November 2016 Report 1064

Highlights of women’s earnings in 2015

In 2015, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings that were 81 percent of those of male full-time wage and salary workers. In 1979, the first year for which comparable earnings data are available, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s. Since 2004, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio has ranged from 80 to 83 percent. (See chart 1 and tables 1 and 12.)

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The weekly and hourly earnings estimates in Highlights of Women’s Earnings reflect information collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and averaged for the calendar year. These data are distinct from the annual earnings estimates for full-time, year-round workers collected separately in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS and published by the U.S. Census Bureau.

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization. See the accompanying technical notes section for more information, including a description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.

View Chart Data

Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2015
Year	Percentage
1979	62.3
1980	64.2
1981	64.4
1982	65.7
1983	66.5
1984	67.6
1985	68.1
1986	69.5
1987	69.8
1988	70.2
1989	70.1
1990	71.9
1991	74.2
1992	75.8
1993	77.1
1994	76.4
1995	75.5
1996	75.0
1997	74.4
1998	76.3
1999	76.5
2000	76.9
2001	76.4
2002	77.9
2003	79.4
2004	80.4
2005	81.0
2006	80.8
2007	80.2
2008	79.9
2009	80.2
2010	81.2
2011	82.2
2012	80.9
2013	82.1
2014	82.5
2015	81.1

Earnings of full-time workers

Below are data highlights for women and men who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week) in wage and salary jobs, with sections focusing on characteristics such as age, race and ethnicity, education, occupation, and more.

Earnings by age group

In 2015, median weekly earnings were $726 for all women age 16 and older. For men 16 and older, median weekly earnings were $895. Women’s median weekly earnings were highest for those between the ages of 35 and 64, with relatively little difference in the earnings of 35- to 44-year-olds ($804), 45- to 54-year-olds ($799), and 55- to 64-year-olds ($784). For men, earnings were highest for 45- to 54-year-olds ($1,040) and 55- to 64-year-olds ($1,064). Young women and men age 16 to 24 had the lowest earnings ($450 and $510, respectively). (See chart 2 and table 1.)

View Chart Data

Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 2015 annual averages, in dollars
Age	16 to 24	25 to 34	35 to 44	45 to 54	55 to 64	65 and older
Women	450	690	804	799	784	740
Men	510	770	983	1,040	1,064	1,003

In 2015, women’s earnings ranged from 74 to 82 percent of men’s among workers age 35 and older. For those under age 35, the earnings differences between women and men were smaller, with women earning about 88 to 90 percent of what men did. (See table 1.)

Between 1979 and 2015, women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios rose for most age groups, particularly in the prime working ages from 25 to 54. Among 25- to 34-year-olds, the ratio increased from 68 percent in 1979 to 90 percent in 2015; the ratio for 35- to 44-year-olds rose from 58 to 82 percent; and the ratio for 45- to 54-year-olds, from 57 to 77 percent. For workers age 55 to 64, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio rose from 61 to 74 percent over this period. For young workers age 16 to 24, the earnings ratio increased from 79 to 88 percent between 1979 and 2015, with the gains occurring primarily in the 1980s. (See table 12.)

Earnings by race and ethnicity

Asian women and men earned more than their White, Black, and Hispanic counterparts in 2015. Among women, Whites ($743) earned 85 percent as much as Asians ($877), Blacks ($615) earned 70 percent, and Hispanics ($566) earned 65 percent. In comparison, White men ($920) earned 81 percent as much as Asian men ($1,129), Black men ($680) earned 60 percent as much, and Hispanic men ($631), 56 percent. (See chart 3 and table 1.)

View Chart Data

Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages, in dollars
Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity	Women	Men
Total	726	895
White	743	920
Black or African American	615	680
Asian	877	1,129
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	566	631

Earnings differences between women and men were the most pronounced for Asians and for Whites. Asian women earned 78 percent as much as Asian men in 2015, and White women earned 81 percent as much as their male counterparts. In comparison, Black and Hispanic women had median earnings that were 90 percent of those of their male counterparts. (See table 1.)

Women’s earnings have increased considerably among the major race and Hispanic ethnicity groups since 1979 (the first year for which comparable data are available), with White women experiencing the greatest earnings growth. From 1979 to 2015, inflation-adjusted earnings (also called constant-dollar earnings) have increased by 32 percent for White women, by 19 percent for Black women, and by 18 percent for Hispanic women. In recent years, however, earnings growth appears to have plateaued for White, Black, and Hispanic women. (See table 18.)

The long-term trend in men’s earnings has been quite different than that for women. Inflation-adjusted earnings for White and Black men declined during the 1980s and the first part of the 1990s, followed by a period of growth, before tapering off. For Hispanic men, earnings also dropped until the mid-1990s, but then began to trend upward. Over the full period, 1979 through 2015, inflation-adjusted earnings for White and Black men have changed little on net (+1 percent and -2 percent, respectively), while those for Hispanic men have shown a small net decline (-6 percent). (See table 18.)

Comparable earnings data for Asians are available only back to 2003. Between 2003 and 2015, inflation-adjusted earnings grew by 14 percent for Asian women and by 13 percent for Asian men. (See table 18.)

Earnings by educational attainment

Median weekly earnings vary significantly by educational attainment. Among all workers age 25 and older, the weekly earnings of those without a high school diploma ($493) were 40 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,230) in 2015. For workers with a high school diploma who had not attended college, median earnings ($678) were 55 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Those with some college or an associate’s degree ($762) made 62 percent of what workers with a bachelor’s degree or more made. (See table 1.)

In each educational attainment category, the long-term trend in inflation-adjusted earnings has been more favorable for women than for men. Although both women and men without a high school diploma have experienced declines in inflation-adjusted earnings since 1979, the drop for women was much smaller than that for men: a 10-percent decrease for women, compared with a 32-percent decline for men. On an inflation-adjusted basis, earnings for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher have increased by 32 percent since 1979. Earnings for men with a bachelor’s degree or higher have risen by 18 percent. (Data refer to workers age 25 and older.) (See chart 4 and table 19.)

View Chart Data

Percentage change in inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, 1979–2015
Year	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Women	-10	4	3	32
Men	-32	-19	-12	18

Earnings by occupation

Women and men working full time in management, business, and financial operations occupations had higher median weekly earnings than workers in any other major occupational category in 2015 ($1,073 for women and $1,436 for men). Within management, business, and financial operations occupations, women and men who were chief executives had the highest median weekly earnings in 2015 ($1,836 and $2,251, respectively). (See table 2.)

The second-highest paying occupational category for women and men was professional and related occupations ($963 for women and $1,343 for men). Women who were pharmacists ($1,811) and lawyers ($1,717) had the highest earnings in this category. For men, those who were pharmacists ($2,117), physicians and surgeons ($1,915), and lawyers ($1,914) earned the most. (See table 2.)

The occupational distributions of female and male full-time workers differ considerably. Compared with men, relatively few women work in construction, production, or transportation occupations, and women are far more concentrated in office and administrative support jobs. Women also are more likely than men to work in professional and related occupations. In 2015, 30 percent of women worked in professional and related occupations, compared with 19 percent of men. Within this occupational category, though, the proportion of women employed in the higher paying job groups is much smaller than the proportion of men employed in them. In 2015, 9 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the relatively high-paying computer and engineering fields, compared with 45 percent of men. Women in professional and related occupations were more likely to work in education and healthcare jobs, which generally pay less than computer and engineering jobs. Sixty-eight percent of women in professional occupations worked in education and healthcare jobs in 2015, compared with 30 percent of men. (See chart 5 and table 2.)

View Chart Data

Distribution of full-time wage and salary employment, by major occupational group, 2015 annual averages
Group	Women	Men
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	17.4	16.5
Professional and related occupations	30.3	19.4
Service occupations	15.8	12.6
Sales and related occupations	8.9	8.9
Office and administrative support occupations	20.6	6.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	0.9	17.1
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	6.1	19.0

Earnings for those with and without children under 18

In 2015, a little more than one-third of full-time wage and salary workers were parents of children under age 18. (“Children” refers to "own" children and includes sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household.) Median weekly earnings for mothers of children under age 18 ($727) were essentially the same as earnings for women without children under 18 ($726). Earnings for fathers with children under 18 were $985, compared with $844 for men without children under 18. (See table 7.)

Earnings by state of residence

Median weekly earnings and women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios vary by state of residence. (In this report, “state” refers to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.) The differences among the states reflect, in part, variation in the occupations and industries found in each state and differences in the demographic composition of each state’s labor force. In addition, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates. Thus, earnings comparisons between states should be made with caution. Readers also should note that the state estimates are based on workers’ state of residence; their reported earnings are not necessarily from a job located in the same state. (See table 3.)

Weekly work hours of full-time workers

Among full-time workers (that is, those usually working at a job 35 hours or more per week), men are more likely than women to have a longer workweek. In 2015, 26 percent of men who usually work full time worked 41 or more hours per week, compared with 15 percent of women. Women were more likely than men to work 35 to 39 hours per week: 11 percent of women worked such hours in 2015, while 5 percent of men did. A majority of both male and female full-time workers had a 40-hour workweek. Among these workers, women earned 88 percent as much as men. (This analysis excludes people who usually work 35 or more hours per week but whose hours vary.) (See table 5.)

Earnings of part-time workers

Women are more likely than men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week on a sole or main job. Women who worked part time made up 25 percent of all female wage and salary workers in 2015. In comparison, 12 percent of men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Median weekly earnings for female part-timers were $251 in 2015, slightly higher than the $238 median for men. (See table 4.)

Part-time workers are more likely to be under age 25 than full-time workers. Among part-timers in 2015, 30 percent of women and 45 percent of men were under age 25. Among full-time workers, 9 percent of women and 9 percent of men were under age 25. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Earnings of workers paid by the hour

In 2015, 61 percent of women and 56 percent of men in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour. Women who were paid hourly rates had median hourly earnings of $12.56, which were 86 percent of the median hourly earnings of men ($14.67). (See tables 8 and 11.)

Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2015, 4 percent of women and 3 percent of men had hourly earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25. (See table 10.)

