August 2017 Report 1069

Highlights of women’s earnings in 2016

In 2016, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings that were 82 percent of those of male full-time wage and salary workers. In 1979, the first year for which comparable earnings data are available, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s. Most of the growth in women’s earnings relative to men’s occurred in the 1980s and 1990s. Since 2004, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio has remained in the 80 to 83 percent range. (See chart 1 and tables 1 and 12.)

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The weekly and hourly earnings estimates in this report reflect information collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and averaged for the calendar year. These data are distinct from the annual earnings estimates for full-time, year-round workers collected separately in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS and published by the U.S. Census Bureau.

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization. The earnings estimates referenced throughout this report are medians. The median is the mid-point in the earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median level and half having earnings below.

See the accompanying technical notes section for more information, including a description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.

View Chart Data

Chart 1. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016 annual averages
Year	Percentage
1979	62.3
1980	64.2
1981	64.4
1982	65.7
1983	66.5
1984	67.6
1985	68.1
1986	69.5
1987	69.8
1988	70.2
1989	70.1
1990	71.9
1991	74.2
1992	75.8
1993	77.1
1994	76.4
1995	75.5
1996	75.0
1997	74.4
1998	76.3
1999	76.5
2000	76.9
2001	76.4
2002	77.9
2003	79.4
2004	80.4
2005	81.0
2006	80.8
2007	80.2
2008	79.9
2009	80.2
2010	81.2
2011	82.2
2012	80.9
2013	82.1
2014	82.5
2015	81.1
2016	81.9
Note: Percentages are calculated from annual averages of median usual weekly earnings for full-time wage and salary workers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Earnings of full-time workers

Below are data highlights for women and men who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week) in wage and salary jobs, with sections focusing on characteristics such as age, race and ethnicity, education, occupation, and more.

Earnings by age group

In 2016, median weekly earnings were $749 for all women age 16 and older. For men 16 and older, median weekly earnings were $915. Women’s median weekly earnings were highest for those between the ages of 35 and 54, with 35- to 44-year-olds ($839) and 45- to 54-year-olds ($836) earning about the same. For men, earnings were highest for 45- to 54-year-olds ($1,075) and 55- to 64-year-olds ($1,102). Young women and men age 16 to 24 had the lowest earnings ($486 and $512, respectively). (See chart 2 and table 1.)

View Chart Data

Chart 2. Median usual weekly earnings of women and men who are full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 2016 annual averages
Age	Women	Men
16 to 24	486	512
25 to 34	705	794
35 to 44	839	1,007
45 to 54	836	1,075
55 to 64	812	1,102
65 and older	749	992
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

In 2016, women’s earnings ranged from 74 to 83 percent of men’s among workers age 35 and older. For those under age 35, the earnings differences between women and men were smaller, with women earning 89 to 96 percent of what men did. (See table 1.)

Between 1979 and 2016, women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios rose for most age groups, particularly in the prime working ages from 25 to 54. Among 25- to 34-year-olds, the ratio increased from 68 percent in 1979 to 89 percent in 2016; the ratio for 35- to 44-year-olds rose from 58 to 83 percent; and the ratio for 45- to 54-year-olds, from 57 to 78 percent. For workers age 55 to 64, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio rose from 61 to 74 percent over this period. For young workers age 16 to 24, the earnings ratio increased from 79 to 95 percent between 1979 and 2016, with the gains occurring primarily in the 1980s. (See table 12.)

Earnings by race and ethnicity

Asian women and men earned more than their White, Black, and Hispanic counterparts in 2016. Among women, Whites ($766) earned 85 percent as much as Asians ($902); Blacks ($641) earned 71 percent, and Hispanics ($586) earned 65 percent. In comparison, White men ($942) earned 82 percent as much as Asian men ($1,151); Black men ($718) earned 62 percent as much; and Hispanic men ($663), 58 percent. (See chart 3 and table 1.)

View Chart Data

Chart 3. Median usual weekly earnings of women and men who are full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016 annual averages
Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity	Women	Men
Total	749	915
White	766	942
Black or African American	641	718
Asian	902	1,151
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	586	663
Note: People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Earnings differences between women and men were the most pronounced for Asians and for Whites. Asian women earned 78 percent as much as Asian men in 2016, and White women earned 81 percent as much as their male counterparts. In comparison, Black women had median earnings that were 89 percent of Black men’s, and Hispanic women’s earnings were 88 percent of Hispanic men’s. (See table 1.)

Women’s earnings have increased considerably among the major race and Hispanic ethnicity groups since 1979 (the first year for which comparable data for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are available), with White women experiencing the greatest earnings growth. From 1979 to 2016, inflation-adjusted earnings (also called constant-dollar earnings) increased by 35 percent for White women, by 23 percent for Black women, and by 21 percent for Hispanic women. For White and Black women, earnings growth tapered off around 2004. Earnings for Hispanic women, however, have continued to increase, although substantial earnings growth for them did not begin until the late 1990s. (See table 18.)

The long-term trend in men’s earnings has been quite different than that for women. Inflation-adjusted earnings for White and Black men trended down from 1979 through the first part of the 1990s, followed by a period of growth that stalled in the early 2000s. For Hispanic men, earnings also declined through the mid-1990s, then began to trend upward. Over the full period, 1979 through 2016, inflation-adjusted earnings for White, Black, and Hispanic men have changed little on net: a 2-percent gain for White and Black men, and a 2-percent decline for Hispanic men. (See table 18.)

Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Between 2000 and 2016, inflation-adjusted earnings grew by 18 percent for Asian women and by 21 percent for Asian men. (See table 18.)

Earnings by educational attainment

Median weekly earnings vary significantly by educational attainment. Among all workers age 25 and older, the weekly earnings of those without a high school diploma ($504) were 40 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,259) in 2016. For workers with a high school diploma who had not attended college, median earnings ($692) were 55 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Those with some college or an associate’s degree (median weekly earnings of $779) made 62 percent of what workers with a bachelor’s degree or more made. (See table 1.)

In each educational attainment category, the long-term trend in inflation-adjusted earnings has been more favorable for women than for men. Although both women and men without a high school diploma have experienced declines in inflation-adjusted earnings since 1979, the drop for women was much smaller than that for men: a 10-percent decrease for women, compared with a 29-percent decline for men. On an inflation-adjusted basis, earnings for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher have increased by 35 percent since 1979. Earnings for men with a bachelor’s degree or higher have risen by 20 percent. (Data refer to workers age 25 and older.) (See chart 4 and table 19.)

View Chart Data

Chart 4. Percentage change in inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings of women and men, by educational attainment, 1979–2016
Year	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Women	-10	5	6	35
Men	-29	-19	-12	20
Note: Data relate to earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, age 25 and older. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Earnings by occupation

Women and men working full time in management, business, and financial operations occupations had higher median weekly earnings than workers in any other major occupational category in 2016 ($1,099 for women and $1,491 for men). Within management, business, and financial operations occupations, women who were chief executives ($1,876) and computer and information systems managers ($1,680) had the highest median weekly earnings in 2016. Among men, those who were chief executives ($2,419) and architectural and engineering managers ($2,265) earned the most. (See table 2.)

The second-highest paying occupational category for women and men was professional and related occupations ($998 for women and $1,364 for men). This is a broad occupational category made up of several distinct job groupings for specialized fields such as computer science and math, architecture and engineering, law, education, and healthcare. Within this diverse category, women who were pharmacists ($1,839) and nurse practitioners ($1,753) had the highest earnings in 2016. For men, those who were physicians and surgeons ($2,343), pharmacists ($2,096), and lawyers ($2,086) earned the most. (See table 2.)

Occupational distributions of women and men

The occupational distributions of female and male full-time workers differ considerably. Compared with men, relatively few women work in construction, production, or transportation occupations, and women are far more concentrated in office and administrative support jobs. (See chart 5 and table 2.)

View Chart Data

Chart 5. Distribution of full-time wage and salary employment for women and men, by major occupational group, 2016 annual averages
Occupation	Women	Men
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	17.8	16.6
Professional and related occupations	30.3	19.4
Service occupations	16.1	12.9
Sales and related occupations	8.6	8.9
Office and administrative support occupations	20.2	6.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	0.9	17.0
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	6.0	18.8
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Women also are more likely than men to work in professional and related occupations. In 2016, 30 percent of women worked in professional and related occupations, compared with 19 percent of men. Within the professional category, though, the proportion of women employed in the higher paying jobs is much smaller than the proportion of men employed in them. In 2016, 10 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the relatively high-paying computer (median weekly earnings of $1,325 for women and $1,518 for men) and engineering ($1,207 for women and $1,529 for men) fields, compared with 46 percent of men. Women were more likely to work in education ($933 for women and $1,154 for men) and healthcare ($1,036 for women and $1,332 for men) jobs, which generally pay less than computer and engineering jobs. Sixty-eight percent of women in professional occupations worked in education and healthcare jobs in 2016, compared with 30 percent of men. (See table 2.)

Across all occupational categories, the three most common jobs for women were elementary and middle school teacher ($981), registered nurse ($1,143), and secretary or administrative assistant ($708). Each of these occupations employed more than 2 million women in 2016, collectively representing 13 percent of women in full-time wage and salary jobs.

Among men, the most common job by far was truck driver (driver/sales workers and truck drivers, $787). In 2016, 2.7 million, or 4 percent, of all male full-wage and salary workers were truck drivers. Although engineering jobs are shown separately by specialty (civil, mechanical, etc.) in this report, if combined, engineer would be the second most common job for men. In 2016, a total of 1.9 million men were employed full time in the 16 designated engineering specialties (median weekly earnings ranging from $1,526 to $1,901). (See table 2.)

Earnings for those with and without children under 18

In 2016, a little more than one-third of full-time wage and salary workers were parents of children under age 18. (As defined here, “children” includes only sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household.) Median weekly earnings for mothers of children under age 18 ($756) were little different from the earnings for women without children under 18 ($746). Earnings for fathers with children under 18 were $1,013, compared with $861 for men without children under 18. (See table 7.)

Earnings by state of residence

Median weekly earnings and women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios vary by state of residence. (In this report, “state” refers to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.) The differences among the states reflect, in part, variation in the occupations and industries found in each state and differences in the demographic composition of each state’s labor force. In addition, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates. Thus, earnings comparisons between states should be made with caution. Readers also should note that the state estimates are based on workers’ state of residence; their reported earnings are not necessarily from a job located in the same state. (See table 3.)

Weekly work hours of full-time workers

Among full-time workers (that is, those usually working at a job 35 hours or more per week), men are more likely than women to have a longer workweek. In 2016, 26 percent of men who usually work full time worked 41 or more hours per week, compared with 14 percent of women. Women were more likely than men to work 35 to 39 hours per week: 11 percent of women worked such hours in 2016, while 5 percent of men did. A majority of both male and female full-time workers had a 40-hour workweek. Among these workers, women earned 89 percent as much as men. (This analysis excludes people who usually work 35 or more hours per week but whose hours vary.) (See table 5.)

Earnings of part-time workers

Women are more likely than men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week on a sole or main job. Women who worked part time made up 25 percent of all female wage and salary workers in 2016. In comparison, 12 percent of men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Median weekly earnings for female part-timers were $255 in 2016, slightly higher than the $245 median for men. (See table 4.)

Part-time workers are more likely to be under age 25 than full-time workers. Among part-timers, 29 percent of women and 44 percent of men were under age 25 in 2016. Among full-time workers, 9 percent of women and 9 percent of men were under age 25. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Earnings of workers paid by the hour

In 2016, 62 percent of women and 56 percent of men in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour. Women who were paid hourly rates had median hourly earnings of $13.01, which were 87 percent of the median hourly earnings of men ($14.96). (See tables 8 and 11.)

Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2016, 3 percent of women and 2 percent of men had hourly earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25. (See table 10.)

