	8,115	89.3	10.7
2006	77,502	69,307	8,194	89.4	10.6
2007	78,254	70,035	8,220	89.5	10.5
2008	77,486	68,853	8,634	88.9	11.1
2009	73,670	63,951	9,719	86.8	13.2
2010	73,359	63,501	9,858	86.6	13.4
2011	74,290	64,333	9,957	86.6	13.4
2012	75,555	65,477	10,078	86.7	13.3
2013	76,353	66,335	10,017	86.9	13.1
2014	77,692	67,829	9,863	87.3	12.7
2015	79,131	69,351	9,780	87.6	12.4
2016	80,568	70,567	10,002	87.6	12.4
2017	81,402	71,571	9,831	87.9	12.1
2018	82,698	72,935	9,764	88.2	11.8
2019	83,460	73,824	9,637	88.5	11.5
2020	78,560	69,461	9,099	88.4	11.6
Note: Full time is 35 or more hours per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 22. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2020 annual averages
Year	All industries			Nonagricultural industries
Year	Total	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men
1976	38.7	34.1	41.7	38.4	34.1	41.4
1977	38.8	34.2	41.9	38.5	34.2	41.6
1978	39.0	34.5	42.1	38.7	34.4	41.8
1979	38.9	34.5	42.0	38.6	34.4	41.7
1980	38.5	34.5	41.5	38.3	34.4	41.2
1981	38.1	34.1	41.1	37.9	34.1	40.7
1982	38.0	34.1	40.9	37.7	34.0	40.6
1983	38.3	34.5	41.2	38.1	34.4	41.0
1984	38.8	34.9	41.8	38.6	34.9	41.5
1985	39.0	35.2	42.0	38.9	35.2	41.8
1986	39.1	35.4	42.1	38.9	35.3	41.9
1987	39.0	35.3	42.0	38.8	35.3	41.8
1988	39.4	35.7	42.4	39.3	35.7	42.2
1989	39.6	35.8	42.6	39.4	35.8	42.4
1990	39.4	35.8	42.3	39.3	35.8	42.1
1991	39.2	35.8	42.0	39.1	35.8	41.9
1992	38.9	35.6	41.7	38.8	35.6	41.6
1993	39.4	36.0	42.2	39.3	36.0	42.1
1994	39.2	35.5	42.2	39.1	35.6	42.1
1995	39.3	35.6	42.3	39.2	35.7	42.2
1996	39.3	35.7	42.3	39.2	35.7	42.2
1997	39.5	36.0	42.4	39.4	36.0	42.3
1998	39.3	35.8	42.2	39.2	35.9	42.2
1999	39.6	36.2	42.4	39.5	36.2	42.4
2000	39.7	36.4	42.5	39.6	36.4	42.4
2001	39.2	36.1	41.9	39.2	36.1	41.8
2002	39.2	36.0	41.8	39.1	36.1	41.7
2003	39.0	35.9	41.7	39.0	35.9	41.6
2004	39.0	35.9	41.7	39.0	35.9	41.6
2005	39.2	36.1	41.8	39.1	36.1	41.7
2006	39.2	36.2	41.8	39.2	36.2	41.7
2007	39.2	36.1	41.7	39.1	36.1	41.6
2008	38.9	36.1	41.3	38.8	36.1	41.2
2009	37.9	35.3	40.2	37.8	35.3	40.1
2010	38.2	35.5	40.5	38.1	35.6	40.4
2011	38.3	35.6	40.6	38.2	35.6	40.6
2012	38.5	35.8	40.8	38.4	35.8	40.7
2013	38.6	36.0	40.9	38.5	36.0	40.8
2014	38.6	35.9	41.0	38.6	35.9	40.9
2015	38.6	35.9	40.9	38.5	35.9	40.8
2016	38.7	36.2	41.0	38.7	36.2	40.9
2017	38.7	36.2	40.9	38.6	36.2	40.8
2018	38.9	36.4	41.1	38.9	36.4	41.0
2019	39.0	36.5	41.1	38.9	36.6	41.0
2020	38.3	36.1	40.2	38.2	36.1	40.1
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 23. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2019 (percent distribution)
Year and gender	Population (in thousands)	Worked during the year		Percent distribution by work experience
		Total (in thousands)	Percentage of population	Total	Usually work full time			Usually work part time
					Total	50 to 52 weeks	1 to 49 weeks	Total	50 to 52 weeks	1 to 49 weeks
					Total	50 to 52 weeks	1 to 49 weeks	Total	50 to 52 weeks	1 to 49 weeks	Total
1970	138,953	93,850	67.5	100.0	79.4	55.6	23.8	20.6	6.7	13.9
1975	153,180	102,603	67.0	100.0	78.9	54.3	24.6	21.2	7.5	13.7
1980	169,452	115,752	68.3	100.0	78.5	56.1	22.4	21.4	7.7	13.7
1985	179,944	123,466	68.6	100.0	78.2	58.7	19.5	21.9	8.3	13.6
1990	189,238	132,562	70.1	100.0	78.8	60.4	18.4	21.3	8.7	12.6
1995	199,925	138,971	69.5	100.0	78.6	62.9	15.7	21.3	9.1	12.2
2000	214,292	150,787	70.4	100.0	80.4	66.7	13.8	19.5	9.3	10.2
2005	227,975	154,322	67.7	100.0	80.3	67.5	12.8	19.7	10.0	9.7
2006	231,033	156,658	67.8	100.0	80.9	68.4	12.5	19.1	9.7	9.4
2007	232,995	157,653	67.7	100.0	80.9	68.4	12.5	19.1	9.8	9.3
2008	235,086	157,472	67.0	100.0	79.5	65.6	13.9	20.5	10.5	10.0
2009	237,158	153,929	64.9	100.0	78.3	64.0	14.3	21.7	11.3	10.4
2010	238,999	152,320	63.7	100.0	78.2	64.7	13.5	21.8	11.2	10.6
2011	242,602	153,479	63.3	100.0	78.6	65.8	12.8	21.4	11.2	10.2
2012	244,993	156,194	63.8	100.0	78.4	65.5	12.9	21.6	11.2	10.4
2013	247,258	156,987	63.5	100.0	79.0	66.9	12.1	21.0	10.9	10.1
2014	250,080	159,056	63.6	100.0	79.6	67.9	11.7	20.4	10.8	9.6
2015	252,766	162,329	64.2	100.0	79.6	68.0	11.6	20.4	10.6	9.8
2016	254,413	163,638	64.3	100.0	79.8	68.8	11.0	20.2	10.7	9.6
2017	257,097	165,163	64.2	100.0	80.4	69.5	10.9	19.6	10.6	9.0
2018	258,527	166,402	64.4	100.0	80.8	70.4	10.4	19.2	10.4	8.8
2019	259,757	168,632	64.9	100.0	80.8	70.2	10.6	19.2	10.2	9.0
Women
1970	73,657	38,809	52.7	100.0	67.9	40.7	27.2	32.2	10.1	22.1
1975	80,834	43,511	53.8	100.0	67.1	41.4	25.7	32.8	11.7	21.1
1980	89,259	51,492	57.7	100.0	67.7	44.7	23.0	32.3	11.9	20.4
1985	94,490	56,165	59.4	100.0	68.1	48.9	19.2	31.8	12.3	19.5
1990	98,970	61,494	62.1	100.0	69.8	51.5	18.3	30.2	12.8	17.4
1995	104,058	65,304	62.8	100.0	70.2	54.3	15.9	29.7	13.3	16.4
2000	111,440	71,341	64.0	100.0	72.9	58.4	14.5	27.1	13.4	13.7
2005	117,814	72,309	61.4	100.0	72.7	59.9	12.8	27.3	14.1	13.2
2006	119,300	73,527	61.6	100.0	73.0	60.7	12.3	27.0	14.1	12.9
2007	120,300	74,115	61.6	100.0	73.6	61.5	12.1	26.4	14.2	12.2
2008	121,328	74,363	61.3	100.0	72.2	59.3	12.9	27.8	15.0	12.9
2009	122,339	72,855	59.6	100.0	71.5	59.3	12.2	28.5	15.8	12.7
2010	123,012	71,980	58.5	100.0	71.5	59.4	12.1	28.5	15.6	12.9
2011	125,619	72,976	58.1	100.0	71.7	59.8	11.9	28.3	15.7	12.6
2012	126,791	74,051	58.4	100.0	71.5	59.4	12.1	28.5	15.2	13.3
2013	127,863	74,397	58.2	100.0	71.8	60.5	11.3	28.2	15.2	13.0
2014	129,342	75,416	58.3	100.0	72.7	61.2	11.5	27.3	14.7	12.6
2015	130,656	76,811	58.8	100.0	73.0	61.4	11.6	27.0	14.6	12.4
2016	131,469	77,574	59.0	100.0	73.1	62.2	10.9	26.9	14.6	12.3
2017	132,766	78,016	58.8	100.0	73.5	63.1	10.4	26.5	14.9	11.6
2018	133,500	79,239	59.4	100.0	74.4	64.0	10.3	25.6	14.3	11.3
2019	134,119	80,558	60.1	100.0	74.9	64.5	10.4	25.1	13.7	11.3
Men
1970	65,296	55,041	84.3	100.0	87.6	66.1	21.5	12.4	4.4	8.0
1975	72,346	59,091	81.7	100.0	87.5	63.8	23.7	12.5	4.4	8.1
1980	80,193	64,260	80.1	100.0	87.2	65.2	22.0	12.8	4.4	8.4
1985	85,454	67,301	78.8	100.0	86.5	66.8	19.7	13.5	4.8	8.7
1990	90,269	71,068	78.7	100.0	86.4	68.0	18.4	13.5	5.1	8.4
1995	95,867	73,667	76.8	100.0	86.2	70.6	15.6	13.9	5.5	8.4
2000	102,853	79,446	77.2	100.0	87.5	74.2	13.2	12.6	5.5	7.1
2005	110,161	82,013	74.4	100.0	87.0	74.2	12.8	13.0	6.3	6.7
2006	111,733	83,131	74.4	100.0	87.8	75.2	12.6	12.2	5.7	6.5
2007	112,695	83,538	74.1	100.0	87.4	74.6	12.8	12.6	5.9	6.7
2008	113,758	83,109	73.1	100.0	86.0	71.2	14.8	14.0	6.5	7.5
2009	114,820	81,073	70.6	100.0	84.4	68.3	16.1	15.6	7.3	8.3
2010	115,986	80,341	69.3	100.0	84.3	69.4	14.9	15.7	7.3	8.4
2011	116,984	80,503	68.8	100.0	84.8	71.2	13.6	15.2	7.2	8.0
2012	118,202	82,143	69.5	100.0	84.5	71.0	13.5	15.5	7.5	8.0
2013	119,395	82,590	69.2	100.0	85.5	72.7	12.8	14.5	7.1	7.4
2014	120,738	83,640	69.3	100.0	85.7	73.9	11.8	14.3	7.2	7.1
2015	122,110	85,518	70.0	100.0	85.6	73.9	11.7	14.4	7.0	7.4
2016	122,944	86,063	70.0	100.0	85.8	74.7	11.1	14.2	7.1	7.0
2017	124,331	87,147	70.1	100.0	86.6	75.3	11.3	13.4	6.7	6.7
2018	125,027	87,163	69.7	100.0	86.7	76.2	10.4	13.3	6.9	6.4
2019	125,638	88,074	70.1	100.0	86.2	75.4	10.8	13.8	7.0	6.8
Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year. The 2013 data in this report, collected in the 2014 ASEC, are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. Approximately three-eighths of the 2014 CPS ASEC sample was used to test redesigned questions on income and health insurance coverage; this portion of the sample was not used to generate the estimates in this table. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2020.