Among both women and men, hourly paid workers age 16 to 19 were the most likely to have earnings at or below the minimum wage. Eleven percent of teenage workers who were paid hourly rates earned the prevailing federal minimum wage or less in 2015, compared with just 2 percent of hourly paid workers age 25 and older. Six percent of workers age 20 to 24 had earnings at or below the federal minimum wage. (See table 10.) See the technical notes section for information about BLS estimates of the number of minimum wage workers.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2015 annual averages
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	109,080	$809	$2	48,334	$726	$2	60,746	$895	$3	81.1
16 to 24 years	9,790	487	2	4,314	450	5	5,476	510	3	88.2
16 to 19 years	1,156	389	4	495	364	6	660	407	5	89.4
20 to 24 years	8,634	501	3	3,818	468	5	4,816	522	4	89.7
25 years and older	99,291	860	2	44,020	761	2	55,270	947	3	80.4
25 to 34 years	26,611	735	3	11,538	690	5	15,073	770	5	89.6
35 to 44 years	24,917	900	5	10,802	804	7	14,114	983	7	81.8
45 to 54 years	25,577	923	5	11,572	799	7	14,005	1,040	8	76.8
55 to 64 years	18,108	927	6	8,295	784	7	9,813	1,064	11	73.7
65 years and older	4,078	873	14	1,813	740	12	2,265	1,003	24	73.8
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	85,443	835	3	36,698	743	3	48,746	920	4	80.8
Black or African American	13,587	641	5	7,142	615	5	6,445	680	8	90.4
Asian	6,638	993	12	2,954	877	15	3,684	1,129	14	77.7
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	18,311	604	3	7,168	566	6	11,142	631	6	89.7
Marital status
Never married	31,097	643	3	13,626	614	3	17,470	673	5	91.2
Married, spouse present	60,283	930	3	24,544	804	5	35,739	1,030	5	78.1
Other marital status	17,700	766	4	10,164	712	5	7,537	861	8	82.7
Divorced	11,780	810	6	6,809	748	6	4,971	902	10	82.9
Separated	4,157	667	10	2,065	608	8	2,092	738	13	82.4
Widowed	1,764	734	14	1,290	682	14	474	915	28	74.5
Union affiliation⁽¹⁾
Members of unions⁽²⁾	13,340	980	5	5,831	928	8	7,509	1,017	7	91.2
Represented by unions⁽³⁾	14,768	975	5	6,526	921	7	8,242	1,014	7	90.8
Not represented by a union	94,313	776	2	41,808	697	3	52,504	869	4	80.2
Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and older	99,291	860	2	44,020	761	2	55,270	947	3	80.4
Less than a high school diploma	7,289	493	3	2,255	418	3	5,035	520	3	80.4
High school graduates, no college	25,221	678	3	9,905	586	3	15,316	759	4	77.2
Some college or associate's degree	26,801	762	3	12,692	664	3	14,109	883	5	75.2
Bachelor's degree and higher	39,979	1,230	5	19,169	1,064	6	20,811	1,420	8	74.9
⁽¹⁾ Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region. ⁽²⁾ Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. ⁽³⁾ Union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2015 annual averages
Occupation	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Occupation	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, full-time wage and salary workers	109,080	$809	$2	48,334	$726	$2	60,746	$895	$3	81.1
Management, professional, and related occupations	44,844	1,158	3	23,038	996	4	21,807	1,383	7	72.0
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	18,422	1,258	7	8,404	1,073	10	10,018	1,436	10	74.7
Management occupations	12,480	1,351	9	5,147	1,139	9	7,332	1,486	17	76.6
Chief executives	1,046	2,041	71	283	1,836	81	763	2,251	86	81.6
General and operations managers	823	1,260	22	202	1,002	94	621	1,347	44	74.4
Legislators	8	–	–	4	–	–	5	–	–	–
Advertising and promotions managers	55	1,050	96	26	–	–	29	–	–	–
Marketing and sales managers	948	1,462	38	378	1,258	108	570	1,603	82	78.5
Public relations and fundraising managers	59	1,557	80	35	–	–	24	–	–	–
Administrative services managers	170	1,191	89	73	981	240	96	1,451	60	67.6
Computer and information systems managers	636	1,728	60	169	1,563	59	466	1,817	103	86.0
Financial managers	1,124	1,408	46	573	1,130	27	551	1,732	68	65.2
Compensation and benefits managers	23	–	–	16	–	–	7	–	–	–
Human resources managers	254	1,365	41	186	1,274	106	68	1,495	160	85.2
Training and development managers	37	–	–	20	–	–	17	–	–	–
Industrial production managers	267	1,485	79	45	–	–	221	1,528	52	–
Purchasing managers	193	1,348	43	84	1,226	219	109	1,404	81	87.3
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	276	966	35	52	749	79	224	1,006	46	74.5
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers	129	769	97	23	–	–	106	847	43	–
Construction managers	471	1,329	62	42	–	–	429	1,357	40	–
Education administrators	778	1,423	26	496	1,252	94	282	1,585	76	79.0
Architectural and engineering managers	110	1,899	34	10	–	–	101	1,892	33	–
Food service managers	763	742	17	374	680	24	389	820	31	82.9
Funeral service managers	13	–	–	2	–	–	10	–	–	–
Gaming managers	19	–	–	6	–	–	13	–	–	–
Lodging managers	123	985	36	68	902	55	54	1,171	103	77.0
Medical and health services managers	592	1,210	54	438	1,156	19	154	1,422	83	81.3
Natural sciences managers	24	–	–	13	–	–	11	–	–	–
Postmasters and mail superintendents	20	–	–	10	–	–	10	–	–	–
Property, real estate, and community association managers	401	914	48	230	823	47	171	1,137	48	72.4
Social and community service managers	305	1,022	42	200	965	26	105	1,142	150	84.5
Emergency management directors	9	–	–	3	–	–	6	–	–	–
Managers, all other	2,803	1,408	20	1,085	1,213	48	1,717	1,525	33	79.5
Business and financial operations occupations	5,942	1,137	8	3,256	1,004	10	2,686	1,327	18	75.7
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes	27	–	–	14	–	–	13	–	–	–
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products	11	–	–	2	–	–	9	–	–	–
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products	142	926	51	69	985	50	73	886	53	111.2
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products	260	1,009	30	124	986	59	136	1,020	46	96.7
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	317	963	27	176	824	48	141	1,134	32	72.7
Compliance officers	235	1,198	92	109	1,025	56	126	1,375	62	74.5
Cost estimators	95	1,232	54	12	–	–	83	1,264	54	–
Human resources workers	592	1,002	22	441	984	22	151	1,158	183	85.0
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	63	998	68	50	898	93	12	–	–	–
Training and development specialists	107	990	106	65	1,037	48	42	–	–	–
Logisticians	111	1,028	50	44	–	–	66	1,075	47	–
Management analysts	529	1,431	45	237	1,348	50	291	1,519	64	88.7
Meeting, convention, and event planners	117	859	33	90	840	38	27	–	–	–
Fundraisers	62	1,136	62	48	–	–	14	–	–	–
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	203	1,284	99	118	1,239	60	85	1,411	181	87.8
Business operations specialists, all other	186	1,090	55	112	969	45	74	1,461	53	66.3
Accountants and auditors	1,464	1,132	18	846	988	25	618	1,345	22	73.5
Appraisers and assessors of real estate	42	–	–	21	–	–	21	–	–	–
Budget analysts	44	–	–	28	–	–	17	–	–	–
Credit analysts	17	–	–	9	–	–	8	–	–	–
Financial analysts	295	1,426	56	127	1,171	100	168	1,680	165	69.7
Personal financial advisors	407	1,419	97	159	1,033	73	248	1,738	127	59.4
Insurance underwriters	106	1,149	118	63	956	53	44	–	–	–
Financial examiners	17	–	–	8	–	–	9	–	–	–
Credit counselors and loan officers	313	997	50	166	906	39	146	1,186	69	76.4
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	59	1,051	48	39	–	–	20	–	–	–
Tax preparers	56	892	68	37	–	–	19	–	–	–
Financial specialists, all other	66	1,162	84	40	–	–	25	–	–	–
Professional and related occupations	26,423	1,112	6	14,634	963	5	11,789	1,343	8	71.7
Computer and mathematical occupations	4,009	1,428	16	973	1,245	17	3,036	1,503	23	82.8
Computer and information research scientists	28	–	–	5	–	–	23	–	–	–
Computer systems analysts	499	1,389	60	173	1,256	43	325	1,462	29	85.9
Information security analysts	67	1,538	56	11	–	–	56	1,562	51	–
Computer programmers	450	1,438	48	93	1,302	89	357	1,501	59	86.7
Software developers, applications and systems software	1,287	1,682	40	232	1,415	37	1,054	1,751	22	80.8
Web developers	151	1,165	50	53	1,026	129	98	1,233	34	83.2
Computer support specialists	396	1,079	36	105	908	62	291	1,135	36	80.0
Database administrators	90	1,536	249	32	–	–	58	1,829	239	–
Network and computer systems administrators	208	1,242	76	28	–	–	179	1,266	105	–
Computer network architects	115	1,552	81	15	–	–	100	1,577	88	–
Computer occupations, all other	490	1,227	41	116	1,145	39	374	1,252	38	91.5
Actuaries	24	–	–	6	–	–	18	–	–	–
Mathematicians	6	–	–	0	–	–	6	–	–	–
Operations research analysts	122	1,441	87	63	1,325	54	59	1,574	175	84.2
Statisticians	76	1,275	63	39	–	–	37	–	–	–
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Architecture and engineering occupations	2,656	1,424	18	383	1,257	34	2,272	1,452	18	86.6
Architects, except naval	138	1,441	110	31	–	–	106	1,492	67	–
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	29	–	–	6	–	–	23	–	–	–
Aerospace engineers	140	1,662	75	18	–	–	122	1,668	96	–
Agricultural engineers	5	–	–	0	–	–	5	–	–	–
Biomedical engineers	12	–	–	2	–	–	10	–	–	–
Chemical engineers	79	1,532	117	10	–	–	69	1,583	70	–
Civil engineers	316	1,460	38	41	–	–	275	1,474	53	–
Computer hardware engineers	72	1,876	47	10	–	–	62	1,871	68	–
Electrical and electronics engineers	283	1,778	79	37	–	–	246	1,819	126	–
Environmental engineers	35	–	–	9	–	–	26	–	–	–
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	205	1,447	41	37	–	–	168	1,430	55	–
Marine engineers and naval architects	9	–	–	0	–	–	9	–	–	–
Materials engineers	36	–	–	4	–	–	33	–	–	–
Mechanical engineers	316	1,534	28	23	–	–	294	1,550	30	–
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	15	–	–	0	–	–	15	–	–	–
Nuclear engineers	5	–	–	2	–	–	3	–	–	–
Petroleum engineers	43	–	–	3	–	–	39	–	–	–
Engineers, all other	393	1,527	40	54	1,448	42	339	1,537	37	94.2
Drafters	114	977	45	23	–	–	91	977	57	–
Engineering technicians, except drafters	352	963	23	68	827	134	284	984	32	84.0
Surveying and mapping technicians	58	1,012	66	4	–	–	54	1,031	75	–
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,176	1,206	39	514	1,067	29	662	1,379	34	77.4
Agricultural and food scientists	22	–	–	10	–	–	12	–	–	–
Biological scientists	74	1,233	45	28	–	–	46	–	–	–
Conservation scientists and foresters	23	–	–	7	–	–	16	–	–	–
Medical scientists	151	1,250	63	84	1,082	105	68	1,362	36	79.4
Life scientists, all other	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Astronomers and physicists	14	–	–	3	–	–	11	–	–	–
Atmospheric and space scientists	8	–	–	1	–	–	8	–	–	–
Chemists and materials scientists	93	1,432	68	33	–	–	61	1,496	95	–
Environmental scientists and geoscientists	90	1,423	125	25	–	–	65	1,740	102	–
Physical scientists, all other	189	1,553	56	68	1,170	105	121	1,770	162	66.1
Economists	29	–	–	12	–	–	17	–	–	–
Survey researchers	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Psychologists	114	1,367	67	83	1,189	116	31	–	–	–
Sociologists	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Urban and regional planners	22	–	–	9	–	–	13	–	–	–
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	37	–	–	19	–	–	19	–	–	–
Agricultural and food science technicians	28	–	–	7	–	–	21	–	–	–
Biological technicians	20	–	–	10	–	–	10	–	–	–
Chemical technicians	75	944	192	32	–	–	43	–	–	–
Geological and petroleum technicians	22	–	–	4	–	–	18	–	–	–
Nuclear technicians	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Social science research assistants	3	–	–	3	–	–	0	–	–	–
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians	157	846	33	78	780	47	79	1,001	160	77.9
Community and social service occupations	2,143	889	12	1,367	845	15	776	973	28	86.8
Counselors	635	904	21	451	902	25	184	908	38	99.3
Social workers	677	877	17	549	862	19	127	943	49	91.4
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	85	967	49	43	–	–	42	–	–	–
Social and human service assistants	173	676	34	149	673	28	23	–	–	–
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers	92	831	34	63	728	72	29	–	–	–
Clergy	376	1,002	34	60	924	153	316	1,021	54	90.5
Directors, religious activities and education	62	929	61	31	–	–	31	–	–	–
Religious workers, all other	44	–	–	21	–	–	23	–	–	–
Legal occupations	1,346	1,391	37	722	1,135	19	624	1,877	36	60.5
Lawyers	803	1,886	16	300	1,717	99	503	1,914	18	89.7
Judicial law clerks	11	–	–	10	–	–	1	–	–	–
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	54	1,952	150	20	–	–	33	–	–	–
Paralegals and legal assistants	341	927	30	294	910	36	47	–	–	–
Miscellaneous legal support workers	136	770	32	97	746	26	40	–	–	–
Education, training, and library occupations	6,884	956	6	5,034	907	7	1,849	1,144	13	79.3
Postsecondary teachers	917	1,258	21	401	1,144	20	516	1,405	55	81.4
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	517	616	17	506	618	17	11	–	–	–
Elementary and middle school teachers	2,806	974	8	2,262	957	8	543	1,077	38	88.9
Secondary school teachers	1,048	1,066	23	610	1,006	17	438	1,149	23	87.6
Special education teachers	297	987	22	258	990	22	38	–	–	–
Other teachers and instructors	378	896	40	199	817	28	179	1,024	92	79.8
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	38	–	–	20	–	–	18	–	–	–
Librarians	130	991	38	102	966	49	27	–	–	–
Library technicians	18	–	–	15	–	–	4	–	–	–
Teacher assistants	614	541	16	565	530	17	48	–	–	–
Other education, training, and library workers	123	1,001	81	95	1,031	49	28	–	–	–
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,643	1,001	16	713	942	20	930	1,088	54	86.6
Artists and related workers	58	1,166	41	20	–	–	39	–	–	–
Designers	593	993	19	291	918	36	301	1,099	83	83.5
Actors	12	–	–	4	–	–	8	–	–	–
Producers and directors	120	1,270	96	53	1,234	87	67	1,340	69	92.1
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers	147	780	37	39	–	–	108	818	50	–
Dancers and choreographers	11	–	–	9	–	–	2	–	–	–
Musicians, singers, and related workers	42	–	–	9	–	–	33	–	–	–
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other	14	–	–	3	–	–	11	–	–	–
Announcers	25	–	–	5	–	–	21	–	–	–
News analysts, reporters and correspondents	56	1,218	41	27	–	–	29	–	–	–
Public relations specialists	120	1,211	121	71	971	47	49	–	–	–
Editors	108	1,148	45	50	1,125	265	58	1,205	151	93.4
Technical writers	52	1,158	41	30	–	–	22	–	–	–
Writers and authors	79	1,232	76	42	–	–	36	–	–	–
Miscellaneous media and communication workers	46	–	–	30	–	–	16	–	–	–
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators	83	954	28	7	–	–	77	937	31	–
Photographers	45	–	–	21	–	–	24	–	–	–
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors	30	–	–	1	–	–	28	–	–	–
Media and communication equipment workers, all other	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	6,566	1,041	10	4,928	991	8	1,639	1,272	28	77.9
Chiropractors	22	–	–	7	–	–	15	–	–	–
Dentists	59	1,656	90	20	–	–	39	–	–	–
Dietitians and nutritionists	79	886	76	69	879	75	9	–	–	–
Optometrists	19	–	–	13	–	–	6	–	–	–
Pharmacists	206	1,920	89	108	1,811	52	98	2,117	159	85.5
Physicians and surgeons	740	1,824	114	283	1,533	84	457	1,915	59	80.1
Physician assistants	57	1,368	322	40	–	–	17	–	–	–
Podiatrists	9	–	–	4	–	–	5	–	–	–
Audiologists	8	–	–	6	–	–	1	–	–	–
Occupational therapists	74	1,210	38	64	1,199	42	10	–	–	–
Physical therapists	178	1,265	30	123	1,215	93	56	1,347	37	90.2
Radiation therapists	12	–	–	7	–	–	5	–	–	–
Recreational therapists	6	–	–	4	–	–	2	–	–	–
Respiratory therapists	99	1,000	47	67	937	99	32	–	–	–
Speech-language pathologists	108	1,147	29	106	1,148	29	1	–	–	–
Exercise physiologists	3	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Therapists, all other	132	944	22	101	951	26	31	–	–	–
Veterinarians	55	1,455	61	39	–	–	16	–	–	–
Registered nurses	2,382	1,116	13	2,104	1,098	14	278	1,222	41	89.9
Nurse anesthetists	23	–	–	12	–	–	11	–	–	–
Nurse midwives	6	–	–	6	–	–	0	–	–	–
Nurse practitioners	115	1,532	42	103	1,522	122	11	–	–	–
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other	2	–	–	2	–	–	0	–	–	–
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	270	901	26	201	796	49	69	1,089	74	73.1
Dental hygienists	86	914	91	80	953	151	6	–	–	–
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians	253	964	75	177	908	26	76	1,106	49	82.1
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics	175	811	49	49	–	–	126	899	50	–
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians	487	636	20	389	633	21	99	652	51	97.1
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	508	743	16	459	737	16	48	–	–	–
Medical records and health information technicians	174	740	25	157	723	37	17	–	–	–
Opticians, dispensing	44	–	–	23	–	–	21	–	–	–
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	99	671	29	66	642	27	32	–	–	–
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	78	1,128	118	38	–	–	40	–	–	–
Service occupations	15,279	509	2	7,650	463	3	7,629	585	4	79.1
Healthcare support occupations	2,395	498	4	2,074	490	4	320	577	20	84.9
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides	1,400	467	7	1,237	457	6	163	526	25	86.9
Occupational therapy assistants and aides	17	–	–	12	–	–	4	–	–	–
Physical therapist assistants and aides	53	742	91	35	–	–	18	–	–	–
Massage therapists	37	–	–	22	–	–	16	–	–	–
Dental assistants	188	531	31	175	522	21	14	–	–	–
Medical assistants	422	539	11	387	530	11	35	–	–	–
Medical transcriptionists	28	–	–	26	–	–	3	–	–	–
Pharmacy aides	22	–	–	18	–	–	4	–	–	–
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	21	–	–	17	–	–	4	–	–	–
Phlebotomists	91	551	34	76	534	31	15	–	–	–
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers	115	524	38	71	511	52	44	–	–	–
Protective service occupations	2,729	796	15	547	655	20	2,181	851	16	77.0
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	57	856	83	16	–	–	41	–	–	–
First-line supervisors of police and detectives	114	1,427	182	17	–	–	97	1,425	182	–
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers	42	–	–	3	–	–	39	–	–	–
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	72	808	43	16	–	–	56	825	137	–
Firefighters	260	1,033	32	16	–	–	245	1,052	30	–
Fire inspectors	18	–	–	3	–	–	15	–	–	–
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers	453	754	15	112	686	21	341	779	27	88.1
Detectives and criminal investigators	141	1,159	91	41	–	–	100	1,265	202	–
Fish and game wardens	6	–	–	1	–	–	5	–	–	–
Parking enforcement workers	9	–	–	3	–	–	6	–	–	–
Police and sheriff's patrol officers	655	1,002	21	86	1,009	52	569	1,001	23	100.8
Transit and railroad police	3	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Animal control workers	4	–	–	2	–	–	2	–	–	–
Private detectives and investigators	85	843	129	36	–	–	49	–	–	–
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers	708	567	13	153	515	12	555	592	14	87.0
Crossing guards	26	–	–	13	–	–	13	–	–	–
Transportation security screeners	33	–	–	11	–	–	22	–	–	–
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers	42	–	–	18	–	–	24	–	–	–
Food preparation and serving related occupations	4,124	441	5	1,991	414	4	2,133	481	6	86.1
Chefs and head cooks	340	619	21	55	492	28	285	656	33	75.0
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	378	498	14	222	458	11	156	621	43	73.8
Cooks	1,302	416	4	494	400	7	808	427	10	93.7
Food preparation workers	366	402	8	192	388	12	174	414	11	93.7
Bartenders	252	521	16	142	493	21	110	569	36	86.6
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food	173	391	10	107	380	17	67	401	12	94.8
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop	56	354	18	28	–	–	28	–	–	–
Waiters and waitresses	868	451	16	563	411	8	305	501	12	82.0
Food servers, nonrestaurant	93	509	19	62	485	19	31	–	–	–
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	107	403	19	48	–	–	59	389	33	–
Dishwashers	117	398	11	19	–	–	98	401	13	–
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	66	400	11	58	397	11	8	–	–	–
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	6	–	–	3	–	–	4	–	–	–