Among both women and men, hourly paid workers age 16 to 19 were the most likely to have earnings at or below the minimum wage. Ten percent of teenage workers who were paid hourly rates earned the prevailing federal minimum wage or less in 2016, compared with just 2 percent of hourly paid workers age 25 and older. Five percent of workers age 20 to 24 had earnings at or below the federal minimum wage. (See table 10.) See the technical notes section for information about BLS estimates of the number of minimum wage workers.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	111,091	$832	$2	49,161	$749	$2	61,930	$915	$3	81.9
16 to 24 years	10,076	501	2	4,430	486	3	5,646	512	3	94.9
16 to 19 years	1,289	405	4	545	388	5	745	419	5	92.6
20 to 24 years	8,786	513	2	3,885	500	3	4,901	523	4	95.6
25 years and older	101,015	885	2	44,731	784	3	56,284	969	3	80.9
25 to 34 years	27,456	751	3	11,972	705	5	15,484	794	5	88.8
35 to 44 years	25,284	934	5	10,900	839	7	14,383	1,007	6	83.3
45 to 54 years	25,652	955	5	11,555	836	7	14,097	1,075	10	77.8
55 to 64 years	18,496	952	6	8,504	812	7	9,992	1,102	12	73.7
65 years and older	4,128	866	15	1,800	749	13	2,328	992	21	75.5
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	86,474	862	3	37,163	766	3	49,310	942	4	81.3
Black or African American	13,963	678	5	7,235	641	6	6,728	718	7	89.3
Asian	7,030	1,021	13	3,142	902	18	3,888	1,151	12	78.4
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	18,950	624	4	7,284	586	4	11,666	663	6	88.4
Marital status
Never married	32,229	656	3	14,150	625	4	18,079	682	4	91.6
Married, spouse present⁽¹⁾	61,044	960	3	24,849	838	5	36,195	1,062	6	78.9
Widowed, divorced, or separated⁽²⁾	17,818	786	5	10,162	735	5	7,656	876	9	83.9
Widowed	1,788	734	15	1,287	697	14	501	856	26	81.4
Divorced	11,764	826	6	6,742	768	6	5,022	915	10	83.9
Separated⁽²⁾	4,267	697	9	2,133	625	10	2,134	780	16	80.1
Union affiliation⁽³⁾
Members of unions⁽⁴⁾	13,119	1,004	5	5,697	955	8	7,421	1,050	11	91.0
Represented by unions⁽⁵⁾	14,593	995	5	6,429	942	8	8,163	1,042	10	90.4
Not represented by a union	96,498	802	2	42,731	723	3	53,767	890	4	81.2
Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and older	101,015	885	2	44,731	784	3	56,284	969	3	80.9
Less than a high school diploma	7,108	504	3	2,204	423	3	4,904	551	8	76.8
High school graduates, no college	25,475	692	3	9,856	599	3	15,619	769	5	77.9
Some college or associate's degree	27,307	779	3	12,924	688	4	14,383	896	5	76.8
Bachelor's degree and higher	41,125	1,259	4	19,747	1,101	7	21,378	1,464	8	75.2
⁽¹⁾ Includes people in opposite-sex married couples only. See the technical notes section. ⁽²⁾ Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent. See the technical notes section. ⁽³⁾ Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region. ⁽⁴⁾ Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. ⁽⁵⁾ Union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2016 annual averages
Occupation	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Occupation	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, full-time wage and salary workers	111,091	$832	$2	49,161	$749	$2	61,930	$915	$3	81.9
Management, professional, and related occupations	45,930	1,188	5	23,674	1,027	5	22,256	1,420	8	72.3
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	19,023	1,284	11	8,761	1,099	11	10,261	1,491	14	73.7
Management occupations	12,828	1,370	10	5,314	1,148	9	7,514	1,539	10	74.6
Chief executives	1,150	2,303	23	318	1,876	110	832	2,419	76	77.6
General and operations managers	876	1,266	30	250	1,037	78	626	1,358	23	76.4
Legislators	11	–	–	6	–	–	6	–	–	–
Advertising and promotions managers	56	1,332	45	32	–	–	24	–	–	–
Marketing and sales managers	921	1,468	40	403	1,142	49	518	1,745	42	65.4
Public relations and fundraising managers	60	1,532	230	38	–	–	21	–	–	–
Administrative services managers	172	1,261	54	71	952	50	101	1,398	49	68.1
Computer and information systems managers	592	1,738	24	150	1,680	101	443	1,756	37	95.7
Financial managers	1,105	1,423	35	578	1,157	24	527	1,670	87	69.3
Compensation and benefits managers	16	–	–	12	–	–	3	–	–	–
Human resources managers	263	1,340	31	190	1,283	57	73	1,737	109	73.9
Training and development managers	58	1,507	147	31	–	–	27	–	–	–
Industrial production managers	267	1,361	51	66	1,219	138	201	1,409	104	86.5
Purchasing managers	187	1,274	137	92	1,169	39	95	1,400	48	83.5
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	288	990	40	51	988	424	237	990	37	99.8
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers	119	892	78	17	–	–	102	906	84	–
Construction managers	487	1,395	40	35	–	–	452	1,401	39	–
Education administrators	838	1,381	28	541	1,280	45	297	1,528	98	83.8
Architectural and engineering managers	143	2,258	130	9	–	–	134	2,265	124	–
Food service managers	760	739	17	350	632	28	410	853	47	74.1
Funeral service managers	13	–	–	1	–	–	11	–	–	–
Gaming managers	18	–	–	4	–	–	14	–	–	–
Lodging managers	124	929	48	64	764	59	59	1,068	69	71.5
Medical and health services managers	533	1,402	67	399	1,254	55	133	1,610	47	77.9
Natural sciences managers	14	–	–	8	–	–	6	–	–	–
Postmasters and mail superintendents	23	–	–	11	–	–	12	–	–	–
Property, real estate, and community association managers	402	959	51	221	815	35	181	1,157	50	70.4
Social and community service managers	363	1,079	71	248	992	43	115	1,206	102	82.3
Emergency management directors	8	–	–	3	–	–	5	–	–	–
Managers, all other	2,960	1,422	23	1,115	1,188	32	1,845	1,542	22	77.0
Business and financial operations occupations	6,195	1,161	8	3,448	1,018	12	2,747	1,373	23	74.1
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes	23	–	–	12	–	–	11	–	–	–
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products	8	–	–	0	–	–	8	–	–	–
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products	152	838	49	83	765	29	68	942	61	81.2
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products	253	1,024	39	125	974	120	128	1,037	62	93.9
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	321	969	25	206	912	21	114	1,139	63	80.1
Compliance officers	252	1,243	38	146	1,163	55	106	1,274	97	91.3
Cost estimators	104	1,159	34	9	–	–	96	1,172	54	–
Human resources workers	631	1,139	26	465	1,089	41	166	1,364	179	79.8
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	72	1,069	58	51	1,001	44	21	–	–	–
Training and development specialists	129	1,103	37	82	959	74	47	–	–	–
Logisticians	111	1,011	87	37	–	–	75	1,116	80	–
Management analysts	585	1,476	41	253	1,342	40	332	1,586	61	84.6
Meeting, convention, and event planners	119	867	49	88	852	39	30	–	–	–
Fundraisers	64	1,111	88	42	–	–	22	–	–	–
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	246	1,171	97	130	1,097	63	116	1,345	69	81.6
Business operations specialists, all other	257	1,125	60	146	1,001	29	110	1,263	58	79.3
Accountants and auditors	1,451	1,153	13	892	1,018	20	559	1,441	60	70.6
Appraisers and assessors of real estate	31	–	–	13	–	–	19	–	–	–
Budget analysts	48	–	–	26	–	–	22	–	–	–
Credit analysts	28	–	–	13	–	–	15	–	–	–
Financial analysts	277	1,525	108	104	1,252	40	173	1,747	62	71.7
Personal financial advisors	399	1,404	32	142	953	45	258	1,714	93	55.6
Insurance underwriters	102	1,113	106	68	910	46	34	–	–	–
Financial examiners	13	–	–	6	–	–	7	–	–	–
Credit counselors and loan officers	351	1,054	93	200	926	29	151	1,331	125	69.6
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	58	1,138	62	38	–	–	20	–	–	–
Tax preparers	53	1,049	75	33	–	–	20	–	–	–
Financial specialists, all other	56	1,155	136	37	–	–	20	–	–	–
Professional and related occupations	26,907	1,141	4	14,912	998	5	11,995	1,364	9	73.2
Computer and mathematical occupations	4,104	1,443	18	1,035	1,325	23	3,068	1,518	20	87.3
Computer and information research scientists	20	–	–	7	–	–	13	–	–	–
Computer systems analysts	496	1,393	35	182	1,328	38	314	1,475	53	90.0
Information security analysts	85	1,617	131	20	–	–	65	1,826	124	–
Computer programmers	403	1,398	60	104	1,312	100	300	1,466	63	89.5
Software developers, applications and systems software	1,351	1,776	37	266	1,553	22	1,084	1,863	26	83.4
Web developers	142	1,236	44	45	–	–	97	1,284	168	–
Computer support specialists	491	1,060	43	124	1,014	95	367	1,078	60	94.1
Database administrators	83	1,731	199	37	–	–	46	–	–	–
Network and computer systems administrators	197	1,232	44	29	–	–	168	1,250	51	–
Computer network architects	105	1,502	50	12	–	–	93	1,535	67	–
Computer occupations, all other	524	1,195	47	106	1,055	38	418	1,244	36	84.8
Actuaries	12	–	–	1	–	–	11	–	–	–
Mathematicians	4	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Operations research analysts	125	1,315	51	66	1,300	34	59	1,382	53	94.1
Statisticians	65	1,405	85	35	–	–	30	–	–	–
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations	2	–	–	1	–	–	1	–	–	–
Architecture and engineering occupations	2,835	1,482	18	398	1,207	47	2,437	1,529	17	78.9
Architects, except naval	178	1,339	47	43	–	–	135	1,462	93	–
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	28	–	–	9	–	–	19	–	–	–
Aerospace engineers	124	1,854	88	10	–	–	114	1,846	84	–
Agricultural engineers	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Biomedical engineers	14	–	–	2	–	–	12	–	–	–
Chemical engineers	91	1,877	46	18	–	–	73	1,901	31	–
Civil engineers	389	1,504	56	39	–	–	350	1,526	49	–
Computer hardware engineers	58	1,843	32	12	–	–	46	–	–	–
Electrical and electronics engineers	271	1,729	70	26	–	–	245	1,736	45	–
Environmental engineers	31	–	–	5	–	–	27	–	–	–
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	215	1,526	71	46	–	–	169	1,580	91	–
Marine engineers and naval architects	19	–	–	1	–	–	18	–	–	–
Materials engineers	26	–	–	5	–	–	21	–	–	–
Mechanical engineers	335	1,560	22	24	–	–	311	1,567	21	–
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	8	–	–	0	–	–	7	–	–	–
Nuclear engineers	8	–	–	1	–	–	7	–	–	–
Petroleum engineers	35	–	–	3	–	–	32	–	–	–
Engineers, all other	493	1,573	67	63	1,401	152	430	1,659	58	84.4
Drafters	93	990	102	10	–	–	83	1,030	124	–
Engineering technicians, except drafters	350	997	25	75	793	49	275	1,075	50	73.8
Surveying and mapping technicians	67	811	54	5	–	–	61	790	126	–
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,151	1,209	43	486	1,119	42	665	1,319	50	84.8
Agricultural and food scientists	32	–	–	12	–	–	20	–	–	–
Biological scientists	81	1,346	148	35	–	–	46	–	–	–
Conservation scientists and foresters	26	–	–	4	–	–	23	–	–	–
Medical scientists	127	1,211	52	57	1,169	56	69	1,250	107	93.5
Life scientists, all other	3	–	–	3	–	–	0	–	–	–
Astronomers and physicists	20	–	–	4	–	–	16	–	–	–
Atmospheric and space scientists	6	–	–	1	–	–	5	–	–	–
Chemists and materials scientists	93	1,306	70	36	–	–	56	1,504	66	–
Environmental scientists and geoscientists	79	1,555	245	21	–	–	58	1,591	66	–
Physical scientists, all other	241	1,416	50	111	1,323	75	131	1,727	138	76.6
Economists	22	–	–	9	–	–	14	–	–	–
Survey researchers	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Psychologists	91	1,260	51	66	1,187	79	25	–	–	–
Sociologists	4	–	–	3	–	–	1	–	–	–
Urban and regional planners	34	–	–	13	–	–	21	–	–	–
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	30	–	–	11	–	–	19	–	–	–
Agricultural and food science technicians	24	–	–	6	–	–	17	–	–	–
Biological technicians	19	–	–	8	–	–	11	–	–	–
Chemical technicians	75	919	38	25	–	–	50	919	31	–
Geological and petroleum technicians	17	–	–	2	–	–	15	–	–	–
Nuclear technicians	4	–	–	1	–	–	3	–	–	–
Social science research assistants	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians	119	894	36	57	826	73	62	949	117	87.0
Community and social service occupations	2,136	919	14	1,377	880	15	759	1,004	25	87.6
Counselors	657	904	21	473	907	21	184	892	62	101.7
Social workers	684	906	26	557	884	26	127	1,039	72	85.1
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	100	992	43	61	1,004	69	39	–	–	–
Social and human service assistants	151	736	29	122	727	46	29	–	–	–
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers	83	831	41	63	767	26	20	–	–	–
Clergy	368	1,039	40	53	893	75	315	1,070	41	83.5
Directors, religious activities and education	49	–	–	26	–	–	23	–	–	–
Religious workers, all other	42	–	–	21	–	–	21	–	–	–
Legal occupations	1,294	1,431	31	732	1,152	30	562	1,904	22	60.5
Lawyers	745	1,897	17	299	1,619	115	446	2,086	106	77.6
Judicial law clerks	14	–	–	7	–	–	7	–	–	–
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	56	1,560	501	21	–	–	35	–	–	–
Paralegals and legal assistants	351	874	34	308	863	20	43	–	–	–
Miscellaneous legal support workers	128	1,009	197	98	867	73	30	–	–	–
Education, training, and library occupations	6,859	984	8	4,982	933	7	1,877	1,154	11	80.8
Postsecondary teachers	980	1,247	23	445	1,152	20	535	1,356	28	85.0
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	530	626	18	518	621	14	13	–	–	–
Elementary and middle school teachers	2,836	1,009	11	2,231	981	10	605	1,126	21	87.1
Secondary school teachers	965	1,111	18	562	1,074	24	403	1,146	19	93.7
Special education teachers	313	1,021	27	264	1,018	27	49	–	–	–
Other teachers and instructors	370	938	45	214	786	54	156	1,135	46	69.3
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	36	–	–	25	–	–	11	–	–	–
Librarians	140	987	35	117	980	41	23	–	–	–
Library technicians	10	–	–	8	–	–	2	–	–	–
Teacher assistants	588	523	12	532	525	13	56	501	35	104.8
Other education, training, and library workers	91	1,107	60	67	1,068	27	24	–	–	–
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,671	1,040	20	752	951	22	919	1,139	19	83.5
Artists and related workers	61	1,236	27	23	–	–	38	–	–	–
Designers	586	1,086	58	297	922	38	290	1,267	43	72.8
Actors	13	–	–	5	–	–	8	–	–	–
Producers and directors	128	1,163	41	50	1,030	81	78	1,228	150	83.9
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers	141	826	48	35	–	–	106	862	45	–
Dancers and choreographers	5	–	–	4	–	–	2	–	–	–
Musicians, singers, and related workers	37	–	–	13	–	–	24	–	–	–
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other	13	–	–	4	–	–	9	–	–	–
Announcers	32	–	–	8	–	–	24	–	–	–
News analysts, reporters and correspondents	58	1,166	170	27	–	–	30	–	–	–
Public relations specialists	107	1,228	80	67	1,134	265	40	–	–	–
Editors	120	1,053	33	56	1,035	26	64	1,112	88	93.1
Technical writers	56	1,253	61	27	–	–	29	–	–	–
Writers and authors	99	1,070	42	60	983	97	39	–	–	–
Miscellaneous media and communication workers	59	745	76	36	–	–	24	–	–	–
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators	80	1,020	216	13	–	–	67	1,099	48	–
Photographers	43	–	–	19	–	–	24	–	–	–
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors	31	–	–	7	–	–	24	–	–	–
Media and communication equipment workers, all other	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	6,857	1,104	10	5,150	1,036	11	1,706	1,332	32	77.8
Chiropractors	18	–	–	7	–	–	10	–	–	–
Dentists	61	1,850	82	27	–	–	34	–	–	–
Dietitians and nutritionists	82	986	56	71	997	50	11	–	–	–
Optometrists	18	–	–	15	–	–	3	–	–	–
Pharmacists	222	1,924	133	133	1,839	68	89	2,096	126	87.7
Physicians and surgeons	806	1,916	61	308	1,476	116	497	2,343	140	63.0
Physician assistants	75	1,544	55	50	1,547	55	25	–	–	–
Podiatrists	4	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Audiologists	11	–	–	8	–	–	2	–	–	–
Occupational therapists	71	1,365	61	61	1,315	50	10	–	–	–
Physical therapists	197	1,325	29	128	1,306	34	69	1,348	32	96.9
Radiation therapists	11	–	–	10	–	–	1	–	–	–
Recreational therapists	9	–	–	3	–	–	6	–	–	–
Respiratory therapists	76	998	30	54	993	37	22	–	–	–
Speech-language pathologists	112	1,200	124	109	1,172	107	3	–	–	–
Exercise physiologists	1	–	–	1	–	–	0	–	–	–
Therapists, all other	137	920	54	106	913	53	32	–	–	–
Veterinarians	65	1,338	357	46	–	–	19	–	–	–
Registered nurses	2,498	1,154	10	2,213	1,143	10	285	1,261	27	90.6
Nurse anesthetists	14	–	–	6	–	–	8	–	–	–
Nurse midwives	5	–	–	5	–	–	0	–	–	–
Nurse practitioners	144	1,750	49	133	1,753	45	11	–	–	–
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other	8	–	–	8	–	–	1	–	–	–
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	295	887	34	198	834	25	97	1,071	97	77.9
Dental hygienists	75	1,034	50	73	1,045	47	2	–	–	–
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians	254	1,041	30	175	936	42	79	1,156	29	81.0
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics	174	779	32	60	650	47	114	821	42	79.2
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians	474	662	15	361	643	16	113	712	25	90.3
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	525	749	12	481	743	12	44	–	–	–
Medical records and health information technicians	170	798	27	159	793	28	11	–	–	–
Opticians, dispensing	42	–	–	28	–	–	14	–	–	–
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	107	745	23	64	714	20	43	–	–	–
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	96	1,083	152	47	–	–	49	–	–	–
Service occupations	15,908	523	2	7,914	487	2	7,994	595	4	81.8
Healthcare support occupations	2,423	525	5	2,094	519	4	329	602	14	86.2
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides	1,386	503	5	1,192	498	5	194	534	33	93.3
Occupational therapy assistants and aides	13	–	–	12	–	–	1	–	–	–
Physical therapist assistants and aides	48	–	–	32	–	–	15	–	–	–
Massage therapists	45	–	–	30	–	–	15	–	–	–
Dental assistants	199	592	15	180	583	17	19	–	–	–
Medical assistants	488	572	13	452	562	14	36	–	–	–
Medical transcriptionists	23	–	–	23	–	–	0	–	–	–
Pharmacy aides	21	–	–	19	–	–	2	–	–	–
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	24	–	–	17	–	–	7	–	–	–
Phlebotomists	84	586	26	71	570	31	12	–	–	–
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers	94	537	52	65	504	21	29	–	–	–
Protective service occupations	2,697	809	15	524	688	18	2,173	854	15	80.6
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	55	873	88	20	–	–	35	–	–	–
First-line supervisors of police and detectives	120	1,324	73	23	–	–	97	1,361	62	–
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers	45	–	–	3	–	–	41	–	–	–
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	89	880	73	23	–	–	66	895	206	–
Firefighters	252	1,065	75	8	–	–	244	1,056	79	–
Fire inspectors	16	–	–	1	–	–	15	–	–	–
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers	365	749	16	91	672	25	275	793	30	84.7
Detectives and criminal investigators	132	1,182	54	28	–	–	104	1,251	98	–
Fish and game wardens	8	–	–	1	–	–	7	–	–	–
Parking enforcement workers	6	–	–	2	–	–	4	–	–	–
Police and sheriff's patrol officers	709	1,004	22	100	938	92	609	1,008	21	93.1
Transit and railroad police	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Animal control workers	6	–	–	2	–	–	4	–	–	–
Private detectives and investigators	60	904	57	29	–	–	31	–	–	–
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers	727	585	11	152	516	19	576	597	12	86.4
Crossing guards	23	–	–	12	–	–	11	–	–	–
Transportation security screeners	40	–	–	16	–	–	23	–	–	–
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers	42	–	–	14	–	–	28	–	–	–
Food preparation and serving related occupations	4,619	465	5	2,202	434	6	2,417	491	5	88.4
Chefs and head cooks	356	614	15	68	519	29	288	632	20	82.1
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	425	528	17	251	485	14	174	666	71	72.8
Cooks	1,408	444	7	515	421	6	892	459	9	91.7
Food preparation workers	477	419	6	262	413	7	215	432	23	95.6
Bartenders	253	602	25	122	498	33	131	701	32	71.0
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food	196	396	13	125	402	14	72	381	27	105.5
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop	68	374	19	49	–	–	20	–	–	–
Waiters and waitresses	949	470	13	607	441	15	342	504	13	87.5
Food servers, nonrestaurant	104	479	19	71	445	48	33	–	–	–
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	133	420	9	51	407	12	82	465	66	87.5
Dishwashers	172	389	9	30	–	–	142	388	11	–
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	74	442	45	50	432	35	24	–	–	–
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	3	–	–	1	–	–	2	–	–	–
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3,602	510	3	1,210	454	8	2,392	548	9	82.8