Table 24A. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2019 (numbers in thousands)
Year	Married-couple families
	Total	No earners	One earner				Two or more earners
	Total	No earners	Total	Husband only	Wife only	Other family member	Total	Husband and wife	Husband and other family member	Wife and other family member	Husband and wife are not earners
1967	43,292	2,943	16,490	15,429	716	345	23,859	18,888	4,639	-	-
1968	43,842	2,888	16,375	15,310	730	335	24,579	19,743	4,522	-	-
1969	44,436	3,022	16,268	15,133	797	339	25,145	20,327	4,517	-	-
1970	44,832	3,252	16,117	14,931	867	320	25,464	20,510	4,622	-	-
1971	45,939	3,471	16,847	15,502	1,004	340	25,621	20,641	4,651	-	-
1972	46,594	3,632	16,787	15,387	1,003	398	26,175	21,279	4,553	-	-
1973	47,185	4,027	16,080	14,547	1,110	423	27,078	22,152	4,535	-	-
1974	47,438	4,325	15,795	14,122	1,216	457	27,319	22,451	4,442	-	-
1975	47,878	4,943	16,217	14,343	1,394	481	26,717	22,338	3,861	-	-
1976	48,150	4,962	15,630	13,690	1,424	516	27,559	23,104	3,829	-	-
1977	48,131	5,177	15,119	13,153	1,456	512	27,835	23,474	3,812	-	-
1978	48,532	5,226	14,456	12,434	1,509	513	28,850	24,655	3,609	-	-
1979	49,132	5,559	13,912	11,934	1,499	480	29,660	25,595	3,476	-	-
1980	49,316	5,903	13,900	11,621	1,707	573	29,513	25,557	3,380	-	-
1981	49,669	6,213	13,832	11,524	1,680	628	29,624	25,729	3,212	-	-
1982	49,947	6,427	14,235	11,575	2,048	613	29,285	25,387	3,149	-	-
1983	50,134	6,549	13,692	11,100	1,944	647	29,893	26,119	2,996	-	-
1984	50,395	6,630	12,952	10,472	1,852	628	30,814	27,035	2,891	-	-
1985	50,978	6,693	12,961	10,406	1,897	658	31,324	27,787	2,764	-	-
1986	51,574	6,731	12,565	9,984	1,917	664	32,278	28,811	2,730	-	-
1987	51,847	6,741	12,435	9,787	1,946	702	32,671	29,369	2,576	-	-
1988	52,149	6,754	11,876	9,463	1,777	636	33,519	30,536	2,303	532	148
1989	52,385	6,812	11,748	9,212	1,840	695	33,825	30,879	2,373	435	138
1990	52,241	6,770	11,630	9,107	1,826	698	33,841	30,829	2,369	479	164
1991	52,549	7,091	11,523	8,873	1,993	657	33,935	31,049	2,161	527	197
1992	53,254	7,256	11,977	9,114	2,145	718	34,021	31,268	1,940	624	189
1993	53,248	7,282	11,842	8,745	2,411	687	34,123	31,302	2,051	614	156
1994	53,929	7,227	11,774	8,719	2,374	681	34,928	32,125	2,048	603	151
1995	53,621	7,278	11,739	8,821	2,253	664	34,604	32,061	1,878	539	127
1996	53,654	7,148	11,556	8,671	2,214	671	34,950	32,406	1,899	522	123
1997	54,362	7,289	11,728	8,792	2,302	634	35,345	32,764	1,853	569	158
1998	54,829	7,257	12,279	9,198	2,419	662	35,293	32,810	1,726	616	141
1999	55,352	7,163	12,328	9,093	2,595	640	35,861	33,360	1,815	519	167
2000	56,643	7,463	12,717	9,515	2,601	600	36,463	33,892	1,865	566	139
2001	56,798	7,666	12,907	9,621	2,698	588	36,224	33,696	1,898	501	129
2002	57,362	7,803	13,487	10,109	2,818	560	36,071	33,547	1,845	558	121
2003	57,767	8,043	14,051	10,469	3,026	557	35,673	33,220	1,789	548	117
2004	58,045	7,996	14,352	10,821	2,991	540	35,696	33,131	1,832	610	123
2005	58,225	8,017	14,292	10,603	3,096	593	35,915	33,380	1,818	597	121
2006	59,050	8,091	14,545	10,693	3,261	591	36,414	33,880	1,752	639	142
2007	58,490	7,914	14,264	10,392	3,265	608	36,312	33,718	1,847	597	149
2008	59,183	8,083	14,622	10,567	3,435	620	36,477	33,930	1,739	650	158
2009	58,516	8,466	15,035	10,565	3,849	621	35,015	32,327	1,789	739	160
2010	58,135	8,626	15,406	10,880	3,935	591	34,103	31,425	1,783	722	172
2011	59,071	9,152	15,972	11,301	4,015	656	33,947	31,212	1,833	739	163
2012	59,327	9,101	15,831	11,271	3,891	669	34,395	31,594	1,881	750	170
2013	59,795	9,556	15,825	11,368	3,788	669	34,414	31,685	1,849	711	169
2014	60,091	9,434	15,627	11,240	3,767	620	35,030	32,000	2,082	764	183
2015	60,338	9,379	15,640	11,178	3,733	729	35,320	32,333	2,028	756	203
2016	60,912	9,814	15,490	11,054	3,742	695	35,608	32,647	2,054	752	155
2017	61,348	9,944	15,887	11,386	3,841	660	35,517	32,430	2,092	781	214
2018	61,505	10,022	15,575	10,960	3,916	699	35,908	32,839	2,019	783	268
2019	61,840	10,350	15,032	10,463	3,739	830	36,458	33,394	2,090	764	209
Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2020.