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3,605	486	4	1,275	419	4	2,330	517	5	81.0
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers	172	620	20	64	571	34	108	700	64	81.6
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	80	649	31	1	–	–	79	653	31	–
Janitors and building cleaners	1,536	507	6	425	429	11	1,111	547	14	78.4
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	876	416	5	742	407	5	134	475	16	85.7
Pest control workers	77	585	19	3	–	–	74	591	18	–
Grounds maintenance workers	862	469	9	39	–	–	824	473	9	–
Personal care and service occupations	2,427	498	5	1,763	475	7	664	597	11	79.6
First-line supervisors of gaming workers	117	769	33	52	680	38	65	900	97	75.6
First-line supervisors of personal service workers	60	608	35	35	–	–	25	–	–	–
Animal trainers	26	–	–	8	–	–	19	–	–	–
Nonfarm animal caretakers	100	505	14	68	501	16	32	–	–	–
Gaming services workers	69	676	179	39	–	–	30	–	–	–
Motion picture projectionists	3	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	9	–	–	4	–	–	5	–	–	–
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers	69	485	27	28	–	–	42	–	–	–
Embalmers and funeral attendants	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors	23	–	–	7	–	–	17	–	–	–
Barbers	46	–	–	12	–	–	33	–	–	–
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	253	461	21	229	463	24	23	–	–	–
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers	191	501	10	159	497	11	32	–	–	–
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	75	608	16	12	–	–	63	606	17	–
Tour and travel guides	21	–	–	9	–	–	11	–	–	–
Childcare workers	407	437	14	393	430	15	14	–	–	–
Personal care aides	680	462	12	552	441	12	128	537	22	82.1
Recreation and fitness workers	185	555	24	107	526	20	78	684	39	76.9
Residential advisors	24	–	–	16	–	–	8	–	–	–
Personal care and service workers, all other	67	499	16	32	–	–	35	–	–	–
Sales and office occupations	23,620	673	3	14,236	627	3	9,384	777	7	80.7
Sales and related occupations	9,725	716	7	4,303	578	6	5,423	880	12	65.7
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	2,326	711	13	1,030	614	9	1,296	825	22	74.4
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers	835	1,028	36	280	896	26	556	1,140	27	78.6
Cashiers	1,342	415	4	931	405	5	411	471	19	86.0
Counter and rental clerks	73	594	46	37	–	–	35	–	–	–
Parts salespersons	92	601	21	11	–	–	82	600	24	–
Retail salespersons	1,918	590	10	759	494	7	1,159	694	19	71.2
Advertising sales agents	161	925	80	83	729	39	78	1,155	74	63.1
Insurance sales agents	427	815	34	232	717	29	194	1,028	100	69.7
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	211	1,155	37	65	767	43	146	1,461	110	52.5
Travel agents	62	711	27	53	685	29	9	–	–	–
Sales representatives, services, all other	406	966	28	139	699	53	268	1,147	27	60.9
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	1,138	1,020	24	295	917	50	843	1,066	38	86.0
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	15	–	–	11	–	–	4	–	–	–
Real estate brokers and sales agents	463	837	47	266	735	25	197	1,052	103	69.9
Sales engineers	33	–	–	2	–	–	31	–	–	–
Telemarketers	39	–	–	21	–	–	17	–	–	–
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	28	–	–	18	–	–	9	–	–	–
Sales and related workers, all other	158	916	54	70	727	85	89	1,088	169	66.8
Office and administrative support occupations	13,894	656	3	9,933	646	3	3,961	693	8	93.2
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	1,297	812	15	863	781	16	434	878	31	89.0
Switchboard operators, including answering service	17	–	–	10	–	–	7	–	–	–
Telephone operators	22	–	–	18	–	–	4	–	–	–
Communications equipment operators, all other	5	–	–	3	–	–	2	–	–	–
Bill and account collectors	152	657	26	98	648	30	54	674	186	96.1
Billing and posting clerks	406	657	14	366	664	14	39	–	–	–
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	769	692	13	682	692	13	87	690	28	100.3
Gaming cage workers	11	–	–	10	–	–	2	–	–	–
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	128	757	32	111	751	33	17	–	–	–
Procurement clerks	35	–	–	21	–	–	15	–	–	–
Tellers	264	514	9	231	516	9	33	–	–	–
Financial clerks, all other	61	767	109	32	–	–	30	–	–	–
Brokerage clerks	3	–	–	1	–	–	1	–	–	–
Correspondence clerks	3	–	–	2	–	–	1	–	–	–
Court, municipal, and license clerks	60	755	66	51	743	63	9	–	–	–
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	42	–	–	29	–	–	12	–	–	–
Customer service representatives	1,760	621	7	1,149	604	7	611	690	19	87.5
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	67	781	74	50	805	128	17	–	–	–
File clerks	145	634	25	120	627	25	25	–	–	–
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	127	481	21	69	467	89	58	486	21	96.1
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	105	615	25	89	617	32	16	–	–	–
Library assistants, clerical	35	–	–	28	–	–	7	–	–	–
Loan interviewers and clerks	134	710	25	109	722	27	25	–	–	–
New accounts clerks	20	–	–	17	–	–	3	–	–	–
Order clerks	74	599	23	48	–	–	26	–	–	–
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	50	737	45	40	–	–	11	–	–	–
Receptionists and information clerks	852	575	9	781	569	10	72	619	24	91.9
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	95	713	37	61	680	40	34	–	–	–
Information and record clerks, all other	100	618	15	78	616	18	22	–	–	–
Cargo and freight agents	20	–	–	9	–	–	12	–	–	–
Couriers and messengers	153	752	32	19	–	–	134	750	37	–
Dispatchers	250	698	28	141	655	30	109	759	44	86.3
Meter readers, utilities	39	–	–	4	–	–	34	–	–	–
Postal service clerks	127	927	66	51	833	48	76	974	36	85.5
Postal service mail carriers	302	954	29	115	854	39	187	1,021	39	83.6
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	53	828	242	26	–	–	27	–	–	–
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	256	838	55	141	732	24	116	978	40	74.8
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks	502	591	13	148	566	30	354	604	17	93.7
Stock clerks and order fillers	1,027	520	7	376	506	9	651	537	19	94.2
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	59	629	48	31	–	–	29	–	–	–
Secretaries and administrative assistants	2,223	687	8	2,099	683	8	124	786	35	86.9
Computer operators	58	751	51	33	–	–	25	–	–	–
Data entry keyers	223	619	13	169	638	24	55	589	21	108.3
Word processors and typists	68	650	33	62	639	30	6	–	–	–
Desktop publishers	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	259	689	16	203	675	18	56	762	43	88.6
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	63	563	49	39	–	–	24	–	–	–
Office clerks, general	929	620	8	773	622	9	156	609	21	102.1
Office machine operators, except computer	31	–	–	16	–	–	14	–	–	–
Proofreaders and copy markers	2	–	–	2	–	–	0	–	–	–
Statistical assistants	15	–	–	10	–	–	5	–	–	–
Office and administrative support workers, all other	391	745	20	298	718	27	93	852	62	84.3
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	10,834	761	6	453	580	15	10,381	770	6	75.3
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	810	464	8	174	437	12	637	477	12	91.6
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	42	–	–	10	–	–	32	–	–	–
Agricultural inspectors	12	–	–	6	–	–	7	–	–	–
Animal breeders	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	83	486	34	51	468	19	32	–	–	–
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	613	445	10	102	398	16	511	460	12	86.5
Fishers and related fishing workers	11	–	–	0	–	–	11	–	–	–
Hunters and trappers	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Forest and conservation workers	15	–	–	5	–	–	10	–	–	–
Logging workers	31	–	–	0	–	–	31	–	–	–
Construction and extraction occupations	5,722	749	9	137	704	28	5,586	751	9	93.7
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	560	1,040	40	20	–	–	540	1,047	40	–
Boilermakers	21	–	–	0	–	–	21	–	–	–
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	122	652	46	0	–	–	122	652	46	–
Carpenters	802	687	11	10	–	–	792	687	12	–
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	89	637	61	1	–	–	89	634	66	–
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	44	–	–	0	–	–	44	–	–	–
Construction laborers	1,181	639	18	25	–	–	1,155	642	18	–
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	10	–	–	0	–	–	10	–	–	–
Pile-driver operators	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	324	856	31	6	–	–	318	859	33	–
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	121	596	28	2	–	–	119	595	28	–
Electricians	651	888	28	19	–	–	632	891	27	–
Glaziers	33	–	–	0	–	–	32	–	–	–
Insulation workers	43	–	–	3	–	–	41	–	–	–
Painters, construction and maintenance	344	585	16	14	–	–	330	587	15	–
Paperhangers	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	456	863	41	2	–	–	455	862	41	–
Plasterers and stucco masons	20	–	–	1	–	–	19	–	–	–
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	9	–	–	0	–	–	9	–	–	–
Roofers	171	584	23	2	–	–	170	580	23	–
Sheet metal workers	106	766	38	6	–	–	100	776	36	–
Structural iron and steel workers	54	869	35	2	–	–	52	864	39	–
Solar photovoltaic installers	8	–	–	0	–	–	8	–	–	–
Helpers, construction trades	47	–	–	0	–	–	47	–	–	–
Construction and building inspectors	67	939	37	9	–	–	58	965	35	–
Elevator installers and repairers	23	–	–	0	–	–	23	–	–	–
Fence erectors	33	–	–	0	–	–	33	–	–	–
Hazardous materials removal workers	39	–	–	5	–	–	35	–	–	–
Highway maintenance workers	91	754	62	0	–	–	91	755	62	–
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	9	–	–	0	–	–	9	–	–	–
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	8	–	–	0	–	–	8	–	–	–
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	25	–	–	2	–	–	23	–	–	–
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	28	–	–	1	–	–	27	–	–	–
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	30	–	–	0	–	–	30	–	–	–
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	5	–	–	0	–	–	5	–	–	–
Mining machine operators	68	1,106	43	2	–	–	65	1,098	42	–
Roof bolters, mining	3	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Roustabouts, oil and gas	7	–	–	0	–	–	7	–	–	–
Helpers—extraction workers	6	–	–	0	–	–	6	–	–	–
Other extraction workers	61	900	99	3	–	–	58	918	140	–
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,301	839	11	143	761	74	4,159	842	11	90.4
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	270	1,032	37	18	–	–	252	1,033	37	–
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	194	856	73	28	–	–	166	865	61	–
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	139	862	38	13	–	–	126	879	53	–
Avionics technicians	4	–	–	0	–	–	4	–	–	–
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	22	–	–	1	–	–	20	–	–	–
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility	18	–	–	0	–	–	17	–	–	–
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	17	–	–	0	–	–	17	–	–	–
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers	30	–	–	2	–	–	28	–	–	–
Security and fire alarm systems installers	67	911	68	2	–	–	65	913	66	–
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	133	1,025	30	7	–	–	125	1,032	31	–
Automotive body and related repairers	120	846	43	2	–	–	118	849	42	–
Automotive glass installers and repairers	21	–	–	1	–	–	20	–	–	–
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	710	722	18	16	–	–	694	724	19	–
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	327	831	35	0	–	–	327	830	34	–
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	206	928	35	0	–	–	206	928	36	–
Small engine mechanics	39	–	–	0	–	–	39	–	–	–
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	66	592	29	1	–	–	65	591	32	–
Control and valve installers and repairers	23	–	–	0	–	–	23	–	–	–
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	341	806	32	4	–	–	337	810	31	–
Home appliance repairers	36	–	–	0	–	–	36	–	–	–
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics	394	895	22	11	–	–	383	894	22	–
Maintenance and repair workers, general	469	773	23	10	–	–	459	771	23	–
Maintenance workers, machinery	31	–	–	1	–	–	30	–	–	–
Millwrights	49	–	–	1	–	–	48	–	–	–
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	113	1,105	55	0	–	–	112	1,105	55	–
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	157	882	46	9	–	–	148	880	49	–
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	64	996	72	4	–	–	60	1,009	70	–
Wind turbine service technicians	3	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	38	–	–	4	–	–	34	–	–	–
Commercial divers	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Locksmiths and safe repairers	12	–	–	0	–	–	12	–	–	–
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	4	–	–	1	–	–	4	–	–	–
Riggers	7	–	–	0	–	–	7	–	–	–
Signal and track switch repairers	9	–	–	0	–	–	9	–	–	–
Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers	17	–	–	0	–	–	17	–	–	–
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers	150	792	64	6	–	–	144	810	62	–
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	14,504	656	4	2,958	512	4	11,546	704	4	72.7
Production occupations	7,551	663	6	2,003	519	5	5,548	729	6	71.2
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers	783	875	19	133	623	31	650	924	24	67.4
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	15	–	–	4	–	–	11	–	–	–
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	123	554	37	64	544	48	59	566	53	96.1
Engine and other machine assemblers	14	–	–	2	–	–	12	–	–	–
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	31	–	–	3	–	–	28	–	–	–
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	950	581	10	377	512	11	573	637	22	80.4
Bakers	150	505	16	80	475	24	69	570	40	83.3
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	247	542	23	60	463	24	187	582	17	79.6
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	9	–	–	1	–	–	7	–	–	–
Food batchmakers	79	500	18	54	489	23	25	–	–	–
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	7	–	–	2	–	–	5	–	–	–
Food processing workers, all other	132	594	24	50	508	48	82	679	53	74.8
Computer control programmers and operators	83	833	97	2	–	–	81	857	97	–
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	8	–	–	1	–	–	7	–	–	–
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	6	–	–	0	–	–	6	–	–	–
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	15	–	–	3	–	–	12	–	–	–
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	78	633	36	15	–	–	62	674	40	–
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	–	–	1	–	–	5	–	–	–
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	41	–	–	3	–	–	39	–	–	–
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	12	–	–	1	–	–	11	–	–	–
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Machinists	338	834	17	17	–	–	320	840	17	–
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters	29	–	–	1	–	–	28	–	–	–
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	6	–	–	3	–	–	3	–	–	–
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	47	–	–	9	–	–	39	–	–	–
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Tool and die makers	49	–	–	0	–	–	49	–	–	–
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	568	760	17	23	–	–	545	767	18	–
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	4	–	–	0	–	–	4	–	–	–
Layout workers, metal and plastic	4	–	–	1	–	–	4	–	–	–
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	24	–	–	0	–	–	24	–	–	–
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	7	–	–	0	–	–	7	–	–	–
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other	351	639	23	72	581	19	278	678	23	85.7
Prepress technicians and workers	14	–	–	2	–	–	12	–	–	–
Printing press operators	160	707	39	26	–	–	134	729	19	–
Print binding and finishing workers	16	–	–	6	–	–	9	–	–	–
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	133	466	22	80	460	22	53	487	59	94.5
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	21	–	–	12	–	–	9	–	–	–
Sewing machine operators	147	493	14	105	476	16	42	–	–	–
Shoe and leather workers and repairers	5	–	–	1	–	–	4	–	–	–
Shoe machine operators and tenders	1	–	–	1	–	–	0	–	–	–
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	37	–	–	27	–	–	9	–	–	–
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	9	–	–	2	–	–	7	–	–	–
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders	8	–	–	4	–	–	3	–	–	–
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders	7	–	–	2	–	–	5	–	–	–
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Fabric and apparel patternmakers	4	–	–	1	–	–	3	–	–	–
Upholsterers	29	–	–	7	–	–	21	–	–	–
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other	16	–	–	4	–	–	12	–	–	–
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	40	–	–	2	–	–	38	–	–	–
Furniture finishers	6	–	–	0	–	–	6	–	–	–
Model makers and patternmakers, wood	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	26	–	–	4	–	–	22	–	–	–
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	23	–	–	1	–	–	21	–	–	–
Woodworkers, all other	17	–	–	3	–	–	14	–	–	–
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	35	–	–	1	–	–	34	–	–	–
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	84	996	69	3	–	–	81	1,012	68	–
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	82	880	42	3	–	–	79	868	37	–
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	35	–	–	3	–	–	33	–	–	–
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	62	1,052	141	5	–	–	57	1,082	33	–
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	82	652	51	7	–	–	75	668	48	–
Cutting workers	51	685	44	9	–	–	41	–	–	–
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	31	–	–	6	–	–	25	–	–	–
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	6	–	–	0	–	–	5	–	–	–
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	701	710	17	260	583	15	440	844	28	69.1
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers	19	–	–	7	–	–	11	–	–	–
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians	86	648	28	42	–	–	44	–	–	–
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	239	518	15	120	482	17	118	605	47	79.7
Painting workers	129	708	34	18	–	–	110	733	30	–
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	26	–	–	14	–	–	12	–	–	–
Semiconductor processors	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders	9	–	–	4	–	–	5	–	–	–
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders	4	–	–	1	–	–	2	–	–	–
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders	4	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Etchers and engravers	12	–	–	4	–	–	8	–	–	–
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	14	–	–	2	–	–	12	–	–	–
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	27	–	–	5	–	–	22	–	–	–
Tire builders	8	–	–	0	–	–	8	–	–	–
Helpers—production workers	24	–	–	7	–	–	18	–	–	–
Production workers, all other	846	625	12	203	501	16	643	666	14	75.2
Transportation and material moving occupations	6,953	646	7	955	494	9	5,998	679	6	72.8
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers	186	894	35	33	–	–	153	898	43	–
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	114	1,735	243	9	–	–	104	1,830	265	–
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists	32	–	–	8	–	–	24	–	–	–
Flight attendants	63	846	64	43	–	–	20	–	–	–
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	18	–	–	4	–	–	14	–	–	–
Bus drivers	323	615	14	138	572	26	184	681	24	84.0
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	2,687	747	9	105	632	53	2,582	751	9	84.2
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs	253	585	15	38	–	–	216	600	14	–
Motor vehicle operators, all other	21	–	–	3	–	–	18	–	–	–
Locomotive engineers and operators	44	–	–	2	–	–	42	–	–	–
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	5	–	–	0	–	–	5	–	–	–
Railroad conductors and yardmasters	55	1,117	67	4	–	–	52	1,137	38	–
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers	15	–	–	3	–	–	12	–	–	–
Sailors and marine oilers	10	–	–	0	–	–	9	–	–	–
Ship and boat captains and operators	29	–	–	1	–	–	28	–	–	–
Ship engineers	5	–	–	1	–	–	4	–	–	–