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers	189	655	41	71	524	33	119	702	20	74.6
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	113	707	32	1	–	–	112	710	32	–
Janitors and building cleaners	1,580	526	8	441	476	10	1,139	564	12	84.4
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	781	441	9	661	427	9	120	497	15	85.9
Pest control workers	61	655	29	2	–	–	59	649	28	–
Grounds maintenance workers	878	502	6	34	–	–	844	503	6	–
Personal care and service occupations	2,568	505	5	1,884	482	5	684	613	13	78.6
First-line supervisors of gaming workers	127	792	46	59	717	71	68	840	173	85.4
First-line supervisors of personal service workers	62	651	54	37	–	–	25	–	–	–
Animal trainers	24	–	–	11	–	–	13	–	–	–
Nonfarm animal caretakers	88	485	25	71	489	22	17	–	–	–
Gaming services workers	64	624	42	31	–	–	33	–	–	–
Motion picture projectionists	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	14	–	–	8	–	–	6	–	–	–
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers	79	481	30	31	–	–	48	–	–	–
Embalmers and funeral attendants	3	–	–	2	–	–	1	–	–	–
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors	23	–	–	5	–	–	18	–	–	–
Barbers	56	584	29	8	–	–	48	–	–	–
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	307	510	15	281	500	15	27	–	–	–
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers	205	490	19	167	466	45	37	–	–	–
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	56	625	40	10	–	–	46	–	–	–
Tour and travel guides	18	–	–	8	–	–	10	–	–	–
Childcare workers	405	452	13	381	451	12	24	–	–	–
Personal care aides	762	477	7	636	469	10	125	514	17	91.2
Recreation and fitness workers	192	596	24	100	517	23	92	668	50	77.4
Residential advisors	19	–	–	11	–	–	8	–	–	–
Personal care and service workers, all other	61	573	33	26	–	–	35	–	–	–
Sales and office occupations	23,625	698	3	14,163	649	3	9,461	805	8	80.6
Sales and related occupations	9,759	744	6	4,250	590	6	5,509	904	12	65.3
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	2,368	743	10	1,047	630	13	1,321	857	15	73.5
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers	781	1,137	15	230	1,004	26	552	1,161	16	86.5
Cashiers	1,367	414	5	965	403	5	402	475	16	84.8
Counter and rental clerks	84	517	13	36	–	–	47	–	–	–
Parts salespersons	96	639	24	11	–	–	85	643	22	–
Retail salespersons	1,831	623	9	728	514	8	1,103	730	19	70.4
Advertising sales agents	203	1,023	56	81	999	122	122	1,034	70	96.6
Insurance sales agents	423	839	38	205	676	57	218	1,166	73	58.0
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	219	1,351	71	63	951	51	155	1,458	120	65.2
Travel agents	46	–	–	38	–	–	8	–	–	–
Sales representatives, services, all other	427	1,040	66	145	826	63	282	1,202	94	68.7
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	1,121	1,047	45	302	872	45	819	1,140	20	76.5
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	14	–	–	6	–	–	8	–	–	–
Real estate brokers and sales agents	493	983	41	284	780	70	209	1,222	122	63.8
Sales engineers	40	–	–	5	–	–	35	–	–	–
Telemarketers	42	–	–	25	–	–	17	–	–	–
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	34	–	–	11	–	–	23	–	–	–
Sales and related workers, all other	171	805	54	68	709	73	103	946	78	74.9
Office and administrative support occupations	13,866	679	3	9,913	669	4	3,952	708	8	94.5
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	1,203	848	17	819	809	13	383	942	23	85.9
Switchboard operators, including answering service	17	–	–	14	–	–	3	–	–	–
Telephone operators	36	–	–	31	–	–	5	–	–	–
Communications equipment operators, all other	5	–	–	4	–	–	1	–	–	–
Bill and account collectors	144	625	31	105	650	40	39	–	–	–
Billing and posting clerks	404	666	13	360	660	13	44	–	–	–
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	756	722	13	641	716	13	115	790	43	90.6
Gaming cage workers	9	–	–	8	–	–	1	–	–	–
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	125	786	29	110	785	30	15	–	–	–
Procurement clerks	25	–	–	16	–	–	9	–	–	–
Tellers	235	542	13	195	539	13	39	–	–	–
Financial clerks, all other	62	708	146	44	–	–	18	–	–	–
Brokerage clerks	3	–	–	1	–	–	2	–	–	–
Correspondence clerks	5	–	–	5	–	–	0	–	–	–
Court, municipal, and license clerks	79	691	163	60	681	144	19	–	–	–
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	41	–	–	33	–	–	8	–	–	–
Customer service representatives	1,850	640	10	1,185	623	9	664	676	19	92.2
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	72	828	61	55	735	48	17	–	–	–
File clerks	134	676	25	113	680	21	21	–	–	–
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	102	513	18	66	500	32	36	–	–	–
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	105	639	25	98	634	28	7	–	–	–
Library assistants, clerical	45	–	–	38	–	–	8	–	–	–
Loan interviewers and clerks	124	774	27	100	756	17	25	–	–	–
New accounts clerks	21	–	–	21	–	–	0	–	–	–
Order clerks	85	646	44	45	–	–	40	–	–	–
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	36	–	–	32	–	–	4	–	–	–
Receptionists and information clerks	951	583	7	848	581	7	103	600	26	96.8
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	102	705	52	56	646	57	46	–	–	–
Information and record clerks, all other	104	654	26	73	631	36	31	–	–	–
Cargo and freight agents	23	–	–	9	–	–	14	–	–	–
Couriers and messengers	160	726	60	25	–	–	135	739	46	–
Dispatchers	279	704	24	153	671	27	126	734	24	91.4
Meter readers, utilities	30	–	–	1	–	–	28	–	–	–
Postal service clerks	111	901	122	53	805	39	58	999	36	80.6
Postal service mail carriers	304	981	19	119	931	38	185	1,020	35	91.3
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	56	783	89	23	–	–	33	–	–	–
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	224	853	26	111	765	37	113	935	28	81.8
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks	473	596	10	151	583	18	322	602	12	96.8
Stock clerks and order fillers	1,014	530	13	371	526	16	643	533	19	98.7
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	45	–	–	24	–	–	21	–	–	–
Secretaries and administrative assistants	2,210	713	7	2,078	708	7	133	831	43	85.2
Computer operators	78	811	97	37	–	–	41	–	–	–
Data entry keyers	221	638	18	170	630	23	51	655	25	96.2
Word processors and typists	56	730	27	48	–	–	7	–	–	–
Desktop publishers	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	251	665	19	210	658	22	40	–	–	–
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	56	619	22	23	–	–	33	–	–	–
Office clerks, general	900	654	11	760	648	11	140	707	30	91.7
Office machine operators, except computer	30	–	–	16	–	–	14	–	–	–
Proofreaders and copy markers	5	–	–	5	–	–	0	–	–	–
Statistical assistants	7	–	–	2	–	–	5	–	–	–
Office and administrative support workers, all other	457	768	16	351	751	18	107	855	54	87.8
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	11,022	786	5	464	580	14	10,558	794	5	73.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	842	520	8	169	465	20	673	544	13	85.5
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	28	–	–	3	–	–	25	–	–	–
Agricultural inspectors	18	–	–	5	–	–	13	–	–	–
Animal breeders	2	–	–	1	–	–	1	–	–	–
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	74	511	26	48	–	–	25	–	–	–
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	659	508	8	111	423	14	547	524	11	80.7
Fishers and related fishing workers	4	–	–	0	–	–	4	–	–	–
Hunters and trappers	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Forest and conservation workers	17	–	–	1	–	–	17	–	–	–
Logging workers	39	–	–	0	–	–	39	–	–	–
Construction and extraction occupations	5,979	784	6	151	639	47	5,828	786	6	81.3
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	558	1,091	39	18	–	–	540	1,101	44	–
Boilermakers	26	–	–	0	–	–	26	–	–	–
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	119	741	49	0	–	–	119	741	49	–
Carpenters	839	730	19	11	–	–	828	733	20	–
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	93	593	28	2	–	–	91	597	27	–
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	47	–	–	0	–	–	47	–	–	–
Construction laborers	1,322	692	11	41	–	–	1,281	697	11	–
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	11	–	–	0	–	–	11	–	–	–
Pile-driver operators	4	–	–	0	–	–	4	–	–	–
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	334	920	40	6	–	–	328	922	46	–
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	138	600	18	1	–	–	137	601	18	–
Electricians	667	952	28	18	–	–	649	951	27	–
Glaziers	48	–	–	1	–	–	47	–	–	–
Insulation workers	42	–	–	2	–	–	40	–	–	–
Painters, construction and maintenance	392	612	10	17	–	–	375	615	10	–
Paperhangers	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	475	927	40	11	–	–	464	925	41	–
Plasterers and stucco masons	25	–	–	0	–	–	25	–	–	–
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	12	–	–	0	–	–	12	–	–	–
Roofers	161	623	21	3	–	–	158	624	23	–
Sheet metal workers	117	819	22	3	–	–	115	820	22	–
Structural iron and steel workers	61	976	55	1	–	–	60	983	49	–
Solar photovoltaic installers	10	–	–	0	–	–	10	–	–	–
Helpers, construction trades	42	–	–	2	–	–	40	–	–	–
Construction and building inspectors	68	996	53	6	–	–	62	1,040	121	–
Elevator installers and repairers	41	–	–	0	–	–	41	–	–	–
Fence erectors	30	–	–	0	–	–	29	–	–	–
Hazardous materials removal workers	28	–	–	4	–	–	24	–	–	–
Highway maintenance workers	85	745	119	2	–	–	83	723	69	–
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	8	–	–	0	–	–	8	–	–	–
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	9	–	–	0	–	–	9	–	–	–
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	17	–	–	0	–	–	17	–	–	–
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	29	–	–	0	–	–	29	–	–	–
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	23	–	–	0	–	–	23	–	–	–
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	10	–	–	0	–	–	9	–	–	–
Mining machine operators	48	–	–	0	–	–	48	–	–	–
Roof bolters, mining	3	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Roustabouts, oil and gas	4	–	–	0	–	–	4	–	–	–
Helpers—extraction workers	3	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Other extraction workers	29	–	–	0	–	–	29	–	–	–
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,201	861	9	144	783	108	4,057	863	9	90.7
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	246	1,020	31	25	–	–	221	1,016	33	–
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	165	851	35	15	–	–	150	861	35	–
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	132	950	54	22	–	–	110	975	40	–
Avionics technicians	8	–	–	0	–	–	8	–	–	–
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	26	–	–	2	–	–	23	–	–	–
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	3	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility	15	–	–	1	–	–	14	–	–	–
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	8	–	–	0	–	–	8	–	–	–
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers	33	–	–	1	–	–	32	–	–	–
Security and fire alarm systems installers	69	927	133	1	–	–	68	909	176	–
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	136	1,047	54	2	–	–	134	1,053	54	–
Automotive body and related repairers	117	761	35	5	–	–	112	770	47	–
Automotive glass installers and repairers	14	–	–	0	–	–	14	–	–	–
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	688	730	16	11	–	–	677	729	16	–
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	298	874	27	1	–	–	297	875	26	–
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	198	964	35	0	–	–	198	964	35	–
Small engine mechanics	32	–	–	1	–	–	30	–	–	–
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	74	641	139	0	–	–	73	646	148	–
Control and valve installers and repairers	33	–	–	1	–	–	32	–	–	–
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	361	864	23	4	–	–	357	868	23	–
Home appliance repairers	25	–	–	0	–	–	25	–	–	–
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics	385	968	23	11	–	–	374	973	27	–
Maintenance and repair workers, general	514	796	26	13	–	–	502	797	25	–
Maintenance workers, machinery	20	–	–	1	–	–	19	–	–	–
Millwrights	35	–	–	0	–	–	35	–	–	–
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	126	1,161	96	1	–	–	125	1,165	92	–
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	172	850	116	4	–	–	168	824	98	–
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	56	910	44	10	–	–	46	–	–	–
Wind turbine service technicians	5	–	–	0	–	–	5	–	–	–
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	27	–	–	3	–	–	24	–	–	–
Commercial divers	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Locksmiths and safe repairers	12	–	–	0	–	–	12	–	–	–
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	7	–	–	0	–	–	7	–	–	–
Riggers	11	–	–	0	–	–	11	–	–	–
Signal and track switch repairers	4	–	–	0	–	–	4	–	–	–
Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers	10	–	–	1	–	–	9	–	–	–
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers	137	773	32	8	–	–	130	782	37	–
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	14,606	665	4	2,945	531	6	11,661	704	4	75.4
Production occupations	7,513	668	6	1,949	527	6	5,564	723	6	72.9
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers	729	923	22	131	723	37	599	972	27	74.4
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	6	–	–	2	–	–	4	–	–	–
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	105	590	18	50	554	24	55	618	23	89.6
Engine and other machine assemblers	6	–	–	0	–	–	6	–	–	–
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	22	–	–	0	–	–	22	–	–	–
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	990	601	11	345	559	16	645	625	15	89.4
Bakers	138	494	14	83	480	13	55	562	65	85.4
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	244	526	24	61	449	40	183	571	32	78.6
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	16	–	–	2	–	–	14	–	–	–
Food batchmakers	81	537	37	42	–	–	40	–	–	–
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	7	–	–	1	–	–	6	–	–	–
Food processing workers, all other	129	547	21	41	–	–	88	579	34	–
Computer control programmers and operators	85	802	139	6	–	–	80	843	71	–
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	13	–	–	2	–	–	11	–	–	–
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	–	–	0	–	–	5	–	–	–
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	13	–	–	3	–	–	9	–	–	–
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	86	639	35	18	–	–	68	672	55	–
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	8	–	–	0	–	–	8	–	–	–
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	45	–	–	3	–	–	42	–	–	–
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	13	–	–	0	–	–	12	–	–	–
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Machinists	326	824	35	13	–	–	313	844	49	–
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters	31	–	–	1	–	–	30	–	–	–
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	3	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	28	–	–	7	–	–	21	–	–	–
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	2	–	–	1	–	–	1	–	–	–
Tool and die makers	43	–	–	0	–	–	43	–	–	–
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	558	743	23	23	–	–	535	753	23	–
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Layout workers, metal and plastic	6	–	–	0	–	–	6	–	–	–
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	21	–	–	2	–	–	20	–	–	–
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	4	–	–	0	–	–	4	–	–	–
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other	380	626	20	74	565	20	306	658	29	85.9
Prepress technicians and workers	15	–	–	7	–	–	8	–	–	–
Printing press operators	170	701	30	33	–	–	137	748	41	–
Print binding and finishing workers	11	–	–	2	–	–	9	–	–	–
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	135	454	32	80	436	33	55	486	34	89.7
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	30	–	–	20	–	–	10	–	–	–
Sewing machine operators	165	437	15	114	452	15	52	407	16	111.1
Shoe and leather workers and repairers	4	–	–	1	–	–	3	–	–	–
Shoe machine operators and tenders	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	32	–	–	25	–	–	7	–	–	–
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	7	–	–	3	–	–	4	–	–	–
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders	13	–	–	11	–	–	2	–	–	–
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders	6	–	–	4	–	–	2	–	–	–
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Fabric and apparel patternmakers	1	–	–	0	–	–	1	–	–	–
Upholsterers	20	–	–	1	–	–	19	–	–	–
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other	13	–	–	2	–	–	11	–	–	–
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	35	–	–	5	–	–	30	–	–	–
Furniture finishers	9	–	–	1	–	–	8	–	–	–
Model makers and patternmakers, wood	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	31	–	–	4	–	–	27	–	–	–
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	23	–	–	4	–	–	19	–	–	–
Woodworkers, all other	17	–	–	1	–	–	15	–	–	–
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	39	–	–	2	–	–	37	–	–	–
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	77	924	112	4	–	–	72	954	167	–
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	76	883	21	3	–	–	72	885	20	–
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	42	–	–	3	–	–	38	–	–	–
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	50	924	251	4	–	–	46	–	–	–
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	88	643	38	6	–	–	82	642	37	–
Cutting workers	62	576	73	13	–	–	50	546	175	–
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	24	–	–	4	–	–	19	–	–	–
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	11	–	–	1	–	–	10	–	–	–
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	686	714	14	241	584	19	445	834	35	70.0
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers	18	–	–	7	–	–	11	–	–	–
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians	64	615	38	31	–	–	33	–	–	–
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	224	488	16	113	425	17	112	574	32	74.0
Painting workers	158	701	31	11	–	–	147	713	30	–
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	23	–	–	12	–	–	11	–	–	–
Semiconductor processors	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders	12	–	–	5	–	–	7	–	–	–
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders	2	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Etchers and engravers	3	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	16	–	–	2	–	–	14	–	–	–
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	27	–	–	7	–	–	21	–	–	–
Tire builders	11	–	–	1	–	–	10	–	–	–
Helpers—production workers	25	–	–	3	–	–	23	–	–	–
Production workers, all other	887	622	13	246	515	12	641	690	17	74.6
Transportation and material moving occupations	7,093	662	6	997	540	12	6,097	685	6	78.8
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers	165	807	34	39	–	–	126	843	62	–
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	119	1,582	95	7	–	–	112	1,600	70	–
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists	28	–	–	10	–	–	19	–	–	–
Flight attendants	68	873	114	49	–	–	19	–	–	–
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	15	–	–	2	–	–	13	–	–	–
Bus drivers	343	641	17	146	589	22	197	691	32	85.2
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	2,809	780	10	120	630	44	2,689	787	10	80.1
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs	261	580	19	38	–	–	222	595	19	–
Motor vehicle operators, all other	25	–	–	2	–	–	23	–	–	–
Locomotive engineers and operators	45	–	–	0	–	–	45	–	–	–
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	3	–	–	1	–	–	3	–	–	–
Railroad conductors and yardmasters	52	1,160	92	1	–	–	51	1,148	91	–
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers	13	–	–	1	–	–	13	–	–	–
Sailors and marine oilers	15	–	–	1	–	–	14	–	–	–
Ship and boat captains and operators	28	–	–	1	–	–	26	–	–	–
Ship engineers	4	–	–	0	–	–	4	–	–	–
Bridge and lock tenders	3	–	–	0	–	–	3	–	–	–
Parking lot attendants	67	519	18	4	–	–	62	513	19	–
Automotive and watercraft service attendants	73	462	18	5	–	–	67	456	18	–
Transportation inspectors	25	–	–	5	–	–	20	–	–	–
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants	20	–	–	10	–	–	10	–	–	–
Other transportation workers	31	–	–	7	–	–	24	–	–	–