Table 24B. Opposite-sex married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2019 (percent distribution)
Year	Married-couple families
	Total	No earners	One earner				Two or more earners
	Total	No earners	Total	Husband only	Wife only	Other family member	Total	Husband and wife	Husband and other family member	Wife and other family member	Husband and wife are not earners
1967	100.0	6.8	38.1	35.6	1.7	0.8	55.1	43.6	10.7	-	-
1968	100.0	6.6	37.4	34.9	1.7	0.8	56.1	45.0	10.3	-	-
1969	100.0	6.8	36.6	34.1	1.8	0.8	56.6	45.7	10.2	-	-
1970	100.0	7.3	35.9	33.3	1.9	0.7	56.8	45.7	10.3	-	-
1971	100.0	7.6	36.7	33.7	2.2	0.7	55.8	44.9	10.1	-	-
1972	100.0	7.8	36.0	33.0	2.2	0.9	56.2	45.7	9.8	-	-
1973	100.0	8.5	34.1	30.8	2.4	0.9	57.4	46.9	9.6	-	-
1974	100.0	9.1	33.3	29.8	2.6	1.0	57.6	47.3	9.4	-	-
1975	100.0	10.3	33.9	30.0	2.9	1.0	55.8	46.7	8.1	-	-
1976	100.0	10.3	32.5	28.4	3.0	1.1	57.2	48.0	8.0	-	-
1977	100.0	10.8	31.4	27.3	3.0	1.1	57.8	48.8	7.9	-	-
1978	100.0	10.8	29.8	25.6	3.1	1.1	59.4	50.8	7.4	-	-
1979	100.0	11.3	28.3	24.3	3.1	1.0	60.4	52.1	7.1	-	-
1980	100.0	12.0	28.2	23.6	3.5	1.2	59.8	51.8	6.9	-	-
1981	100.0	12.5	27.8	23.2	3.4	1.3	59.6	51.8	6.5	-	-
1982	100.0	12.9	28.5	23.2	4.1	1.2	58.6	50.8	6.3	-	-
1983	100.0	13.1	27.3	22.1	3.9	1.3	59.6	52.1	6.0	-	-
1984	100.0	13.2	25.7	20.8	3.7	1.2	61.1	53.6	5.7	-	-
1985	100.0	13.1	25.4	20.4	3.7	1.3	61.4	54.5	5.4	-	-
1986	100.0	13.1	24.4	19.4	3.7	1.3	62.6	55.9	5.3	-	-
1987	100.0	13.0	24.0	18.9	3.8	1.4	63.0	56.6	5.0	-	-
1988	100.0	13.0	22.8	18.1	3.4	1.2	64.3	58.6	4.4	1.0	0.3
1989	100.0	13.0	22.4	17.6	3.5	1.3	64.6	58.9	4.5	0.8	0.3
1990	100.0	13.0	22.3	17.4	3.5	1.3	64.8	59.0	4.5	0.9	0.3
1991	100.0	13.5	21.9	16.9	3.8	1.3	64.6	59.1	4.1	1.0	0.4
1992	100.0	13.6	22.5	17.1	4.0	1.3	63.9	58.7	3.6	1.2	0.4
1993	100.0	13.7	22.2	16.4	4.5	1.3	64.1	58.8	3.9	1.2	0.3
1994	100.0	13.4	21.8	16.2	4.4	1.3	64.8	59.6	3.8	1.1	0.3
1995	100.0	13.6	21.9	16.5	4.2	1.2	64.5	59.8	3.5	1.0	0.2
1996	100.0	13.3	21.5	16.2	4.1	1.3	65.1	60.4	3.5	1.0	0.2
1997	100.0	13.4	21.6	16.2	4.2	1.2	65.0	60.3	3.4	1.0	0.3
1998	100.0	13.2	22.4	16.8	4.4	1.2	64.4	59.8	3.1	1.1	0.3
1999	100.0	12.9	22.3	16.4	4.7	1.2	64.8	60.3	3.3	0.9	0.3
2000	100.0	13.2	22.5	16.8	4.6	1.1	64.4	59.8	3.3	1.0	0.2
2001	100.0	13.5	22.7	16.9	4.8	1.0	63.8	59.3	3.3	0.9	0.2
2002	100.0	13.6	23.5	17.6	4.9	1.0	62.9	58.5	3.2	1.0	0.2
2003	100.0	13.9	24.3	18.1	5.2	1.0	61.8	57.5	3.1	0.9	0.2
2004	100.0	13.8	24.7	18.6	5.2	0.9	61.5	57.1	3.2	1.1	0.2
2005	100.0	13.8	24.5	18.2	5.3	1.0	61.7	57.3	3.1	1.0	0.2
2006	100.0	13.7	24.6	18.1	5.5	1.0	61.7	57.4	3.0	1.1	0.2
2007	100.0	13.5	24.4	17.8	5.6	1.0	62.1	57.6	3.2	1.0	0.3
2008	100.0	13.7	24.7	17.9	5.8	1.0	61.6	57.3	2.9	1.1	0.3
2009	100.0	14.5	25.7	18.1	6.6	1.1	59.8	55.2	3.1	1.3	0.3
2010	100.0	14.8	26.5	18.7	6.8	1.0	58.7	54.1	3.1	1.2	0.3
2011	100.0	15.5	27.0	19.1	6.8	1.1	57.5	52.8	3.1	1.3	0.3
2012	100.0	15.3	26.7	19.0	6.6	1.1	58.0	53.3	3.2	1.3	0.3
2013	100.0	16.0	26.5	19.0	6.3	1.1	57.6	53.0	3.1	1.2	0.3
2014	100.0	15.7	26.0	18.7	6.3	1.0	58.3	53.3	3.5	1.3	0.3
2015	100.0	15.5	25.9	18.5	6.2	1.2	58.5	53.6	3.4	1.3	0.3
2016	100.0	16.1	25.4	18.1	6.1	1.1	58.5	53.6	3.4	1.2	0.3
2017	100.0	16.2	25.9	18.6	6.3	1.1	57.9	52.9	3.4	1.3	0.3
2018	100.0	16.3	25.3	17.8	6.4	1.1	58.4	53.4	3.3	1.3	0.4
2019	100.0	16.7	24.3	16.9	6.0	1.3	59.0	54.0	3.4	1.2	0.3
Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1968–2020.

Table 25. Contribution of wives' earnings to family income, 1970–2019
Year	Contribution to family income (median percentage)
1970	26.6
1971	27.5
1972	26.7
1973	26.0
1974	25.4
1975	26.3
1976	26.4
1977	26.1
1978	26.1
1979	26.0
1980	26.7
1981	27.3
1982	28.4
1983	28.8
1984	28.4
1985	28.3
1986	29.0
1987	29.5
1988	29.6
1989	29.9
1990	30.7
1991	31.3
1992	32.4
1993	32.2
1994	31.9
1995	31.9
1996	32.6
1997	32.7
1998	32.8
1999	32.8
2000	33.5
2001	34.4
2002	34.8
2003	35.2
2004	34.9
2005	35.1
2006	35.6
2007	36.0
2008	36.0
2009	37.1
2010	37.6
2011	37.0
2012	37.3
2013	37.3
2014	36.0
2015	37.1
2016	37.1
2017	37.1
2018	37.5
2019	36.5
Note: Data refer to opposite-sex married-couple families only. Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1971–2020.