Bridge and lock tenders	4	–	–	0	–	–	4	–	–	–
Parking lot attendants	57	492	25	8	–	–	49	–	–	–
Automotive and watercraft service attendants	63	452	48	5	–	–	58	470	44	–
Transportation inspectors	21	–	–	7	–	–	14	–	–	–
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants	17	–	–	8	–	–	9	–	–	–
Other transportation workers	39	–	–	4	–	–	35	–	–	–
Conveyor operators and tenders	7	–	–	0	–	–	7	–	–	–
Crane and tower operators	75	988	72	4	–	–	71	1,016	73	–
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators	25	–	–	0	–	–	25	–	–	–
Hoist and winch operators	5	–	–	0	–	–	5	–	–	–
Industrial truck and tractor operators	579	609	11	37	–	–	541	612	12	–
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	222	485	19	22	–	–	200	498	19	–
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	1,433	526	9	219	455	16	1,214	547	12	83.2
Machine feeders and offbearers	30	–	–	9	–	–	21	–	–	–
Packers and packagers, hand	385	438	13	227	424	12	158	462	23	91.8
Pumping station operators	18	–	–	1	–	–	17	–	–	–
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	72	501	23	6	–	–	66	496	24	–
Mine shuttle car operators	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders	6	–	–	0	–	–	6	–	–	–
Material moving workers, all other	37	–	–	5	–	–	32	–	–	–
Note: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2015 annual averages
State	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
State	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
United States	109,080	$809	$2	48,334	$726	$2	60,746	$895	$3	81.1
Alabama	1,580	711	14	724	615	12	856	815	32	75.5
Alaska	255	903	15	110	787	21	145	1,034	24	76.1
Arizona	2,180	745	11	960	674	13	1,219	816	20	82.6
Arkansas	983	682	14	459	607	12	524	761	19	79.8
California	12,555	849	11	5,315	775	10	7,241	914	12	84.8
Colorado	1,895	863	16	821	779	17	1,074	941	20	82.8
Connecticut	1,245	1,012	31	586	874	29	659	1,139	23	76.7
Delaware	345	788	17	165	740	17	180	848	22	87.3
District of Columbia	295	1,148	15	147	1,070	44	149	1,224	41	87.4
Florida	6,601	747	7	3,041	699	9	3,559	800	16	87.4
Georgia	3,402	751	12	1,552	692	15	1,850	816	18	84.8
Hawaii	470	775	20	215	729	21	255	829	30	87.9
Idaho	530	726	11	217	654	12	312	806	22	81.1
Illinois	4,479	846	10	2,009	760	11	2,470	911	14	83.4
Indiana	2,284	769	15	997	687	23	1,287	861	27	79.8
Iowa	1,122	774	15	510	684	16	612	870	25	78.6
Kansas	1,023	765	13	456	667	17	567	870	21	76.7
Kentucky	1,392	756	16	637	685	17	755	849	25	80.7
Louisiana	1,559	727	15	716	630	17	843	828	27	76.1
Maine	423	790	19	194	711	19	229	889	31	80.0
Maryland	2,325	974	21	1,117	884	43	1,208	1,055	28	83.8
Massachusetts	2,423	1,001	15	1,076	907	21	1,347	1,112	39	81.6
Michigan	3,205	823	12	1,389	715	14	1,815	931	19	76.8
Minnesota	2,020	887	16	897	786	26	1,123	954	26	82.4
Mississippi	923	668	17	438	591	14	485	772	20	76.6
Missouri	2,168	768	15	1,006	667	14	1,162	863	22	77.3
Montana	329	730	11	147	660	17	182	794	24	83.1
Nebraska	714	754	10	322	652	16	392	856	19	76.2
Nevada	1,010	730	12	437	660	13	573	809	23	81.6
New Hampshire	503	865	23	219	746	18	284	965	25	77.3
New Jersey	3,208	969	13	1,396	874	18	1,812	1,050	30	83.2
New Mexico	624	722	17	286	638	16	338	812	31	78.6
New York	6,834	888	9	3,147	816	18	3,687	939	13	86.9
North Carolina	3,399	723	11	1,515	664	11	1,884	774	17	85.8
North Dakota	290	797	14	123	682	16	166	912	18	74.8
Ohio	3,888	800	12	1,723	716	13	2,165	882	14	81.2
Oklahoma	1,313	739	12	579	640	19	734	831	26	77.0
Oregon	1,235	826	19	527	734	21	708	884	22	83.0
Pennsylvania	4,461	833	11	1,960	723	13	2,501	922	15	78.4
Rhode Island	376	827	22	174	737	20	202	926	28	79.6
South Carolina	1,638	696	15	756	642	11	881	762	17	84.3
South Dakota	319	705	9	152	624	10	167	788	18	79.2
Tennessee	2,196	705	13	938	647	15	1,257	756	19	85.6
Texas	9,556	770	7	4,094	683	11	5,462	864	14	79.1
Utah	993	787	13	366	660	19	626	878	23	75.2
Vermont	223	831	17	102	752	17	120	902	23	83.4
Virginia	3,039	937	19	1,364	825	29	1,675	1,031	29	80.0
Washington	2,403	909	16	1,005	797	22	1,398	1,025	30	77.8
West Virginia	552	724	14	247	640	17	305	803	18	79.7
Wisconsin	2,082	824	14	909	707	16	1,173	920	24	76.8
Wyoming	217	797	19	89	654	15	128	948	25	69.0
Note: In general, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates; thus, comparisons of state estimates should be made with caution. Data shown are based on workers' state of residence; workers' reported earnings, however, may or may not be from a job located in the same state. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2015 annual averages
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	24,445	$246	$1	16,022	$251	$1	8,423	$238	$2	105.5
16 to 24 years	8,496	190	1	4,735	189	2	3,760	192	2	98.4
16 to 19 years	3,478	153	2	1,848	152	3	1,630	154	3	98.7
20 to 24 years	5,018	215	2	2,887	212	3	2,131	218	3	97.2
25 years and older	15,949	287	2	11,287	286	2	4,663	287	3	99.7
25 to 34 years	4,210	279	3	2,766	275	4	1,444	287	5	95.8
35 to 44 years	3,134	305	5	2,433	307	5	701	297	9	103.4
45 to 54 years	3,146	301	4	2,480	303	5	666	296	7	102.4
55 to 64 years	3,141	290	4	2,277	289	5	863	293	7	98.6
65 years and older	2,318	252	5	1,331	237	6	988	270	7	87.8
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	19,368	249	1	12,818	255	2	6,551	239	2	106.7
Black or African American	2,944	227	3	1,844	229	3	1,100	222	4	103.2
Asian	1,239	265	6	814	267	7	425	262	10	101.9
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4,017	242	2	2,504	238	3	1,514	247	4	96.4
Marital status
Never married	11,832	210	1	6,556	208	2	5,277	211	2	98.6
Married, spouse present	9,180	305	3	6,834	307	3	2,347	300	4	102.3
Other marital status	3,433	262	3	2,633	261	4	800	266	7	98.1
Divorced	1,982	272	4	1,489	272	5	493	270	10	100.7
Separated	789	255	6	586	256	7	203	252	10	101.6
Widowed	663	241	8	558	236	8	104	286	18	82.5
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2015 annual averages
Hours of work	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Hours of work	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, 16 years and older	133,743	$695	$2	64,445	$603	$2	69,298	$799	$3	75.5
0 to 34 hours	22,171	249	1	14,599	254	1	7,572	239	2	106.3
0 to 4 hours	472	63	3	317	61	3	155	68	6	89.7
5 to 9 hours	1,168	79	3	769	83	3	399	73	3	113.7
10 to 14 hours	1,878	114	1	1,252	115	1	626	113	2	101.8
15 to 19 hours	2,639	164	1	1,764	168	2	876	157	2	107.0
20 to 24 hours	6,429	223	1	4,159	233	3	2,271	214	2	108.9
25 to 29 hours	3,510	272	2	2,332	275	3	1,178	267	3	103.0
30 to 34 hours	6,076	347	3	4,008	358	4	2,067	326	4	109.8
35 hours and over	103,944	813	2	46,256	732	2	57,688	898	3	81.5
35 to 39 hours	7,936	519	5	5,250	537	6	2,686	490	8	109.6
40 hours	74,389	752	2	34,280	705	3	40,109	801	3	88.0
41 hours and over	21,619	1,231	7	6,725	1,111	11	14,894	1,289	12	86.2
41 to 44 hours	1,174	909	21	452	824	26	722	964	25	85.5
45 to 48 hours	5,844	1,074	13	2,121	1,002	15	3,723	1,126	13	89.0
49 to 59 hours	9,872	1,321	14	2,986	1,189	23	6,886	1,371	13	86.7
60 hours and over	4,728	1,384	16	1,166	1,199	40	3,562	1,442	22	83.1
Hours vary	7,628	483	7	3,590	365	7	4,038	623	14	58.6
Usually less than 35 hours	2,274	218	4	1,423	216	5	851	221	6	97.7
Usually 35 or more hours	5,137	704	14	2,078	537	19	3,058	817	17	65.7
Note: Data are for the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers. Estimates for the "hours vary" groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2015 annual averages (in thousands)
Characteristic	Total employed	Number of workers with usual weekly earnings of—
Characteristic	Total employed	Under $350.00	$350.00 to $499.99	$500.00 to $599.99	$600.00 to $749.99	$750.00 to $999.99	$1,000.00 to $1,199.99	$1,200.00 to $1,999.99	$2,000.00 or more
Age
Total, 16 years and older	109,080	6,724	16,468	10,426	14,758	18,602	10,945	20,581	10,576
16 to 24 years	9,790	1,736	3,399	1,336	1,442	1,066	360	370	81
16 to 19 years	1,156	404	468	103	88	57	17	15	2
20 to 24 years	8,634	1,331	2,930	1,233	1,353	1,009	343	355	79
25 years and older	99,291	4,988	13,069	9,090	13,317	17,536	10,585	20,211	10,495
25 to 34 years	26,611	1,633	4,430	3,078	4,239	4,993	2,734	4,151	1,355
35 to 44 years	24,917	1,127	3,101	2,080	3,188	4,325	2,730	5,492	2,873
45 to 54 years	25,577	1,112	2,965	2,035	3,174	4,503	2,777	5,657	3,356
55 to 64 years	18,108	802	1,989	1,551	2,280	3,087	1,950	4,073	2,376
65 years and older	4,078	315	584	347	437	628	394	838	536
Women, 16 years and older	48,334	3,839	8,510	5,232	7,114	8,483	4,552	7,552	3,052
16 to 24 years	4,314	953	1,606	561	600	380	97	101	16
16 to 19 years	495	211	199	40	24	18	0	2	2
20 to 24 years	3,818	742	1,407	521	576	362	97	99	14
25 years and older	44,020	2,886	6,904	4,671	6,514	8,103	4,455	7,451	3,036
25 to 34 years	11,538	864	2,097	1,475	1,873	2,232	1,104	1,465	428
35 to 44 years	10,802	668	1,580	1,024	1,534	1,971	1,146	2,041	838
45 to 54 years	11,572	706	1,682	1,112	1,664	2,139	1,183	2,127	959
55 to 64 years	8,295	485	1,216	870	1,230	1,462	833	1,519	680
65 years and older	1,813	162	330	189	214	299	190	299	130
Men, 16 years and older	60,746	2,885	7,958	5,195	7,644	10,119	6,393	13,029	7,524
16 to 24 years	5,476	783	1,793	775	842	686	264	269	65
16 to 19 years	660	193	270	63	64	40	17	13	0
20 to 24 years	4,816	590	1,524	712	777	647	247	256	65
25 years and older	55,270	2,102	6,165	4,419	6,802	9,433	6,129	12,760	7,460
25 to 34 years	15,073	768	2,333	1,603	2,366	2,761	1,630	2,686	927
35 to 44 years	14,114	458	1,521	1,056	1,654	2,355	1,584	3,451	2,035
45 to 54 years	14,005	406	1,283	922	1,510	2,364	1,594	3,529	2,397
55 to 64 years	9,813	316	773	681	1,050	1,625	1,117	2,554	1,696
65 years and older	2,265	153	254	157	222	329	204	540	406
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	85,443	4,732	12,134	7,794	11,580	14,919	8,872	16,702	8,711
Women	36,698	2,660	6,109	3,873	5,509	6,672	3,589	5,911	2,374
Men	48,746	2,072	6,025	3,921	6,070	8,247	5,283	10,790	6,337
Black or African American	13,587	1,373	2,892	1,719	1,980	2,211	1,044	1,789	579
Women	7,142	844	1,666	887	1,025	1,111	507	832	271
Men	6,445	529	1,225	832	955	1,100	537	957	309
Asian	6,638	348	756	520	729	926	699	1,588	1,072
Women	2,954	192	386	281	370	449	323	624	329
Men	3,684	155	371	239	359	477	376	964	743
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	18,311	1,779	4,687	2,299	2,831	2,695	1,318	1,933	769
Women	7,168	941	1,981	927	1,075	993	443	584	225
Men	11,142	838	2,706	1,372	1,756	1,702	875	1,350	544
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2015 annual averages
Characteristic	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median
Women
Total, all marital statuses	48,334	$726	$2
With children under 18 years old	17,325	727	4
With children 6 to 17, none younger	10,517	748	5
With children under 6 years old	6,808	689	8
With no children under 18 years old	31,009	726	3
Total, married, spouse present	24,544	804	5
With children under 18 years old	11,366	827	7
With children 6 to 17, none younger	6,854	823	9
With children under 6 years old	4,512	834	11
With no children under 18 years old	13,178	786	6
Total, other marital statuses⁽¹⁾	23,790	652	3
With children under 18 years old	5,959	587	4
With children 6 to 17, none younger	3,664	639	8
With children under 6 years old	2,296	506	6
With no children under 18 years old	17,831	679	4
Men
Total, all marital statuses	60,746	895	3
With children under 18 years old	21,932	985	6
With children 6 to 17, none younger	11,915	1,037	9
With children under 6 years old	10,018	916	8
With no children under 18 years old	38,814	844	4
Total, married, spouse present	35,739	1,030	5
With children under 18 years old	19,307	1,028	7
With children 6 to 17, none younger	10,645	1,075	12
With children under 6 years old	8,662	984	9
With no children under 18 years old	16,432	1,032	8
Total, other marital statuses⁽¹⁾	25,007	726	4
With children under 18 years old	2,625	714	11
With children 6 to 17, none younger	1,270	830	19
With children under 6 years old	1,356	624	12
With no children under 18 years old	22,382	727	4
⁽¹⁾ Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed people. Note: "Children" refers to "own" children and includes sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household. Not included are other related children, such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, as well as unrelated children in the household. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2015 annual averages
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers (thousands)	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	78,232	$13.44	$.05	39,500	$12.56	$.06	38,732	$14.67	$.07	85.6
16 to 24 years	15,562	9.85	.01	7,784	9.54	.05	7,778	10.03	.02	95.1
16 to 19 years	4,355	8.85	.02	2,231	8.75	.04	2,124	8.97	.04	97.5
20 to 24 years	11,207	10.14	.02	5,553	9.95	.02	5,654	10.64	.11	93.5
25 years and older	62,670	14.91	.02	31,716	13.92	.04	30,954	15.86	.05	87.8
25 to 34 years	18,302	13.60	.09	8,613	12.89	.07	9,689	14.17	.09	91.0
35 to 44 years	14,530	15.16	.05	7,222	14.13	.09	7,308	16.48	.19	85.7
45 to 54 years	14,917	15.84	.09	7,866	14.80	.08	7,051	17.55	.19	84.3
55 to 64 years	11,400	15.91	.09	6,093	14.77	.12	5,307	17.99	.11	82.1
65 years and older	3,520	13.08	.10	1,922	12.66	.21	1,598	14.15	.29	89.5
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	60,306	13.87	.04	29,858	12.82	.05	30,448	14.93	.03	85.9
Black or African American	11,178	12.06	.04	6,163	11.70	.10	5,015	12.66	.13	92.4
Asian	3,690	14.19	.20	1,975	13.80	.26	1,715	14.87	.13	92.8
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	15,809	12.04	.04	6,984	11.08	.06	8,825	12.92	.07	85.8
Marital status
Never married	30,332	11.02	.03	14,425	10.34	.06	15,908	11.83	.04	87.4
Married, spouse present	34,804	15.58	.08	17,023	14.62	.10	17,782	16.99	.07	86.1
Other marital status	13,096	14.13	.06	8,053	13.13	.08	5,042	15.38	.19	85.4
Divorced	8,283	14.94	.05	5,019	14.03	.09	3,264	16.20	.18	86.6
Separated	3,276	12.34	.16	1,844	11.72	.20	1,432	13.84	.20	84.7
Widowed	1,536	13.06	.17	1,190	12.59	.30	347	15.53	.69	81.1
Union affiliation⁽¹⁾
Members of unions⁽²⁾	8,570	18.97	.14	3,450	16.79	.16	5,120	20.13	.07	83.4
Represented by unions⁽³⁾	9,469	18.72	.20	3,896	16.57	.20	5,573	20.04	.07	82.7
Not represented by a union	68,763	12.92	.03	35,604	12.16	.02	33,159	13.86	.05	87.7
Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and older	62,670	14.91	.02	31,716	13.92	.04	30,954	15.86	.05	87.8
Less than a high school diploma	6,967	11.04	.06	2,676	9.98	.03	4,291	12.16	.06	82.1
High school graduates, no college	21,536	14.00	.04	9,839	12.28	.07	11,697	15.33	.13	80.1
Some college or associate's degree	20,737	15.07	.03	11,251	14.05	.06	9,486	16.59	.14	84.7
Bachelor's degree and higher	13,429	19.72	.15	7,950	19.17	.21	5,479	19.93	.09	96.2
⁽¹⁾ Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region. ⁽²⁾ Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. ⁽³⁾ Union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2015 annual averages (in thousands)
Characteristic	Total employed	Number of workers with hourly earnings of—
Characteristic	Total employed	Under $6.00	$6.00 to $7.99	$8.00 to $9.99	$10.00 to $11.99	$12.00 to $14.99	$15.00 to $19.99	$20.00 or more
Age
Total, 16 years and older	78,232	1,265	2,766	13,204	13,095	13,588	15,339	18,975
16 to 24 years	15,562	502	1,462	5,534	3,676	2,280	1,473	634
16 to 19 years	4,355	137	780	2,107	883	273	132	42
20 to 24 years	11,207	365	682	3,427	2,792	2,007	1,342	592
25 years and older	62,670	762	1,303	7,670	9,420	11,308	13,865	18,341
25 to 34 years	18,302	353	467	2,594	3,194	3,765	4,062	3,867
35 to 44 years	14,530	185	270	1,681	2,046	2,543	3,224	4,582
45 to 54 years	14,917	124	272	1,586	2,006	2,465	3,368	5,097
55 to 64 years	11,400	85	199	1,191	1,475	1,942	2,534	3,975
65 years and older	3,520	15	95	618	699	594	678	821
Women, 16 years and older	39,500	821	1,681	7,774	7,051	7,033	7,209	7,932
16 to 24 years	7,784	354	829	2,986	1,821	1,033	562	198
16 to 19 years	2,231	91	443	1,110	414	116	49	9
20 to 24 years	5,553	263	386	1,876	1,407	917	513	189
25 years and older	31,716	467	851	4,788	5,230	6,000	6,647	7,734
25 to 34 years	8,613	221	258	1,460	1,523	1,842	1,670	1,639
35 to 44 years	7,222	114	196	1,082	1,174	1,254	1,531	1,870
45 to 54 years	7,866	73	196	1,068	1,226	1,392	1,711	2,200
55 to 64 years	6,093	50	140	812	900	1,167	1,385	1,639
65 years and older	1,922	9	61	366	406	346	350	385
Men, 16 years and older	38,732	443	1,085	5,430	6,044	6,555	8,130	11,044
16 to 24 years	7,778	148	633	2,548	1,855	1,247	911	437
16 to 19 years	2,124	46	337	997	470	157	83	34
20 to 24 years	5,654	102	296	1,551	1,385	1,090	829	403
25 years and older	30,954	296	452	2,882	4,190	5,308	7,219	10,607
25 to 34 years	9,689	132	208	1,134	1,671	1,923	2,393	2,228
35 to 44 years	7,308	71	74	599	871	1,289	1,693	2,711
45 to 54 years	7,051	51	76	518	779	1,073	1,656	2,896
55 to 64 years	5,307	36	59	379	574	775	1,149	2,336
65 years and older	1,598	7	35	252	294	248	328	436
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	60,306	1,023	1,837	9,693	9,850	10,340	12,244	15,321
Women	29,858	685	1,113	5,681	5,234	5,322	5,630	6,194
Men	30,448	338	723	4,011	4,616	5,018	6,614	9,128
Black or African American	11,178	140	716	2,288	2,117	2,089	1,883	1,945
Women	6,163	69	443	1,389	1,232	1,098	989	942
Men	5,015	71	273	899	885	991	894	1,003
Asian	3,690	53	99	598	565	603	686	1,086
Women	1,975	39	60	341	294	344	361	536
Men	1,715	14	40	257	270	258	326	550
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	15,809	208	530	3,369	3,271	3,008	2,898	2,526
Women	6,984	126	310	1,853	1,540	1,265	1,102	788
Men	8,825	81	219	1,516	1,731	1,742	1,796	1,738
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic characteristics, 2015 annual averages
Characteristic	Workers paid hourly rates
	Total (thousands)	Below prevailing federal minimum wage (thousands)	At prevailing federal minimum wage (thousands)	Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
	Total (thousands)	Below prevailing federal minimum wage (thousands)	At prevailing federal minimum wage (thousands)	Number (thousands)	Percentage of workers paid hourly rates
Age
Total, 16 years and older	78,232	1,691	870	2,561	3.3
16 to 24 years	15,562	678	475	1,153	7.4
16 to 19 years	4,355	229	258	487	11.2
20 to 24 years	11,207	449	217	666	5.9
25 years and older	62,670	1,013	395	1,408	2.2
25 to 34 years	18,302	439	157	596	3.3
35 to 44 years	14,530	243	73	316	2.2
45 to 54 years	14,917	197	63	260	1.7
55 to 64 years	11,400	106	81	186	1.6
65 years and older	3,520	28	22	50	1.4
Women, 16 years and older	39,500	1,062	540	1,602	4.1
16 to 24 years	7,784	454	282	736	9.5
16 to 19 years	2,231	143	150	293	13.1
20 to 24 years	5,553	311	132	443	8.0
25 years and older	31,716	608	258	866	2.7
25 to 34 years	8,613	258	90	348	4.0
35 to 44 years	7,222	152	50	202	2.8
45 to 54 years	7,866	121	48	169	2.2
55 to 64 years	6,093	63	53	116	1.9
65 years and older	1,922	14	16	30	1.6
Men, 16 years and older	38,732	629	330	959	2.5
16 to 24 years	7,778	224	193	417	5.4
16 to 19 years	2,124	87	107	194	9.1
20 to 24 years	5,654	138	85	223	3.9
25 years and older	30,954	404	137	542	1.8
25 to 34 years	9,689	181	67	248	2.6
35 to 44 years	7,308	91	23	113	1.6
45 to 54 years	7,051	76	15	90	1.3
55 to 64 years	5,307	42	28	70	1.3
65 years and older	1,598	14	6	20	1.3
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	60,306	1,311	561	1,872	3.1
Women	29,858	862	343	1,205	4.0
Men	30,448	450	218	667	2.2
Black or African American	11,178	234	247	481	4.3
Women	6,163	108	162	270	4.4
Men	5,015	127	85	212	4.2
Asian	3,690	78	32	109	3.0
Women	1,975	55	20	74	3.8