Conveyor operators and tenders	4	–	–	0	–	–	4	–	–	–
Crane and tower operators	66	909	48	0	–	–	66	909	48	–
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators	27	–	–	0	–	–	27	–	–	–
Hoist and winch operators	11	–	–	0	–	–	10	–	–	–
Industrial truck and tractor operators	564	602	9	54	563	30	510	604	10	93.2
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	252	491	14	28	–	–	224	487	14	–
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	1,417	566	11	221	509	11	1,196	580	8	87.8
Machine feeders and offbearers	27	–	–	13	–	–	14	–	–	–
Packers and packagers, hand	383	456	12	216	437	22	166	468	14	93.4
Pumping station operators	13	–	–	1	–	–	11	–	–	–
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	68	562	125	4	–	–	64	584	65	–
Mine shuttle car operators	0	–	–	0	–	–	0	–	–	–
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders	3	–	–	0	–	–	2	–	–	–
Material moving workers, all other	46	–	–	6	–	–	40	–	–	–
Note: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2016 annual averages
State	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
State	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
United States	111,091	$832	$2	49,161	$749	$2	61,930	$915	$3	81.9
Alabama	1,580	743	15	715	651	16	865	856	33	76.1
Alaska	245	932	19	113	841	27	133	1,014	27	82.9
Arizona	2,213	829	16	947	768	14	1,266	890	17	86.3
Arkansas	1,014	716	13	459	638	16	555	769	17	83.0
California	12,862	879	8	5,383	814	11	7,479	925	13	88.0
Colorado	1,995	894	20	841	812	18	1,154	967	20	84.0
Connecticut	1,232	1,014	27	555	876	33	677	1,164	35	75.3
Delaware	357	831	22	166	775	21	191	902	27	85.9
District of Columbia	306	1,198	33	152	1,117	28	154	1,274	38	87.7
Florida	6,799	750	6	3,158	701	10	3,641	805	13	87.1
Georgia	3,581	771	13	1,654	721	16	1,927	839	25	85.9
Hawaii	494	794	16	218	718	21	276	869	29	82.6
Idaho	540	759	14	220	645	18	320	843	19	76.5
Illinois	4,513	887	12	1,979	775	13	2,534	978	19	79.2
Indiana	2,402	762	16	1,079	702	22	1,322	829	22	84.7
Iowa	1,143	763	13	528	684	17	614	895	23	76.4
Kansas	1,026	762	13	460	692	19	566	851	33	81.3
Kentucky	1,413	761	11	650	711	19	763	828	29	85.9
Louisiana	1,517	757	15	704	659	21	813	863	28	76.4
Maine	438	820	18	194	754	17	244	900	28	83.8
Maryland	2,386	987	23	1,120	915	30	1,266	1,048	50	87.3
Massachusetts	2,504	1,019	17	1,114	932	17	1,390	1,105	21	84.3
Michigan	3,260	841	15	1,438	742	12	1,822	932	16	79.6
Minnesota	2,035	946	16	901	849	25	1,134	1,020	28	83.2
Mississippi	941	702	15	452	624	18	490	778	26	80.2
Missouri	2,199	793	16	1,021	703	23	1,178	885	29	79.4
Montana	314	781	17	138	705	19	176	866	23	81.4
Nebraska	706	766	11	318	697	18	388	855	23	81.5
Nevada	996	754	12	414	681	15	582	828	23	82.2
New Hampshire	524	904	25	230	762	16	294	1,013	24	75.2
New Jersey	3,324	998	13	1,448	894	25	1,877	1,113	27	80.3
New Mexico	621	730	16	280	679	22	341	772	24	88.0
New York	6,837	916	10	3,145	840	13	3,692	975	12	86.2
North Carolina	3,533	761	10	1,598	704	11	1,935	836	19	84.2
North Dakota	299	805	12	131	713	12	168	930	19	76.7
Ohio	3,927	806	10	1,717	713	10	2,210	899	17	79.3
Oklahoma	1,248	724	16	534	651	12	714	824	22	79.0
Oregon	1,327	857	18	554	791	24	772	904	23	87.5
Pennsylvania	4,453	857	12	1,984	741	11	2,468	956	12	77.5
Rhode Island	385	839	19	179	765	30	206	907	21	84.3
South Carolina	1,623	779	16	773	687	18	851	884	20	77.7
South Dakota	309	778	14	137	670	12	172	876	16	76.5
Tennessee	2,252	747	14	983	666	17	1,269	821	19	81.1
Texas	9,801	780	8	4,197	707	10	5,603	860	12	82.2
Utah	997	833	18	358	668	16	640	955	20	69.9
Vermont	228	850	14	104	801	27	124	888	27	90.2
Virginia	3,025	902	15	1,376	809	22	1,649	1,013	30	79.9
Washington	2,506	929	21	1,065	814	18	1,441	1,056	33	77.1
West Virginia	565	762	14	248	688	17	316	846	30	81.3
Wisconsin	2,098	843	16	947	737	14	1,152	940	20	78.4
Wyoming	199	848	17	82	699	22	117	970	28	72.1
Note: In general, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates; thus, comparisons of state estimates should be made with caution. Data shown are based on workers' state of residence; workers' reported earnings, however, may or may not be from a job located in the same state. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2016 annual averages
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	24,832	$252	$1	16,259	$255	$2	8,573	$245	$2	104.1
16 to 24 years	8,456	194	1	4,698	193	2	3,758	196	2	98.5
16 to 19 years	3,572	157	2	1,893	152	3	1,678	162	3	93.8
20 to 24 years	4,884	222	2	2,805	220	2	2,080	225	3	97.8
25 years and older	16,376	291	2	11,561	291	2	4,815	292	3	99.7
25 to 34 years	4,256	286	3	2,831	287	4	1,424	284	4	101.1
35 to 44 years	3,189	303	4	2,493	304	5	696	301	9	101.0
45 to 54 years	3,119	312	4	2,454	310	5	665	319	7	97.2
55 to 64 years	3,254	298	4	2,304	296	5	950	303	8	97.7
65 years and older	2,559	254	4	1,479	241	5	1,080	274	7	88.0
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	19,536	254	1	12,913	259	2	6,623	244	2	106.1
Black or African American	3,033	236	3	1,917	234	4	1,116	238	5	98.3
Asian	1,305	264	6	827	267	8	478	260	8	102.7
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4,115	247	3	2,667	246	3	1,449	250	5	98.4
Marital status
Never married	11,991	214	1	6,648	213	2	5,342	216	2	98.6
Married, spouse present⁽¹⁾	9,310	307	2	6,923	305	3	2,387	312	5	97.8
Widowed, divorced, or separated⁽²⁾	3,531	270	3	2,688	268	4	843	279	7	96.1
Widowed	749	247	7	637	246	8	112	250	22	98.4
Divorced	1,957	286	5	1,463	281	6	495	299	10	94.0
Separated⁽²⁾	825	259	6	589	260	7	236	258	10	100.8
⁽¹⁾ Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. See the technical notes section. ⁽²⁾ Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent. See the technical notes section. Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2016 annual averages
Hours of work	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Hours of work	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, 16 years and older	136,101	$715	$2	65,512	$616	$2	70,589	$821	$3	75.0
0 to 34 hours	22,690	254	1	14,888	258	1	7,801	247	2	104.5
0 to 4 hours	545	61	2	365	61	3	179	62	4	98.4
5 to 9 hours	1,191	90	2	786	93	3	406	84	4	110.7
10 to 14 hours	1,987	117	1	1,346	118	1	641	115	2	102.6
15 to 19 hours	2,724	168	1	1,770	172	2	954	163	2	105.5
20 to 24 hours	6,692	229	2	4,343	239	2	2,349	217	2	110.1
25 to 29 hours	3,485	284	3	2,326	286	3	1,159	279	4	102.5
30 to 34 hours	6,064	362	3	3,951	374	4	2,113	339	5	110.3
35 hours and over	106,045	838	3	47,166	755	2	58,879	919	3	82.2
35 to 39 hours	8,148	527	5	5,386	544	6	2,762	495	8	109.9
40 hours	76,021	774	2	34,944	732	2	41,077	823	4	88.9
41 hours and over	21,876	1,250	5	6,836	1,129	8	15,040	1,332	9	84.8
41 to 44 hours	1,130	943	21	436	857	24	694	1,003	29	85.4
45 to 48 hours	6,141	1,098	14	2,171	996	15	3,970	1,152	10	86.5
49 to 59 hours	9,834	1,351	9	3,057	1,214	18	6,777	1,409	14	86.2
60 hours and over	4,772	1,412	18	1,172	1,226	33	3,600	1,474	22	83.2
Hours vary	7,366	493	7	3,457	380	6	3,909	656	16	57.9
Usually less than 35 hours	2,142	221	4	1,371	222	5	772	220	7	100.9
Usually 35 or more hours	5,046	697	13	1,995	521	14	3,051	817	16	63.8
Note: Data are for the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers. Estimates for the "hours vary" groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2016 annual averages (in thousands)
Characteristic	Total employed	Number of workers with usual weekly earnings of—
Characteristic	Total employed	Under $350.00	$350.00 to $499.99	$500.00 to $599.99	$600.00 to $749.99	$750.00 to $999.99	$1,000.00 to $1,199.99	$1,200.00 to $1,999.99	$2,000.00 or more
Age
Total, 16 years and older	111,091	5,903	16,067	10,429	15,085	19,018	11,406	21,707	11,476
16 to 24 years	10,076	1,553	3,432	1,581	1,522	1,059	447	400	81
16 to 19 years	1,289	377	544	141	114	70	23	17	4
20 to 24 years	8,786	1,177	2,888	1,440	1,408	990	424	383	78
25 years and older	101,015	4,350	12,635	8,848	13,564	17,958	10,959	21,307	11,395
25 to 34 years	27,456	1,378	4,501	3,112	4,375	5,205	2,840	4,517	1,528
35 to 44 years	25,284	1,017	2,921	1,960	3,170	4,436	2,839	5,687	3,254
45 to 54 years	25,652	968	2,784	1,994	3,108	4,467	2,834	5,933	3,563
55 to 64 years	18,496	705	1,906	1,400	2,417	3,198	2,052	4,283	2,535
65 years and older	4,128	281	523	383	494	652	394	887	514
Women, 16 years and older	49,161	3,322	8,317	5,197	7,232	8,765	4,861	8,162	3,305
16 to 24 years	4,430	793	1,573	673	633	452	172	113	21
16 to 19 years	545	187	235	50	44	16	8	2	2
20 to 24 years	3,885	606	1,338	622	589	436	164	111	19
25 years and older	44,731	2,528	6,744	4,524	6,599	8,313	4,689	8,049	3,284
25 to 34 years	11,972	735	2,256	1,455	2,002	2,236	1,161	1,676	449
35 to 44 years	10,900	603	1,540	956	1,466	1,996	1,225	2,147	967
45 to 54 years	11,555	595	1,567	1,093	1,571	2,177	1,246	2,242	1,063
55 to 64 years	8,504	447	1,097	819	1,304	1,613	884	1,667	675
65 years and older	1,800	149	285	201	256	291	172	317	130
Men, 16 years and older	61,930	2,581	7,749	5,232	7,853	10,253	6,546	13,545	8,171
16 to 24 years	5,646	760	1,859	908	888	608	275	287	60
16 to 19 years	745	190	309	90	70	53	15	15	2
20 to 24 years	4,901	570	1,550	818	819	554	260	272	58
25 years and older	56,284	1,821	5,890	4,324	6,965	9,645	6,270	13,258	8,111
25 to 34 years	15,484	644	2,245	1,656	2,373	2,969	1,678	2,841	1,079
35 to 44 years	14,383	415	1,381	1,003	1,704	2,440	1,614	3,540	2,287
45 to 54 years	14,097	373	1,217	901	1,537	2,290	1,587	3,691	2,501
55 to 64 years	9,992	258	810	581	1,113	1,585	1,168	2,616	1,861
65 years and older	2,328	132	238	182	238	361	222	570	384
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	86,474	4,186	11,694	7,841	11,650	14,905	9,207	17,659	9,332
Women	37,163	2,311	5,949	3,835	5,478	6,741	3,828	6,446	2,575
Men	49,310	1,875	5,744	4,006	6,172	8,164	5,379	11,213	6,758
Black or African American	13,963	1,144	2,890	1,622	2,151	2,543	1,189	1,732	691
Women	7,235	676	1,605	887	1,139	1,268	600	767	294
Men	6,728	469	1,285	736	1,013	1,275	589	966	397
Asian	7,030	294	810	532	741	986	707	1,763	1,197
Women	3,142	178	422	283	371	476	312	761	339
Men	3,888	116	389	249	370	510	394	1,002	858
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	18,950	1,549	4,522	2,358	3,137	2,887	1,428	2,216	853
Women	7,284	800	1,953	945	1,126	1,074	461	675	249
Men	11,666	749	2,569	1,413	2,010	1,812	967	1,541	604
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2016 annual averages
Characteristic	Number of workers (thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median
Women
Total, all marital statuses	49,161	$749	$2
With children under 18 years old	17,288	756	4
With children 6 to 17, none younger	10,517	772	6
With children under 6 years old	6,771	730	7
With no children under 18 years old	31,873	746	3
Total, married, spouse present⁽¹⁾	24,849	838	5
With children under 18 years old	11,327	870	7
With children 6 to 17, none younger	6,810	857	9
With children under 6 years old	4,516	885	9
With no children under 18 years old	13,523	815	6
Total, other marital statuses⁽²⁾	24,312	671	3
With children under 18 years old	5,961	607	4
With children 6 to 17, none younger	3,706	662	8
With children under 6 years old	2,255	524	7
With no children under 18 years old	18,350	697	4
Men
Total, all marital statuses	61,930	915	3
With children under 18 years old	22,021	1,013	5
With children 6 to 17, none younger	11,953	1,085	12
With children under 6 years old	10,068	952	8
With no children under 18 years old	39,909	861	4
Total, married, spouse present⁽¹⁾	36,195	1,062	6
With children under 18 years old	19,297	1,071	8
With children 6 to 17, none younger	10,623	1,134	9
With children under 6 years old	8,674	1,013	8
With no children under 18 years old	16,898	1,053	8
Total, other marital statuses⁽²⁾	25,736	732	4
With children under 18 years old	2,724	719	10
With children 6 to 17, none younger	1,330	813	21
With children under 6 years old	1,394	652	13
With no children under 18 years old	23,011	733	4
⁽¹⁾ Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. See the technical notes section. ⁽²⁾ Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent. See the technical notes section. Note: "Children" refers to "own" children and includes sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household. Not included are other related children, such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, as well as unrelated children in the household. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2016 annual averages
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers (thousands)	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (thousands)	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	79,883	$14.00	$0.03	40,315	$13.01	$0.03	39,568	$14.96	$0.02	87.0
16 to 24 years	15,856	10.12	0.01	7,890	10.00	0.02	7,967	10.24	0.04	97.7
16 to 19 years	4,592	9.20	0.03	2,314	9.07	0.03	2,278	9.48	0.09	95.7
20 to 24 years	11,264	10.79	0.05	5,576	10.25	0.04	5,688	11.15	0.05	91.9
25 years and older	64,026	15.13	0.02	32,425	14.23	0.06	31,601	16.25	0.08	87.6
25 to 34 years	18,988	14.00	0.04	9,044	13.08	0.06	9,943	14.83	0.04	88.2
35 to 44 years	14,609	15.77	0.11	7,285	14.75	0.12	7,324	17.20	0.15	85.8
45 to 54 years	14,957	16.29	0.12	7,727	14.97	0.05	7,229	18.03	0.08	83.0
55 to 64 years	11,742	16.20	0.12	6,321	15.10	0.05	5,421	18.05	0.11	83.7
65 years and older	3,731	13.77	0.20	2,048	13.02	0.15	1,683	14.78	0.18	88.1
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	61,080	14.24	0.05	30,256	13.20	0.05	30,823	15.13	0.03	87.2
Black or African American	11,681	12.49	0.10	6,385	12.09	0.06	5,297	13.06	0.09	92.6
Asian	3,962	14.79	0.12	2,121	14.07	0.14	1,841	15.04	0.08	93.6
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	16,241	12.69	0.08	7,197	11.79	0.06	9,044	13.83	0.10	85.2
Marital status
Never married	31,473	11.78	0.04	14,975	11.03	0.04	16,498	12.10	0.03	91.2
Married, spouse present⁽¹⁾	35,193	16.07	0.04	17,195	14.91	0.03	17,999	17.73	0.10	84.1
Widowed, divorced, or separated⁽²⁾	13,216	14.75	0.09	8,145	13.81	0.09	5,071	15.78	0.16	87.5
Widowed	1,642	13.63	0.25	1,273	13.15	0.22	369	15.11	0.20	87.0
Divorced	8,230	15.17	0.05	4,994	14.62	0.18	3,235	16.86	0.20	86.7
Separated⁽²⁾	3,344	13.02	0.11	1,878	12.17	0.12	1,466	14.11	0.18	86.3
Union affiliation⁽³⁾
Members of unions⁽⁴⁾	8,606	19.55	0.18	3,369	17.50	0.23	5,237	20.93	0.21	83.6
Represented by unions⁽⁵⁾	9,525	19.15	0.16	3,829	17.23	0.18	5,696	20.55	0.26	83.9
Not represented by a union	70,357	13.34	0.05	36,486	12.68	0.05	33,872	14.23	0.07	89.1
Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and older	64,026	15.13	0.02	32,425	14.23	0.06	31,601	16.25	0.08	87.6
Less than a high school diploma	6,854	11.68	0.11	2,660	10.20	0.03	4,194	12.65	0.13	80.6
High school graduates, no college	21,880	14.52	0.09	9,878	12.73	0.07	12,002	15.93	0.07	79.9
Some college or associate's degree	21,344	15.43	0.09	11,561	14.68	0.10	9,783	17.20	0.11	85.3
Bachelor's degree and higher	13,948	19.94	0.05	8,326	19.53	0.20	5,622	20.79	0.31	93.9
⁽¹⁾ Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. See the technical notes section. ⁽²⁾ Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent. See the technical notes section. ⁽³⁾ Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region. ⁽⁴⁾ Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. ⁽⁵⁾ Union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2016 annual averages (in thousands)
Characteristic	Total employed	Number of workers with hourly earnings of—
Characteristic	Total employed	Under $6.00	$6.00 to $7.99	$8.00 to $9.99	$10.00 to $11.99	$12.00 to $14.99	$15.00 to $19.99	$20.00 or more
Age
Total, 16 years and older	79,883	1,160	2,017	10,525	14,646	14,604	16,603	20,327
16 to 24 years	15,856	471	1,068	4,535	4,482	2,922	1,695	683
16 to 19 years	4,592	153	587	1,967	1,251	411	177	45
20 to 24 years	11,264	318	481	2,568	3,231	2,510	1,518	638
25 years and older	64,026	689	949	5,990	10,164	11,682	14,908	19,644
25 to 34 years	18,988	325	352	2,127	3,543	4,040	4,505	4,096
35 to 44 years	14,609	151	181	1,275	2,149	2,517	3,376	4,960
45 to 54 years	14,957	117	198	1,140	2,065	2,519	3,450	5,467
55 to 64 years	11,742	77	120	960	1,631	1,930	2,848	4,176
65 years and older	3,731	18	98	489	776	676	729	946
Women, 16 years and older	40,315	774	1,235	6,278	8,013	7,660	7,929	8,426
16 to 24 years	7,890	321	619	2,400	2,257	1,368	664	260
16 to 19 years	2,314	93	331	1,044	589	177	63	16
20 to 24 years	5,576	228	288	1,356	1,668	1,191	601	244
25 years and older	32,425	453	616	3,878	5,757	6,292	7,265	8,165
25 to 34 years	9,044	208	219	1,252	1,829	1,962	1,894	1,681
35 to 44 years	7,285	105	133	842	1,239	1,356	1,620	1,990
45 to 54 years	7,727	69	136	787	1,267	1,456	1,739	2,273
55 to 64 years	6,321	61	65	690	986	1,122	1,620	1,776
65 years and older	2,048	11	62	306	435	396	392	445
Men, 16 years and older	39,568	386	783	4,247	6,633	6,944	8,674	11,902
16 to 24 years	7,967	150	449	2,135	2,226	1,553	1,031	423
16 to 19 years	2,278	60	256	922	663	234	114	29
20 to 24 years	5,688	90	193	1,212	1,563	1,319	917	394
25 years and older	31,601	236	333	2,112	4,407	5,390	7,643	11,479
25 to 34 years	9,943	117	134	875	1,714	2,079	2,611	2,414
35 to 44 years	7,324	46	48	433	910	1,161	1,757	2,969
45 to 54 years	7,229	48	62	353	798	1,062	1,711	3,195
55 to 64 years	5,421	16	55	270	645	809	1,227	2,399
65 years and older	1,683	8	35	182	341	280	336	501
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	61,080	938	1,343	7,584	10,855	11,060	12,874	16,425
Women	30,256	647	814	4,510	5,879	5,777	5,993	6,637
Men	30,823	292	530	3,074	4,975	5,284	6,881	9,788
Black or African American	11,681	124	537	2,024	2,393	2,210	2,326	2,067
Women	6,385	65	339	1,228	1,362	1,166	1,274	950
Men	5,297	59	198	795	1,031	1,044	1,052	1,116
Asian	3,962	59	63	417	723	715	777	1,209
Women	2,121	37	38	237	415	400	399	595
Men	1,841	22	25	180	309	315	378	613
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	16,241	209	325	2,308	3,889	3,277	3,350	2,884
Women	7,197	132	201	1,316	1,949	1,457	1,241	901
Men	9,044	77	124	992	1,940	1,819	2,109	1,983
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic characteristics, 2016 annual averages
Characteristic	Workers paid hourly rates
	Total (thousands)	Below prevailing federal minimum wage (thousands)	At prevailing federal minimum wage (thousands)	Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
	Total (thousands)	Below prevailing federal minimum wage (thousands)	At prevailing federal minimum wage (thousands)	Number (thousands)	Percentage of workers paid hourly rates
Age
Total, 16 years and older	79,883	1,451	701	2,153	2.7
16 to 24 years	15,856	594	383	976	6.2
16 to 19 years	4,592	229	214	443	9.7
20 to 24 years	11,264	364	169	533	4.7
25 years and older	64,026	857	319	1,176	1.8
25 to 34 years	18,988	393	132	526	2.8
35 to 44 years	14,609	178	63	241	1.6
45 to 54 years	14,957	152	65	217	1.5
55 to 64 years	11,742	100	28	129	1.1
65 years and older	3,731	34	30	64	1.7
Women, 16 years and older	40,315	952	432	1,384	3.4
16 to 24 years	7,890	384	235	619	7.8
16 to 19 years	2,314	133	127	260	11.3
20 to 24 years	5,576	251	108	359	6.4
25 years and older	32,425	568	196	764	2.4
25 to 34 years	9,044	257	73	330	3.6
35 to 44 years	7,285	125	43	168	2.3
45 to 54 years	7,727	88	45	132	1.7
55 to 64 years	6,321	77	14	91	1.4
65 years and older	2,048	21	21	43	2.1
Men, 16 years and older	39,568	499	270	769	1.9
16 to 24 years	7,967	210	147	357	4.5
16 to 19 years	2,278	96	87	183	8.0
20 to 24 years	5,688	114	61	174	3.1
25 years and older	31,601	289	122	412	1.3
25 to 34 years	9,943	136	60	196	2.0
35 to 44 years	7,324	53	19	72	1.0
45 to 54 years	7,229	64	21	85	1.2
55 to 64 years	5,421	24	14	38	0.7
65 years and older	1,683	13	9	21	1.3
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
White	61,080	1,127	469	1,597	2.6
Women	30,256	763	280	1,043	3.4
Men	30,823	364	190	554	1.8
Black or African American	11,681	197	193	390	3.3