Table 26. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 (numbers in thousands)
Age and gender	Total					Below poverty level					Rate¹
Age and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino
Total, 16 years and older	157,769	122,238	19,891	10,186	28,057	6,318	4,296	1,433	239	1,964	4.0	3.5	7.2	2.3	7.0
16 to 19 years	3,678	2,834	467	132	865	273	173	53	11	80	7.4	6.1	11.4	8.6	9.2
20 to 24 years	12,926	9,751	1,836	602	3,110	977	659	210	45	263	7.6	6.8	11.5	7.4	8.5
25 to 34 years	36,215	26,793	5,266	2,619	7,212	1,800	1,141	514	57	462	5.0	4.3	9.8	2.2	6.4
35 to 44 years	33,679	25,633	4,316	2,537	6,691	1,447	1,012	303	46	565	4.3	3.9	7.0	1.8	8.4
45 to 54 years	32,245	25,061	4,028	2,224	5,735	940	667	200	39	374	2.9	2.7	5.0	1.8	6.5
55 to 64 years	27,882	22,819	2,955	1,504	3,450	739	543	124	32	181	2.6	2.4	4.2	2.1	5.2
65 years and older	11,144	9,347	1,023	568	993	143	103	28	9	39	1.3	1.1	2.7	1.5	3.9
Women, 16 years and older	74,259	56,190	10,639	4,741	12,243	3,370	2,106	951	109	874	4.5	3.7	8.9	2.3	7.1
16 to 19 years	1,784	1,367	277	48	407	145	79	39	6	39	8.1	5.8	14.0	-	9.5
20 to 24 years	6,283	4,645	945	317	1,454	521	340	115	22	140	8.3	7.3	12.1	6.9	9.6
25 to 34 years	16,908	12,236	2,726	1,191	3,079	1,059	581	395	26	215	6.3	4.7	14.5	2.2	7.0
35 to 44 years	15,589	11,465	2,345	1,180	2,823	703	450	186	25	210	4.5	3.9	7.9	2.1	7.4
45 to 54 years	15,524	11,816	2,190	1,059	2,552	484	324	126	13	176	3.1	2.7	5.7	1.2	6.9
55 to 64 years	13,265	10,660	1,601	695	1,508	395	289	73	17	79	3.0	2.7	4.6	2.4	5.2
65 years and older	4,906	4,001	554	253	420	64	44	18	-	15	1.3	1.1	3.2	-	3.7
Men, 16 years and older	83,510	66,048	9,253	5,445	15,814	2,948	2,191	482	130	1,090	3.5	3.3	5.2	2.4	6.9
16 to 19 years	1,894	1,467	190	85	459	128	94	14	6	41	6.8	6.4	7.6	6.6	8.9
20 to 24 years	6,643	5,106	891	285	1,656	456	319	96	23	124	6.9	6.3	10.7	8.0	7.5
25 to 34 years	19,307	14,557	2,540	1,428	4,134	741	560	119	30	247	3.8	3.8	4.7	2.1	6.0
35 to 44 years	18,090	14,168	1,970	1,357	3,868	744	561	118	21	355	4.1	4.0	6.0	1.6	9.2
45 to 54 years	16,721	13,245	1,838	1,165	3,183	457	343	74	26	198	2.7	2.6	4.0	2.2	6.2
55 to 64 years	14,617	12,159	1,354	809	1,942	344	254	51	15	102	2.4	2.1	3.8	1.9	5.3
65 years and older	6,238	5,346	470	315	573	79	59	10	9	24	1.3	1.1	2.2	2.7	4.1
¹ Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for 27 or more weeks. Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience for the entire year. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data where labor force base is less than 80,000. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Table 27. Displaced workers¹, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status, January 2020
Age, gender, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Total (in thousands)	Percentage distribution by employment status
Age, gender, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Total (in thousands)	Total	Employed	Unemployed	Not in the labor force
Total, 20 years and older	2,672	100.0	70.1	12.4	17.5
20 to 24 years	63	100.0	-	-	-
25 to 54 years	1,676	100.0	75.1	13.9	11.0
55 to 64 years	702	100.0	66.5	10.7	22.8
65 years and older	232	100.0	44.1	7.4	48.5
Women, 20 years and older	1,206	100.0	67.8	12.5	19.7
20 to 24 years	42	100.0	-	-	-
25 to 54 years	729	100.0	75.9	12.9	11.2
55 to 64 years	321	100.0	60.3	13.4	26.3
65 years and older	115	100.0	35.4	5.6	59.1
Men, 20 years and older	1,466	100.0	71.9	12.3	15.7
20 to 24 years	20	100.0	-	-	-
25 to 54 years	947	100.0	74.5	14.6	10.9
55 to 64 years	382	100.0	71.7	8.3	20.0
65 years and older	117	100.0	52.6	9.3	38.2
White
Total, 20 years and older	2,162	100.0	70.9	10.5	18.6
Women	951	100.0	67.7	9.7	22.6
Men	1,211	100.0	73.5	11.0	15.5
Black or African American
Total, 20 years and older	335	100.0	61.8	22.2	16.0
Women	183	100.0	64.6	22.6	12.9
Men	152	100.0	58.5	21.8	19.7
Asian
Total, 20 years and older	110	100.0	73.5	25.6	0.9
Women	48	100.0	-	-	-
Men	62	100.0	-	-	-
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 20 years and older	461	100.0	67.6	8.5	23.9
Women	199	100.0	61.2	10.5	28.3
Men	262	100.0	72.6	7.0	20.5
¹ Displaced workers are workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2017 and December 2019 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Values not shown where base is less than 75,000.) Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2020 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Table 28. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer, selected years, 2004–20
Age and gender	January 2004	January 2006	January 2008	January 2010	January 2012	January 2014	January 2016	January 2018	January 2020
Total, 16 years and older	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.4	4.6	4.6	4.2	4.2	4.1
16 to 17 years	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.7
18 to 19 years	0.8	0.7	0.8	1.0	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
20 to 24 years	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.3
25 years and older	4.9	4.9	5.1	5.2	5.4	5.5	5.1	5.0	4.9
25 to 34 years	2.9	2.9	2.7	3.1	3.2	3.0	2.8	2.8	2.8
35 to 44 years	4.9	4.9	4.9	5.1	5.3	5.2	4.9	4.9	4.9
45 to 54 years	7.7	7.3	7.6	7.8	7.8	7.9	7.9	7.6	7.5
55 to 64 years	9.6	9.3	9.9	10.0	10.3	10.4	10.1	10.1	9.9
65 years and older	9.0	8.8	10.2	9.9	10.3	10.3	10.3	10.2	10.3
Women, 16 years and older	3.8	3.9	3.9	4.2	4.6	4.5	4.0	4.0	3.9
16 to 17 years	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.7
18 to 19 years	0.8	0.7	0.8	1.0	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
20 to 24 years	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.2
25 years and older	4.7	4.8	4.9	5.1	5.4	5.4	5.0	4.9	4.8
25 to 34 years	2.8	2.8	2.6	3.0	3.1	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.7
35 to 44 years	4.5	4.6	4.7	4.9	5.2	5.1	4.8	4.7	4.6
45 to 54 years	6.4	6.7	7.0	7.1	7.3	7.6	7.5	7.1	6.8
55 to 64 years	9.2	9.2	9.8	9.7	10.0	10.2	10.0	10.1	9.8
65 years and older	9.6	9.5	9.9	10.1	10.5	10.5	10.4	10.1	10.4
Men, 16 years and older	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.3	4.3	4.3
16 to 17 years	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.7
18 to 19 years	0.8	0.7	0.8	1.0	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8
20 to 24 years	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.4
25 years and older	5.1	5.0	5.2	5.3	5.5	5.5	5.2	5.1	5.1
25 to 34 years	3.0	2.9	2.8	3.2	3.2	3.1	2.9	2.9	2.9
35 to 44 years	5.2	5.1	5.2	5.3	5.4	5.4	5.0	5.0	5.1
45 to 54 years	9.6	8.1	8.2	8.5	8.5	8.2	8.4	8.1	8.2
55 to 64 years	9.8	9.5	10.1	10.4	10.7	10.7	10.2	10.2	10.0
65 years and older	8.2	8.3	10.4	9.7	10.2	10.0	10.2	10.2	10.3
Note: Data exclude all self-employed people, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, January 2004–20 Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement.