Men	1,715	23	12	35	2.0
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	15,809	300	159	459	2.9
Women	6,984	179	92	272	3.9
Men	8,825	121	67	188	2.1
Full- and part-time status⁽¹⁾
Full-time workers	57,809	787	288	1,075	1.9
Women	26,146	436	170	606	2.3
Men	31,662	351	118	469	1.5
Part-time workers	20,285	898	579	1,477	7.3
Women	13,296	624	367	991	7.5
Men	6,989	274	212	486	7.0
⁽¹⁾ The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data do not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Note: See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979–2015 annual averages
Year	Total wage and salary workers (thousands)	Workers paid hourly rates
		Total (thousands)	Percentage of total wage and salary workers	Below prevailing federal minimum wage (thousands)⁽¹⁾	At prevailing federal minimum wage thousands)⁽¹⁾	Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
		Total (thousands)	Percentage of total wage and salary workers	Below prevailing federal minimum wage (thousands)⁽¹⁾	At prevailing federal minimum wage thousands)⁽¹⁾	Number (thousands)	Percentage of workers paid hourly rates
Total
1979	87,529	51,721	59.1	2,916	3,997	6,912	13.4
1980	87,644	51,335	58.6	3,087	4,686	7,773	15.1
1981	88,516	51,869	58.6	3,513	4,311	7,824	15.1
1982	87,368	50,846	58.2	2,348	4,148	6,496	12.8
1983	88,290	51,820	58.7	2,077	4,261	6,338	12.2
1984	92,194	54,143	58.7	1,838	4,125	5,963	11.0
1985	94,521	55,762	59.0	1,639	3,899	5,538	9.9
1986	96,903	57,529	59.4	1,599	3,461	5,060	8.8
1987	99,303	59,552	60.0	1,468	3,229	4,698	7.9
1988	101,407	60,878	60.0	1,319	2,608	3,927	6.5
1989	103,480	62,389	60.3	1,372	1,790	3,162	5.1
1990	104,876	63,172	60.2	2,132	1,096	3,228	5.1
1991	103,723	62,627	60.4	2,377	2,906	5,283	8.4
1992	104,668	63,610	60.8	1,939	2,982	4,921	7.7
1993	106,101	64,274	60.6	1,707	2,625	4,332	6.7
1994	107,989	66,549	61.6	1,995	2,132	4,128	6.2
1995	110,038	68,354	62.1	1,699	1,956	3,656	5.3
1996	111,960	69,255	61.9	1,863	1,861	3,724	5.4
1997	114,533	70,735	61.8	2,990	1,764	4,754	6.7
1998	116,730	71,440	61.2	2,834	1,593	4,427	6.2
1999	118,963	72,306	60.8	2,194	1,146	3,340	4.6
2000	122,089	73,496	60.2	1,752	898	2,650	3.6
2001	122,229	73,392	60.0	1,518	656	2,174	3.0
2002	121,826	72,508	59.5	1,579	567	2,146	3.0
2003	122,358	72,946	59.6	1,555	545	2,100	2.9
2004	123,554	73,939	59.8	1,483	520	2,003	2.7
2005	125,889	75,609	60.1	1,403	479	1,882	2.5
2006	128,237	76,514	59.7	1,283	409	1,692	2.2
2007	129,767	75,873	58.5	1,462	267	1,729	2.3
2008	129,377	75,305	58.2	1,940	286	2,226	3.0
2009	124,490	72,611	58.3	2,592	980	3,572	4.9
2010	124,073	72,902	58.8	2,541	1,820	4,361	6.0
2011	125,187	73,926	59.1	2,152	1,677	3,829	5.2
2012	127,577	75,276	59.0	1,984	1,566	3,550	4.7
2013	129,110	75,948	58.8	1,768	1,532	3,301	4.3
2014	131,431	77,207	58.7	1,737	1,255	2,992	3.9
2015	133,743	78,232	58.5	1,691	870	2,561	3.3
Women
1979	38,129	23,329	61.2	2,070	2,644	4,714	20.2
1980	38,944	23,626	60.7	2,104	2,990	5,095	21.6
1981	39,672	24,294	61.2	2,394	2,778	5,172	21.3
1982	39,777	24,365	61.3	1,651	2,561	4,212	17.3
1983	40,433	24,989	61.8	1,492	2,603	4,095	16.4
1984	42,172	26,003	61.7	1,348	2,499	3,847	14.8
1985	43,506	26,869	61.8	1,198	2,356	3,554	13.2
1986	44,961	27,863	62.0	1,192	2,125	3,317	11.9
1987	46,365	29,078	62.7	1,105	1,946	3,051	10.5
1988	47,495	29,820	62.8	1,008	1,542	2,550	8.6
1989	48,691	30,702	63.1	994	1,056	2,050	6.7
1990	49,323	31,069	63.0	1,420	711	2,131	6.9
1991	49,105	30,988	63.1	1,582	1,792	3,374	10.9
1992	49,842	31,454	63.1	1,286	1,751	3,036	9.7
1993	50,626	31,937	63.1	1,133	1,534	2,667	8.4
1994	51,419	33,021	64.2	1,322	1,241	2,563	7.8
1995	52,369	33,934	64.8	1,157	1,161	2,318	6.8
1996	53,488	34,418	64.3	1,244	1,106	2,350	6.8
1997	54,708	35,214	64.4	1,843	1,092	2,935	8.3
1998	55,757	35,680	64.0	1,794	965	2,760	7.7
1999	57,050	36,233	63.5	1,426	700	2,126	5.9
2000	58,427	36,777	62.9	1,170	579	1,749	4.8
2001	58,582	36,848	62.9	1,021	409	1,430	3.9
2002	58,555	36,508	62.3	997	350	1,347	3.7
2003	59,122	37,093	62.7	1,062	332	1,394	3.8
2004	59,408	37,133	62.5	1,013	310	1,323	3.6
2005	60,423	37,957	62.8	944	290	1,234	3.3
2006	61,426	38,321	62.4	861	263	1,124	2.9
2007	62,299	38,082	61.1	1,002	181	1,183	3.1
2008	62,532	37,972	60.7	1,302	196	1,498	3.9
2009	60,951	37,426	61.4	1,603	612	2,215	5.9
2010	60,542	37,404	61.8	1,598	1,151	2,749	7.3
2011	60,502	37,469	61.9	1,366	1,029	2,395	6.4
2012	61,679	38,163	61.9	1,288	999	2,287	6.0
2013	62,316	38,404	61.6	1,148	910	2,058	5.4
2014	63,383	38,802	61.2	1,139	739	1,878	4.8
2015	64,445	39,500	61.3	1,062	540	1,602	4.1
Men
1979	49,400	28,392	57.5	846	1,353	2,199	7.7
1980	48,700	27,709	56.9	983	1,696	2,678	9.7
1981	48,844	27,576	56.5	1,119	1,533	2,652	9.6
1982	47,591	26,481	55.6	697	1,587	2,284	8.6
1983	47,856	26,831	56.1	585	1,658	2,243	8.4
1984	50,022	28,140	56.3	490	1,626	2,116	7.5
1985	51,015	28,893	56.6	440	1,544	1,984	6.9
1986	51,942	29,666	57.1	408	1,336	1,743	5.9
1987	52,938	30,474	57.6	364	1,283	1,647	5.4
1988	53,912	31,058	57.6	311	1,066	1,377	4.4
1989	54,789	31,687	57.8	379	733	1,112	3.5
1990	55,553	32,104	57.8	712	385	1,097	3.4
1991	54,618	31,639	57.9	795	1,114	1,909	6.0
1992	54,826	32,155	58.6	653	1,231	1,885	5.9
1993	55,475	32,337	58.3	573	1,091	1,664	5.1
1994	56,570	33,528	59.3	674	891	1,565	4.7
1995	57,669	34,420	59.7	542	796	1,338	3.9
1996	58,473	34,838	59.6	619	755	1,374	3.9
1997	59,825	35,521	59.4	1,147	673	1,820	5.1
1998	60,973	35,761	58.7	1,039	628	1,667	4.7
1999	61,914	36,073	58.3	768	446	1,214	3.4
2000	63,662	36,720	57.7	582	319	901	2.5
2001	63,647	36,544	57.4	497	247	744	2.0
2002	63,272	36,000	56.9	582	217	799	2.2
2003	63,236	35,853	56.7	493	213	706	2.0
2004	64,145	36,806	57.4	470	210	680	1.8
2005	65,466	37,652	57.5	459	189	648	1.7
2006	66,811	38,193	57.2	422	146	568	1.5
2007	67,468	37,790	56.0	460	86	546	1.4
2008	66,846	37,334	55.9	638	90	728	1.9
2009	63,539	35,185	55.4	990	368	1,358	3.9
2010	63,531	35,498	55.9	943	669	1,612	4.5
2011	64,686	36,457	56.4	785	648	1,433	3.9
2012	65,898	37,113	56.3	696	567	1,263	3.4
2013	66,794	37,544	56.2	621	622	1,243	3.3
2014	68,048	38,405	56.4	598	516	1,114	2.9
2015	69,298	38,732	55.9	629	330	959	2.5
⁽¹⁾ Data for 1990–91, 1996–97, and 2007–09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years. Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2015
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
1979	62.3	78.6	85.2	76.3	62.1	67.5	58.3	56.8	60.6	77.6
1980	64.2	80.3	89.5	78.1	62.8	69.4	58.3	56.9	59.4	76.4
1981	64.4	82.6	91.7	80.6	62.6	70.3	59.9	56.8	58.9	71.1
1982	65.7	85.3	92.9	82.4	64.9	72.1	61.1	60.1	61.4	70.3
1983	66.5	88.8	94.0	85.5	65.8	73.3	61.5	59.5	61.8	68.8
1984	67.6	87.9	93.1	85.2	67.1	74.6	62.0	59.4	61.5	66.8
1985	68.1	87.6	90.7	85.7	66.8	75.1	63.0	59.7	61.0	65.9
1986	69.5	89.0	91.4	87.5	66.5	76.1	63.9	60.9	61.2	71.5
1987	69.8	88.3	87.8	88.0	67.3	76.7	66.1	62.3	62.2	68.7
1988	70.2	89.7	89.8	90.0	68.8	77.7	68.5	61.7	62.3	70.9
1989	70.1	90.8	94.3	89.7	70.2	78.3	68.3	62.7	63.9	74.3
1990	71.9	90.1	90.8	90.3	72.1	79.3	69.6	63.8	63.7	74.4
1991	74.2	93.3	93.6	93.3	74.0	81.0	70.7	65.0	64.5	68.3
1992	75.8	94.0	94.0	94.3	74.6	82.0	71.9	65.8	64.9	77.9
1993	77.1	94.8	92.8	95.4	74.8	83.0	73.0	67.4	67.4	74.3
1994	76.4	93.9	92.5	94.5	73.1	82.9	72.6	67.1	66.0	76.2
1995	75.5	90.8	88.1	92.4	72.8	82.2	72.6	67.7	64.7	80.0
1996	75.0	92.5	88.8	92.8	74.1	83.2	73.3	68.9	65.3	70.0
1997	74.4	92.1	91.6	90.5	75.1	82.9	74.0	69.4	64.7	77.0
1998	76.3	91.3	88.6	89.4	75.9	82.9	73.6	70.5	68.1	72.6
1999	76.5	91.0	91.4	90.5	74.4	81.5	71.7	70.0	67.9	78.7
2000	76.9	91.7	92.5	92.7	74.5	82.4	71.6	73.2	69.1	75.1
2001	76.4	90.3	90.3	91.9	75.4	83.0	72.5	73.5	70.5	69.0
2002	77.9	93.9	94.6	93.9	77.6	84.5	75.2	74.6	71.6	73.8
2003	79.4	93.2	93.1	93.9	78.5	86.9	76.1	73.0	72.7	71.1
2004	80.4	93.8	92.1	93.8	78.6	87.8	75.6	72.9	73.0	74.6
2005	81.0	93.2	92.1	93.8	79.4	89.0	75.5	75.5	74.7	76.4
2006	80.8	94.5	87.6	94.9	78.7	88.2	77.2	73.5	72.9	77.5
2007	80.2	92.3	89.1	90.3	78.5	86.9	76.5	74.5	72.8	77.8
2008	79.9	91.1	87.3	92.5	78.2	88.5	74.5	74.9	75.4	74.8
2009	80.2	92.6	90.7	92.9	78.7	88.7	77.4	73.6	75.3	76.1
2010	81.2	95.3	94.6	93.8	80.5	90.8	79.9	76.5	75.2	75.7
2011	82.2	92.5	88.6	93.2	81.0	92.3	78.5	76.0	75.1	80.9
2012	80.9	88.9	88.5	89.0	79.9	90.2	78.1	75.1	76.2	77.6
2013	82.1	88.3	89.7	89.8	81.1	89.4	80.2	76.6	77.1	73.7
2014	82.5	91.5	91.1	92.3	81.6	89.9	81.0	77.2	76.4	78.6
2015	81.1	88.2	89.4	89.7	80.4	89.6	81.8	76.8	73.7	73.8
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 22. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2015
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
1979	62.3	61.7	74.4	–	71.7
1980	64.2	63.4	75.8	–	73.5
1981	64.4	63.1	76.9	–	75.7
1982	65.7	64.5	78.1	–	75.5
1983	66.5	65.6	78.9	–	78.5
1984	67.6	66.8	79.5	–	77.7
1985	68.1	67.2	82.6	–	77.7
1986	69.5	67.9	82.8	–	80.6
1987	69.8	68.2	84.4	–	82.0
1988	70.2	68.4	82.8	–	84.4
1989	70.1	69.3	86.5	–	85.4
1990	71.9	71.5	85.3	–	87.4
1991	74.2	73.7	86.1	–	90.4
1992	75.8	75.3	88.2	–	89.1
1993	77.1	76.5	88.8	–	90.5
1994	76.4	74.6	86.5	–	88.9
1995	75.5	73.3	86.4	–	87.1
1996	75.0	73.8	87.9	–	88.8
1997	74.4	74.6	86.8	–	85.7
1998	76.3	76.1	85.5	–	86.4
1999	76.5	75.7	83.8	–	85.7
2000	76.9	75.8	84.1	79.9	87.8
2001	76.4	75.8	85.8	76.9	88.2
2002	77.9	77.9	90.3	74.9	88.0
2003	79.4	79.3	88.5	77.5	88.4
2004	80.4	79.8	88.8	76.4	87.3
2005	81.0	80.2	89.3	80.6	87.7
2006	80.8	80.0	87.8	79.3	87.1
2007	80.2	79.4	88.8	78.1	91.0
2008	79.9	79.3	89.4	78.0	89.6
2009	80.2	79.2	93.7	81.8	89.5
2010	81.2	80.5	93.5	82.6	90.7
2011	82.2	82.1	91.1	77.4	90.7
2012	80.9	80.8	90.1	73.0	88.0
2013	82.1	81.7	91.3	77.3	91.1
2014	82.5	81.8	89.9	77.9	89.0
2015	81.1	80.8	90.4	77.7	89.7
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 23. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–2015
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
1979	62.1	60.3	60.1	64.1	66.7
1980	62.8	61.4	61.5	64.5	67.9
1981	62.6	61.2	61.0	65.6	66.9
1982	64.9	62.8	63.1	66.7	68.8
1983	65.8	64.8	63.4	68.2	71.2
1984	67.1	64.9	64.9	68.4	69.4
1985	66.8	64.3	65.8	67.2	70.2
1986	66.5	64.8	66.6	68.0	70.6
1987	67.3	66.0	68.1	69.8	71.4
1988	68.8	66.6	68.2	71.6	71.4
1989	70.2	66.8	67.6	73.3	71.9
1990	72.1	68.8	68.6	72.9	72.2
1991	74.0	71.6	69.8	72.6	73.6
1992	74.6	72.9	70.4	73.3	75.1
1993	74.8	73.9	71.3	73.8	75.8
1994	73.1	75.1	70.8	72.1	76.8
1995	72.8	75.5	70.2	71.6	76.2
1996	74.1	75.1	70.7	73.2	75.2
1997	75.1	75.3	70.7	73.9	75.0
1998	75.9	73.9	70.8	74.0	75.3
1999	74.4	73.4	69.8	73.4	75.7
2000	74.5	74.9	71.1	73.1	74.1
2001	75.4	75.4	72.7	71.9	73.7
2002	77.6	77.2	74.2	74.3	74.2
2003	78.5	76.7	75.5	75.7	73.6
2004	78.6	74.9	75.7	75.8	75.2
2005	79.4	74.9	75.6	76.6	75.7
2006	78.7	76.3	73.7	75.6	75.1
2007	78.5	76.7	74.3	75.2	75.0
2008	78.2	76.1	73.3	75.7	74.3
2009	78.7	76.4	75.7	75.4	73.1
2010	80.5	79.8	76.5	75.5	74.1
2011	81.0	80.9	76.9	76.8	74.9
2012	79.9	76.0	76.3	76.9	73.0
2013	81.1	80.0	78.3	76.6	74.8
2014	81.6	79.1	77.0	75.8	75.7
2015	80.4	80.4	77.2	75.2	74.9
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in table 24. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2015
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
1979	64.1	81.8	95.0	75.9	58.3	63.3	55.8	54.1	56.9	87.6
1980	64.8	84.1	93.2	77.0	58.7	64.1	54.9	54.4	56.4	89.2
1981	65.1	86.1	96.7	80.0	60.3	66.7	57.5	54.1	56.2	88.1
1982	67.3	86.3	97.0	81.8	62.1	67.7	57.1	55.7	59.0	88.1
1983	69.4	87.2	96.7	84.4	62.9	70.3	57.6	56.7	58.0	87.6
1984	69.8	86.0	96.5	84.5	63.7	71.1	59.0	56.9	59.5	89.0
1985	70.0	85.7	96.3	87.2	64.7	72.4	60.3	57.8	60.4	88.8
1986	70.2	85.8	95.5	86.7	66.0	74.1	61.4	59.0	60.3	91.3
1987	72.1	85.9	93.9	86.1	67.2	74.3	62.9	61.3	62.0	91.2
1988	73.8	89.1	94.4	87.2	68.7	75.6	66.1	61.6	62.4	92.8
1989	75.4	90.7	93.4	86.9	69.8	78.0	67.0	63.4	63.8	87.1
1990	77.9	91.0	93.8	90.1	71.8	79.4	68.7	64.3	66.2	89.6
1991	78.6	91.0	97.9	91.7	73.5	80.4	70.4	65.0	68.9	92.6
1992	80.3	91.3	97.7	92.5	76.0	82.6	73.1	66.1	69.3	92.6
1993	80.4	91.7	97.1	94.2	77.3	83.6	73.1	67.3	69.0	92.1
1994	80.6	90.5	97.0	91.2	78.2	85.5	73.4	69.9	70.7	94.0
1995	80.8	90.9	96.1	89.3	76.1	83.7	72.6	70.8	71.4	94.2
1996	81.2	92.1	97.0	89.6	78.2	83.1	74.6	72.1	72.4	91.6
1997	80.8	92.2	96.6	91.2	78.8	82.7	75.7	72.3	70.5	98.1
1998	81.8	90.3	96.7	89.1	77.9	86.1	77.4	75.0	72.4	93.2
1999	83.8	92.7	96.8	89.9	79.4	83.9	76.9	72.7	76.4	95.4
2000	83.8	91.7	93.8	93.0	80.8	88.3	76.3	73.2	76.8	94.7
2001	85.2	90.5	95.8	89.7	79.2	85.8	75.0	76.1	80.2	90.4
2002	85.0	92.5	96.9	91.3	82.1	85.1	78.7	77.6	80.8	89.3
2003	84.8	93.2	97.6	91.0	83.1	87.5	79.1	79.0	78.4	90.3
2004	84.6	93.9	95.9	91.7	81.7	88.3	78.4	79.1	79.6	92.5
2005	84.8	92.6	96.0	92.4	83.2	89.2	79.6	80.2	80.2	97.8
2006	84.0	90.9	95.7	90.5	83.2	87.6	80.0	76.4	80.6	93.0
2007	84.8	89.3	95.4	90.4	81.7	87.4	81.5	79.6	79.2	92.2
2008	85.4	91.2	96.6	91.6	83.0	87.0	80.5	78.2	81.8	91.6
2009	85.5	93.1	97.1	92.0	84.7	90.6	80.7	77.0	84.5	92.6
2010	86.0	93.6	97.8	91.7	85.6	91.9	82.9	79.9	83.2	93.8
2011	86.8	94.6	97.5	92.5	86.7	92.0	83.8	81.5	82.2	91.5
2012	86.4	93.0	97.9	92.0	86.8	91.5	83.9	81.2	83.1	90.9
2013	86.6	92.3	96.7	94.0	87.5	91.1	84.9	81.2	84.1	94.9
2014	84.6	92.4	96.1	96.3	85.7	87.0	84.6	81.2	81.3	89.2
2015	85.6	95.1	97.5	93.5	87.8	91.0	85.7	84.3	82.1	89.5
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information on historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of workers paid hourly rates in table 25. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2015
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
1979	64.1	62.5	72.6	–	71.8
1980	64.8	63.6	74.9	–	75.1
1981	65.1	63.8	72.1	–	76.4
1982	67.3	66.0	75.2	–	75.6
1983	69.4	68.0	79.2	–	76.1
1984	69.8	68.6	79.1	–	77.0
1985	70.0	67.8	82.0	–	79.4
1986	70.2	68.8	78.7	–	80.8
1987	72.1	70.9	80.1	–	80.2
1988	73.8	72.7	80.8	–	81.1
1989	75.4	74.0	83.2	–	83.0
1990	77.9	75.6	84.5	–	86.1
1991	78.6	76.6	86.5	–	86.9
1992	80.3	78.6	87.1	–	88.3
1993	80.4	78.9	89.6	–	88.6
1994	80.6	79.7	87.5	–	89.3
1995	80.8	78.4	87.3	–	90.9
1996	81.2	79.6	88.0	–	88.8
1997	80.8	80.3	87.5	–	86.3
1998	81.8	81.8	86.9	–	87.6
1999	83.8	82.3	83.2	–	86.6
2000	83.8	83.0	88.8	90.5	87.3
2001	85.2	83.8	89.9	85.1	85.6
2002	85.0	83.8	92.3	91.7	86.1
2003	84.8	84.0	91.7	89.8	88.5
2004	84.6	84.0	91.3	88.8	90.2
2005	84.8	84.2	91.1	91.3	90.1
2006	84.0	83.6	88.5	90.7	87.6
2007	84.8	83.7	90.3	89.5	88.5
2008	85.4	84.5	89.9	87.3	85.1
2009	85.5	84.8	89.7	90.4	84.6
2010	86.0	85.0	92.1	88.0	86.2
2011	86.8	85.9	93.5	89.8	86.8
2012	86.4	85.3	92.0	90.1	85.4
2013	86.6	85.7	94.9	91.6	87.5
2014	84.6	83.3	94.8	90.2	86.6
2015	85.6	85.9	92.4	92.8	85.8
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in table 26. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2015 annual averages (in constant 2015 dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$735	$524	$439	$567	$808	$777	$854	$841	$799	$604
1980	718	512	422	548	784	756	827	816	781	556
1981	710	500	402	532	770	740	815	800	772	555
1982	712	491	387	519	771	733	835	814	767	597
1983	708	477	371	505	776	726	837	830	783	590
1984	709	472	367	502	787	728	846	837	796	591
1985	723	471	366	504	796	733	853	840	800	624
1986	742	479	368	512	808	744	866	860	820	616
1987	747	485	371	517	804	745	868	856	808	619
1988	742	480	378	513	798	738	867	873	807	622
1989	736	478	376	509	788	727	871	871	795	616
1990	725	474	368	502	790	717	856	861	805	604
1991	723	470	362	494	793	705	846	861	796	647
1992	728	457	351	480	793	699	833	864	800	626
1993	742	456	346	480	793	704	835	876	795	635
1994	739	453	350	475	791	695	850	896	793	608
1995	740	451	357	473	788	697	850	900	794	601
1996	737	448	361	469	782	696	841	893	805	577
1997	741	451	371	473	795	708	853	894	822	579
1998	760	464	390	493	831	730	868	901	860	589
1999	781	485	400	516	842	737	869	927	859	575
2000	792	497	409	527	838	755	860	920	853	637
2001	798	502	408	527	843	771	880	928	854	653
2002	801	502	402	526	851	779	880	930	888	661
2003	799	499	401	518	853	765	885	932	912	665
2004	801	489	388	509	857	758	895	932	910	703
2005	790	482	386	499	845	740	887	908	900	691
2006	788	481	381	497	844	730	879	908	899	685
2007	794	485	385	514	843	735	879	903	918	691
2008	795	488	384	514	838	733	885	905	909	709
2009	817	488	380	513	855	749	903	926	929	756
2010	812	470	377	493	850	741	896	917	935	743
2011	797	464	371	482	840	730	882	913	928	782
2012	793	458	367	479	841	730	885	906	926	781
2013	789	462	379	480	841	720	889	898	920	815
2014	792	477	378	491	840	727	882	900	912	825
2015	809	487	389	501	860	735	900	923	927	873
Women
1979	555	470	402	491	595	607	598	585	576	518
1980	551	458	397	479	584	597	586	573	562	479
1981	548	450	385	478	582	598	595	562	555	472
1982	564	453	373	474	601	608	608	594	578	498
1983	570	448	357	468	606	615	615	597	581	480
1984	576	441	352	463	615	620	635	607	587	476
1985	582	443	349	464	622	622	645	613	599	508
1986	601	452	351	477	636	632	659	636	612	529
1987	605	453	343	483	641	631	673	647	615	521
1988	607	453	355	484	645	630	682	653	611	539
1989	605	454	363	480	648	627	683	659	614	539
1990	609	447	349	474	650	627	687	664	613	528
1991	621	452	348	475	657	630	691	676	616	542
1992	629	442	339	464	662	632	692	690	623	543
1993	635	441	331	467	670	638	703	711	638	541
1994	631	437	334	459	666	628	709	712	630	532
1995	628	425	332	450	662	623	700	717	623	546
1996	629	427	335	448	668	624	696	723	632	502
1997	635	430	353	451	680	629	710	729	638	513
1998	663	443	362	464	705	656	724	750	692	509
1999	673	461	378	488	707	669	716	760	700	526
2000	678	473	389	503	710	678	717	776	699	539
2001	685	473	386	502	727	685	732	786	718	522
2002	697	484	389	507	748	698	752	793	756	567
2003	711	478	385	499	753	704	760	785	774	561
2004	719	471	368	491	752	704	763	784	772	600
2005	710	462	369	481	743	695	754	782	775	597
2006	705	464	358	485	737	685	758	774	773	599
2007	702	467	363	487	738	682	763	774	776	610
2008	703	463	355	490	738	686	751	779	783	620
2009	726	469	357	492	759	701	783	787	803	665
2010	727	459	365	477	765	704	795	793	800	653
2011	721	444	346	462	757	698	773	784	789	700
2012	713	429	341	443	750	687	771	770	791	688
2013	718	430	356	450	753	677	780	774	792	703
2014	720	451	357	468	753	680	782	781	781	741
2015	726	450	364	468	761	690	804	799	784	740
Men
1979	890	598	473	643	957	899	1,024	1,030	951	668
1980	858	570	444	614	929	860	1,005	1,005	945	627
1981	850	545	420	592	930	850	992	990	942	665
1982	858	531	401	575	927	844	995	988	941	708
1983	857	505	380	548	921	839	1,000	1,005	941	697
1984	852	502	378	543	917	830	1,024	1,022	954	713
1985	855	506	384	542	931	828	1,023	1,027	981	771
1986	866	508	384	545	957	831	1,031	1,045	1,000	740
1987	866	513	391	549	952	822	1,018	1,038	988	758
1988	865	505	395	538	938	811	996	1,058	981	761
1989	863	500	386	535	923	801	1,000	1,050	961	725
1990	847	496	384	525	901	790	986	1,040	961	710
1991	837	484	372	509	888	778	978	1,039	956	793
1992	829	470	361	492	887	772	962	1,050	959	697
1993	824	465	357	489	897	769	963	1,055	947	729
1994	826	465	361	486	911	758	976	1,062	954	698
1995	832	468	377	487	909	757	964	1,059	963	682
1996	838	462	377	483	901	750	950	1,050	967	717
1997	853	467	386	498	906	758	959	1,050	985	666
1998	869	485	408	519	929	791	984	1,064	1,016	701
1999	879	506	414	539	950	821	999	1,085	1,031	669
2000	882	516	421	543	953	823	1,001	1,061	1,011	718
2001	897	523	427	546	964	826	1,009	1,070	1,017	756
2002	895	515	411	540	964	826	1,000	1,063	1,057	768
2003	896	513	414	531	959	809	999	1,075	1,066	789
2004	895	502	399	523	956	802	1,009	1,075	1,058	804
2005	876	496	400	512	936	782	998	1,035	1,038	782
2006	873	491	409	511	937	777	982	1,054	1,060	773
2007	875	506	408	539	941	785	998	1,039	1,066	784