Women	6,385	103	131	234	3.7
Men	5,297	93	62	156	2.9
Asian	3,962	75	21	96	2.4
Women	2,121	50	11	61	2.9
Men	1,841	25	10	35	1.9
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	16,241	264	103	366	2.3
Women	7,197	171	59	229	3.2
Men	9,044	93	44	137	1.5
Full- and part-time status⁽¹⁾
Full-time workers	59,198	702	183	884	1.5
Women	26,780	434	116	550	2.1
Men	32,418	268	66	334	1.0
Part-time workers	20,582	748	519	1,267	6.2
Women	13,474	517	316	833	6.2
Men	7,108	231	203	434	6.1
⁽¹⁾ The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data do not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Note: See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979–2016 annual averages
Year	Total wage and salary workers (thousands)	Workers paid hourly rates
		Total (thousands)	Percentage of total wage and salary workers	Below prevailing federal minimum wage⁽¹⁾ (thousands)	At prevailing federal minimum wage⁽¹⁾ (thousands)	Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
		Total (thousands)	Percentage of total wage and salary workers	Below prevailing federal minimum wage⁽¹⁾ (thousands)	At prevailing federal minimum wage⁽¹⁾ (thousands)	Number (thousands)	Percentage of workers paid hourly rates
Total
1979	87,529	51,721	59.1	2,916	3,997	6,912	13.4
1980	87,644	51,335	58.6	3,087	4,686	7,773	15.1
1981	88,516	51,869	58.6	3,513	4,311	7,824	15.1
1982	87,368	50,846	58.2	2,348	4,148	6,496	12.8
1983	88,290	51,820	58.7	2,077	4,261	6,338	12.2
1984	92,194	54,143	58.7	1,838	4,125	5,963	11.0
1985	94,521	55,762	59.0	1,639	3,899	5,538	9.9
1986	96,903	57,529	59.4	1,599	3,461	5,060	8.8
1987	99,303	59,552	60.0	1,468	3,229	4,698	7.9
1988	101,407	60,878	60.0	1,319	2,608	3,927	6.5
1989	103,480	62,389	60.3	1,372	1,790	3,162	5.1
1990	104,876	63,172	60.2	2,132	1,096	3,228	5.1
1991	103,723	62,627	60.4	2,377	2,906	5,283	8.4
1992	104,668	63,610	60.8	1,939	2,982	4,921	7.7
1993	106,101	64,274	60.6	1,707	2,625	4,332	6.7
1994	107,989	66,549	61.6	1,995	2,132	4,128	6.2
1995	110,038	68,354	62.1	1,699	1,956	3,656	5.3
1996	111,960	69,255	61.9	1,863	1,861	3,724	5.4
1997	114,533	70,735	61.8	2,990	1,764	4,754	6.7
1998	116,730	71,440	61.2	2,834	1,593	4,427	6.2
1999	118,963	72,306	60.8	2,194	1,146	3,340	4.6
2000	122,089	73,496	60.2	1,752	898	2,650	3.6
2001	122,229	73,392	60.0	1,518	656	2,174	3.0
2002	121,826	72,508	59.5	1,579	567	2,146	3.0
2003	122,358	72,946	59.6	1,555	545	2,100	2.9
2004	123,554	73,939	59.8	1,483	520	2,003	2.7
2005	125,889	75,609	60.1	1,403	479	1,882	2.5
2006	128,237	76,514	59.7	1,283	409	1,692	2.2
2007	129,767	75,873	58.5	1,462	267	1,729	2.3
2008	129,377	75,305	58.2	1,940	286	2,226	3.0
2009	124,490	72,611	58.3	2,592	980	3,572	4.9
2010	124,073	72,902	58.8	2,541	1,820	4,361	6.0
2011	125,187	73,926	59.1	2,152	1,677	3,829	5.2
2012	127,577	75,276	59.0	1,984	1,566	3,550	4.7
2013	129,110	75,948	58.8	1,768	1,532	3,301	4.3
2014	131,431	77,207	58.7	1,737	1,255	2,992	3.9
2015	133,743	78,232	58.5	1,691	870	2,561	3.3
2016	136,101	79,883	58.7	1,451	701	2,153	2.7
Women
1979	38,129	23,329	61.2	2,070	2,644	4,714	20.2
1980	38,944	23,626	60.7	2,104	2,990	5,095	21.6
1981	39,672	24,294	61.2	2,394	2,778	5,172	21.3
1982	39,777	24,365	61.3	1,651	2,561	4,212	17.3
1983	40,433	24,989	61.8	1,492	2,603	4,095	16.4
1984	42,172	26,003	61.7	1,348	2,499	3,847	14.8
1985	43,506	26,869	61.8	1,198	2,356	3,554	13.2
1986	44,961	27,863	62.0	1,192	2,125	3,317	11.9
1987	46,365	29,078	62.7	1,105	1,946	3,051	10.5
1988	47,495	29,820	62.8	1,008	1,542	2,550	8.6
1989	48,691	30,702	63.1	994	1,056	2,050	6.7
1990	49,323	31,069	63.0	1,420	711	2,131	6.9
1991	49,105	30,988	63.1	1,582	1,792	3,374	10.9
1992	49,842	31,454	63.1	1,286	1,751	3,036	9.7
1993	50,626	31,937	63.1	1,133	1,534	2,667	8.4
1994	51,419	33,021	64.2	1,322	1,241	2,563	7.8
1995	52,369	33,934	64.8	1,157	1,161	2,318	6.8
1996	53,488	34,418	64.3	1,244	1,106	2,350	6.8
1997	54,708	35,214	64.4	1,843	1,092	2,935	8.3
1998	55,757	35,680	64.0	1,794	965	2,760	7.7
1999	57,050	36,233	63.5	1,426	700	2,126	5.9
2000	58,427	36,777	62.9	1,170	579	1,749	4.8
2001	58,582	36,848	62.9	1,021	409	1,430	3.9
2002	58,555	36,508	62.3	997	350	1,347	3.7
2003	59,122	37,093	62.7	1,062	332	1,394	3.8
2004	59,408	37,133	62.5	1,013	310	1,323	3.6
2005	60,423	37,957	62.8	944	290	1,234	3.3
2006	61,426	38,321	62.4	861	263	1,124	2.9
2007	62,299	38,082	61.1	1,002	181	1,183	3.1
2008	62,532	37,972	60.7	1,302	196	1,498	3.9
2009	60,951	37,426	61.4	1,603	612	2,215	5.9
2010	60,542	37,404	61.8	1,598	1,151	2,749	7.3
2011	60,502	37,469	61.9	1,366	1,029	2,395	6.4
2012	61,679	38,163	61.9	1,288	999	2,287	6.0
2013	62,316	38,404	61.6	1,148	910	2,058	5.4
2014	63,383	38,802	61.2	1,139	739	1,878	4.8
2015	64,445	39,500	61.3	1,062	540	1,602	4.1
2016	65,512	40,315	61.5	952	432	1,384	3.4
Men
1979	49,400	28,392	57.5	846	1,353	2,199	7.7
1980	48,700	27,709	56.9	983	1,696	2,678	9.7
1981	48,844	27,576	56.5	1,119	1,533	2,652	9.6
1982	47,591	26,481	55.6	697	1,587	2,284	8.6
1983	47,856	26,831	56.1	585	1,658	2,243	8.4
1984	50,022	28,140	56.3	490	1,626	2,116	7.5
1985	51,015	28,893	56.6	440	1,544	1,984	6.9
1986	51,942	29,666	57.1	408	1,336	1,743	5.9
1987	52,938	30,474	57.6	364	1,283	1,647	5.4
1988	53,912	31,058	57.6	311	1,066	1,377	4.4
1989	54,789	31,687	57.8	379	733	1,112	3.5
1990	55,553	32,104	57.8	712	385	1,097	3.4
1991	54,618	31,639	57.9	795	1,114	1,909	6.0
1992	54,826	32,155	58.6	653	1,231	1,885	5.9
1993	55,475	32,337	58.3	573	1,091	1,664	5.1
1994	56,570	33,528	59.3	674	891	1,565	4.7
1995	57,669	34,420	59.7	542	796	1,338	3.9
1996	58,473	34,838	59.6	619	755	1,374	3.9
1997	59,825	35,521	59.4	1,147	673	1,820	5.1
1998	60,973	35,761	58.7	1,039	628	1,667	4.7
1999	61,914	36,073	58.3	768	446	1,214	3.4
2000	63,662	36,720	57.7	582	319	901	2.5
2001	63,647	36,544	57.4	497	247	744	2.0
2002	63,272	36,000	56.9	582	217	799	2.2
2003	63,236	35,853	56.7	493	213	706	2.0
2004	64,145	36,806	57.4	470	210	680	1.8
2005	65,466	37,652	57.5	459	189	648	1.7
2006	66,811	38,193	57.2	422	146	568	1.5
2007	67,468	37,790	56.0	460	86	546	1.4
2008	66,846	37,334	55.9	638	90	728	1.9
2009	63,539	35,185	55.4	990	368	1,358	3.9
2010	63,531	35,498	55.9	943	669	1,612	4.5
2011	64,686	36,457	56.4	785	648	1,433	3.9
2012	65,898	37,113	56.3	696	567	1,263	3.4
2013	66,794	37,544	56.2	621	622	1,243	3.3
2014	68,048	38,405	56.4	598	516	1,114	2.9
2015	69,298	38,732	55.9	629	330	959	2.5
2016	70,589	39,568	56.1	499	270	769	1.9
Footnotes: ⁽¹⁾ Data for 1990–91, 1996–97, and 2007–09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years. Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
1979	62.3	78.6	85.2	76.3	62.1	67.5	58.3	56.8	60.6	77.6
1980	64.2	80.3	89.5	78.1	62.8	69.4	58.3	56.9	59.4	76.4
1981	64.4	82.6	91.7	80.6	62.6	70.3	59.9	56.8	58.9	71.1
1982	65.7	85.3	92.9	82.4	64.9	72.1	61.1	60.1	61.4	70.3
1983	66.5	88.8	94.0	85.5	65.8	73.3	61.5	59.5	61.8	68.8
1984	67.6	87.9	93.1	85.2	67.1	74.6	62.0	59.4	61.5	66.8
1985	68.1	87.6	90.7	85.7	66.8	75.1	63.0	59.7	61.0	65.9
1986	69.5	89.0	91.4	87.5	66.5	76.1	63.9	60.9	61.2	71.5
1987	69.8	88.3	87.8	88.0	67.3	76.7	66.1	62.3	62.2	68.7
1988	70.2	89.7	89.8	90.0	68.8	77.7	68.5	61.7	62.3	70.9
1989	70.1	90.8	94.3	89.7	70.2	78.3	68.3	62.7	63.9	74.3
1990	71.9	90.1	90.8	90.3	72.1	79.3	69.6	63.8	63.7	74.4
1991	74.2	93.3	93.6	93.3	74.0	81.0	70.7	65.0	64.5	68.3
1992	75.8	94.0	94.0	94.3	74.6	82.0	71.9	65.8	64.9	77.9
1993	77.1	94.8	92.8	95.4	74.8	83.0	73.0	67.4	67.4	74.3
1994	76.4	93.9	92.5	94.5	73.1	82.9	72.6	67.1	66.0	76.2
1995	75.5	90.8	88.1	92.4	72.8	82.2	72.6	67.7	64.7	80.0
1996	75.0	92.5	88.8	92.8	74.1	83.2	73.3	68.9	65.3	70.0
1997	74.4	92.1	91.6	90.5	75.1	82.9	74.0	69.4	64.7	77.0
1998	76.3	91.3	88.6	89.4	75.9	82.9	73.6	70.5	68.1	72.6
1999	76.5	91.0	91.4	90.5	74.4	81.5	71.7	70.0	67.9	78.7
2000	76.9	91.7	92.5	92.7	74.5	82.4	71.6	73.2	69.1	75.1
2001	76.4	90.3	90.3	91.9	75.4	83.0	72.5	73.5	70.5	69.0
2002	77.9	93.9	94.6	93.9	77.6	84.5	75.2	74.6	71.6	73.8
2003	79.4	93.2	93.1	93.9	78.5	86.9	76.1	73.0	72.7	71.1
2004	80.4	93.8	92.1	93.8	78.6	87.8	75.6	72.9	73.0	74.6
2005	81.0	93.2	92.1	93.8	79.4	89.0	75.5	75.5	74.7	76.4
2006	80.8	94.5	87.6	94.9	78.7	88.2	77.2	73.5	72.9	77.5
2007	80.2	92.3	89.1	90.3	78.5	86.9	76.5	74.5	72.8	77.8
2008	79.9	91.1	87.3	92.5	78.2	88.5	74.5	74.9	75.4	74.8
2009	80.2	92.6	90.7	92.9	78.7	88.7	77.4	73.6	75.3	76.1
2010	81.2	95.3	94.6	93.8	80.5	90.8	79.9	76.5	75.2	75.7
2011	82.2	92.5	88.6	93.2	81.0	92.3	78.5	76.0	75.1	80.9
2012	80.9	88.9	88.5	89.0	79.9	90.2	78.1	75.1	76.2	77.6
2013	82.1	88.3	89.7	89.8	81.1	89.4	80.2	76.6	77.1	73.7
2014	82.5	91.5	91.1	92.3	81.6	89.9	81.0	77.2	76.4	78.6
2015	81.1	88.2	89.4	89.7	80.4	89.6	81.8	76.8	73.7	73.8
2016	81.9	94.9	92.6	95.6	80.9	88.8	83.3	77.8	73.7	75.5
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at ww.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 22. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
1979	62.3	61.7	74.4	–	71.7
1980	64.2	63.4	75.8	–	73.5
1981	64.4	63.1	76.9	–	75.7
1982	65.7	64.5	78.1	–	75.5
1983	66.5	65.6	78.9	–	78.5
1984	67.6	66.8	79.5	–	77.7
1985	68.1	67.2	82.6	–	77.7
1986	69.5	67.9	82.8	–	80.6
1987	69.8	68.2	84.4	–	82.0
1988	70.2	68.4	82.8	–	84.4
1989	70.1	69.3	86.5	–	85.4
1990	71.9	71.5	85.3	–	87.4
1991	74.2	73.7	86.1	–	90.4
1992	75.8	75.3	88.2	–	89.1
1993	77.1	76.5	88.8	–	90.5
1994	76.4	74.6	86.5	–	88.9
1995	75.5	73.3	86.4	–	87.1
1996	75.0	73.8	87.9	–	88.8
1997	74.4	74.6	86.8	–	85.7
1998	76.3	76.1	85.5	–	86.4
1999	76.5	75.7	83.8	–	85.7
2000	76.9	75.8	84.1	79.9	87.8
2001	76.4	75.8	85.8	76.9	88.2
2002	77.9	77.9	90.3	74.9	88.0
2003	79.4	79.3	88.5	77.5	88.4
2004	80.4	79.8	88.8	76.4	87.3
2005	81.0	80.2	89.3	80.6	87.7
2006	80.8	80.0	87.8	79.3	87.1
2007	80.2	79.4	88.8	78.1	91.0
2008	79.9	79.3	89.4	78.0	89.6
2009	80.2	79.2	93.7	81.8	89.5
2010	81.2	80.5	93.5	82.6	90.7
2011	82.2	82.1	91.1	77.4	90.7
2012	80.9	80.8	90.1	73.0	88.0
2013	82.1	81.7	91.3	77.3	91.1
2014	82.5	81.8	89.9	77.9	89.0
2015	81.1	80.8	90.4	77.7	89.7
2016	81.9	81.3	89.3	78.4	88.4
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 23. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–2016
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
1979	62.1	60.3	60.1	64.1	66.7
1980	62.8	61.4	61.5	64.5	67.9
1981	62.6	61.2	61.0	65.6	66.9
1982	64.9	62.8	63.1	66.7	68.8
1983	65.8	64.8	63.4	68.2	71.2
1984	67.1	64.9	64.9	68.4	69.4
1985	66.8	64.3	65.8	67.2	70.2
1986	66.5	64.8	66.6	68.0	70.6
1987	67.3	66.0	68.1	69.8	71.4
1988	68.8	66.6	68.2	71.6	71.4
1989	70.2	66.8	67.6	73.3	71.9
1990	72.1	68.8	68.6	72.9	72.2
1991	74.0	71.6	69.8	72.6	73.6
1992	74.6	72.9	70.4	73.3	75.1
1993	74.8	73.9	71.3	73.8	75.8
1994	73.1	75.1	70.8	72.1	76.8
1995	72.8	75.5	70.2	71.6	76.2
1996	74.1	75.1	70.7	73.2	75.2
1997	75.1	75.3	70.7	73.9	75.0
1998	75.9	73.9	70.8	74.0	75.3
1999	74.4	73.4	69.8	73.4	75.7
2000	74.5	74.9	71.1	73.1	74.1
2001	75.4	75.4	72.7	71.9	73.7
2002	77.6	77.2	74.2	74.3	74.2
2003	78.5	76.7	75.5	75.7	73.6
2004	78.6	74.9	75.7	75.8	75.2
2005	79.4	74.9	75.6	76.6	75.7
2006	78.7	76.3	73.7	75.6	75.1
2007	78.5	76.7	74.3	75.2	75.0
2008	78.2	76.1	73.3	75.7	74.3
2009	78.7	76.4	75.7	75.4	73.1
2010	80.5	79.8	76.5	75.5	74.1
2011	81.0	80.9	76.9	76.8	74.9
2012	79.9	76.0	76.3	76.9	73.0
2013	81.1	80.0	78.3	76.6	74.8
2014	81.6	79.1	77.0	75.8	75.7
2015	80.4	80.4	77.2	75.2	74.9
2016	80.9	76.8	77.9	76.8	75.2
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in table 24. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
1979	64.1	81.8	95.0	75.9	58.3	63.3	55.8	54.1	56.9	87.6
1980	64.8	84.1	93.2	77.0	58.7	64.1	54.9	54.4	56.4	89.2
1981	65.1	86.1	96.7	80.0	60.3	66.7	57.5	54.1	56.2	88.1
1982	67.3	86.3	97.0	81.8	62.1	67.7	57.1	55.7	59.0	88.1
1983	69.4	87.2	96.7	84.4	62.9	70.3	57.6	56.7	58.0	87.6
1984	69.8	86.0	96.5	84.5	63.7	71.1	59.0	56.9	59.5	89.0
1985	70.0	85.7	96.3	87.2	64.7	72.4	60.3	57.8	60.4	88.8
1986	70.2	85.8	95.5	86.7	66.0	74.1	61.4	59.0	60.3	91.3
1987	72.1	85.9	93.9	86.1	67.2	74.3	62.9	61.3	62.0	91.2
1988	73.8	89.1	94.4	87.2	68.7	75.6	66.1	61.6	62.4	92.8
1989	75.4	90.7	93.4	86.9	69.8	78.0	67.0	63.4	63.8	87.1
1990	77.9	91.0	93.8	90.1	71.8	79.4	68.7	64.3	66.2	89.6
1991	78.6	91.0	97.9	91.7	73.5	80.4	70.4	65.0	68.9	92.6
1992	80.3	91.3	97.7	92.5	76.0	82.6	73.1	66.1	69.3	92.6
1993	80.4	91.7	97.1	94.2	77.3	83.6	73.1	67.3	69.0	92.1
1994	80.6	90.5	97.0	91.2	78.2	85.5	73.4	69.9	70.7	94.0
1995	80.8	90.9	96.1	89.3	76.1	83.7	72.6	70.8	71.4	94.2
1996	81.2	92.1	97.0	89.6	78.2	83.1	74.6	72.1	72.4	91.6
1997	80.8	92.2	96.6	91.2	78.8	82.7	75.7	72.3	70.5	98.1
1998	81.8	90.3	96.7	89.1	77.9	86.1	77.4	75.0	72.4	93.2
1999	83.8	92.7	96.8	89.9	79.4	83.9	76.9	72.7	76.4	95.4
2000	83.8	91.7	93.8	93.0	80.8	88.3	76.3	73.2	76.8	94.7
2001	85.2	90.5	95.8	89.7	79.2	85.8	75.0	76.1	80.2	90.4
2002	85.0	92.5	96.9	91.3	82.1	85.1	78.7	77.6	80.8	89.3
2003	84.8	93.2	97.6	91.0	83.1	87.5	79.1	79.0	78.4	90.3
2004	84.6	93.9	95.9	91.7	81.7	88.3	78.4	79.1	79.6	92.5
2005	84.8	92.6	96.0	92.4	83.2	89.2	79.6	80.2	80.2	97.8
2006	84.0	90.9	95.7	90.5	83.2	87.6	80.0	76.4	80.6	93.0
2007	84.8	89.3	95.4	90.4	81.7	87.4	81.5	79.6	79.2	92.2
2008	85.4	91.2	96.6	91.6	83.0	87.0	80.5	78.2	81.8	91.6
2009	85.5	93.1	97.1	92.0	84.7	90.6	80.7	77.0	84.5	92.6
2010	86.0	93.6	97.8	91.7	85.6	91.9	82.9	79.9	83.2	93.8
2011	86.8	94.6	97.5	92.5	86.7	92.0	83.8	81.5	82.2	91.5
2012	86.4	93.0	97.9	92.0	86.8	91.5	83.9	81.2	83.1	90.9
2013	86.6	92.3	96.7	94.0	87.5	91.1	84.9	81.2	84.1	94.9
2014	84.6	92.4	96.1	96.3	85.7	87.0	84.6	81.2	81.3	89.2
2015	85.6	95.1	97.5	93.5	87.8	91.0	85.7	84.3	82.1	89.5
2016	87.0	97.7	95.7	91.9	87.6	88.2	85.8	83.0	83.7	88.1
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information on historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of workers paid hourly rates in table 25. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
1979	64.1	62.5	72.6	–	71.8
1980	64.8	63.6	74.9	–	75.1
1981	65.1	63.8	72.1	–	76.4
1982	67.3	66.0	75.2	–	75.6
1983	69.4	68.0	79.2	–	76.1
1984	69.8	68.6	79.1	–	77.0
1985	70.0	67.8	82.0	–	79.4
1986	70.2	68.8	78.7	–	80.8
1987	72.1	70.9	80.1	–	80.2
1988	73.8	72.7	80.8	–	81.1
1989	75.4	74.0	83.2	–	83.0
1990	77.9	75.6	84.5	–	86.1
1991	78.6	76.6	86.5	–	86.9
1992	80.3	78.6	87.1	–	88.3
1993	80.4	78.9	89.6	–	88.6
1994	80.6	79.7	87.5	–	89.3
1995	80.8	78.4	87.3	–	90.9
1996	81.2	79.6	88.0	–	88.8
1997	80.8	80.3	87.5	–	86.3
1998	81.8	81.8	86.9	–	87.6
1999	83.8	82.3	83.2	–	86.6
2000	83.8	83.0	88.8	90.5	87.3
2001	85.2	83.8	89.9	85.1	85.6
2002	85.0	83.8	92.3	91.7	86.1
2003	84.8	84.0	91.7	89.8	88.5
2004	84.6	84.0	91.3	88.8	90.2
2005	84.8	84.2	91.1	91.3	90.1
2006	84.0	83.6	88.5	90.7	87.6
2007	84.8	83.7	90.3	89.5	88.5
2008	85.4	84.5	89.9	87.3	85.1
2009	85.5	84.8	89.7	90.4	84.6
2010	86.0	85.0	92.1	88.0	86.2
2011	86.8	85.9	93.5	89.8	86.8
2012	86.4	85.3	92.0	90.1	85.4
2013	86.6	85.7	94.9	91.6	87.5
2014	84.6	83.3	94.8	90.2	86.6
2015	85.6	85.9	92.4	92.8	85.8
2016	87.0	87.2	92.6	93.6	85.2
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in table 26. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$744	$531	$444	$574	$818	$787	$864	$852	$809	$611
1980	728	519	428	556	794	767	839	828	792	564
1981	721	508	409	541	782	751	827	812	784	563
1982	722	498	392	526	782	744	847	825	778	605
1983	718	484	376	511	787	736	849	842	794	599
1984	718	478	372	509	797	738	857	848	806	599
1985	732	477	370	511	806	743	864	851	811	632
1986	751	485	372	519	818	753	877	870	831	623
1987	756	491	376	523	814	754	879	867	818	626
1988	752	486	383	520	809	748	879	885	818	631
1989	746	484	381	516	798	736	882	882	806	624
1990	734	480	373	508	800	725	866	872	815	611
1991	732	476	366	500	802	713	856	871	806	655
1992	738	463	356	487	804	708	844	876	810	634
1993	751	462	350	486	804	714	846	887	805	643
1994	748	458	354	481	801	704	861	907	803	615
1995	750	457	362	479	798	706	861	911	804	609
1996	747	454	366	476	793	706	852	905	816	585
1997	751	457	376	479	806	718	864	906	833	587
1998	770	470	395	499	842	739	879	913	872	596
1999	791	491	405	523	853	746	880	939	870	582
2000	803	503	414	534	849	766	872	933	865	646
2001	808	508	413	534	854	780	890	939	864	661
2002	812	509	407	533	862	789	892	943	900	670
2003	809	505	406	525	864	775	897	944	924	674
2004	811	496	393	516	868	767	906	944	921	712
2005	800	488	391	505	855	749	898	919	912	699
2006	799	487	386	504	855	739	890	920	911	694
2007	804	491	390	521	854	744	890	914	929	700
2008	805	494	389	521	848	742	896	916	920	718
2009	827	494	385	519	866	758	914	937	941	765
2010	823	476	382	500	861	751	907	930	947	753
2011	807	470	376	488	851	740	893	924	940	792
2012	803	464	372	485	852	739	897	917	937	791
2013	799	468	384	486	852	729	900	909	931	825
2014	802	484	383	498	851	736	894	912	924	836
2015	819	493	394	507	870	744	911	934	938	884
2016	832	501	405	513	885	751	934	955	952	866
Women
1979	562	475	407	497	602	614	605	593	583	525
1980	558	464	403	486	592	606	594	581	569	486
1981	556	457	391	485	591	607	604	571	563	480
1982	572	459	378	481	610	617	617	603	586	505
1983	578	454	362	475	615	624	624	606	589	486
1984	584	447	357	469	623	628	643	615	595	482
1985	589	449	353	470	630	630	653	621	606	515
1986	609	458	356	483	644	640	667	644	619	536
1987	612	459	347	489	648	638	681	655	622	527
1988	615	459	359	490	654	639	691	662	619	547
1989	613	460	368	486	656	636	692	667	622	546
1990	617	453	353	480	658	635	695	672	620	535
1991	629	457	352	481	665	637	699	684	624	548
1992	638	448	344	470	671	641	701	700	631	550
1993	643	447	336	473	679	646	712	720	646	548
1994	639	442	338	465	675	636	718	721	638	538
1995	635	430	336	455	670	631	709	726	631	552
1996	637	433	340	454	677	633	706	733	640	509
1997	643	436	358	457	690	637	719	739	646	519
1998	672	449	367	470	714	664	733	760	701	515
1999	682	467	383	494	716	677	725	769	709	533
2000	688	480	395	510	720	688	727	787	709	547
2001	694	478	390	508	736	694	741	795	726	528
2002	706	490	394	514	758	708	762	804	766	574
2003	721	484	390	505	762	713	770	795	785	568
2004	728	476	372	497	761	713	773	794	781	607
2005	719	468	373	486	752	704	763	791	785	604
2006	714	470	363	492	746	694	768	785	783	607
2007	711	473	368	493	748	691	773	784	786	618
2008	711	468	359	496	747	695	760	788	793	628
2009	735	474	361	498	768	709	793	796	813	673
2010	737	465	370	483	775	714	805	804	811	662
2011	730	449	350	467	766	707	783	794	799	709
2012	722	435	345	448	760	696	781	780	800	697
2013	727	436	360	455	762	685	790	784	802	712
2014	729	457	362	475	763	689	792	791	791	751
2015	735	455	368	474	770	698	814	809	794	749
2016	749	486	388	500	784	705	839	836	812	749
Men
1979	901	605	478	651	969	910	1,037	1,043	963	676
1980	869	578	450	622	942	872	1,019	1,019	958	636
1981	863	553	426	602	944	863	1,008	1,005	957	675
1982	871	538	407	584	940	856	1,010	1,002	955	718
1983	869	511	385	555	933	851	1,014	1,018	954	706
1984	863	509	383	551	930	841	1,037	1,035	967	722
1985	866	513	389	549	943	838	1,036	1,040	994	781
1986	877	515	389	552	969	841	1,044	1,059	1,013	749
1987	877	519	396	556	964	832	1,030	1,051	1,000	768
1988	877	512	400	545	951	822	1,010	1,072	994	771
1989	875	507	391	542	935	811	1,013	1,064	974	735
1990	857	503	389	531	913	800	998	1,053	973	718
1991	847	490	376	515	899	787	990	1,052	967	802
1992	841	477	366	498	899	782	975	1,064	971	706
1993	835	471	362	496	908	779	975	1,069	959	738
1994	837	471	365	492	923	768	989	1,075	966	707
1995	842	474	382	493	920	767	977	1,072	975	690
1996	849	468	383	489	913	761	963	1,064	980	727
1997	864	473	391	504	918	769	972	1,064	999	675
1998	881	492	414	526	941	801	997	1,078	1,029	710
1999	890	513	419	546	963	831	1,012	1,099	1,045	677
2000	894	523	427	551	967	834	1,015	1,075	1,025	728
2001	908	530	432	553	976	836	1,022	1,083	1,030	766
2002	907	522	417	547	977	837	1,013	1,077	1,071	778
2003	907	520	419	538	971	820	1,012	1,089	1,080	799
2004	906	508	404	530	968	812	1,022	1,089	1,071	814
2005	887	502	405	518	947	791	1,010	1,048	1,050	791
2006	885	498	414	518	949	787	995	1,068	1,074	783
2007	887	513	413	546	953	795	1,010	1,052	1,080	794