Table 29. Labor force status of 2020 high school graduates and 2019–2020 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, October 2020 (numbers in thousands)
Characteristic	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total, 2020 high school graduates¹	3,118	1,427	45.8	1,186	38.0	241	16.9	1,691
Women	1,537	724	47.1	605	39.4	118	16.3	813
Men	1,581	703	44.5	580	36.7	123	17.5	878
Enrolled in college	1,955	645	33.0	556	28.4	89	13.8	1,310
Percentage of total 2020 graduates	62.7	45.2	-	46.9	-	37.0	-	77.5
Women	1,017	386	37.9	326	32.0	60	15.6	632
Percentage of female 2020 graduates	66.2	53.3	-	53.8	-	50.9	-	77.7
Men	938	260	27.7	231	24.6	29	11.2	678
Percentage of male 2020 graduates	59.3	36.9	-	39.8	-	23.5	-	77.3
Not enrolled in college	1,162	781	67.2	629	54.2	152	19.5	381
Percentage of total 2020 graduates	37.3	54.8	-	53.1	-	63.0	-	22.5
Women	519	338	65.1	280	53.9	58	17.2	181
Percentage of female 2020 graduates	33.8	46.7	-	46.2	-	49.1	-	22.3
Men	643	444	69.0	349	54.3	94	21.2	200
Percentage of male 2020 graduates	40.7	63.1	-	60.2	-	76.5	-	22.7
Total, 2019-2020 high school dropouts²	575	273	47.5	253	43.9	20	7.5	302
Women	246	103	41.9	95	38.5	8	8.0	143
Men	329	170	51.7	158	48.0	12	7.2	159
¹Data refer to people who graduated from high school in January through October 2020. ²Data refer to people who dropped out of school between October 2019 and October 2020. Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2020 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 30. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational attainment, October 2020 (numbers in thousands)
Characteristic	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Enrolled in school	21,012	7,564	36.0	6,710	31.9	855	11.3	13,448
Women	11,000	4,358	39.6	3,936	35.8	422	9.7	6,642
Men	10,012	3,207	32.0	2,774	27.7	433	13.5	6,805
Enrolled in high school¹	9,214	2,097	22.8	1,832	19.9	266	12.7	7,116
Women	4,456	1,106	24.8	1,005	22.6	101	9.1	3,350
Men	4,757	991	20.8	826	17.4	165	16.6	3,766
Enrolled in college	11,798	5,467	46.3	4,878	41.3	589	10.8	6,331
Women	6,544	3,252	49.7	2,931	44.8	321	9.9	3,292
Men	5,254	2,215	42.2	1,947	37.1	268	12.1	3,039
Not enrolled in school	16,456	13,033	79.2	11,554	70.2	1,479	11.3	3,423
Women	7,659	5,777	75.4	5,187	67.7	590	10.2	1,883
Less than a high school diploma	814	382	47.0	339	41.7	43	11.2	432
High school graduates, no college²	3,229	2,305	71.4	2,028	62.8	277	12.0	923
Some college or associate's degree	2,038	1,656	81.3	1,499	73.6	157	9.5	382
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,579	1,433	90.8	1,320	83.6	113	7.9	146
Men	8,796	7,256	82.5	6,367	72.4	889	12.3	1,540
Less than a high school diploma	1,165	778	66.8	699	59.9	80	10.2	387
High school graduates, no college²	4,414	3,597	81.5	3,100	70.2	498	13.8	817
Some college or associate's degree	1,997	1,749	87.6	1,534	76.8	215	12.3	248
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,219	1,131	92.8	1,034	84.8	97	8.6	88
¹Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school. ² Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent. Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, October 2020 School Enrollment Supplement.