2008	879	508	406	530	944	775	1,008	1,040	1,039	829
2009	905	506	393	529	965	790	1,012	1,069	1,066	874
2010	896	482	386	509	950	776	995	1,037	1,064	863
2011	877	479	390	495	934	756	985	1,032	1,051	865
2012	881	483	385	497	939	762	988	1,026	1,037	888
2013	875	487	397	501	928	757	973	1,011	1,028	953
2014	872	493	392	508	923	756	965	1,012	1,022	943
2015	895	510	407	522	947	770	983	1,040	1,064	1,003
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2015 annual averages (in constant 2015 dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$735	$756	$607	–	$591
1980	718	737	581	–	573
1981	710	728	588	–	558
1982	712	731	578	–	566
1983	708	724	590	–	566
1984	709	730	585	–	563
1985	723	748	582	–	567
1986	742	767	601	–	572
1987	747	766	601	–	569
1988	742	761	605	–	559
1989	736	755	589	–	550
1990	725	746	579	–	535
1991	723	750	591	–	530
1992	728	758	591	–	531
1993	742	767	596	–	535
1994	739	766	587	–	513
1995	740	764	592	–	509
1996	737	761	582	–	510
1997	741	764	589	–	517
1998	760	792	619	–	538
1999	781	815	633	–	548
2000	792	812	652	$846	549
2001	798	817	657	855	558
2002	801	821	656	867	559
2003	799	820	662	893	567
2004	801	824	659	888	572
2005	790	816	631	914	572
2006	788	811	651	921	571
2007	794	818	650	949	575
2008	795	817	649	948	583
2009	817	836	664	972	598
2010	812	832	664	929	582
2011	797	817	648	913	579
2012	793	817	641	949	586
2013	789	816	640	958	588
2014	792	817	640	954	595
2015	809	835	641	993	604
Women
1979	555	561	515	–	479
1980	551	556	507	–	471
1981	548	552	515	–	475
1982	564	571	512	–	479
1983	570	575	525	–	486
1984	576	583	524	–	485
1985	582	590	529	–	483
1986	601	607	545	–	498
1987	605	613	551	–	501
1988	607	613	555	–	501
1989	605	616	555	–	496
1990	609	621	542	–	489
1991	621	633	548	–	496
1992	629	641	555	–	500
1993	635	648	562	–	506
1994	631	646	547	–	483
1995	628	641	549	–	471
1996	629	644	544	–	475
1997	635	654	552	–	468
1998	663	680	581	–	490
1999	673	687	582	–	495
2000	678	691	590	752	503
2001	685	699	608	754	519
2002	697	721	623	746	523
2003	711	731	633	771	528
2004	719	733	634	769	526
2005	710	723	606	807	521
2006	705	716	610	821	517
2007	702	715	609	835	541
2008	703	720	610	829	552
2009	726	739	643	861	562
2010	727	743	643	840	552
2011	721	741	627	791	546
2012	713	733	618	795	538
2013	718	734	616	833	550
2014	720	735	612	842	549
2015	726	743	615	877	566
Men
1979	890	909	692	–	668
1980	858	877	668	–	641
1981	850	875	670	–	628
1982	858	884	656	–	634
1983	857	876	665	–	620
1984	852	872	659	–	624
1985	855	878	641	–	622
1986	866	895	659	–	618
1987	866	898	653	–	611
1988	865	896	671	–	593
1989	863	889	642	–	581
1990	847	870	636	–	560
1991	837	859	637	–	548
1992	829	851	629	–	561
1993	824	847	633	–	559
1994	826	866	633	–	543
1995	832	875	635	–	541
1996	838	872	620	–	535
1997	853	876	636	–	546
1998	869	894	680	–	567
1999	879	908	694	–	578
2000	882	911	702	942	574
2001	897	922	708	980	589
2002	895	925	690	996	594
2003	896	921	715	995	598
2004	895	918	714	1,006	602
2005	876	902	678	1,001	593
2006	873	894	694	1,036	593
2007	875	901	686	1,070	594
2008	879	909	683	1,064	616
2009	905	934	686	1,052	629
2010	896	924	688	1,017	609
2011	877	902	688	1,022	602
2012	881	907	686	1,089	611
2013	875	899	675	1,077	604
2014	872	898	681	1,081	617
2015	895	920	680	1,129	631
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–2015 annual averages (in constant 2015 dollars)
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Total
1979	$808	$640	$759	$860	$1,049
1980	784	608	729	833	1,030
1981	770	600	715	810	1,018
1982	771	585	712	828	1,033
1983	776	579	704	821	1,043
1984	787	572	702	830	1,057
1985	796	567	700	838	1,063
1986	808	574	711	845	1,085
1987	804	567	711	840	1,126
1988	798	555	709	829	1,127
1989	788	548	692	834	1,124
1990	790	533	680	838	1,123
1991	793	521	674	830	1,131
1992	793	515	667	801	1,152
1993	793	507	670	798	1,155
1994	791	486	666	790	1,160
1995	788	478	668	785	1,155
1996	782	477	666	779	1,140
1997	795	473	679	788	1,147
1998	831	490	696	811	1,193
1999	842	492	697	825	1,223
2000	838	498	695	820	1,226
2001	843	511	696	826	1,233
2002	851	511	705	829	1,240
2003	853	510	714	823	1,242
2004	857	503	720	829	1,237
2005	845	496	708	813	1,229
2006	844	492	699	813	1,221
2007	843	489	690	805	1,225
2008	838	499	681	795	1,228
2009	855	502	692	802	1,256
2010	850	483	680	798	1,243
2011	840	475	672	779	1,212
2012	841	486	673	773	1,202
2013	841	480	662	761	1,215
2014	840	488	669	762	1,194
2015	860	493	678	762	1,230
Women
1979	595	463	564	643	805
1980	584	449	551	633	795
1981	582	438	542	638	795
1982	601	434	557	646	816
1983	606	441	557	652	835
1984	615	435	563	663	848
1985	622	424	563	666	870
1986	636	430	572	682	901
1987	641	427	575	693	930
1988	645	426	574	694	934
1989	648	426	561	699	935
1990	650	423	555	695	942
1991	657	424	557	694	954
1992	662	424	558	674	983
1993	670	425	561	682	987
1994	666	407	555	669	1,003
1995	662	405	550	660	995
1996	668	403	549	665	988
1997	680	405	557	676	990
1998	705	411	576	692	1,028
1999	707	413	576	694	1,053
2000	710	418	578	695	1,040
2001	727	423	593	696	1,052
2002	748	428	603	715	1,066
2003	753	424	611	722	1,072
2004	752	419	612	724	1,079
2005	743	414	598	712	1,072
2006	737	421	588	707	1,063
2007	738	422	585	696	1,065
2008	738	416	573	692	1,052
2009	759	422	599	696	1,072
2010	765	422	590	693	1,072
2011	757	416	584	680	1,052
2012	750	398	579	680	1,033
2013	753	407	583	668	1,061
2014	753	409	579	662	1,050
2015	761	418	586	664	1,064
Men
1979	957	768	939	1,003	1,207
1980	929	732	896	981	1,170
1981	930	715	890	972	1,188
1982	927	691	882	969	1,186
1983	921	681	878	955	1,172
1984	917	670	867	970	1,222
1985	931	660	855	992	1,239
1986	957	663	860	1,002	1,277
1987	952	647	844	992	1,303
1988	938	640	842	969	1,308
1989	923	638	830	954	1,301
1990	901	614	808	954	1,305
1991	888	593	798	956	1,297
1992	887	581	793	919	1,310
1993	897	575	787	924	1,302
1994	911	541	785	929	1,307
1995	909	536	784	921	1,306
1996	901	537	776	908	1,314
1997	906	538	788	915	1,320
1998	929	557	812	935	1,365
1999	950	562	825	946	1,390
2000	953	558	813	950	1,403
2001	964	561	815	968	1,428
2002	964	555	813	963	1,436
2003	959	553	809	954	1,457
2004	956	560	809	955	1,434
2005	936	552	791	930	1,416
2006	937	551	797	935	1,416
2007	941	550	787	926	1,421
2008	944	547	781	914	1,415
2009	965	552	791	923	1,466
2010	950	528	772	918	1,446
2011	934	514	759	885	1,404
2012	939	524	759	884	1,415
2013	928	509	745	873	1,419
2014	923	518	752	873	1,386
2015	947	520	759	883	1,420
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2015 annual averages (in constant 2015 dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$13.54	$10.64	$9.45	$12.26	$15.58	$15.85	$16.13	$15.73	$15.15	$9.85
1980	13.21	10.16	8.82	11.75	15.21	15.51	15.78	15.48	14.77	9.75
1981	12.88	9.92	8.95	11.52	14.98	15.22	15.50	15.02	14.52	9.80
1982	12.74	9.55	8.49	10.99	14.81	14.98	15.59	15.14	14.41	9.72
1983	12.65	9.23	8.17	10.61	14.82	14.71	15.63	15.23	14.50	9.95
1984	12.67	9.09	7.93	10.48	14.87	14.72	15.59	15.39	14.39	10.07
1985	12.67	8.95	7.71	10.38	14.81	14.54	15.74	15.48	14.52	9.96
1986	12.81	9.11	7.67	10.45	14.94	14.48	16.10	15.97	14.81	10.27
1987	12.91	9.16	7.60	10.40	14.89	14.35	15.85	15.69	14.81	10.14
1988	12.97	9.23	7.76	10.37	14.91	14.32	15.74	15.72	14.41	10.08
1989	12.90	9.13	7.79	10.42	14.65	14.10	15.79	15.54	14.43	10.00
1990	12.73	9.08	7.90	10.40	14.37	13.91	15.53	15.48	14.12	10.12
1991	12.73	8.93	7.96	10.19	14.40	13.65	15.57	15.47	13.90	10.08
1992	12.78	8.89	7.83	9.98	14.45	13.53	15.53	15.76	14.04	10.17
1993	12.71	8.90	7.75	9.94	14.46	13.36	15.53	15.93	14.38	10.32
1994	12.67	8.89	7.77	9.84	14.43	13.26	15.70	15.85	14.27	10.11
1995	12.63	8.96	7.79	9.92	14.47	13.46	15.49	15.66	14.22	10.28
1996	12.63	8.93	7.77	10.06	14.47	13.26	15.25	15.40	14.12	10.18
1997	12.89	9.06	8.11	10.18	14.54	13.31	15.26	15.61	14.33	10.15
1998	13.23	9.56	8.55	10.52	14.72	14.03	15.78	15.93	14.65	10.76
1999	13.56	9.77	8.65	11.01	14.89	14.20	15.68	16.12	14.77	10.95
2000	13.63	9.96	8.82	11.10	14.97	14.00	15.61	16.26	14.88	11.07
2001	13.64	10.29	9.05	11.22	15.26	14.28	16.02	16.29	15.22	11.42
2002	13.79	10.29	9.10	11.16	15.59	14.47	16.05	16.42	15.61	11.95
2003	13.98	10.18	8.93	11.16	15.53	14.50	16.06	16.71	15.71	11.84
2004	13.80	10.01	8.78	11.02	15.35	14.27	16.17	16.60	15.78	12.07
2005	13.58	9.79	8.56	10.81	15.15	14.27	15.91	16.36	15.72	12.05
2006	13.82	9.68	8.50	10.76	15.21	14.04	15.85	16.49	15.66	11.93
2007	13.66	9.89	8.65	11.04	15.04	13.77	15.92	16.45	15.67	11.85
2008	13.47	9.77	8.63	10.75	15.21	13.77	15.84	16.38	15.64	11.99
2009	13.75	9.83	8.75	10.80	15.37	13.92	16.12	16.41	16.24	12.70
2010	13.59	9.67	8.70	10.36	15.20	13.62	15.88	16.28	16.18	12.55
2011	13.39	9.45	8.49	10.13	14.88	13.39	15.63	15.81	15.88	12.85
2012	13.21	9.34	8.36	10.01	14.71	13.23	15.34	15.55	15.88	12.60
2013	13.15	9.32	8.33	10.00	14.75	13.10	15.24	15.43	15.89	12.69
2014	13.15	9.56	8.44	9.99	14.81	13.14	15.13	15.41	15.38	13.03
2015	13.44	9.85	8.85	10.14	14.91	13.60	15.16	15.84	15.91	13.08
Women
1979	11.04	9.73	9.24	10.73	11.89	12.32	12.10	11.71	11.43	9.51
1980	10.82	9.45	8.60	10.38	11.62	12.16	11.75	11.59	11.18	9.26
1981	10.70	9.28	8.80	10.22	11.72	12.22	11.92	11.48	11.08	9.28
1982	10.87	8.92	8.37	9.88	11.84	12.24	11.98	11.67	11.32	9.27
1983	10.86	8.64	8.03	9.64	11.83	12.31	12.01	11.74	11.47	9.41
1984	10.80	8.54	7.80	9.48	11.91	12.17	12.20	11.98	11.46	9.50
1985	10.78	8.42	7.58	9.58	12.04	12.16	12.42	12.10	11.47	9.31
1986	11.01	8.49	7.54	9.73	12.29	12.29	12.67	12.38	11.88	9.77
1987	11.18	8.42	7.41	9.76	12.30	12.26	12.67	12.53	12.04	9.68
1988	11.25	8.63	7.53	9.73	12.41	12.25	13.03	12.70	11.71	9.87
1989	11.27	8.65	7.56	9.65	12.51	12.32	13.10	12.73	11.77	9.48
1990	11.34	8.71	7.66	9.81	12.45	12.34	12.98	12.61	11.85	9.60
1991	11.46	8.62	7.88	9.69	12.46	12.21	13.12	12.92	11.80	9.78
1992	11.52	8.54	7.76	9.55	12.67	12.33	13.23	13.15	11.92	9.88
1993	11.50	8.51	7.64	9.63	12.71	12.29	13.18	13.21	12.21	9.98
1994	11.47	8.42	7.64	9.46	12.74	12.31	13.35	13.39	12.37	9.87
1995	11.53	8.49	7.64	9.41	12.63	12.24	13.34	13.48	12.26	9.97
1996	11.62	8.54	7.65	9.41	12.68	12.12	13.37	13.44	12.14	9.70
1997	11.69	8.76	7.98	9.65	12.89	12.08	13.46	13.64	12.24	10.06
1998	11.96	9.07	8.40	10.07	13.27	12.79	14.04	14.22	12.86	10.48
1999	12.29	9.39	8.51	10.27	13.56	12.94	13.98	14.15	13.27	10.67
2000	12.46	9.63	8.57	10.73	13.60	13.33	13.80	14.00	13.54	10.83
2001	12.90	9.71	8.85	10.71	13.65	13.31	13.98	14.52	13.91	10.90
2002	13.03	9.82	8.96	10.69	14.11	13.33	14.47	14.73	14.24	11.50
2003	12.99	9.78	8.83	10.55	14.19	13.54	14.39	15.19	14.24	11.39
2004	12.76	9.67	8.61	10.44	14.09	13.32	14.37	14.99	14.52	11.49
2005	12.51	9.47	8.40	10.32	14.05	13.18	14.37	14.72	14.39	11.92
2006	12.51	9.39	8.35	10.36	13.95	13.01	14.16	14.41	14.24	11.72
2007	12.55	9.31	8.47	10.29	13.77	12.81	14.13	14.69	13.98	11.60
2008	12.65	9.28	8.49	10.09	13.74	12.91	14.20	14.49	14.32	11.60
2009	12.99	9.48	8.64	10.15	14.10	13.22	14.36	14.46	15.02	12.28
2010	12.86	9.37	8.60	9.87	14.00	13.09	14.26	14.67	14.87	12.15
2011	12.62	9.20	8.39	9.65	13.80	12.77	14.16	14.50	14.78	12.39
2012	12.37	9.06	8.28	9.46	13.59	12.54	13.89	14.24	14.82	12.22
2013	12.33	9.08	8.23	9.56	13.59	12.44	14.01	14.18	14.78	12.43
2014	12.19	9.15	8.30	9.78	13.51	12.26	14.01	14.15	14.20	12.48
2015	12.56	9.54	8.75	9.95	13.92	12.89	14.13	14.80	14.77	12.66
Men
1979	17.23	11.89	9.73	14.15	20.40	19.45	21.71	21.65	20.09	10.85
1980	16.71	11.23	9.23	13.48	19.78	18.99	21.40	21.32	19.84	10.38
1981	16.42	10.78	9.10	12.78	19.45	18.32	20.75	21.22	19.70	10.52
1982	16.16	10.33	8.63	12.08	19.06	18.09	20.97	20.94	19.20	10.52
1983	15.66	9.91	8.30	11.43	18.80	17.51	20.86	20.72	19.77	10.75
1984	15.48	9.93	8.09	11.22	18.70	17.13	20.67	21.07	19.26	10.67
1985	15.40	9.83	7.88	10.99	18.59	16.81	20.59	20.95	18.99	10.48
1986	15.68	9.90	7.89	11.22	18.64	16.59	20.64	20.97	19.71	10.70
1987	15.51	9.80	7.88	11.34	18.28	16.49	20.16	20.44	19.40	10.62
1988	15.24	9.69	7.98	11.16	18.07	16.20	19.69	20.60	18.77	10.64
1989	14.94	9.54	8.10	11.11	17.92	15.79	19.54	20.07	18.45	10.89
1990	14.56	9.58	8.17	10.88	17.32	15.55	18.89	19.60	17.90	10.70
1991	14.58	9.47	8.05	10.58	16.94	15.18	18.64	19.88	17.11	10.56
1992	14.35	9.35	7.95	10.33	16.66	14.93	18.10	19.90	17.20	10.68
1993	14.31	9.29	7.87	10.23	16.45	14.70	18.03	19.63	17.71	10.84
1994	14.24	9.30	7.88	10.38	16.28	14.40	18.20	19.15	17.50	10.51
1995	14.27	9.34	7.94	10.54	16.58	14.62	18.38	19.04	17.17	10.59
1996	14.32	9.28	7.89	10.51	16.21	14.59	17.91	18.65	16.77	10.59
1997	14.48	9.50	8.26	10.57	16.35	14.61	17.78	18.85	17.36	10.25
1998	14.62	10.04	8.69	11.31	17.03	14.85	18.14	18.95	17.76	11.25
1999	14.67	10.13	8.79	11.42	17.07	15.42	18.18	19.46	17.37	11.18
2000	14.87	10.50	9.13	11.54	16.84	15.09	18.07	19.12	17.62	11.43
2001	15.15	10.72	9.24	11.94	17.24	15.50	18.63	19.08	17.34	12.05
2002	15.34	10.61	9.25	11.70	17.19	15.67	18.39	18.97	17.63	12.89
2003	15.32	10.49	9.05	11.60	17.07	15.48	18.21	19.24	18.16	12.62
2004	15.08	10.30	8.97	11.38	17.24	15.09	18.32	18.96	18.24	12.42
2005	14.76	10.22	8.75	11.17	16.88	14.77	18.06	18.36	17.95	12.18
2006	14.90	10.33	8.73	11.46	16.77	14.84	17.70	18.85	17.67	12.60
2007	14.80	10.43	8.88	11.38	16.86	14.66	17.34	18.46	17.66	12.58
2008	14.82	10.18	8.79	11.01	16.55	14.83	17.64	18.52	17.51	12.67
2009	15.20	10.19	8.90	11.04	16.65	14.59	17.79	18.77	17.78	13.26
2010	14.96	10.01	8.79	10.76	16.35	14.24	17.21	18.36	17.88	12.96
2011	14.54	9.73	8.60	10.43	15.92	13.89	16.89	17.79	17.99	13.54
2012	14.32	9.74	8.45	10.29	15.66	13.70	16.56	17.53	17.83	13.45
2013	14.24	9.84	8.51	10.17	15.53	13.65	16.49	17.47	17.58	13.10
2014	14.40	9.90	8.64	10.16	15.78	14.09	16.57	17.43	17.48	13.99
2015	14.67	10.03	8.97	10.64	15.86	14.17	16.48	17.55	17.99	14.15
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2015 annual averages (in constant 2015 dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$13.54	$13.75	$12.53	–	$12.44
1980	13.21	13.37	12.16	–	12.16
1981	12.88	12.95	12.25	–	12.02
1982	12.74	12.90	11.93	–	11.82
1983	12.65	12.81	11.65	–	11.52
1984	12.67	12.83	11.65	–	11.46
1985	12.67	12.82	11.55	–	11.49
1986	12.81	12.98	11.98	–	11.67
1987	12.91	13.09	11.96	–	11.62
1988	12.97	13.12	11.85	–	11.46
1989	12.90	13.06	11.86	–	11.20
1990	12.73	12.90	11.99	–	11.06
1991	12.73	12.92	11.88	–	10.97
1992	12.78	12.95	11.69	–	11.01
1993	12.71	12.88	11.60	–	11.03
1994	12.67	12.83	11.53	–	10.97
1995	12.63	12.86	11.84	–	10.82
1996	12.63	12.89	11.67	–	10.78
1997	12.89	13.08	11.80	–	10.88
1998	13.23	13.40	12.19	–	11.51
1999	13.56	13.85	12.59	–	11.48
2000	13.63	13.70	12.85	$13.85	11.75
2001	13.64	13.73	13.09	14.39	12.13
2002	13.79	14.11	13.08	13.65	12.15
2003	13.98	14.14	13.08	14.33	12.58
2004	13.80	13.96	12.79	13.93	12.31
2005	13.58	13.93	12.34	14.58	12.08
2006	13.82	13.94	12.53	14.72	11.89
2007	13.66	13.81	12.45	13.97	11.70
2008	13.47	13.81	12.33	14.33	12.08
2009	13.75	13.99	12.86	14.54	12.20
2010	13.59	13.85	12.79	14.37	11.83
2011	13.39	13.60	12.42	14.07	11.64
2012	13.21	13.46	12.22	13.65	11.48
2013	13.15	13.38	12.11	13.86	11.44
2014	13.15	13.58	11.89	14.01	11.84
2015	13.44	13.87	12.06	14.19	12.04
Women
1979	11.04	11.04	10.82	–	10.49
1980	10.82	10.85	10.63	–	10.36
1981	10.70	10.70	10.48	–	10.25
1982	10.87	10.87	10.59	–	10.21
1983	10.86	10.88	10.68	–	10.00
1984	10.80	10.83	10.59	–	10.11
1985	10.78	10.80	10.59	–	10.13
1986	11.01	11.05	10.68	–	10.33
1987	11.18	11.22	10.78	–	10.20
1988	11.25	11.29	10.81	–	10.17
1989	11.27	11.31	10.85	–	10.20
1990	11.34	11.37	10.97	–	10.21
1991	11.46	11.48	11.12	–	10.15
1992	11.52	11.57	10.99	–	10.22
1993	11.50	11.57	11.10	–	10.19
1994	11.47	11.61	10.97	–	10.13
1995	11.53	11.65	11.00	–	10.20
1996	11.62	11.71	10.83	–	10.18
1997	11.69	11.78	11.18	–	10.04
1998	11.96	12.11	11.48	–	10.49
1999	12.29	12.42	11.56	–	10.61
2000	12.46	12.50	12.19	13.44	10.85
2001	12.90	13.03	12.25	13.48	11.08
2002	13.03	13.10	12.45	13.31	11.25
2003	12.99	13.03	12.77	13.76	11.44
2004	12.76	12.81	12.46	13.26	11.34
2005	12.51	12.74	12.05	14.13	11.14
2006	12.51	12.66	11.88	14.04	11.16
2007	12.55	12.64	11.94	13.52	11.20
2008	12.65	12.89	11.87	13.49	11.09
2009	12.99	13.07	12.17	14.00	11.15
2010	12.86	12.91	12.17	13.49	10.99
2011	12.62	12.70	11.89	13.49	10.80
2012	12.37	12.47	11.59	13.16	10.54
2013	12.33	12.42	11.74	13.27	10.67
2014	12.19	12.39	11.58	13.24	10.73
2015	12.56	12.82	11.70	13.80	11.08
Men
1979	17.23	17.65	14.91	–	14.60
1980	16.71	17.07	14.19	–	13.78
1981	16.42	16.78	14.52	–	13.42
1982	16.16	16.46	14.08	–	13.51
1983	15.66	16.00	13.48	–	13.14
1984	15.48	15.78	13.39	–	13.13
1985	15.40	15.92	12.92	–	12.75
1986	15.68	16.07	13.57	–	12.79
1987	15.51	15.83	13.45	–	12.71
1988	15.24	15.53	13.37	–	12.54
1989	14.94	15.28	13.04	–	12.29
1990	14.56	15.05	12.98	–	11.87
1991	14.58	14.97	12.85	–	11.68
1992	14.35	14.72	12.62	–	11.57
1993	14.31	14.65	12.39	–	11.50
1994	14.24	14.57	12.53	–	11.34
1995	14.27	14.87	12.61	–	11.22
1996	14.32	14.72	12.30	–	11.46
1997	14.48	14.67	12.77	–	11.63
1998	14.62	14.80	13.21	–	11.98
1999	14.67	15.09	13.90	–	12.25
2000	14.87	15.06	13.73	14.84	12.43
2001	15.15	15.54	13.63	15.85	12.95
2002	15.34	15.63	13.49	14.52	13.07
2003	15.32	15.50	13.93	15.32	12.93
2004	15.08	15.26	13.65	14.93	12.57
2005	14.76	15.13	13.23	15.47	12.37
2006	14.90	15.14	13.42	15.49	12.74
2007	14.80	15.11	13.22	15.11	12.65
2008	14.82	15.25	13.20	15.45	13.03
2009	15.20	15.41	13.56	15.48	13.17
2010	14.96	15.18	13.22	15.34	12.75
2011	14.54	14.77	12.71	15.02	12.44
2012	14.32	14.62	12.59	14.60	12.34
2013	14.24	14.49	12.37	14.49	12.20
2014	14.40	14.87	12.22	14.67	12.39
2015	14.67	14.93	12.66	14.87	12.92
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979–2015 annual averages (in current dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$241	$172	$144	$186	$265	$255	$280	$276	$262	$198
1980	262	187	154	200	286	276	302	298	285	203
1981	284	200	161	213	308	296	326	320	309	222
1982	302	208	164	220	327	311	354	345	325	253
1983	313	211	164	223	343	321	370	367	346	261
1984	326	217	169	231	362	335	389	385	366	272
1985	344	224	174	240	379	349	406	400	381	297
1986	359	232	178	248	391	360	419	416	397	298
1987	374	243	186	259	403	373	435	429	405	310
1988	385	249	196	266	414	383	450	453	419	323
1989	399	259	204	276	427	394	472	472	431	334
1990	412	269	209	285	449	407	486	489	457	343
1991	426	277	213	291	467	415	498	507	469	381
1992	440	276	212	290	479	422	503	522	483	378
1993	459	282	214	297	491	436	517	542	492	393
1994	467	286	221	300	500	439	537	566	501	384
1995	479	292	231	306	510	451	550	582	514	389
1996	490	298	240	312	520	463	559	594	535	384
1997	503	306	252	321	540	481	579	607	558	393
1998	523	319	268	339	572	502	597	620	592	405
1999	549	341	281	363	592	518	611	652	604	404
2000	576	361	297	383	609	549	625	669	620	463
2001	596	375	305	394	630	576	657	693	638	488
2002	608	381	305	399	646	591	668	706	674	502
2003	620	387	311	402	662	594	687	723	708	516
2004	638	390	309	406	683	604	713	743	725	560
2005	651	397	318	411	696	610	731	748	742	569
2006	671	409	324	423	718	621	748	773	765	583
2007	695	424	337	450	738	643	769	790	803	605
2008	722	443	349	467	761	666	804	822	825	644
2009	739	442	344	464	774	678	817	838	841	684
2010	747	432	347	454	782	682	824	844	860	684
2011	756	440	352	457	797	693	837	866	881	742
2012	768	444	356	464	815	707	858	878	897	757
2013	776	454	373	472	827	708	874	883	904	801
2014	791	477	378	491	839	726	881	899	911	824
2015	809	487	389	501	860	735	900	923	927	873
Women
1979	182	154	132	161	195	199	196	192	189	170
1980	201	167	145	175	213	218	214	209	205	175
1981	219	180	154	191	233	239	238	225	222	189
1982	239	192	158	201	255	258	258	252	245	211
1983	252	198	158	207	268	272	272	264	257	212