2008	890	514	411	536	955	785	1,020	1,052	1,051	839
2009	916	512	398	536	977	800	1,025	1,082	1,079	885
2010	907	488	391	515	963	786	1,008	1,051	1,078	874
2011	888	486	395	502	946	765	998	1,045	1,064	876
2012	892	489	390	504	951	771	1,000	1,039	1,050	899
2013	886	493	402	507	939	766	985	1,024	1,041	965
2014	883	500	398	514	935	766	978	1,025	1,035	955
2015	906	516	412	528	959	779	995	1,053	1,077	1,015
2016	915	512	419	523	969	794	1,007	1,075	1,102	992
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$744	$765	$614	–	$599
1980	728	747	589	–	581
1981	721	739	596	–	566
1982	722	742	586	–	574
1983	718	734	599	–	573
1984	718	740	593	–	570
1985	732	757	589	–	574
1986	751	776	609	–	579
1987	756	776	608	–	576
1988	752	771	613	–	566
1989	746	764	596	–	557
1990	734	756	586	–	542
1991	732	759	598	–	536
1992	738	768	599	–	539
1993	751	777	604	–	542
1994	748	776	595	–	519
1995	750	773	599	–	515
1996	747	771	590	–	517
1997	751	775	597	–	524
1998	770	803	627	–	545
1999	791	826	641	–	555
2000	803	823	661	$858	556
2001	808	827	665	866	565
2002	812	832	665	879	566
2003	809	830	671	905	574
2004	811	835	667	900	579
2005	800	826	639	925	579
2006	799	821	660	933	579
2007	804	829	659	961	582
2008	805	827	657	960	590
2009	827	847	672	984	605
2010	823	843	673	942	589
2011	807	827	656	924	586
2012	803	828	649	961	594
2013	799	826	648	970	595
2014	802	828	648	967	602
2015	819	845	649	1,005	611
2016	832	862	678	1,021	624
Women
1979	562	568	522	–	485
1980	558	564	514	–	478
1981	556	561	523	–	482
1982	572	579	519	–	486
1983	578	583	532	–	493
1984	584	590	531	–	491
1985	589	598	536	–	489
1986	609	615	552	–	504
1987	612	620	558	–	507
1988	615	621	562	–	508
1989	613	624	563	–	503
1990	617	629	549	–	496
1991	629	641	555	–	502
1992	638	649	562	–	507
1993	643	656	570	–	512
1994	639	654	554	–	489
1995	635	649	556	–	477
1996	637	652	552	–	482
1997	643	663	560	–	475
1998	672	689	589	–	496
1999	682	696	589	–	501
2000	688	700	598	763	510
2001	694	707	615	763	526
2002	706	730	632	756	530
2003	721	740	641	781	535
2004	728	742	642	779	532
2005	719	732	613	817	527
2006	714	725	618	832	524
2007	711	725	617	846	547
2008	711	729	618	839	559
2009	735	748	651	871	569
2010	737	753	652	851	559
2011	730	750	635	801	553
2012	722	742	626	805	544
2013	727	744	624	843	557
2014	729	744	620	853	556
2015	735	752	622	888	573
2016	749	766	641	902	586
Men
1979	901	920	701	–	676
1980	869	889	678	–	650
1981	863	888	680	–	637
1982	871	897	665	–	644
1983	869	888	674	–	628
1984	863	883	667	–	632
1985	866	889	649	–	630
1986	877	906	667	–	626
1987	877	909	661	–	618
1988	877	908	680	–	602
1989	875	901	650	–	589
1990	857	881	643	–	567
1991	847	869	644	–	555
1992	841	862	638	–	569
1993	835	858	642	–	566
1994	837	877	641	–	550
1995	842	886	643	–	548
1996	849	884	628	–	543
1997	864	888	645	–	554
1998	881	906	689	–	574
1999	890	919	703	–	585
2000	894	923	711	955	582
2001	908	934	717	992	596
2002	907	937	700	1,009	602
2003	907	933	725	1,008	606
2004	906	930	723	1,019	610
2005	887	913	687	1,014	601
2006	885	906	704	1,050	601
2007	887	912	694	1,083	602
2008	890	920	691	1,077	623
2009	916	945	695	1,065	636
2010	907	936	697	1,031	617
2011	888	914	697	1,035	609
2012	892	918	695	1,102	619
2013	886	910	684	1,091	612
2014	883	910	690	1,095	625
2015	906	931	688	1,143	639
2016	915	942	718	1,151	663
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Total
1979	$818	$648	$769	$870	$1,062
1980	794	617	739	844	1,044
1981	782	609	726	822	1,033
1982	782	593	722	840	1,048
1983	787	587	713	833	1,057
1984	797	579	711	841	1,070
1985	806	574	709	849	1,077
1986	818	582	720	856	1,098
1987	814	574	719	851	1,139
1988	809	562	719	840	1,143
1989	798	555	701	845	1,138
1990	800	540	688	848	1,137
1991	802	527	682	840	1,144
1992	804	522	676	812	1,168
1993	804	514	679	809	1,170
1994	801	492	675	800	1,175
1995	798	484	676	795	1,169
1996	793	483	675	790	1,155
1997	806	479	688	799	1,163
1998	842	496	705	822	1,209
1999	853	499	706	836	1,239
2000	849	505	704	831	1,243
2001	854	518	705	836	1,248
2002	862	518	714	840	1,256
2003	864	517	723	834	1,258
2004	868	510	729	840	1,253
2005	855	502	716	823	1,244
2006	855	499	708	824	1,237
2007	854	495	699	815	1,241
2008	848	505	689	805	1,243
2009	866	508	700	812	1,272
2010	861	489	689	808	1,260
2011	851	481	681	789	1,227
2012	852	492	681	783	1,217
2013	852	486	670	770	1,230
2014	851	495	677	772	1,210
2015	870	499	686	771	1,245
2016	885	504	692	779	1,259
Women
1979	602	469	571	651	815
1980	592	456	558	642	806
1981	591	444	551	647	807
1982	610	440	565	656	828
1983	615	447	564	661	846
1984	623	441	570	672	859
1985	630	430	570	674	881
1986	644	435	579	690	912
1987	648	432	582	701	941
1988	654	432	582	703	947
1989	656	432	568	708	948
1990	658	428	561	704	954
1991	665	430	564	703	966
1992	671	430	565	683	997
1993	679	430	568	691	1,000
1994	675	412	562	678	1,016
1995	670	410	557	668	1,008
1996	677	409	556	674	1,002
1997	690	410	564	685	1,003
1998	714	417	583	701	1,041
1999	716	418	584	703	1,066
2000	720	424	586	704	1,054
2001	736	428	600	705	1,065
2002	758	434	611	725	1,080
2003	762	430	619	731	1,086
2004	761	424	620	733	1,093
2005	752	419	606	721	1,085
2006	746	426	595	717	1,077
2007	748	427	593	705	1,079
2008	747	421	580	700	1,065
2009	768	427	606	705	1,085
2010	775	427	598	703	1,086
2011	766	422	591	688	1,065
2012	760	403	586	689	1,046
2013	762	412	590	677	1,074
2014	763	415	586	670	1,064
2015	770	423	593	672	1,077
2016	784	423	599	688	1,101
Men
1979	969	778	951	1,015	1,222
1980	942	742	908	994	1,186
1981	944	726	904	987	1,206
1982	940	701	895	983	1,203
1983	933	690	890	968	1,188
1984	930	678	879	982	1,238
1985	943	668	866	1,004	1,255
1986	969	672	870	1,015	1,293
1987	964	655	855	1,004	1,319
1988	951	648	854	982	1,326
1989	935	647	841	966	1,318
1990	913	622	818	966	1,321
1991	899	600	808	967	1,313
1992	899	589	804	931	1,327
1993	908	583	797	936	1,319
1994	923	548	795	941	1,324
1995	920	543	793	933	1,322
1996	913	544	787	921	1,332
1997	918	545	799	927	1,337
1998	941	564	823	947	1,383
1999	963	569	836	958	1,408
2000	967	566	824	964	1,423
2001	976	568	825	980	1,446
2002	977	562	824	976	1,455
2003	971	560	820	966	1,477
2004	968	567	820	967	1,452
2005	947	559	801	941	1,434
2006	949	558	807	948	1,435
2007	953	557	797	938	1,439
2008	955	554	790	925	1,433
2009	977	559	801	934	1,484
2010	963	535	782	931	1,465
2011	946	521	768	896	1,422
2012	951	531	768	896	1,433
2013	939	515	754	884	1,437
2014	935	524	762	884	1,405
2015	959	526	768	894	1,437
2016	969	551	769	896	1,464
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$13.70	$10.77	$9.57	$12.41	$15.77	$16.05	$16.33	$15.93	$15.34	$9.97
1980	13.39	10.31	8.94	11.92	15.42	15.72	16.00	15.69	14.97	9.89
1981	13.07	10.08	9.09	11.70	15.20	15.46	15.74	15.25	14.75	9.95
1982	12.92	9.69	8.61	11.15	15.02	15.19	15.81	15.36	14.62	9.86
1983	12.82	9.36	8.28	10.76	15.02	14.91	15.85	15.44	14.70	10.09
1984	12.84	9.21	8.04	10.62	15.07	14.91	15.79	15.59	14.58	10.20
1985	12.83	9.06	7.81	10.51	15.00	14.72	15.94	15.68	14.70	10.09
1986	12.97	9.23	7.76	10.59	15.13	14.67	16.30	16.17	15.00	10.40
1987	13.07	9.27	7.70	10.53	15.07	14.53	16.04	15.88	14.99	10.26
1988	13.14	9.36	7.87	10.51	15.12	14.51	15.96	15.94	14.61	10.21
1989	13.07	9.25	7.89	10.56	14.84	14.28	16.00	15.74	14.62	10.13
1990	12.89	9.20	8.00	10.53	14.55	14.08	15.72	15.67	14.30	10.25
1991	12.89	9.04	8.06	10.31	14.57	13.81	15.76	15.65	14.07	10.21
1992	12.95	9.01	7.94	10.12	14.65	13.71	15.74	15.97	14.23	10.30
1993	12.88	9.02	7.86	10.07	14.65	13.54	15.73	16.14	14.57	10.46
1994	12.84	9.01	7.87	9.97	14.62	13.43	15.90	16.06	14.46	10.24
1995	12.79	9.08	7.89	10.05	14.65	13.63	15.68	15.85	14.40	10.41
1996	12.80	9.05	7.88	10.20	14.66	13.45	15.46	15.61	14.31	10.32
1997	13.06	9.18	8.22	10.31	14.73	13.49	15.46	15.82	14.52	10.28
1998	13.40	9.69	8.66	10.66	14.92	14.21	15.99	16.14	14.85	10.90
1999	13.73	9.90	8.76	11.15	15.09	14.38	15.88	16.33	14.96	11.10
2000	13.82	10.10	8.94	11.26	15.17	14.20	15.83	16.49	15.09	11.23
2001	13.81	10.42	9.16	11.36	15.45	14.46	16.22	16.49	15.41	11.56
2002	13.98	10.43	9.23	11.31	15.79	14.66	16.26	16.64	15.82	12.11
2003	14.16	10.31	9.05	11.31	15.73	14.69	16.27	16.93	15.91	12.00
2004	13.98	10.14	8.89	11.16	15.54	14.45	16.38	16.81	15.98	12.22
2005	13.75	9.91	8.66	10.95	15.33	14.45	16.11	16.56	15.91	12.20
2006	14.00	9.81	8.61	10.90	15.40	14.23	16.06	16.70	15.87	12.08
2007	13.83	10.01	8.76	11.18	15.23	13.95	16.12	16.66	15.87	12.00
2008	13.63	9.89	8.74	10.88	15.40	13.94	16.03	16.58	15.83	12.14
2009	13.91	9.96	8.86	10.93	15.56	14.09	16.32	16.61	16.44	12.85
2010	13.77	9.80	8.81	10.50	15.40	13.80	16.09	16.50	16.40	12.72
2011	13.56	9.57	8.60	10.26	15.07	13.56	15.83	16.01	16.08	13.01
2012	13.38	9.46	8.46	10.14	14.89	13.40	15.53	15.75	16.08	12.76
2013	13.32	9.43	8.43	10.12	14.93	13.26	15.43	15.62	16.09	12.84
2014	13.33	9.69	8.55	10.12	15.01	13.32	15.32	15.61	15.58	13.20
2015	13.60	9.97	8.96	10.26	15.09	13.77	15.34	16.03	16.10	13.24
2016	14.00	10.12	9.20	10.79	15.13	14.00	15.77	16.29	16.20	13.77
Women
1979	11.17	9.85	9.35	10.86	12.04	12.47	12.25	11.85	11.57	9.63
1980	10.97	9.58	8.72	10.53	11.78	12.33	11.92	11.75	11.33	9.39
1981	10.86	9.42	8.93	10.38	11.90	12.41	12.11	11.65	11.24	9.42
1982	11.03	9.04	8.49	10.02	12.01	12.42	12.15	11.84	11.48	9.40
1983	11.01	8.76	8.14	9.77	12.00	12.48	12.18	11.90	11.63	9.54
1984	10.95	8.66	7.91	9.60	12.07	12.33	12.36	12.14	11.61	9.63
1985	10.91	8.53	7.68	9.70	12.19	12.32	12.57	12.26	11.62	9.43
1986	11.15	8.60	7.64	9.85	12.45	12.45	12.82	12.53	12.03	9.90
1987	11.31	8.53	7.49	9.88	12.44	12.40	12.83	12.69	12.18	9.80
1988	11.41	8.75	7.64	9.86	12.58	12.42	13.20	12.87	11.88	10.00
1989	11.42	8.77	7.66	9.78	12.67	12.49	13.27	12.90	11.93	9.61
1990	11.48	8.82	7.75	9.93	12.60	12.50	13.14	12.76	12.00	9.71
1991	11.60	8.73	7.97	9.81	12.61	12.35	13.28	13.08	11.94	9.90
1992	11.68	8.66	7.87	9.68	12.84	12.50	13.41	13.32	12.08	10.02
1993	11.65	8.63	7.74	9.75	12.88	12.45	13.36	13.39	12.37	10.11
1994	11.62	8.53	7.74	9.58	12.90	12.47	13.53	13.56	12.53	10.00
1995	11.67	8.59	7.73	9.53	12.79	12.39	13.51	13.65	12.41	10.09
1996	11.78	8.66	7.76	9.54	12.85	12.29	13.55	13.63	12.30	9.83
1997	11.85	8.88	8.09	9.78	13.06	12.24	13.64	13.82	12.40	10.19
1998	12.12	9.19	8.51	10.21	13.45	12.96	14.23	14.40	13.03	10.62
1999	12.45	9.51	8.62	10.40	13.73	13.11	14.16	14.34	13.44	10.81
2000	12.64	9.76	8.69	10.88	13.79	13.51	13.99	14.20	13.72	10.98
2001	13.06	9.82	8.96	10.84	13.82	13.47	14.15	14.70	14.08	11.03
2002	13.20	9.95	9.08	10.83	14.30	13.51	14.66	14.93	14.43	11.66
2003	13.16	9.91	8.94	10.69	14.37	13.72	14.58	15.39	14.43	11.54
2004	12.92	9.80	8.72	10.57	14.27	13.49	14.55	15.18	14.70	11.64
2005	12.67	9.58	8.50	10.44	14.23	13.34	14.55	14.90	14.57	12.06
2006	12.68	9.51	8.46	10.50	14.13	13.18	14.35	14.60	14.43	11.87
2007	12.71	9.43	8.58	10.42	13.95	12.97	14.31	14.87	14.16	11.75
2008	12.81	9.40	8.60	10.21	13.91	13.07	14.37	14.67	14.49	11.74
2009	13.15	9.60	8.75	10.28	14.27	13.38	14.54	14.64	15.20	12.43
2010	13.03	9.49	8.71	10.00	14.19	13.26	14.45	14.87	15.07	12.31
2011	12.79	9.32	8.50	9.78	13.98	12.93	14.34	14.69	14.97	12.55
2012	12.53	9.17	8.38	9.58	13.76	12.70	14.06	14.42	15.01	12.37
2013	12.48	9.20	8.33	9.68	13.76	12.60	14.18	14.36	14.96	12.58
2014	12.35	9.27	8.41	9.91	13.69	12.42	14.20	14.34	14.39	12.65
2015	12.71	9.66	8.86	10.07	14.09	13.05	14.30	14.98	14.95	12.81
2016	13.01	10.00	9.07	10.25	14.23	13.08	14.75	14.97	15.10	13.02
Men
1979	17.44	12.04	9.85	14.32	20.65	19.69	21.98	21.91	20.34	10.99
1980	16.94	11.39	9.36	13.67	20.06	19.25	21.69	21.61	20.11	10.53
1981	16.68	10.94	9.24	12.97	19.75	18.60	21.07	21.55	20.00	10.69
1982	16.39	10.48	8.76	12.25	19.33	18.35	21.27	21.24	19.47	10.67
1983	15.87	10.05	8.42	11.58	19.06	17.75	21.15	21.01	20.05	10.89
1984	15.68	10.07	8.19	11.37	18.94	17.36	20.95	21.34	19.52	10.81
1985	15.60	9.96	7.98	11.13	18.83	17.02	20.85	21.21	19.23	10.62
1986	15.88	10.02	7.99	11.36	18.87	16.80	20.90	21.23	19.96	10.84
1987	15.70	9.92	7.98	11.47	18.51	16.69	20.40	20.69	19.64	10.75
1988	15.45	9.82	8.09	11.31	18.32	16.43	19.96	20.88	19.02	10.78
1989	15.14	9.66	8.21	11.25	18.15	16.00	19.79	20.34	18.69	11.03
1990	14.74	9.70	8.27	11.02	17.54	15.74	19.13	19.84	18.13	10.84
1991	14.76	9.59	8.14	10.70	17.15	15.36	18.87	20.12	17.32	10.69
1992	14.55	9.48	8.05	10.47	16.88	15.13	18.34	20.17	17.43	10.82
1993	14.50	9.41	7.97	10.36	16.66	14.89	18.27	19.89	17.94	10.98
1994	14.42	9.42	7.98	10.51	16.49	14.58	18.43	19.39	17.72	10.64
1995	14.44	9.45	8.04	10.67	16.79	14.80	18.61	19.28	17.39	10.72
1996	14.51	9.41	8.00	10.66	16.43	14.79	18.16	18.90	17.00	10.73
1997	14.67	9.63	8.37	10.72	16.57	14.81	18.01	19.10	17.60	10.39
1998	14.82	10.18	8.81	11.46	17.26	15.05	18.38	19.20	18.00	11.40
1999	14.86	10.26	8.90	11.57	17.29	15.62	18.41	19.71	17.59	11.33
2000	15.08	10.64	9.26	11.70	17.07	15.30	18.33	19.39	17.87	11.59
2001	15.34	10.85	9.35	12.09	17.45	15.69	18.86	19.31	17.55	12.20
2002	15.54	10.75	9.37	11.86	17.42	15.87	18.64	19.23	17.86	13.06
2003	15.52	10.63	9.16	11.75	17.30	15.68	18.45	19.49	18.39	12.78
2004	15.27	10.43	9.09	11.52	17.46	15.29	18.55	19.20	18.48	12.58
2005	14.94	10.34	8.86	11.30	17.09	14.95	18.28	18.59	18.17	12.33
2006	15.10	10.46	8.85	11.61	16.99	15.04	17.93	19.10	17.90	12.76
2007	14.99	10.57	8.99	11.53	17.07	14.85	17.56	18.69	17.88	12.74
2008	15.01	10.30	8.90	11.15	16.76	15.02	17.86	18.75	17.73	12.82
2009	15.39	10.31	9.00	11.17	16.86	14.77	18.01	19.00	18.00	13.42
2010	15.15	10.14	8.91	10.90	16.56	14.43	17.43	18.60	18.12	13.13
2011	14.73	9.85	8.71	10.57	16.13	14.07	17.11	18.01	18.22	13.71
2012	14.50	9.86	8.56	10.42	15.85	13.88	16.77	17.75	18.06	13.62
2013	14.42	9.96	8.62	10.30	15.73	13.82	16.69	17.68	17.80	13.26
2014	14.59	10.03	8.75	10.29	15.98	14.28	16.78	17.66	17.71	14.18
2015	14.85	10.15	9.08	10.77	16.05	14.34	16.68	17.76	18.21	14.32
2016	14.96	10.24	9.48	11.15	16.25	14.83	17.20	18.03	18.05	14.78
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2016 annual averages (in constant 2016 dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$13.70	$13.92	$12.69	–	$12.59
1980	13.39	13.56	12.33	–	12.33
1981	13.07	13.15	12.44	–	12.21
1982	12.92	13.09	12.11	–	11.99
1983	12.82	12.98	11.81	–	11.67
1984	12.84	13.00	11.81	–	11.61
1985	12.83	12.98	11.70	–	11.64
1986	12.97	13.14	12.13	–	11.82
1987	13.07	13.25	12.10	–	11.76
1988	13.14	13.30	12.01	–	11.62
1989	13.07	13.23	12.02	–	11.35
1990	12.89	13.07	12.14	–	11.19
1991	12.89	13.08	12.03	–	11.10
1992	12.95	13.12	11.85	–	11.16
1993	12.88	13.04	11.75	–	11.18
1994	12.84	13.00	11.68	–	11.11
1995	12.79	13.02	11.99	–	10.95
1996	12.80	13.06	11.83	–	10.93
1997	13.06	13.25	11.96	–	11.03
1998	13.40	13.58	12.36	–	11.66
1999	13.73	14.03	12.75	–	11.63
2000	13.82	13.89	13.03	$14.04	11.91
2001	13.81	13.90	13.25	14.57	12.28
2002	13.98	14.30	13.26	13.83	12.31
2003	14.16	14.32	13.25	14.52	12.74
2004	13.98	14.14	12.95	14.10	12.47
2005	13.75	14.10	12.49	14.75	12.22
2006	14.00	14.12	12.69	14.92	12.05
2007	13.83	13.98	12.60	14.14	11.85
2008	13.63	13.98	12.49	14.50	12.23
2009	13.91	14.16	13.02	14.72	12.35
2010	13.77	14.03	12.96	14.56	11.98
2011	13.56	13.78	12.58	14.25	11.79
2012	13.38	13.63	12.37	13.82	11.62
2013	13.32	13.54	12.26	14.03	11.59
2014	13.33	13.76	12.05	14.20	12.00
2015	13.60	14.04	12.21	14.36	12.19
2016	14.00	14.24	12.49	14.79	12.69
Women
1979	11.17	11.17	10.96	–	10.62
1980	10.97	11.00	10.78	–	10.50
1981	10.86	10.86	10.63	–	10.41
1982	11.03	11.03	10.74	–	10.36
1983	11.01	11.03	10.83	–	10.14
1984	10.95	10.97	10.73	–	10.24
1985	10.91	10.94	10.72	–	10.26
1986	11.15	11.19	10.82	–	10.46
1987	11.31	11.35	10.91	–	10.32
1988	11.41	11.45	10.96	–	10.31
1989	11.42	11.46	10.99	–	10.34
1990	11.48	11.52	11.11	–	10.34
1991	11.60	11.62	11.25	–	10.27
1992	11.68	11.73	11.14	–	10.35
1993	11.65	11.72	11.24	–	10.33
1994	11.62	11.76	11.11	–	10.26
1995	11.67	11.80	11.14	–	10.33
1996	11.78	11.88	10.98	–	10.32
1997	11.85	11.94	11.33	–	10.18
1998	12.12	12.27	11.63	–	10.63
1999	12.45	12.58	11.71	–	10.75
2000	12.64	12.68	12.36	13.63	11.00
2001	13.06	13.18	12.40	13.64	11.22
2002	13.20	13.27	12.62	13.48	11.40
2003	13.16	13.20	12.94	13.94	11.59
2004	12.92	12.97	12.62	13.43	11.49
2005	12.67	12.90	12.20	14.30	11.28
2006	12.68	12.82	12.04	14.23	11.31
2007	12.71	12.80	12.09	13.69	11.34
2008	12.81	13.04	12.02	13.66	11.23
2009	13.15	13.23	12.32	14.17	11.29
2010	13.03	13.08	12.33	13.67	11.13
2011	12.79	12.86	12.04	13.66	10.94
2012	12.53	12.62	11.73	13.32	10.67
2013	12.48	12.57	11.88	13.43	10.80
2014	12.35	12.56	11.73	13.42	10.87
2015	12.71	12.98	11.84	13.97	11.21
2016	13.01	13.20	12.09	14.07	11.79
Men
1979	17.44	17.87	15.09	–	14.78
1980	16.94	17.31	14.39	–	13.97
1981	16.68	17.03	14.75	–	13.63
1982	16.39	16.70	14.28	–	13.71
1983	15.87	16.22	13.67	–	13.33
1984	15.68	15.99	13.57	–	13.30
1985	15.60	16.13	13.09	–	12.91
1986	15.88	16.28	13.74	–	12.95
1987	15.70	16.02	13.62	–	12.87
1988	15.45	15.74	13.55	–	12.71
1989	15.14	15.48	13.21	–	12.45
1990	14.74	15.24	13.14	–	12.01
1991	14.76	15.15	13.01	–	11.82
1992	14.55	14.92	12.79	–	11.73
1993	14.50	14.84	12.55	–	11.65
1994	14.42	14.76	12.69	–	11.49
1995	14.44	15.05	12.77	–	11.36
1996	14.51	14.92	12.47	–	11.62
1997	14.67	14.87	12.94	–	11.79
1998	14.82	14.99	13.39	–	12.14
1999	14.86	15.29	14.08	–	12.41
2000	15.08	15.27	13.92	15.05	12.61
2001	15.34	15.73	13.79	16.04	13.10
2002	15.54	15.83	13.67	14.71	13.24
2003	15.52	15.70	14.11	15.52	13.09
2004	15.27	15.45	13.82	15.12	12.73
2005	14.94	15.32	13.39	15.66	12.52
2006	15.10	15.33	13.60	15.69	12.90
2007	14.99	15.30	13.39	15.30	12.81
2008	15.01	15.44	13.37	15.64	13.19
2009	15.39	15.60	13.72	15.67	13.33
2010	15.15	15.39	13.39	15.54	12.92
2011	14.73	14.96	12.87	15.21	12.60
2012	14.50	14.81	12.75	14.79	12.50
2013	14.42	14.67	12.52	14.67	12.35
2014	14.59	15.07	12.38	14.87	12.56
2015	14.85	15.11	12.81	15.05	13.08
2016	14.96	15.13	13.06	15.04	13.83
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$241	$172	$144	$186	$265	$255	$280	$276	$262	$198
1980	262	187	154	200	286	276	302	298	285	203
1981	284	200	161	213	308	296	326	320	309	222
1982	302	208	164	220	327	311	354	345	325	253
1983	313	211	164	223	343	321	370	367	346	261
1984	326	217	169	231	362	335	389	385	366	272
1985	344	224	174	240	379	349	406	400	381	297
1986	359	232	178	248	391	360	419	416	397	298
1987	374	243	186	259	403	373	435	429	405	310
1988	385	249	196	266	414	383	450	453	419	323
1989	399	259	204	276	427	394	472	472	431	334
1990	412	269	209	285	449	407	486	489	457	343
1991	426	277	213	291	467	415	498	507	469	381
1992	440	276	212	290	479	422	503	522	483	378
1993	459	282	214	297	491	436	517	542	492	393
1994	467	286	221	300	500	439	537	566	501	384
1995	479	292	231	306	510	451	550	582	514	389
1996	490	298	240	312	520	463	559	594	535	384
1997	503	306	252	321	540	481	579	607	558	393
1998	523	319	268	339	572	502	597	620	592	405
1999	549	341	281	363	592	518	611	652	604	404
2000	576	361	297	383	609	549	625	669	620	463
2001	596	375	305	394	630	576	657	693	638	488
2002	608	381	305	399	646	591	668	706	674	502
2003	620	387	311	402	662	594	687	723	708	516
2004	638	390	309	406	683	604	713	743	725	560
2005	651	397	318	411	696	610	731	748	742	569
2006	671	409	324	423	718	621	748	773	765	583
2007	695	424	337	450	738	643	769	790	803	605
2008	722	443	349	467	761	666	804	822	825	644
2009	739	442	344	464	774	678	817	838	841	684
2010	747	432	347	454	782	682	824	844	860	684
2011	756	440	352	457	797	693	837	866	881	742
2012	768	444	356	464	815	707	858	878	897	757
2013	776	454	373	472	827	708	874	883	904	801
2014	791	477	378	491	839	726	881	899	911	824
2015	809	487	389	501	860	735	900	923	927	873
2016	832	501	405	513	885	751	934	955	952	866
Women
1979	182	154	132	161	195	199	196	192	189	170
1980	201	167	145	175	213	218	214	209	205	175
1981	219	180	154	191	233	239	238	225	222	189
1982	239	192	158	201	255	258	258	252	245	211
1983	252	198	158	207	268	272	272	264	257	212
1984	265	203	162	213	283	285	292	279	270	219