Table 31. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Year	Total employed	Multiple jobholders				Multiple-jobholding rate^¹
		Total	Women		Men	Total	Women	Men
		Total	Number	Percentage of all multiple jobholders	Men	Total	Women	Men
1994	123,060	7,260	3,336	46.0	3,924	5.9	5.9	5.9
1995	124,900	7,693	3,554	46.2	4,139	6.2	6.2	6.1
1996	126,708	7,832	3,640	46.5	4,192	6.2	6.2	6.1
1997	129,558	7,955	3,718	46.7	4,237	6.1	6.2	6.1
1998	131,463	7,926	3,748	47.3	4,178	6.0	6.2	5.9
1999	133,488	7,802	3,698	47.4	4,104	5.8	6.0	5.7
2000	136,891	7,604	3,608	47.4	3,996	5.6	5.7	5.5
2001	136,933	7,357	3,523	47.9	3,834	5.4	5.5	5.2
2002	136,485	7,291	3,557	48.8	3,734	5.3	5.6	5.1
2003	137,736	7,315	3,599	49.2	3,716	5.3	5.6	5.1
2004	139,252	7,473	3,638	48.7	3,835	5.4	5.6	5.1
2005	141,730	7,546	3,691	48.9	3,855	5.3	5.6	5.1
2006	144,427	7,576	3,753	49.5	3,822	5.2	5.6	4.9
2007	146,047	7,655	3,822	49.9	3,833	5.2	5.6	4.9
2008	145,362	7,620	3,783	49.6	3,837	5.2	5.6	5.0
2009	139,877	7,271	3,741	51.5	3,530	5.2	5.6	4.8
2010	139,064	6,878	3,552	51.6	3,326	4.9	5.4	4.5
2011	139,869	6,880	3,496	50.8	3,384	4.9	5.3	4.6
2012	142,469	6,943	3,495	50.3	3,448	4.9	5.2	4.6
2013	143,929	7,002	3,517	50.2	3,486	4.9	5.2	4.6
2014	146,305	7,146	3,636	50.9	3,511	4.9	5.3	4.5
2015	148,834	7,262	3,692	50.8	3,571	4.9	5.3	4.5
2016	151,436	7,531	3,887	51.6	3,645	5.0	5.5	4.5
2017	153,337	7,545	3,798	50.3	3,748	4.9	5.3	4.6
2018	155,761	7,769	3,934	50.6	3,835	5.0	5.4	4.6
2019	157,538	8,050	4,141	51.4	3,908	5.1	5.6	4.7
2020	147,795	6,687	3,429	51.3	3,258	4.5	5.0	4.1
¹Multiple jobholders as a percentage of all employed people in specified group. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 32. Unincorporated self-employed people in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Year	Total			Women			Men			Self-employed women as percentage of total self-employed
Year	Total employed	Self-employed	Self-employed as a percentage of total	Total employed	Self-employed	Self-employed as a percentage of total	Total employed	Self-employed	Self-employed as a percentage of total	Self-employed women as percentage of total self-employed
1976	85,421	5,783	6.8	35,027	1,549	4.4	50,394	4,233	8.4	26.8
1977	88,734	6,114	6.9	36,677	1,692	4.6	52,057	4,423	8.5	27.7
1978	92,661	6,429	6.9	38,900	1,814	4.7	53,761	4,614	8.6	28.2
1979	95,477	6,791	7.1	40,556	1,982	4.9	54,921	4,810	8.8	29.2
1980	95,938	7,000	7.3	41,461	2,097	5.1	54,477	4,904	9.0	30.0
1981	97,030	7,097	7.3	42,333	2,192	5.2	54,697	4,905	9.0	30.9
1982	96,125	7,262	7.6	42,591	2,309	5.4	53,534	4,954	9.3	31.8
1983	97,450	7,575	7.8	43,367	2,439	5.6	54,083	5,136	9.5	32.2
1984	101,685	7,785	7.7	45,262	2,566	5.7	56,423	5,219	9.2	33.0
1985	103,971	7,811	7.5	46,615	2,603	5.6	57,356	5,207	9.1	33.3
1986	106,434	7,881	7.4	48,054	2,610	5.4	58,381	5,271	9.0	33.1
1987	109,232	8,201	7.5	49,668	2,778	5.6	59,564	5,423	9.1	33.9
1988	111,800	8,519	7.6	51,020	2,955	5.8	60,780	5,564	9.2	34.7
1989	114,142	8,605	7.5	52,341	3,043	5.8	61,802	5,562	9.0	35.4
1990	115,570	8,719	7.5	53,011	3,122	5.9	62,559	5,597	8.9	35.8
1991	114,449	8,850	7.7	52,815	3,150	6.0	61,634	5,700	9.2	35.6
1992	115,245	8,575	7.4	53,380	2,963	5.6	61,866	5,613	9.1	34.5
1993	117,144	8,959	7.6	54,273	3,065	5.6	62,871	5,894	9.4	34.2
1994	119,651	9,003	7.5	55,755	3,443	6.2	63,896	5,560	8.7	38.2
1995	121,460	8,902	7.3	56,642	3,440	6.1	64,818	5,461	8.4	38.6
1996	123,264	8,971	7.3	57,630	3,506	6.1	65,634	5,465	8.3	39.1
1997	126,159	9,056	7.2	59,026	3,550	6.0	67,133	5,506	8.2	39.2
1998	128,085	8,962	7.0	59,945	3,482	5.8	68,140	5,480	8.0	38.9
1999	130,207	8,790	6.8	61,193	3,424	5.6	69,014	5,366	7.8	39.0
2000	134,427	9,205	6.8	62,983	3,631	5.8	71,444	5,573	7.8	39.4
2001	134,635	9,121	6.8	63,147	3,594	5.7	71,488	5,527	7.7	39.4
2002	134,174	8,923	6.7	62,995	3,499	5.6	71,179	5,425	7.6	39.2
2003	135,461	9,344	6.9	63,824	3,609	5.7	71,636	5,736	8.0	38.6
2004	137,020	9,467	6.9	64,182	3,607	5.6	72,838	5,860	8.0	38.1
2005	139,532	9,509	6.8	65,213	3,565	5.5	74,319	5,944	8.0	37.5
2006	142,221	9,685	6.8	66,382	3,681	5.5	75,838	6,004	7.9	38.0
2007	143,952	9,557	6.6	67,302	3,637	5.4	76,650	5,920	7.7	38.1
2008	143,194	9,219	6.4	67,358	3,483	5.2	75,836	5,736	7.6	37.8
2009	137,775	8,995	6.5	65,712	3,468	5.3	72,062	5,527	7.7	38.6
2010	136,858	8,860	6.5	65,164	3,388	5.2	71,694	5,472	7.6	38.2
2011	137,615	8,603	6.3	65,023	3,341	5.1	72,592	5,262	7.2	38.8
2012	140,283	8,749	6.2	66,353	3,483	5.2	73,930	5,266	7.1	39.8
2013	141,799	8,619	6.1	67,058	3,508	5.2	74,742	5,111	6.8	40.7
2014	144,068	8,602	6.0	68,061	3,444	5.1	76,007	5,158	6.8	40.0
2015	146,411	8,665	5.9	69,106	3,396	4.9	77,305	5,269	6.8	39.2
2016	148,976	8,751	5.9	70,247	3,385	4.8	78,729	5,366	6.8	38.7
2017	150,883	8,736	5.8	71,324	3,544	5.0	79,559	5,191	6.5	40.6
2018	153,336	8,941	5.8	72,435	3,518	4.9	80,902	5,423	6.7	39.3
2019	155,113	8,799	5.7	73,443	3,532	4.8	81,670	5,266	6.4	40.1
2020	145,446	8,511	5.9	68,585	3,544	5.2	76,862	4,967	6.5	41.6
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 33. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Native- or foreign-born status, age, and gender	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percentage of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of population	Total	Percentage of labor force
Total
Native born, 16 years and older¹	217,968	133,427	61.2	122,986	56.4	10,441	7.8	84,541
16 to 24 years	34,336	18,603	54.2	15,819	46.1	2,784	15.0	15,732
25 to 34 years	37,636	31,036	82.5	28,460	75.6	2,576	8.3	6,601
35 to 44 years	32,227	26,833	83.3	25,208	78.2	1,625	6.1	5,394
45 to 54 years	31,078	25,148	80.9	23,731	76.4	1,416	5.6	5,930
55 to 64 years	35,360	22,656	64.1	21,262	60.1	1,393	6.1	12,705
65 years and older	47,330	9,152	19.3	8,506	18.0	646	7.1	38,179
Foreign born, 16 years and older²	42,361	27,316	64.5	24,809	58.6	2,507	9.2	15,046
16 to 24 years	3,149	1,604	50.9	1,373	43.6	231	14.4	1,545
25 to 34 years	7,208	5,470	75.9	4,966	68.9	504	9.2	1,738
35 to 44 years	9,103	7,150	78.5	6,599	72.5	551	7.7	1,953
45 to 54 years	8,793	6,993	79.5	6,367	72.4	626	8.9	1,800
55 to 64 years	6,831	4,637	67.9	4,191	61.4	446	9.6	2,193
65 years and older	7,278	1,461	20.1	1,312	18.0	149	10.2	5,817
Women
Native born, 16 years and older¹	112,466	63,874	56.8	58,827	52.3	5,047	7.9	48,591
16 to 24 years	17,107	9,222	53.9	7,860	45.9	1,362	14.8	7,884
25 to 34 years	18,886	14,768	78.2	13,604	72.0	1,163	7.9	4,118
35 to 44 years	16,361	12,758	78.0	11,994	73.3	763	6.0	3,603
45 to 54 years	15,895	12,135	76.3	11,415	71.8	720	5.9	3,760
55 to 64 years	18,314	10,843	59.2	10,133	55.3	710	6.5	7,471
65 years and older	25,903	4,149	16.0	3,821	14.8	328	7.9	21,754
Foreign born, 16 years and older²	21,941	11,664	53.2	10,407	47.4	1,257	10.8	10,278
16 to 24 years	1,557	709	45.5	598	38.4	111	15.7	848
25 to 34 years	3,572	2,230	62.4	1,978	55.4	252	11.3	1,342
35 to 44 years	4,626	2,979	64.4	2,693	58.2	287	9.6	1,647
45 to 54 years	4,488	3,086	68.8	2,758	61.5	328	10.6	1,402
55 to 64 years	3,550	2,068	58.2	1,854	52.2	213	10.3	1,482
65 years and older	4,148	592	14.3	527	12.7	66	11.1	3,556
Men
Native born, 16 years and older¹	105,502	69,552	65.9	64,159	60.8	5,393	7.8	35,950
16 to 24 years	17,229	9,381	54.4	7,959	46.2	1,422	15.2	7,848
25 to 34 years	18,750	16,268	86.8	14,855	79.2	1,412	8.7	2,482
35 to 44 years	15,866	14,076	88.7	13,214	83.3	862	6.1	1,791
45 to 54 years	15,183	13,013	85.7	12,316	81.1	697	5.4	2,170
55 to 64 years	17,047	11,813	69.3	11,130	65.3	683	5.8	5,234
65 years and older	21,427	5,002	23.3	4,685	21.9	317	6.3	16,425
Foreign born, 16 years and older²	20,420	15,652	76.6	14,401	70.5	1,250	8.0	4,768
16 to 24 years	1,592	895	56.2	775	48.7	120	13.4	697
25 to 34 years	3,637	3,241	89.1	2,989	82.2	252	7.8	396
35 to 44 years	4,476	4,171	93.2	3,906	87.3	265	6.3	306
45 to 54 years	4,305	3,907	90.8	3,609	83.8	298	7.6	398
55 to 64 years	3,281	2,570	78.3	2,337	71.2	233	9.1	711
65 years and older	3,129	869	27.8	785	25.1	84	9.6	2,260
¹ The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. ² The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 34. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, 1983–2018 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Year	Total employed	Members of unions¹		Represented by unions²
Year	Total employed	Total	Percentage of employed	Total	Percentage of employed
Total
1983	88,290	17,717	20.1	20,532	23.3
1984	92,194	17,340	18.8	19,932	21.6
1985	94,521	16,996	18.0	19,358	20.5
1986	96,903	16,975	17.5	19,278	19.9
1987	99,303	16,913	17.0	19,051	19.2
1988	101,407	17,002	16.8	19,241	19.0
1989	103,480	16,960	16.4	19,198	18.6
1990	104,876	16,776	16.0	19,105	18.2
1991	103,723	16,612	16.0	18,790	18.1
1992	104,668	16,418	15.7	18,578	17.7