1984	265	203	162	213	283	285	292	279	270	219
1985	277	211	166	221	296	296	307	292	285	242
1986	291	219	170	231	308	306	319	308	296	256
1987	303	227	172	242	321	316	337	324	308	261
1988	315	235	184	251	335	327	354	339	317	280
1989	328	246	197	260	351	340	370	357	333	292
1990	346	254	198	269	369	356	390	377	348	300
1991	366	266	205	280	387	371	407	398	363	319
1992	380	267	205	280	400	382	418	417	376	328
1993	393	273	205	289	415	395	435	440	395	335
1994	399	276	211	290	421	397	448	450	398	336
1995	406	275	215	291	428	403	453	464	403	353
1996	418	284	223	298	444	415	463	481	420	334
1997	431	292	240	306	462	427	482	495	433	348
1998	456	305	249	319	485	451	498	516	476	350
1999	473	324	266	343	497	470	503	534	492	370
2000	493	344	283	366	516	493	521	564	508	392
2001	512	353	288	375	543	512	547	587	536	390
2002	529	367	295	385	568	530	571	602	574	430
2003	552	371	299	387	584	546	590	609	601	435
2004	573	375	293	391	599	561	608	625	615	478
2005	585	381	304	396	612	573	621	644	639	492
2006	600	395	305	413	627	583	645	659	658	510
2007	614	409	318	426	646	597	668	677	679	534
2008	638	420	322	445	670	623	682	707	711	563
2009	657	424	323	445	687	634	709	712	727	602
2010	669	422	336	439	704	648	731	730	736	601
2011	684	421	328	438	718	662	734	744	749	664
2012	691	416	330	429	727	666	747	746	766	667
2013	706	423	350	442	740	665	767	761	779	691
2014	719	451	357	468	752	679	781	780	780	740
2015	726	450	364	468	761	690	804	799	784	740
Men
1979	292	196	155	211	314	295	336	338	312	219
1980	313	208	162	224	339	314	367	367	345	229
1981	340	218	168	237	372	340	397	396	377	266
1982	364	225	170	244	393	358	422	419	399	300
1983	379	223	168	242	407	371	442	444	416	308
1984	392	231	174	250	422	382	471	470	439	328
1985	407	241	183	258	443	394	487	489	467	367
1986	419	246	186	264	463	402	499	506	484	358
1987	434	257	196	275	477	412	510	520	495	380
1988	449	262	205	279	487	421	517	549	509	395
1989	468	271	209	290	500	434	542	569	521	393
1990	481	282	218	298	512	449	560	591	546	403
1991	493	285	219	300	523	458	576	612	563	467
1992	501	284	218	297	536	466	581	634	579	421
1993	510	288	221	303	555	476	596	653	586	451
1994	522	294	228	307	576	479	617	671	603	441
1995	538	303	244	315	588	490	624	685	623	441
1996	557	307	251	321	599	499	632	698	643	477
1997	579	317	262	338	615	515	651	713	669	452
1998	598	334	281	357	639	544	677	732	699	482
1999	618	356	291	379	668	577	702	763	725	470
2000	641	375	306	395	693	598	728	771	735	522
2001	670	391	319	408	720	617	754	799	760	565
2002	679	391	312	410	732	627	759	807	802	583
2003	695	398	321	412	744	628	775	834	827	612
2004	713	400	318	417	762	639	804	857	843	641
2005	722	409	330	422	771	644	822	853	855	644
2006	743	418	348	435	797	661	836	897	902	658
2007	766	443	357	472	823	687	873	909	933	686
2008	798	461	369	481	857	704	915	944	943	753
2009	819	458	356	479	873	715	916	967	965	791
2010	824	443	355	468	874	714	915	954	979	794
2011	832	455	370	470	886	717	935	979	997	821
2012	854	468	373	482	910	738	957	994	1,005	860
2013	860	479	390	492	912	744	956	994	1,011	937
2014	871	493	392	507	922	755	964	1,011	1,021	942
2015	895	510	407	522	947	770	983	1,040	1,064	1,003
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2015 annual averages (in current dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$241	$248	$199	–	$194
1980	262	269	212	–	209
1981	284	291	235	–	223
1982	302	310	245	–	240
1983	313	320	261	–	250
1984	326	336	269	–	259
1985	344	356	277	–	270
1986	359	371	291	–	277
1987	374	384	301	–	285
1988	385	395	314	–	290
1989	399	409	319	–	298
1990	412	424	329	–	304
1991	426	442	348	–	312
1992	440	458	357	–	321
1993	459	475	369	–	331
1994	467	484	371	–	324
1995	479	494	383	–	329
1996	490	506	387	–	339
1997	503	519	400	–	351
1998	523	545	426	–	370
1999	549	573	445	–	385
2000	576	590	474	$615	399
2001	596	610	491	639	417
2002	608	623	498	658	424
2003	620	636	514	693	440
2004	638	657	525	708	456
2005	651	672	520	753	471
2006	671	690	554	784	486
2007	695	716	569	830	503
2008	722	742	589	861	529
2009	739	757	601	880	541
2010	747	765	611	855	535
2011	756	775	615	866	549
2012	768	792	621	920	568
2013	776	802	629	942	578
2014	791	816	639	953	594
2015	809	835	641	993	604
Women
1979	182	184	169	–	157
1980	201	203	185	–	172
1981	219	221	206	–	190
1982	239	242	217	–	203
1983	252	254	232	–	215
1984	265	268	241	–	223
1985	277	281	252	–	230
1986	291	294	264	–	241
1987	303	307	276	–	251
1988	315	318	288	–	260
1989	328	334	301	–	269
1990	346	353	308	–	278
1991	366	373	323	–	292
1992	380	387	335	–	302
1993	393	401	348	–	313
1994	399	408	346	–	305
1995	406	415	355	–	305
1996	418	428	362	–	316
1997	431	444	375	–	318
1998	456	468	400	–	337
1999	473	483	409	–	348
2000	493	502	429	547	366
2001	512	522	454	563	388
2002	529	547	473	566	397
2003	552	567	491	598	410
2004	573	584	505	613	419
2005	585	596	499	665	429
2006	600	609	519	699	440
2007	614	626	533	731	473
2008	638	654	554	753	501
2009	657	669	582	779	509
2010	669	684	592	773	508
2011	684	703	595	751	518
2012	691	710	599	770	521
2013	706	722	606	819	541
2014	719	734	611	841	548
2015	726	743	615	877	566
Men
1979	292	298	227	–	219
1980	313	320	244	–	234
1981	340	350	268	–	251
1982	364	375	278	–	269
1983	379	387	294	–	274
1984	392	401	303	–	287
1985	407	418	305	–	296
1986	419	433	319	–	299
1987	434	450	327	–	306
1988	449	465	348	–	308
1989	468	482	348	–	315
1990	481	494	361	–	318
1991	493	506	375	–	323
1992	501	514	380	–	339
1993	510	524	392	–	346
1994	522	547	400	–	343
1995	538	566	411	–	350
1996	557	580	412	–	356
1997	579	595	432	–	371
1998	598	615	468	–	390
1999	618	638	488	–	406
2000	641	662	510	685	417
2001	670	689	529	732	440
2002	679	702	524	756	451
2003	695	715	555	772	464
2004	713	732	569	802	480
2005	722	743	559	825	489
2006	743	761	591	882	505
2007	766	788	600	936	520
2008	798	825	620	966	559
2009	819	845	621	952	569
2010	824	850	633	936	560
2011	832	856	653	970	571
2012	854	879	665	1,055	592
2013	860	884	664	1,059	594
2014	871	897	680	1,080	616
2015	895	920	680	1,129	631
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979–2015 annual averages (in current dollars)
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Total
1979	$265	$210	$249	$282	$344
1980	286	222	266	304	376
1981	308	240	286	324	407
1982	327	248	302	351	438
1983	343	256	311	363	461
1984	362	263	323	382	486
1985	379	270	333	399	506
1986	391	278	344	409	525
1987	403	284	356	421	564
1988	414	288	368	430	585
1989	427	297	375	452	609
1990	449	303	386	476	638
1991	467	307	397	489	666
1992	479	311	403	484	696
1993	491	314	415	494	715
1994	500	307	421	499	733
1995	510	309	432	508	747
1996	520	317	443	518	758
1997	540	321	461	535	779
1998	572	337	479	558	821
1999	592	346	490	580	860
2000	609	362	505	596	891
2001	630	382	520	617	921
2002	646	388	535	629	941
2003	662	396	554	639	964
2004	683	401	574	661	986
2005	696	409	583	670	1,013
2006	718	419	595	692	1,039
2007	738	428	604	704	1,072
2008	761	453	618	722	1,115
2009	774	454	626	726	1,137
2010	782	444	626	734	1,144
2011	797	451	638	739	1,150
2012	815	471	652	749	1,165
2013	827	472	651	748	1,194
2014	839	488	668	761	1,193
2015	860	493	678	762	1,230
Women
1979	195	152	185	211	264
1980	213	164	201	231	290
1981	233	175	217	255	318
1982	255	184	236	274	346
1983	268	195	246	288	369
1984	283	200	259	305	390
1985	296	202	268	317	414
1986	308	208	277	330	436
1987	321	214	288	347	466
1988	335	221	298	360	485
1989	351	231	304	379	507
1990	369	240	315	395	535
1991	387	250	328	409	562
1992	400	256	337	407	594
1993	415	263	347	422	611
1994	421	257	351	423	634
1995	428	262	356	427	644
1996	444	268	365	442	657
1997	462	275	378	459	672
1998	485	283	396	476	707
1999	497	290	405	488	740
2000	516	304	420	505	756
2001	543	316	443	520	786
2002	568	325	458	543	809
2003	584	329	474	560	832
2004	599	334	488	577	860
2005	612	341	493	587	883
2006	627	358	500	602	905
2007	646	369	512	609	932
2008	670	378	520	628	955
2009	687	382	542	630	970
2010	704	388	543	638	986
2011	718	395	554	645	998
2012	727	386	561	659	1,001
2013	740	400	573	657	1,043
2014	752	409	578	661	1,049
2015	761	418	586	664	1,064
Men
1979	314	252	308	329	396
1980	339	267	327	358	427
1981	372	286	356	389	475
1982	393	293	374	411	503
1983	407	301	388	422	518
1984	422	308	399	446	562
1985	443	314	407	472	590
1986	463	321	416	485	618
1987	477	324	423	497	653
1988	487	332	437	503	679
1989	500	346	450	517	705
1990	512	349	459	542	741
1991	523	349	470	563	764
1992	536	351	479	555	791
1993	555	356	487	572	806
1994	576	342	496	587	826
1995	588	347	507	596	845
1996	599	357	516	604	874
1997	615	365	535	621	896
1998	639	383	559	643	939
1999	668	395	580	665	977
2000	693	406	591	691	1,020
2001	720	419	609	723	1,067
2002	732	421	617	731	1,090
2003	744	429	628	740	1,131
2004	762	446	645	761	1,143
2005	771	455	652	766	1,167
2006	797	469	678	796	1,205
2007	823	481	689	810	1,243
2008	857	497	709	830	1,285
2009	873	500	716	835	1,327
2010	874	486	710	845	1,330
2011	886	488	720	840	1,332
2012	910	508	735	857	1,371
2013	912	500	732	858	1,395
2014	922	517	751	872	1,385
2015	947	520	759	883	1,420
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979–2015 annual averages (in current dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$4.44	$3.49	$3.10	$4.02	$5.11	$5.20	$5.29	$5.16	$4.97	$3.23
1980	4.82	3.71	3.22	4.29	5.55	5.66	5.76	5.65	5.39	3.56
1981	5.15	3.97	3.58	4.61	5.99	6.09	6.20	6.01	5.81	3.92
1982	5.40	4.05	3.60	4.66	6.28	6.35	6.61	6.42	6.11	4.12
1983	5.59	4.08	3.61	4.69	6.55	6.50	6.91	6.73	6.41	4.40
1984	5.83	4.18	3.65	4.82	6.84	6.77	7.17	7.08	6.62	4.63
1985	6.03	4.26	3.67	4.94	7.05	6.92	7.49	7.37	6.91	4.74
1986	6.20	4.41	3.71	5.06	7.23	7.01	7.79	7.73	7.17	4.97
1987	6.47	4.59	3.81	5.21	7.46	7.19	7.94	7.86	7.42	5.08
1988	6.73	4.79	4.03	5.38	7.74	7.43	8.17	8.16	7.48	5.23
1989	6.99	4.95	4.22	5.65	7.94	7.64	8.56	8.42	7.82	5.42
1990	7.23	5.16	4.49	5.91	8.16	7.90	8.82	8.79	8.02	5.75
1991	7.50	5.26	4.69	6.00	8.48	8.04	9.17	9.11	8.19	5.94
1992	7.72	5.37	4.73	6.03	8.73	8.17	9.38	9.52	8.48	6.14
1993	7.87	5.51	4.80	6.15	8.95	8.27	9.61	9.86	8.90	6.39
1994	8.01	5.62	4.91	6.22	9.12	8.38	9.92	10.02	9.02	6.39
1995	8.17	5.80	5.04	6.42	9.36	8.71	10.02	10.13	9.20	6.65
1996	8.40	5.94	5.17	6.69	9.62	8.82	10.14	10.24	9.39	6.77
1997	8.75	6.15	5.51	6.91	9.87	9.04	10.36	10.60	9.73	6.89
1998	9.10	6.58	5.88	7.24	10.13	9.65	10.86	10.96	10.08	7.40
1999	9.53	6.87	6.08	7.74	10.47	9.98	11.02	11.33	10.38	7.70
2000	9.91	7.24	6.41	8.07	10.88	10.18	11.35	11.82	10.82	8.05
2001	10.19	7.69	6.76	8.38	11.40	10.67	11.97	12.17	11.37	8.53
2002	10.47	7.81	6.91	8.47	11.83	10.98	12.18	12.46	11.85	9.07
2003	10.85	7.90	6.93	8.66	12.05	11.25	12.46	12.97	12.19	9.19
2004	11.00	7.98	7.00	8.78	12.23	11.37	12.89	13.23	12.58	9.62
2005	11.19	8.07	7.05	8.91	12.48	11.76	13.11	13.48	12.95	9.93
2006	11.76	8.24	7.23	9.16	12.94	11.95	13.49	14.03	13.33	10.15
2007	11.95	8.65	7.57	9.66	13.16	12.05	13.93	14.39	13.71	10.37
2008	12.23	8.87	7.84	9.76	13.81	12.50	14.38	14.87	14.20	10.89
2009	12.44	8.90	7.92	9.77	13.91	12.60	14.59	14.85	14.70	11.49
2010	12.50	8.90	8.00	9.53	13.98	12.53	14.61	14.98	14.89	11.55
2011	12.71	8.97	8.06	9.61	14.12	12.71	14.83	15.00	15.07	12.19
2012	12.80	9.05	8.10	9.70	14.25	12.82	14.86	15.07	15.39	12.21
2013	12.93	9.16	8.19	9.83	14.50	12.88	14.98	15.17	15.62	12.47
2014	13.14	9.55	8.43	9.98	14.80	13.13	15.11	15.39	15.36	13.02
2015	13.44	9.85	8.85	10.14	14.91	13.60	15.16	15.84	15.91	13.08
Women
1979	3.62	3.19	3.03	3.52	3.90	4.04	3.97	3.84	3.75	3.12
1980	3.95	3.45	3.14	3.79	4.24	4.44	4.29	4.23	4.08	3.38
1981	4.28	3.71	3.52	4.09	4.69	4.89	4.77	4.59	4.43	3.71
1982	4.61	3.78	3.55	4.19	5.02	5.19	5.08	4.95	4.80	3.93
1983	4.80	3.82	3.55	4.26	5.23	5.44	5.31	5.19	5.07	4.16
1984	4.97	3.93	3.59	4.36	5.48	5.60	5.61	5.51	5.27	4.37
1985	5.13	4.01	3.61	4.56	5.73	5.79	5.91	5.76	5.46	4.43
1986	5.33	4.11	3.65	4.71	5.95	5.95	6.13	5.99	5.75	4.73
1987	5.60	4.22	3.71	4.89	6.16	6.14	6.35	6.28	6.03	4.85
1988	5.84	4.48	3.91	5.05	6.44	6.36	6.76	6.59	6.08	5.12
1989	6.11	4.69	4.10	5.23	6.78	6.68	7.10	6.90	6.38	5.14
1990	6.44	4.95	4.35	5.57	7.07	7.01	7.37	7.16	6.73	5.45
1991	6.75	5.08	4.64	5.71	7.34	7.19	7.73	7.61	6.95	5.76
1992	6.96	5.16	4.69	5.77	7.65	7.45	7.99	7.94	7.20	5.97
1993	7.12	5.27	4.73	5.96	7.87	7.61	8.16	8.18	7.56	6.18
1994	7.25	5.32	4.83	5.98	8.05	7.78	8.44	8.46	7.82	6.24
1995	7.46	5.49	4.94	6.09	8.17	7.92	8.63	8.72	7.93	6.45
1996	7.73	5.68	5.09	6.26	8.43	8.06	8.89	8.94	8.07	6.45
1997	7.94	5.95	5.42	6.55	8.75	8.20	9.14	9.26	8.31	6.83
1998	8.23	6.24	5.78	6.93	9.13	8.80	9.66	9.78	8.85	7.21
1999	8.64	6.60	5.98	7.22	9.53	9.10	9.83	9.95	9.33	7.50
2000	9.06	7.00	6.23	7.80	9.89	9.69	10.03	10.18	9.84	7.87
2001	9.64	7.25	6.61	8.00	10.20	9.94	10.44	10.85	10.39	8.14
2002	9.89	7.45	6.80	8.11	10.71	10.12	10.98	11.18	10.81	8.73
2003	10.08	7.59	6.85	8.19	11.01	10.51	11.17	11.79	11.05	8.84
2004	10.17	7.71	6.86	8.32	11.23	10.62	11.45	11.95	11.57	9.16
2005	10.31	7.80	6.92	8.50	11.58	10.86	11.84	12.13	11.86	9.82
2006	10.65	7.99	7.11	8.82	11.87	11.07	12.05	12.26	12.12	9.97
2007	10.98	8.15	7.41	9.00	12.05	11.21	12.36	12.85	12.23	10.15
2008	11.49	8.43	7.71	9.16	12.48	11.72	12.89	13.16	13.00	10.53
2009	11.76	8.58	7.82	9.19	12.76	11.96	13.00	13.09	13.59	11.11
2010	11.83	8.62	7.91	9.08	12.88	12.04	13.12	13.50	13.68	11.18
2011	11.98	8.73	7.96	9.16	13.10	12.12	13.44	13.76	14.03	11.76
2012	11.99	8.78	8.02	9.17	13.17	12.15	13.46	13.80	14.36	11.84
2013	12.12	8.93	8.09	9.40	13.36	12.23	13.77	13.94	14.53	12.22
2014	12.18	9.14	8.29	9.77	13.50	12.25	14.00	14.14	14.19	12.47
2015	12.56	9.54	8.75	9.95	13.92	12.89	14.13	14.80	14.77	12.66
Men
1979	5.65	3.90	3.19	4.64	6.69	6.38	7.12	7.10	6.59	3.56
1980	6.10	4.10	3.37	4.92	7.22	6.93	7.81	7.78	7.24	3.79
1981	6.57	4.31	3.64	5.11	7.78	7.33	8.30	8.49	7.88	4.21
1982	6.85	4.38	3.66	5.12	8.08	7.67	8.89	8.88	8.14	4.46
1983	6.92	4.38	3.67	5.05	8.31	7.74	9.22	9.16	8.74	4.75
1984	7.12	4.57	3.72	5.16	8.60	7.88	9.51	9.69	8.86	4.91
1985	7.33	4.68	3.75	5.23	8.85	8.00	9.80	9.97	9.04	4.99
1986	7.59	4.79	3.82	5.43	9.02	8.03	9.99	10.15	9.54	5.18
1987	7.77	4.91	3.95	5.68	9.16	8.26	10.10	10.24	9.72	5.32
1988	7.91	5.03	4.14	5.79	9.38	8.41	10.22	10.69	9.74	5.52
1989	8.10	5.17	4.39	6.02	9.71	8.56	10.59	10.88	10.00	5.90
1990	8.27	5.44	4.64	6.18	9.84	8.83	10.73	11.13	10.17	6.08
1991	8.59	5.58	4.74	6.23	9.98	8.94	10.98	11.71	10.08	6.22
1992	8.67	5.65	4.80	6.24	10.06	9.02	10.93	12.02	10.39	6.45
1993	8.86	5.75	4.87	6.33	10.18	9.10	11.16	12.15	10.96	6.71
1994	9.00	5.88	4.98	6.56	10.29	9.10	11.50	12.10	11.06	6.64
1995	9.23	6.04	5.14	6.82	10.73	9.46	11.89	12.32	11.11	6.85
1996	9.52	6.17	5.25	6.99	10.78	9.70	11.91	12.40	11.15	7.04
1997	9.83	6.45	5.61	7.18	11.10	9.92	12.07	12.80	11.79	6.96
1998	10.06	6.91	5.98	7.78	11.72	10.22	12.48	13.04	12.22	7.74
1999	10.31	7.12	6.18	8.03	12.00	10.84	12.78	13.68	12.21	7.86
2000	10.81	7.63	6.64	8.39	12.24	10.97	13.14	13.90	12.81	8.31
2001	11.32	8.01	6.90	8.92	12.88	11.58	13.92	14.25	12.95	9.00
2002	11.64	8.05	7.02	8.88	13.05	11.89	13.96	14.40	13.38	9.78
2003	11.89	8.14	7.02	9.00	13.25	12.01	14.13	14.93	14.09	9.79
2004	12.02	8.21	7.15	9.07	13.74	12.03	14.60	15.11	14.54	9.90
2005	12.16	8.42	7.21	9.20	13.91	12.17	14.88	15.13	14.79	10.04
2006	12.68	8.79	7.43	9.75	14.27	12.63	15.06	16.04	15.04	10.72
2007	12.95	9.13	7.77	9.96	14.75	12.83	15.17	16.15	15.45	11.01
2008	13.46	9.24	7.98	10.00	15.03	13.47	16.02	16.82	15.90	11.50
2009	13.76	9.22	8.05	9.99	15.07	13.20	16.10	16.99	16.09	12.00
2010	13.76	9.21	8.09	9.90	15.04	13.10	15.83	16.89	16.45	11.92
2011	13.80	9.23	8.16	9.90	15.11	13.18	16.03	16.88	17.07	12.85
2012	13.88	9.44	8.19	9.97	15.17	13.28	16.05	16.99	17.28	13.03
2013	14.00	9.67	8.37	10.00	15.27	13.42	16.21	17.17	17.28	12.88
2014	14.39	9.89	8.63	10.15	15.76	14.08	16.55	17.41	17.46	13.98
2015	14.67	10.03	8.97	10.64	15.86	14.17	16.48	17.55	17.99	14.15
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2015 annual averages (in current dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$4.44	$4.51	$4.11	–	$4.08
1980	4.82	4.88	4.44	–	4.44
1981	5.15	5.18	4.90	–	4.81
1982	5.40	5.47	5.06	–	5.01
1983	5.59	5.66	5.15	–	5.09
1984	5.83	5.90	5.36	–	5.27
1985	6.03	6.10	5.50	–	5.47
1986	6.20	6.28	5.80	–	5.65
1987	6.47	6.56	5.99	–	5.82
1988	6.73	6.81	6.15	–	5.95
1989	6.99	7.08	6.43	–	6.07
1990	7.23	7.33	6.81	–	6.28
1991	7.50	7.61	7.00	–	6.46
1992	7.72	7.82	7.06	–	6.65
1993	7.87	7.97	7.18	–	6.83
1994	8.01	8.11	7.29	–	6.93
1995	8.17	8.32	7.66	–	7.00
1996	8.40	8.57	7.76	–	7.17
1997	8.75	8.88	8.01	–	7.39
1998	9.10	9.22	8.39	–	7.92
1999	9.53	9.74	8.85	–	8.07
2000	9.91	9.96	9.34	$10.07	8.54
2001	10.19	10.26	9.78	10.75	9.06
2002	10.47	10.71	9.93	10.36	9.22
2003	10.85	10.97	10.15	11.12	9.76
2004	11.00	11.13	10.19	11.10	9.81
2005	11.19	11.48	10.17	12.01	9.95
2006	11.76	11.86	10.66	12.53	10.12
2007	11.95	12.08	10.89	12.22	10.24
2008	12.23	12.54	11.20	13.01	10.97
2009	12.44	12.66	11.64	13.16	11.04
2010	12.50	12.74	11.77	13.22	10.88
2011	12.71	12.91	11.79	13.35	11.05
2012	12.80	13.04	11.84	13.23	11.12
2013	12.93	13.15	11.90	13.62	11.25
2014	13.14	13.57	11.88	14.00	11.83
2015	13.44	13.87	12.06	14.19	12.04
Women
1979	3.62	3.62	3.55	–	3.44
1980	3.95	3.96	3.88	–	3.78
1981	4.28	4.28	4.19	–	4.10
1982	4.61	4.61	4.49	–	4.33
1983	4.80	4.81	4.72	–	4.42
1984	4.97	4.98	4.87	–	4.65
1985	5.13	5.14	5.04	–	4.82
1986	5.33	5.35	5.17	–	5.00
1987	5.60	5.62	5.40	–	5.11
1988	5.84	5.86	5.61	–	5.28
1989	6.11	6.13	5.88	–	5.53
1990	6.44	6.46	6.23	–	5.80
1991	6.75	6.76	6.55	–	5.98
1992	6.96	6.99	6.64	–	6.17
1993	7.12	7.16	6.87	–	6.31
1994	7.25	7.34	6.93	–	6.40
1995	7.46	7.54	7.12	–	6.60
1996	7.73	7.79	7.20	–	6.77
1997	7.94	8.00	7.59	–	6.82
1998	8.23	8.33	7.90	–	7.22
1999	8.64	8.73	8.13	–	7.46
2000	9.06	9.09	8.86	9.77	7.89
2001	9.64	9.73	9.15	10.07	8.28
2002	9.89	9.94	9.45	10.10	8.54
2003	10.08	10.11	9.91	10.68	8.88
2004	10.17	10.21	9.93	10.57	9.04
2005	10.31	10.50	9.93	11.64	9.18
2006	10.65	10.77	10.11	11.95	9.50
2007	10.98	11.06	10.45	11.83	9.80
2008	11.49	11.70	10.78	12.25	10.07
2009	11.76	11.83	11.01	12.67	10.09
2010	11.83	11.88	11.20	12.41	10.11
2011	11.98	12.05	11.28	12.80	10.25
2012	11.99	12.08	11.23	12.75	10.21
2013	12.12	12.21	11.54	13.04	10.49
2014	12.18	12.38	11.57	13.23	10.72
2015	12.56	12.82	11.70	13.80	11.08
Men
1979	5.65	5.79	4.89	–	4.79
1980	6.10	6.23	5.18	–	5.03
1981	6.57	6.71	5.81	–	5.37
1982	6.85	6.98	5.97	–	5.73
1983	6.92	7.07	5.96	–	5.81
1984	7.12	7.26	6.16	–	6.04
1985	7.33	7.58	6.15	–	6.07
1986	7.59	7.78	6.57	–	6.19
1987	7.77	7.93	6.74	–	6.37
1988	7.91	8.06	6.94	–	6.51
1989	8.10	8.28	7.07	–	6.66
1990	8.27	8.55	7.37	–	6.74
1991	8.59	8.82	7.57	–	6.88
1992	8.67	8.89	7.62	–	6.99
1993	8.86	9.07	7.67	–	7.12
1994	9.00	9.21	7.92	–	7.17
1995	9.23	9.62	8.16	–	7.26
1996	9.52	9.79	8.18	–	7.62
1997	9.83	9.96	8.67	–	7.90
1998	10.06	10.18	9.09	–	8.24
1999	10.31	10.61	9.77	–	8.61
2000	10.81	10.95	9.98	10.79	9.04
2001	11.32	11.61	10.18	11.84	9.67
2002	11.64	11.86	10.24	11.02	9.92
2003	11.89	12.03	10.81	11.89	10.03
2004	12.02	12.16	10.88	11.90	10.02
2005	12.16	12.47	10.90	12.75	10.19
2006	12.68	12.88	11.42	13.18	10.84
2007	12.95	13.22	11.57	13.22	11.07
2008	13.46	13.85	11.99	14.03	11.83
2009	13.76	13.95	12.27	14.01	11.92
2010	13.76	13.97	12.16	14.11	11.73
2011	13.80	14.02	12.06	14.25	11.81
2012	13.88	14.17	12.20	14.15	11.96
2013	14.00	14.24	12.16	14.24	11.99
2014	14.39	14.86	12.21	14.66	12.38
2015	14.67	14.93	12.66	14.87	12.92
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households representing all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey data on earnings are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, are excluded from the data presented in this report.