1985	277	211	166	221	296	296	307	292	285	242
1986	291	219	170	231	308	306	319	308	296	256
1987	303	227	172	242	321	316	337	324	308	261
1988	315	235	184	251	335	327	354	339	317	280
1989	328	246	197	260	351	340	370	357	333	292
1990	346	254	198	269	369	356	390	377	348	300
1991	366	266	205	280	387	371	407	398	363	319
1992	380	267	205	280	400	382	418	417	376	328
1993	393	273	205	289	415	395	435	440	395	335
1994	399	276	211	290	421	397	448	450	398	336
1995	406	275	215	291	428	403	453	464	403	353
1996	418	284	223	298	444	415	463	481	420	334
1997	431	292	240	306	462	427	482	495	433	348
1998	456	305	249	319	485	451	498	516	476	350
1999	473	324	266	343	497	470	503	534	492	370
2000	493	344	283	366	516	493	521	564	508	392
2001	512	353	288	375	543	512	547	587	536	390
2002	529	367	295	385	568	530	571	602	574	430
2003	552	371	299	387	584	546	590	609	601	435
2004	573	375	293	391	599	561	608	625	615	478
2005	585	381	304	396	612	573	621	644	639	492
2006	600	395	305	413	627	583	645	659	658	510
2007	614	409	318	426	646	597	668	677	679	534
2008	638	420	322	445	670	623	682	707	711	563
2009	657	424	323	445	687	634	709	712	727	602
2010	669	422	336	439	704	648	731	730	736	601
2011	684	421	328	438	718	662	734	744	749	664
2012	691	416	330	429	727	666	747	746	766	667
2013	706	423	350	442	740	665	767	761	779	691
2014	719	451	357	468	752	679	781	780	780	740
2015	726	450	364	468	761	690	804	799	784	740
2016	749	486	388	500	784	705	839	836	812	749
Men
1979	292	196	155	211	314	295	336	338	312	219
1980	313	208	162	224	339	314	367	367	345	229
1981	340	218	168	237	372	340	397	396	377	266
1982	364	225	170	244	393	358	422	419	399	300
1983	379	223	168	242	407	371	442	444	416	308
1984	392	231	174	250	422	382	471	470	439	328
1985	407	241	183	258	443	394	487	489	467	367
1986	419	246	186	264	463	402	499	506	484	358
1987	434	257	196	275	477	412	510	520	495	380
1988	449	262	205	279	487	421	517	549	509	395
1989	468	271	209	290	500	434	542	569	521	393
1990	481	282	218	298	512	449	560	591	546	403
1991	493	285	219	300	523	458	576	612	563	467
1992	501	284	218	297	536	466	581	634	579	421
1993	510	288	221	303	555	476	596	653	586	451
1994	522	294	228	307	576	479	617	671	603	441
1995	538	303	244	315	588	490	624	685	623	441
1996	557	307	251	321	599	499	632	698	643	477
1997	579	317	262	338	615	515	651	713	669	452
1998	598	334	281	357	639	544	677	732	699	482
1999	618	356	291	379	668	577	702	763	725	470
2000	641	375	306	395	693	598	728	771	735	522
2001	670	391	319	408	720	617	754	799	760	565
2002	679	391	312	410	732	627	759	807	802	583
2003	695	398	321	412	744	628	775	834	827	612
2004	713	400	318	417	762	639	804	857	843	641
2005	722	409	330	422	771	644	822	853	855	644
2006	743	418	348	435	797	661	836	897	902	658
2007	766	443	357	472	823	687	873	909	933	686
2008	798	461	369	481	857	704	915	944	943	753
2009	819	458	356	479	873	715	916	967	965	791
2010	824	443	355	468	874	714	915	954	979	794
2011	832	455	370	470	886	717	935	979	997	821
2012	854	468	373	482	910	738	957	994	1,005	860
2013	860	479	390	492	912	744	956	994	1,011	937
2014	871	493	392	507	922	755	964	1,011	1,021	942
2015	895	510	407	522	947	770	983	1,040	1,064	1,003
2016	915	512	419	523	969	794	1,007	1,075	1,102	992
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$241	$248	$199	–	$194
1980	262	269	212	–	209
1981	284	291	235	–	223
1982	302	310	245	–	240
1983	313	320	261	–	250
1984	326	336	269	–	259
1985	344	356	277	–	270
1986	359	371	291	–	277
1987	374	384	301	–	285
1988	385	395	314	–	290
1989	399	409	319	–	298
1990	412	424	329	–	304
1991	426	442	348	–	312
1992	440	458	357	–	321
1993	459	475	369	–	331
1994	467	484	371	–	324
1995	479	494	383	–	329
1996	490	506	387	–	339
1997	503	519	400	–	351
1998	523	545	426	–	370
1999	549	573	445	–	385
2000	576	590	474	$615	399
2001	596	610	491	639	417
2002	608	623	498	658	424
2003	620	636	514	693	440
2004	638	657	525	708	456
2005	651	672	520	753	471
2006	671	690	554	784	486
2007	695	716	569	830	503
2008	722	742	589	861	529
2009	739	757	601	880	541
2010	747	765	611	855	535
2011	756	775	615	866	549
2012	768	792	621	920	568
2013	776	802	629	942	578
2014	791	816	639	953	594
2015	809	835	641	993	604
2016	832	862	678	1,021	624
Women
1979	182	184	169	–	157
1980	201	203	185	–	172
1981	219	221	206	–	190
1982	239	242	217	–	203
1983	252	254	232	–	215
1984	265	268	241	–	223
1985	277	281	252	–	230
1986	291	294	264	–	241
1987	303	307	276	–	251
1988	315	318	288	–	260
1989	328	334	301	–	269
1990	346	353	308	–	278
1991	366	373	323	–	292
1992	380	387	335	–	302
1993	393	401	348	–	313
1994	399	408	346	–	305
1995	406	415	355	–	305
1996	418	428	362	–	316
1997	431	444	375	–	318
1998	456	468	400	–	337
1999	473	483	409	–	348
2000	493	502	429	547	366
2001	512	522	454	563	388
2002	529	547	473	566	397
2003	552	567	491	598	410
2004	573	584	505	613	419
2005	585	596	499	665	429
2006	600	609	519	699	440
2007	614	626	533	731	473
2008	638	654	554	753	501
2009	657	669	582	779	509
2010	669	684	592	773	508
2011	684	703	595	751	518
2012	691	710	599	770	521
2013	706	722	606	819	541
2014	719	734	611	841	548
2015	726	743	615	877	566
2016	749	766	641	902	586
Men
1979	292	298	227	–	219
1980	313	320	244	–	234
1981	340	350	268	–	251
1982	364	375	278	–	269
1983	379	387	294	–	274
1984	392	401	303	–	287
1985	407	418	305	–	296
1986	419	433	319	–	299
1987	434	450	327	–	306
1988	449	465	348	–	308
1989	468	482	348	–	315
1990	481	494	361	–	318
1991	493	506	375	–	323
1992	501	514	380	–	339
1993	510	524	392	–	346
1994	522	547	400	–	343
1995	538	566	411	–	350
1996	557	580	412	–	356
1997	579	595	432	–	371
1998	598	615	468	–	390
1999	618	638	488	–	406
2000	641	662	510	685	417
2001	670	689	529	732	440
2002	679	702	524	756	451
2003	695	715	555	772	464
2004	713	732	569	802	480
2005	722	743	559	825	489
2006	743	761	591	882	505
2007	766	788	600	936	520
2008	798	825	620	966	559
2009	819	845	621	952	569
2010	824	850	633	936	560
2011	832	856	653	970	571
2012	854	879	665	1,055	592
2013	860	884	664	1,059	594
2014	871	897	680	1,080	616
2015	895	920	680	1,129	631
2016	915	942	718	1,151	663
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Total
1979	$265	$210	$249	$282	$344
1980	286	222	266	304	376
1981	308	240	286	324	407
1982	327	248	302	351	438
1983	343	256	311	363	461
1984	362	263	323	382	486
1985	379	270	333	399	506
1986	391	278	344	409	525
1987	403	284	356	421	564
1988	414	288	368	430	585
1989	427	297	375	452	609
1990	449	303	386	476	638
1991	467	307	397	489	666
1992	479	311	403	484	696
1993	491	314	415	494	715
1994	500	307	421	499	733
1995	510	309	432	508	747
1996	520	317	443	518	758
1997	540	321	461	535	779
1998	572	337	479	558	821
1999	592	346	490	580	860
2000	609	362	505	596	891
2001	630	382	520	617	921
2002	646	388	535	629	941
2003	662	396	554	639	964
2004	683	401	574	661	986
2005	696	409	583	670	1,013
2006	718	419	595	692	1,039
2007	738	428	604	704	1,072
2008	761	453	618	722	1,115
2009	774	454	626	726	1,137
2010	782	444	626	734	1,144
2011	797	451	638	739	1,150
2012	815	471	652	749	1,165
2013	827	472	651	748	1,194
2014	839	488	668	761	1,193
2015	860	493	678	762	1,230
2016	885	504	692	779	1,259
Women
1979	195	152	185	211	264
1980	213	164	201	231	290
1981	233	175	217	255	318
1982	255	184	236	274	346
1983	268	195	246	288	369
1984	283	200	259	305	390
1985	296	202	268	317	414
1986	308	208	277	330	436
1987	321	214	288	347	466
1988	335	221	298	360	485
1989	351	231	304	379	507
1990	369	240	315	395	535
1991	387	250	328	409	562
1992	400	256	337	407	594
1993	415	263	347	422	611
1994	421	257	351	423	634
1995	428	262	356	427	644
1996	444	268	365	442	657
1997	462	275	378	459	672
1998	485	283	396	476	707
1999	497	290	405	488	740
2000	516	304	420	505	756
2001	543	316	443	520	786
2002	568	325	458	543	809
2003	584	329	474	560	832
2004	599	334	488	577	860
2005	612	341	493	587	883
2006	627	358	500	602	905
2007	646	369	512	609	932
2008	670	378	520	628	955
2009	687	382	542	630	970
2010	704	388	543	638	986
2011	718	395	554	645	998
2012	727	386	561	659	1,001
2013	740	400	573	657	1,043
2014	752	409	578	661	1,049
2015	761	418	586	664	1,064
2016	784	423	599	688	1,101
Men
1979	314	252	308	329	396
1980	339	267	327	358	427
1981	372	286	356	389	475
1982	393	293	374	411	503
1983	407	301	388	422	518
1984	422	308	399	446	562
1985	443	314	407	472	590
1986	463	321	416	485	618
1987	477	324	423	497	653
1988	487	332	437	503	679
1989	500	346	450	517	705
1990	512	349	459	542	741
1991	523	349	470	563	764
1992	536	351	479	555	791
1993	555	356	487	572	806
1994	576	342	496	587	826
1995	588	347	507	596	845
1996	599	357	516	604	874
1997	615	365	535	621	896
1998	639	383	559	643	939
1999	668	395	580	665	977
2000	693	406	591	691	1,020
2001	720	419	609	723	1,067
2002	732	421	617	731	1,090
2003	744	429	628	740	1,131
2004	762	446	645	761	1,143
2005	771	455	652	766	1,167
2006	797	469	678	796	1,205
2007	823	481	689	810	1,243
2008	857	497	709	830	1,285
2009	873	500	716	835	1,327
2010	874	486	710	845	1,330
2011	886	488	720	840	1,332
2012	910	508	735	857	1,371
2013	912	500	732	858	1,395
2014	922	517	751	872	1,385
2015	947	520	759	883	1,420
2016	969	551	769	896	1,464
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$4.44	$3.49	$3.10	$4.02	$5.11	$5.20	$5.29	$5.16	$4.97	$3.23
1980	4.82	3.71	3.22	4.29	5.55	5.66	5.76	5.65	5.39	3.56
1981	5.15	3.97	3.58	4.61	5.99	6.09	6.20	6.01	5.81	3.92
1982	5.40	4.05	3.60	4.66	6.28	6.35	6.61	6.42	6.11	4.12
1983	5.59	4.08	3.61	4.69	6.55	6.50	6.91	6.73	6.41	4.40
1984	5.83	4.18	3.65	4.82	6.84	6.77	7.17	7.08	6.62	4.63
1985	6.03	4.26	3.67	4.94	7.05	6.92	7.49	7.37	6.91	4.74
1986	6.20	4.41	3.71	5.06	7.23	7.01	7.79	7.73	7.17	4.97
1987	6.47	4.59	3.81	5.21	7.46	7.19	7.94	7.86	7.42	5.08
1988	6.73	4.79	4.03	5.38	7.74	7.43	8.17	8.16	7.48	5.23
1989	6.99	4.95	4.22	5.65	7.94	7.64	8.56	8.42	7.82	5.42
1990	7.23	5.16	4.49	5.91	8.16	7.90	8.82	8.79	8.02	5.75
1991	7.50	5.26	4.69	6.00	8.48	8.04	9.17	9.11	8.19	5.94
1992	7.72	5.37	4.73	6.03	8.73	8.17	9.38	9.52	8.48	6.14
1993	7.87	5.51	4.80	6.15	8.95	8.27	9.61	9.86	8.90	6.39
1994	8.01	5.62	4.91	6.22	9.12	8.38	9.92	10.02	9.02	6.39
1995	8.17	5.80	5.04	6.42	9.36	8.71	10.02	10.13	9.20	6.65
1996	8.40	5.94	5.17	6.69	9.62	8.82	10.14	10.24	9.39	6.77
1997	8.75	6.15	5.51	6.91	9.87	9.04	10.36	10.60	9.73	6.89
1998	9.10	6.58	5.88	7.24	10.13	9.65	10.86	10.96	10.08	7.40
1999	9.53	6.87	6.08	7.74	10.47	9.98	11.02	11.33	10.38	7.70
2000	9.91	7.24	6.41	8.07	10.88	10.18	11.35	11.82	10.82	8.05
2001	10.19	7.69	6.76	8.38	11.40	10.67	11.97	12.17	11.37	8.53
2002	10.47	7.81	6.91	8.47	11.83	10.98	12.18	12.46	11.85	9.07
2003	10.85	7.90	6.93	8.66	12.05	11.25	12.46	12.97	12.19	9.19
2004	11.00	7.98	7.00	8.78	12.23	11.37	12.89	13.23	12.58	9.62
2005	11.19	8.07	7.05	8.91	12.48	11.76	13.11	13.48	12.95	9.93
2006	11.76	8.24	7.23	9.16	12.94	11.95	13.49	14.03	13.33	10.15
2007	11.95	8.65	7.57	9.66	13.16	12.05	13.93	14.39	13.71	10.37
2008	12.23	8.87	7.84	9.76	13.81	12.50	14.38	14.87	14.20	10.89
2009	12.44	8.90	7.92	9.77	13.91	12.60	14.59	14.85	14.70	11.49
2010	12.50	8.90	8.00	9.53	13.98	12.53	14.61	14.98	14.89	11.55
2011	12.71	8.97	8.06	9.61	14.12	12.71	14.83	15.00	15.07	12.19
2012	12.80	9.05	8.10	9.70	14.25	12.82	14.86	15.07	15.39	12.21
2013	12.93	9.16	8.19	9.83	14.50	12.88	14.98	15.17	15.62	12.47
2014	13.14	9.55	8.43	9.98	14.80	13.13	15.11	15.39	15.36	13.02
2015	13.44	9.85	8.85	10.14	14.91	13.60	15.16	15.84	15.91	13.08
2016	14.00	10.12	9.20	10.79	15.13	14.00	15.77	16.29	16.20	13.77
Women
1979	3.62	3.19	3.03	3.52	3.90	4.04	3.97	3.84	3.75	3.12
1980	3.95	3.45	3.14	3.79	4.24	4.44	4.29	4.23	4.08	3.38
1981	4.28	3.71	3.52	4.09	4.69	4.89	4.77	4.59	4.43	3.71
1982	4.61	3.78	3.55	4.19	5.02	5.19	5.08	4.95	4.80	3.93
1983	4.80	3.82	3.55	4.26	5.23	5.44	5.31	5.19	5.07	4.16
1984	4.97	3.93	3.59	4.36	5.48	5.60	5.61	5.51	5.27	4.37
1985	5.13	4.01	3.61	4.56	5.73	5.79	5.91	5.76	5.46	4.43
1986	5.33	4.11	3.65	4.71	5.95	5.95	6.13	5.99	5.75	4.73
1987	5.60	4.22	3.71	4.89	6.16	6.14	6.35	6.28	6.03	4.85
1988	5.84	4.48	3.91	5.05	6.44	6.36	6.76	6.59	6.08	5.12
1989	6.11	4.69	4.10	5.23	6.78	6.68	7.10	6.90	6.38	5.14
1990	6.44	4.95	4.35	5.57	7.07	7.01	7.37	7.16	6.73	5.45
1991	6.75	5.08	4.64	5.71	7.34	7.19	7.73	7.61	6.95	5.76
1992	6.96	5.16	4.69	5.77	7.65	7.45	7.99	7.94	7.20	5.97
1993	7.12	5.27	4.73	5.96	7.87	7.61	8.16	8.18	7.56	6.18
1994	7.25	5.32	4.83	5.98	8.05	7.78	8.44	8.46	7.82	6.24
1995	7.46	5.49	4.94	6.09	8.17	7.92	8.63	8.72	7.93	6.45
1996	7.73	5.68	5.09	6.26	8.43	8.06	8.89	8.94	8.07	6.45
1997	7.94	5.95	5.42	6.55	8.75	8.20	9.14	9.26	8.31	6.83
1998	8.23	6.24	5.78	6.93	9.13	8.80	9.66	9.78	8.85	7.21
1999	8.64	6.60	5.98	7.22	9.53	9.10	9.83	9.95	9.33	7.50
2000	9.06	7.00	6.23	7.80	9.89	9.69	10.03	10.18	9.84	7.87
2001	9.64	7.25	6.61	8.00	10.20	9.94	10.44	10.85	10.39	8.14
2002	9.89	7.45	6.80	8.11	10.71	10.12	10.98	11.18	10.81	8.73
2003	10.08	7.59	6.85	8.19	11.01	10.51	11.17	11.79	11.05	8.84
2004	10.17	7.71	6.86	8.32	11.23	10.62	11.45	11.95	11.57	9.16
2005	10.31	7.80	6.92	8.50	11.58	10.86	11.84	12.13	11.86	9.82
2006	10.65	7.99	7.11	8.82	11.87	11.07	12.05	12.26	12.12	9.97
2007	10.98	8.15	7.41	9.00	12.05	11.21	12.36	12.85	12.23	10.15
2008	11.49	8.43	7.71	9.16	12.48	11.72	12.89	13.16	13.00	10.53
2009	11.76	8.58	7.82	9.19	12.76	11.96	13.00	13.09	13.59	11.11
2010	11.83	8.62	7.91	9.08	12.88	12.04	13.12	13.50	13.68	11.18
2011	11.98	8.73	7.96	9.16	13.10	12.12	13.44	13.76	14.03	11.76
2012	11.99	8.78	8.02	9.17	13.17	12.15	13.46	13.80	14.36	11.84
2013	12.12	8.93	8.09	9.40	13.36	12.23	13.77	13.94	14.53	12.22
2014	12.18	9.14	8.29	9.77	13.50	12.25	14.00	14.14	14.19	12.47
2015	12.56	9.54	8.75	9.95	13.92	12.89	14.13	14.80	14.77	12.66
2016	13.01	10.00	9.07	10.25	14.23	13.08	14.75	14.97	15.10	13.02
Men
1979	5.65	3.90	3.19	4.64	6.69	6.38	7.12	7.10	6.59	3.56
1980	6.10	4.10	3.37	4.92	7.22	6.93	7.81	7.78	7.24	3.79
1981	6.57	4.31	3.64	5.11	7.78	7.33	8.30	8.49	7.88	4.21
1982	6.85	4.38	3.66	5.12	8.08	7.67	8.89	8.88	8.14	4.46
1983	6.92	4.38	3.67	5.05	8.31	7.74	9.22	9.16	8.74	4.75
1984	7.12	4.57	3.72	5.16	8.60	7.88	9.51	9.69	8.86	4.91
1985	7.33	4.68	3.75	5.23	8.85	8.00	9.80	9.97	9.04	4.99
1986	7.59	4.79	3.82	5.43	9.02	8.03	9.99	10.15	9.54	5.18
1987	7.77	4.91	3.95	5.68	9.16	8.26	10.10	10.24	9.72	5.32
1988	7.91	5.03	4.14	5.79	9.38	8.41	10.22	10.69	9.74	5.52
1989	8.10	5.17	4.39	6.02	9.71	8.56	10.59	10.88	10.00	5.90
1990	8.27	5.44	4.64	6.18	9.84	8.83	10.73	11.13	10.17	6.08
1991	8.59	5.58	4.74	6.23	9.98	8.94	10.98	11.71	10.08	6.22
1992	8.67	5.65	4.80	6.24	10.06	9.02	10.93	12.02	10.39	6.45
1993	8.86	5.75	4.87	6.33	10.18	9.10	11.16	12.15	10.96	6.71
1994	9.00	5.88	4.98	6.56	10.29	9.10	11.50	12.10	11.06	6.64
1995	9.23	6.04	5.14	6.82	10.73	9.46	11.89	12.32	11.11	6.85
1996	9.52	6.17	5.25	6.99	10.78	9.70	11.91	12.40	11.15	7.04
1997	9.83	6.45	5.61	7.18	11.10	9.92	12.07	12.80	11.79	6.96
1998	10.06	6.91	5.98	7.78	11.72	10.22	12.48	13.04	12.22	7.74
1999	10.31	7.12	6.18	8.03	12.00	10.84	12.78	13.68	12.21	7.86
2000	10.81	7.63	6.64	8.39	12.24	10.97	13.14	13.90	12.81	8.31
2001	11.32	8.01	6.90	8.92	12.88	11.58	13.92	14.25	12.95	9.00
2002	11.64	8.05	7.02	8.88	13.05	11.89	13.96	14.40	13.38	9.78
2003	11.89	8.14	7.02	9.00	13.25	12.01	14.13	14.93	14.09	9.79
2004	12.02	8.21	7.15	9.07	13.74	12.03	14.60	15.11	14.54	9.90
2005	12.16	8.42	7.21	9.20	13.91	12.17	14.88	15.13	14.79	10.04
2006	12.68	8.79	7.43	9.75	14.27	12.63	15.06	16.04	15.04	10.72
2007	12.95	9.13	7.77	9.96	14.75	12.83	15.17	16.15	15.45	11.01
2008	13.46	9.24	7.98	10.00	15.03	13.47	16.02	16.82	15.90	11.50
2009	13.76	9.22	8.05	9.99	15.07	13.20	16.10	16.99	16.09	12.00
2010	13.76	9.21	8.09	9.90	15.04	13.10	15.83	16.89	16.45	11.92
2011	13.80	9.23	8.16	9.90	15.11	13.18	16.03	16.88	17.07	12.85
2012	13.88	9.44	8.19	9.97	15.17	13.28	16.05	16.99	17.28	13.03
2013	14.00	9.67	8.37	10.00	15.27	13.42	16.21	17.17	17.28	12.88
2014	14.39	9.89	8.63	10.15	15.76	14.08	16.55	17.41	17.46	13.98
2015	14.67	10.03	8.97	10.64	15.86	14.17	16.48	17.55	17.99	14.15
2016	14.96	10.24	9.48	11.15	16.25	14.83	17.20	18.03	18.05	14.78
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2016 annual averages (in current dollars)
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$4.44	$4.51	$4.11	–	$4.08
1980	4.82	4.88	4.44	–	4.44
1981	5.15	5.18	4.90	–	4.81
1982	5.40	5.47	5.06	–	5.01
1983	5.59	5.66	5.15	–	5.09
1984	5.83	5.90	5.36	–	5.27
1985	6.03	6.10	5.50	–	5.47
1986	6.20	6.28	5.80	–	5.65
1987	6.47	6.56	5.99	–	5.82
1988	6.73	6.81	6.15	–	5.95
1989	6.99	7.08	6.43	–	6.07
1990	7.23	7.33	6.81	–	6.28
1991	7.50	7.61	7.00	–	6.46
1992	7.72	7.82	7.06	–	6.65
1993	7.87	7.97	7.18	–	6.83
1994	8.01	8.11	7.29	–	6.93
1995	8.17	8.32	7.66	–	7.00
1996	8.40	8.57	7.76	–	7.17
1997	8.75	8.88	8.01	–	7.39
1998	9.10	9.22	8.39	–	7.92
1999	9.53	9.74	8.85	–	8.07
2000	9.91	9.96	9.34	$10.07	8.54
2001	10.19	10.26	9.78	10.75	9.06
2002	10.47	10.71	9.93	10.36	9.22
2003	10.85	10.97	10.15	11.12	9.76
2004	11.00	11.13	10.19	11.10	9.81
2005	11.19	11.48	10.17	12.01	9.95
2006	11.76	11.86	10.66	12.53	10.12
2007	11.95	12.08	10.89	12.22	10.24
2008	12.23	12.54	11.20	13.01	10.97
2009	12.44	12.66	11.64	13.16	11.04
2010	12.50	12.74	11.77	13.22	10.88
2011	12.71	12.91	11.79	13.35	11.05
2012	12.80	13.04	11.84	13.23	11.12
2013	12.93	13.15	11.90	13.62	11.25
2014	13.14	13.57	11.88	14.00	11.83
2015	13.44	13.87	12.06	14.19	12.04
2016	14.00	14.24	12.49	14.79	12.69
Women
1979	3.62	3.62	3.55	–	3.44
1980	3.95	3.96	3.88	–	3.78
1981	4.28	4.28	4.19	–	4.10
1982	4.61	4.61	4.49	–	4.33
1983	4.80	4.81	4.72	–	4.42
1984	4.97	4.98	4.87	–	4.65
1985	5.13	5.14	5.04	–	4.82
1986	5.33	5.35	5.17	–	5.00
1987	5.60	5.62	5.40	–	5.11
1988	5.84	5.86	5.61	–	5.28
1989	6.11	6.13	5.88	–	5.53
1990	6.44	6.46	6.23	–	5.80
1991	6.75	6.76	6.55	–	5.98
1992	6.96	6.99	6.64	–	6.17
1993	7.12	7.16	6.87	–	6.31
1994	7.25	7.34	6.93	–	6.40
1995	7.46	7.54	7.12	–	6.60
1996	7.73	7.79	7.20	–	6.77
1997	7.94	8.00	7.59	–	6.82
1998	8.23	8.33	7.90	–	7.22
1999	8.64	8.73	8.13	–	7.46
2000	9.06	9.09	8.86	9.77	7.89
2001	9.64	9.73	9.15	10.07	8.28
2002	9.89	9.94	9.45	10.10	8.54
2003	10.08	10.11	9.91	10.68	8.88
2004	10.17	10.21	9.93	10.57	9.04
2005	10.31	10.50	9.93	11.64	9.18
2006	10.65	10.77	10.11	11.95	9.50
2007	10.98	11.06	10.45	11.83	9.80
2008	11.49	11.70	10.78	12.25	10.07
2009	11.76	11.83	11.01	12.67	10.09
2010	11.83	11.88	11.20	12.41	10.11
2011	11.98	12.05	11.28	12.80	10.25
2012	11.99	12.08	11.23	12.75	10.21
2013	12.12	12.21	11.54	13.04	10.49
2014	12.18	12.38	11.57	13.23	10.72
2015	12.56	12.82	11.70	13.80	11.08
2016	13.01	13.20	12.09	14.07	11.79
Men
1979	5.65	5.79	4.89	–	4.79
1980	6.10	6.23	5.18	–	5.03
1981	6.57	6.71	5.81	–	5.37
1982	6.85	6.98	5.97	–	5.73
1983	6.92	7.07	5.96	–	5.81
1984	7.12	7.26	6.16	–	6.04
1985	7.33	7.58	6.15	–	6.07
1986	7.59	7.78	6.57	–	6.19
1987	7.77	7.93	6.74	–	6.37
1988	7.91	8.06	6.94	–	6.51
1989	8.10	8.28	7.07	–	6.66
1990	8.27	8.55	7.37	–	6.74
1991	8.59	8.82	7.57	–	6.88
1992	8.67	8.89	7.62	–	6.99
1993	8.86	9.07	7.67	–	7.12
1994	9.00	9.21	7.92	–	7.17
1995	9.23	9.62	8.16	–	7.26
1996	9.52	9.79	8.18	–	7.62
1997	9.83	9.96	8.67	–	7.90
1998	10.06	10.18	9.09	–	8.24
1999	10.31	10.61	9.77	–	8.61
2000	10.81	10.95	9.98	10.79	9.04
2001	11.32	11.61	10.18	11.84	9.67
2002	11.64	11.86	10.24	11.02	9.92
2003	11.89	12.03	10.81	11.89	10.03
2004	12.02	12.16	10.88	11.90	10.02
2005	12.16	12.47	10.90	12.75	10.19
2006	12.68	12.88	11.42	13.18	10.84
2007	12.95	13.22	11.57	13.22	11.07
2008	13.46	13.85	11.99	14.03	11.83
2009	13.76	13.95	12.27	14.01	11.92
2010	13.76	13.97	12.16	14.11	11.73
2011	13.80	14.02	12.06	14.25	11.81
2012	13.88	14.17	12.20	14.15	11.96
2013	14.00	14.24	12.16	14.24	11.99
2014	14.39	14.86	12.21	14.66	12.38
2015	14.67	14.93	12.66	14.87	12.92
2016	14.96	15.13	13.06	15.04	13.83
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households representing all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey data on earnings are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, are excluded from the data presented in this report.