1993	106,101	16,627	15.7	18,682	17.6
1994	107,989	16,748	15.5	18,850	17.5
1995	110,038	16,360	14.9	18,346	16.7
1996	111,960	16,269	14.5	18,158	16.2
1997	114,533	16,110	14.1	17,923	15.6
1998	116,730	16,211	13.9	17,918	15.4
1999	118,963	16,477	13.9	18,182	15.3
2000	122,089	16,334	13.4	18,153	14.9
2001	122,229	16,305	13.3	18,026	14.7
2002	121,826	16,145	13.3	17,695	14.5
2003	122,358	15,776	12.9	17,448	14.3
2004	123,554	15,472	12.5	17,087	13.8
2005	125,889	15,685	12.5	17,223	13.7
2006	128,237	15,359	12.0	16,860	13.1
2007	129,767	15,670	12.1	17,243	13.3
2008	129,377	16,098	12.4	17,761	13.7
2009	124,490	15,327	12.3	16,904	13.6
2010	124,073	14,715	11.9	16,290	13.1
2011	125,187	14,764	11.8	16,290	13.0
2012	127,577	14,366	11.3	15,922	12.5
2013	129,110	14,528	11.3	16,028	12.4
2014	131,431	14,576	11.1	16,152	12.3
2015	133,743	14,795	11.1	16,441	12.3
2016	136,101	14,555	10.7	16,271	12.0
2017	137,890	14,817	10.7	16,444	11.9
2018	140,099	14,744	10.5	16,380	11.7
2019	141,737	14,574	10.3	16,383	11.6
2020	132,174	14,253	10.8	15,939	12.1
Women
1983	40,433	5,908	14.6	7,262	18.0
1984	42,172	5,829	13.8	7,100	16.8
1985	43,506	5,732	13.2	6,910	15.9
1986	44,961	5,802	12.9	6,961	15.5
1987	46,365	5,842	12.6	6,907	14.9
1988	47,495	5,982	12.6	7,109	15.0
1989	48,691	6,141	12.6	7,243	14.9
1990	49,323	6,179	12.5	7,330	14.9
1991	49,105	6,142	12.5	7,247	14.8
1992	49,842	6,274	12.6	7,411	14.9
1993	50,626	6,516	12.9	7,610	15.0
1994	51,419	6,642	12.9	7,740	15.1
1995	52,369	6,430	12.3	7,479	14.3
1996	53,488	6,410	12.0	7,397	13.8
1997	54,708	6,347	11.6	7,304	13.4
1998	55,757	6,362	11.4	7,280	13.1
1999	57,050	6,528	11.4	7,425	13.0
2000	58,427	6,671	11.4	7,662	13.1
2001	58,582	6,768	11.6	7,672	13.1
2002	58,555	6,820	11.6	7,629	13.0
2003	59,122	6,732	11.4	7,601	12.9
2004	59,408	6,593	11.1	7,450	12.5
2005	60,423	6,815	11.3	7,626	12.6
2006	61,426	6,702	10.9	7,501	12.2
2007	62,299	6,903	11.1	7,749	12.4
2008	62,532	7,160	11.4	8,036	12.9
2009	60,951	6,887	11.3	7,727	12.7
2010	60,542	6,722	11.1	7,528	12.4
2011	60,502	6,758	11.2	7,558	12.5
2012	61,679	6,470	10.5	7,311	11.9
2013	62,316	6,573	10.5	7,340	11.8
2014	63,383	6,638	10.5	7,434	11.7
2015	64,445	6,833	10.6	7,681	11.9
2016	65,512	6,667	10.2	7,567	11.6
2017	66,421	6,651	10.0	7,514	11.3
2018	67,467	6,662	9.9	7,512	11.1
2019	68,388	6,624	9.7	7,538	11.0
2020	63,462	6,672	10.5	7,507	11.8
Men
1983	47,856	11,809	24.7	13,270	27.7
1984	50,022	11,511	23.0	12,832	25.7
1985	51,015	11,264	22.1	12,448	24.4
1986	51,942	11,173	21.5	12,317	23.7
1987	52,938	11,071	20.9	12,144	22.9
1988	53,912	11,019	20.4	12,132	22.5
1989	54,789	10,820	19.7	11,955	21.8
1990	55,553	10,597	19.1	11,775	21.2
1991	54,618	10,470	19.2	11,542	21.1
1992	54,826	10,144	18.5	11,167	20.4
1993	55,475	10,112	18.2	11,072	20.0
1994	56,570	10,106	17.9	11,110	19.6
1995	57,669	9,929	17.2	10,868	18.8
1996	58,473	9,859	16.9	10,761	18.4
1997	59,825	9,763	16.3	10,619	17.7
1998	60,973	9,850	16.2	10,638	17.4
1999	61,914	9,949	16.1	10,758	17.4
2000	63,662	9,664	15.2	10,491	16.5
2001	63,647	9,538	15.0	10,354	16.3
2002	63,272	9,325	14.7	10,066	15.9
2003	63,236	9,044	14.3	9,848	15.6
2004	64,145	8,878	13.8	9,638	15.0
2005	65,466	8,870	13.5	9,597	14.7
2006	66,811	8,657	13.0	9,360	14.0
2007	67,468	8,767	13.0	9,494	14.1
2008	66,846	8,938	13.4	9,724	14.5
2009	63,539	8,441	13.3	9,176	14.4
2010	63,531	7,994	12.6	8,761	13.8
2011	64,686	8,006	12.4	8,731	13.5
2012	65,898	7,895	12.0	8,611	13.1
2013	66,794	7,955	11.9	8,688	13.0
2014	68,048	7,939	11.7	8,717	12.8
2015	69,298	7,963	11.5	8,760	12.6
2016	70,589	7,888	11.2	8,704	12.3
2017	71,469	8,166	11.4	8,930	12.5
2018	72,632	8,082	11.1	8,868	12.2
2019	73,349	7,950	10.8	8,845	12.1
2020	68,711	7,582	11.0	8,432	12.3
¹ Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. ² Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract. Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 35. Employment status of people, 18 years and older, by veteran status, period of service, and gender, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Veteran status, employment status, and period of service	Total	Women	Men	Women as a percentage of total
Total veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	18,466	1,904	16,562	10.3
Civilian labor force	8,918	1,093	7,826	12.3
Participation rate	48.3	57.4	47.2	-
Employed	8,338	1,019	7,319	12.2
Employment-population ratio	45.2	53.5	44.2	-
Unemployed	581	74	507	12.7
Unemployment rate	6.5	6.7	6.5	-
Not in labor force	9,548	811	8,737	8.5
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,484	760	3,725	16.9
Civilian labor force	3,530	521	3,009	14.8
Participation rate	78.7	68.6	80.8	-
Employed	3,271	483	2,788	14.8
Employment-population ratio	72.9	63.6	74.8	-
Unemployed	259	38	221	14.5
Unemployment rate	7.3	7.2	7.4	-
Not in labor force	955	239	716	25.0
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,074	503	2,570	16.4
Civilian labor force	2,276	333	1,943	14.6
Participation rate	74.0	66.2	75.6	-
Employed	2,167	312	1,855	14.4
Employment-population ratio	70.5	61.9	72.2	-
Unemployed	109	21	88	19.5
Unemployment rate	4.8	6.4	4.5	-
Not in labor force	798	170	627	21.4
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,826	238	6,587	3.5
Civilian labor force	1,254	33	1,221	2.7
Participation rate	18.4	14.0	18.5	-
Employed	1,170	29	1,140	2.5
Employment-population ratio	17.1	12.4	17.3	-
Unemployed	84	4	80	4.7
Unemployment rate	6.7	11.8	6.6	-
Not in labor force	5,572	205	5,366	3.7
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,082	402	3,680	9.8
Civilian labor force	1,859	205	1,653	11.1
Participation rate	45.5	51.1	44.9	-
Employed	1,730	194	1,536	11.2
Employment-population ratio	42.4	48.4	41.7	-
Unemployed	128	11	117	8.5
Unemployment rate	6.9	5.3	7.1	-
Not in labor force	2,224	197	2,027	8.8
Nonveterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	233,099	128,140	104,960	55.0
Civilian labor force	149,742	73,338	76,404	49.0
Participation rate	64.2	57.2	72.8	-
Employed	137,739	67,301	70,438	48.9
Employment-population ratio	59.1	52.5	67.1	-
Unemployed	12,003	6,037	5,966	50.3
Unemployment rate	8.0	8.2	7.8	-
Not in labor force	83,357	54,802	28,555	65.7
Note: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001–present), Gulf War era I (August 1990–August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964–April 1975), Korean War (July 1950–January 1955), World War II (December 1941–December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 36. Employment and disability status of people, by gender and age, 2020 annual averages (numbers in thousands)
Disability status, employment status, and age	Total	Women	Men
Total people with a disability
Civilian noninstitutional population	29,918	15,879	14,039
Civilian labor force	6,123	2,778	3,345
Participation rate	20.5	17.5	23.8
Employed	5,354	2,410	2,943
Employment-population ratio	17.9	15.2	21.0
Unemployed	769	367	402
Unemployment rate	12.6	13.2	12.0
Not in labor force	23,796	13,102	10,694
16 to 64 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	14,826	7,370	7,456
Civilian labor force	4,979	2,322	2,657
Participation rate	33.6	31.5	35.6
Employed	4,310	1,998	2,312
Employment-population ratio	29.1	27.1	31.0
Unemployed	669	324	345
Unemployment rate	13.4	13.9	13.0
Not in labor force	9,847	5,048	4,799
65 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	15,092	8,509	6,584
Civilian labor force	1,144	455	688
Participation rate	7.6	5.4	10.5
Employed	1,043	412	632
Employment-population ratio	6.9	4.8	9.6
Unemployed	101	44	57
Unemployment rate	8.8	9.6	8.3
Not in labor force	13,948	8,053	5,895
Total people without a disability
Civilian noninstitutional population	230,411	118,528	111,883
Civilian labor force	154,620	72,761	81,859
Participation rate	67.1	61.4	73.2
Employed	142,441	66,824	75,617
Employment-population ratio	61.8	56.4	67.6
Unemployed	12,178	5,937	6,242
Unemployment rate	7.9	8.2	7.6
Not in labor force	75,791	45,767	30,024
16 to 64 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	190,895	96,985	93,910
Civilian labor force	145,151	68,475	76,676
Participation rate	76.0	70.6	81.6
Employed	133,667	62,888	70,779
Employment-population ratio	70.0	64.8	75.4
Unemployed	11,484	5,586	5,898
Unemployment rate	7.9	8.2	7.7
Not in labor force	45,744	28,510	17,234
65 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	39,515	21,543	17,973
Civilian labor force	9,469	4,286	5,183
Participation rate	24.0	19.9	28.8
Employed	8,774	3,936	4,838
Employment-population ratio	22.2	18.3	26.9
Unemployed	694	350	344
Unemployment rate	7.3	8.2	6.6
Not in labor force	30,047	17,257	12,790
Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone, such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