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can help explain earnings differences. This includes the direct comparisons of earnings levels among demographic groups and the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios shown in the tables (that is, women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s). For example, the overall ratio of women’s-to-men’s earnings for full-time workers presented here is not controlled for differences in important determinants of earnings such as age, occupation, and educational attainment. The earnings comparisons in this report are not restricted to workers with otherwise comparable characteristics and comparable jobs. Even controlling for one of the factors may not fully explain earnings differences. Comparisons of women’s and men’s earnings by detailed occupation, for example, are not simultaneously controlled for differences in key factors such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be used without permission. Information in this report will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice telephone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1 (800) 877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

The principal concepts and definitions used in this report are described briefly below.

Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the public and private sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Part-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Before 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Median of usual weekly earnings reflects the midpoint in a given earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median and the other half having earnings below the median.

The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.

Changes over time in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall median boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly are as follows:

There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the median earnings of 16- to 24-year-olds and the median earnings of those 25 years and older may rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall.
There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a median boundary. This change could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, such as $600 or $700. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Consider, for example, the calculation of the median for a multipeaked earnings distribution that shifts over time. As such a distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported earnings interval, but once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements; however, users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians and in ratios of the medians.

Workers paid by the hour are employed wage and salary workers who report that they are paid at an hourly rate on their job. Typically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up around 60 percent of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of workers paid by the hour include both full- and part-time workers unless otherwise specified.

Hourly earnings data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and pertain to earnings from a person’s sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.

Workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the federal minimum wage.

The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when in fact they earn the minimum wage.

Some workers who reported earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws. For more information about the minimum wage exemptions in the FLSA, see the U.S. Department of Labor’s website at https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/elg/minwage.htm#who.

The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.

Regular collection of earnings data in the basic CPS began in 1979. The prevailing federal minimum wage for 1979 and later years is as follows:

Federal minimum wage	Effective date
$2.90	January 1, 1979
$3.10	January 1, 1980
$3.35	January 1, 1981
$3.80	April 1, 1990
$4.25	April 1, 1991
$4.75	October 1, 1996
$5.15	September 1, 1997
$5.85	July 24, 2007
$6.55	July 24, 2008
$7.25	July 24, 2009

When the minimum wage has increased during a given year, the estimates of the annual average number of minimum wage workers reflect both minimum wage levels in effect during the year. For example, data for 2007 reflect the number of workers who earned the federal minimum wage of $5.15 for January to July and the number of workers who earned the minimum wage of $5.85 for August to December.

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are the terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people of two or more races identified one group as their main race. More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of two or more races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.

Inflation-adjusted earnings shown in this report use the Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) to convert current dollars to constant, or inflation-adjusted, dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the years. Although these improvements make the CPI more accurate, the official histories of price index series are not adjusted to reflect the improvements. Because many researchers need a historical series that measures price change consistently over time, BLS developed the CPI-U-RS to provide an estimate of the CPI that incorporates most of the methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see Kenneth J. Stewart and Stephen B. Reed, “CPI research series using current methods, 1978–98,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1999, available at https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1999/06/art4full.pdf; and “Questions and Answers: Consumer Price Index Research Series Using Current Methods,” at https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1999/06/cpirsqa.pdf.

This report uses the most recent version of the CPI-U-RS available at the time of production. Users should note that the CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As a result, the rate of inflation incorporated into the inflation-adjusted median earnings estimates in this report may differ from the rate used in previous reports in this series or in other publications.

Reliability

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information on all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

Information about the reliability of data from the CPS is available at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.