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can help explain earnings differences. This includes the direct comparisons of earnings levels among demographic groups and the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios shown in the tables (that is, women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s). For example, the overall ratio of women’s-to-men’s earnings for full-time workers presented here is not controlled for differences in important determinants of earnings such as age, occupation, and educational attainment. The earnings comparisons in this report are not restricted to workers with otherwise comparable characteristics and comparable jobs. Even controlling for one of the factors may not fully explain earnings differences. Comparisons of women’s and men’s earnings by detailed occupation, for example, are not simultaneously controlled for differences in key factors such as age, job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be used without permission. Information in this report will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice telephone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1 (800) 877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

The principal concepts and definitions used in this report are described briefly below.

Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the public and private sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Part-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Before 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

The median of usual weekly earnings reflects the midpoint in a given earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median and the other half having earnings below the median.

The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.

Changes over time in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall median boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly are as follows:

There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the median earnings of 16- to 24-year-olds and the median earnings of those 25 years and older may rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall.
There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a median boundary. This change could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, such as $600 or $700. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Consider, for example, the calculation of the median for a multipeaked earnings distribution that shifts over time. As such a distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported earnings interval, but once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements; however, users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians and in ratios of the medians.

Workers paid by the hour are employed wage and salary workers who report that they are paid at an hourly rate on their job. Typically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up around 60 percent of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of workers paid by the hour include both full- and part-time workers unless otherwise specified.

Hourly earnings data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and pertain to earnings from a person’s sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.

Workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the federal minimum wage.

The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when in fact they earn the minimum wage.

Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws. For more information about the minimum wage exemptions in the FLSA, see the U.S. Department of Labor’s website, “Minimum Wage and Overtime Pay: Who is Covered.”

The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.

Regular collection of earnings data in the basic CPS began in 1979. The prevailing federal minimum wage from 1979 to the present is as follows, with the last change occurring in 2009.

Federal minimum wage	Effective date
$2.90	January 1, 1979
$3.10	January 1, 1980
$3.35	January 1, 1981
$3.80	April 1, 1990
$4.25	April 1, 1991
$4.75	October 1, 1996
$5.15	September 1, 1997
$5.85	July 24, 2007
$6.55	July 24, 2008
$7.25	July 24, 2009

When the minimum wage has increased during a given year, the estimates of the annual average number of minimum wage workers reflect both minimum wage levels in effect during the year. For example, data for 2007 reflect the number of workers who earned the federal minimum wage of $5.15 for January to July and the number of workers who earned the minimum wage of $5.85 for August to December.

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people of Two or More Races identified one group as their main race. For more information on the 2003 changes to questions on race, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003.” Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.

Married, spouse present refers to people in opposite-sex marriages living together in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or for other reasons.

Other marital status refers to people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; married, spouse absent; as well as people in same-sex marriages. Separated includes people with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other people permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord. Married, spouse absent, includes opposite-sex married people living apart because either the husband or wife was employed and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for any other reason except those listed in the separated definition above.

Inflation-adjusted earnings shown in this report use the Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) to convert current dollars to constant, or inflation-adjusted, dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the years. Although these improvements make the CPI more accurate, the official histories of CPI series are not adjusted to reflect the improvements. Because many researchers need a historical series that measures price change consistently over time, BLS developed the CPI-U-RS to provide an estimate of the CPI that incorporates most of the methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see Kenneth J. Stewart and Stephen B. Reed, “CPI research series using current methods, 1978–98,” (Monthly Labor Review, June 1999) and “Questions and Answers: Consumer Price Index Research Series Using Current Methods.”

This report uses the most recent version of the CPI-U-RS available at the time of production. Users should note that the CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As a result, the rate of inflation incorporated into the inflation-adjusted median earnings estimates in this report may differ from the rate used in previous reports in this series or in other publications.

Reliability

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

Readers should be aware that because of sampling error, apparent differences between estimates for two or more groups or categories may not be statistically significant, and therefore not meaningfully different from one another. Standard errors are shown with many of the median earnings estimates in this report to help readers evaluate differences in earnings estimates.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information on all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. Further information about the reliability of data from the CPS is available on the CPS Technical Documentation page of the BLS website.