In 2020, estimates in this report reflect a change in the classification of people in same-sex marriages. In prior years, estimates of the number of married people referred to those in opposite-sex marriages only. The definition of families incorporates this change by expanding the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex married couples. Additional information about the classification change is available from the Census Bureau.

Some data presented in this report were collected in supplements to the CPS, such as the School Enrollment Supplement; the Displaced Worker, Employee Tenure, and Occupational Mobility Supplement; and the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC). The ASEC, conducted in the months of February through April, includes questions about work activity and income during the previous calendar year. For instance, data collected in 2020 are for the 2019 calendar year. The 2019 data in this report are based on fewer sample responses than in recent years. The collection period for these data coincided with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic; because in-person interviews were suspended during the collection period, the response rate for the survey was about 10 percentage points lower than in the previous year.

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services or the information voice phone at: (202) 691-5200. This article is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Concepts and definitions

Children refers to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

The civilian labor force includes all people classified as employed or unemployed.

The civilian labor force participation rate represents the number of people in the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population.

The civilian noninstitutional population is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states or the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on Active Duty in the Armed Forces.

Disability status is determined in the CPS through a set of six questions. The questions are about physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with daily activities. For each of the questions, interviewers ask the respondent whether anyone in the household has the condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he or she is then asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. People are classified as having a disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these questions. For more information, see the wording of the six questions used to identify people with a disability, available on our website.

Displaced workers are wage and salary workers, 20 years of age and older, who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data are presented for long-tenured displaced workers—those who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.

The employed are people who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees, (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm, or (c) worked 15 or more hours as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.

The employment-population ratio represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the population.

The foreign born are people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas (such as Puerto Rico or Guam), and neither parent was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born population includes legally admitted immigrants; refugees; temporary residents, such as students and temporary workers; and undocumented immigrants. The survey does not specifically identify people in these categories, however.

The native born are people born in the United States or one of its outlying areas or, if born abroad, had at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.

Hours at work reflects the number of hours actually worked (at all jobs) during the survey reference week, which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month. For example, people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off for 8 hours during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday. (See related information on usual full- or part-time status.)

Married-couple families refers to opposite-sex and same-sex married couples (one of whom is the householder) residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.

The householder is the person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented and, therefore, is the family reference person.

Workers paid at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are not included, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the minimum wage. The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when, in fact, they earn the minimum wage.

Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws.

The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.

People not in the labor force are those who are neither employed nor unemployed.

Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupation and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2018 Census occupational classification system and the 2017 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2018 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), respectively. For more information, see Occupational and Industry classifications used in the CPS.

Poverty classification statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families, predicated on the basis of factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age.

The actual poverty thresholds vary because of the makeup of the family. In 2019, the weighted average poverty threshold for a family of four was $26,172; for a family of nine or more people, the threshold was $52,875; and for one person (unrelated individual), it was $13,011. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Thresholds do not vary geographically. (For more information, see “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019.”)

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people identified one group as their main race. For more information, see Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003. Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality.

Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Estimates of the self-employed in this report reflect only people whose businesses are unincorporated. Self-employed people whose businesses are incorporated are included with wage and salary workers, unless otherwise specified.

Employee tenure is a measure of how long wage and salary workers had been with their current employer at the time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median years; the median is the point at which half of all workers had more tenure and half had less. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data are collected through a biennial supplement to the January CPS.

The unemployed are people who had no employment during the survey reference week, were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the survey reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Union membership refers to members of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.

Usual full- or part-time status is based on the number of hours people usually work per week, regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours per week (at all jobs combined). Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs).

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Earnings estimates are presented as median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. The median is the point at which half of all workers had higher earnings and half had lower earnings.

Veterans are men and women 18 years or older who previously served on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. People who are on Active Duty at the time of the survey are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women who never served on Active Duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.

Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates from a private-sector employer or from a local, state, or federal government agency or entity. This includes paid employees of charities, nonprofits, and religious and civic organizations. This group also generally includes the incorporated self-employed because, legally, they are paid employees of a corporation. (Data on union membership, earnings, tenure, and displacement of wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses.)

Work experience data reflect work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” Because the reference period is a full year, the number of people with some employment exceeds the level for any given month, which is based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.

Workers paid hourly rates are wage and salary workers who report that they are paid by the hour on their main job. Historically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.

The working poor are people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work) but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level. The working-poor rate is the number of individuals in the labor force for at least 27 weeks whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level, as a percentage of all people who were in the labor force for at least 27 weeks during the calendar year. These data are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. There are two reasons this occurs: sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error occurs because samples differ by chance. The sampling error variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. For more information on sampling and nonsampling errors in the CPS and estimating standard errors, see Reliability of estimates from the CPS.