August 2018 Report 1075

Highlights of women's earnings in 2017

In 2017, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings that were 82 percent of those of male full-time wage and salary workers. In 1979, the first year for which comparable earnings data are available, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s. Most of the growth in women’s earnings relative to men’s occurred in the 1980s and 1990s. Since 2004, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio has remained in the 80 to 83 percent range. (See chart 1 and tables 1 and 12.)

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The weekly and hourly earnings estimates in this report reflect information collected from one-fourth of the households in the monthly survey and averaged for the calendar year. The data in this report are distinct from the annual earnings estimates for full-time, year-round workers collected separately in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS and published by the U.S. Census Bureau. (See the BLS website for an explanation of the differences in these datasets.)

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization. The earnings estimates referenced throughout this report are medians. The median is the mid-point in the earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median level and half having earnings below.

See the accompanying technical notes section for more information, including a description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.

View Chart Data

Chart 1. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2017 annual averages
Year	Percentage
1979	62.3
1980	64.2
1981	64.4
1982	65.7
1983	66.5
1984	67.6
1985	68.1
1986	69.5
1987	69.8
1988	70.2
1989	70.1
1990	71.9
1991	74.2
1992	75.8
1993	77.1
1994	76.4
1995	75.5
1996	75.0
1997	74.4
1998	76.3
1999	76.5
2000	76.9
2001	76.4
2002	77.9
2003	79.4
2004	80.4
2005	81.0
2006	80.8
2007	80.2
2008	79.9
2009	80.2
2010	81.2
2011	82.2
2012	80.9
2013	82.1
2014	82.5
2015	81.1
2016	81.9
2017	81.8
Note: Percentages are calculated from annual averages of median usual weekly earnings for full-time wage and salary workers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Earnings of full-time workers

Below are data highlights for women and men who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week) in wage and salary jobs, with sections focusing on characteristics such as age, race and ethnicity, education, occupation, and more.

Earnings by age group

In 2017, median weekly earnings were $770 for all women age 16 and older. For men age 16 and older, median weekly earnings were $941. Women’s median weekly earnings were highest for those between the ages of 35 and 64, with essentially no difference in the earnings of 35- to 44-year-olds ($860), 45- to 54-year-olds ($855), and 55- to 64-year-olds ($856). For men, earnings were highest for 45- to 54-year-olds ($1,103) and 55- to 64-year-olds ($1,098). Young women and men age 16 to 24 had the lowest earnings ($499 and $547, respectively). (See chart 2 and table 1.)

View Chart Data

Chart 2. Median usual weekly earnings of women and men who are full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 2017 annual averages
Age	Women	Men
16 to 24	499	547
25 to 34	724	821
35 to 44	860	1,062
45 to 54	855	1,103
55 to 64	856	1,098
65 and older	782	1,016
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

In 2017, women’s earnings ranged from 77 to 81 percent of men’s among workers age 35 and older. For those under age 35, the earnings differences between women and men were smaller, with women earning 88 to 91 percent of what men did. (See table 1.)

Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios have grown substantially for most age groups since 1979. For young workers ages 16 to 24, the gains occurred primarily in the 1980s. For workers ages 25 to 64, the gains continued into the 2000s, but have tapered off in recent years. (See table 12.)

Earnings by race and ethnicity

Asian women and men earned more than their White, Black, and Hispanic counterparts in 2017. Among women, Whites ($795) earned 88 percent as much as Asians ($903); Blacks ($657) earned 73 percent; and Hispanics ($603) earned 67 percent. Among men, these earnings differences were even larger: White men ($971) earned 80 percent as much as Asian men ($1,207); Black men ($710) earned 59 percent as much; and Hispanic men ($690), 57 percent. (See chart 3 and table 1.)

View Chart Data

Chart 3. Median usual weekly earnings of women and men who are full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2017 annual averages
Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity	Women	Men
Total	770	941
White	795	971
Black or African American	657	710
Asian	903	1,207
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	603	690
Note: People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Earnings differences between women and men were largest among Asians and among Whites. Asian women earned 75 percent as much as Asian men in 2017, and White women earned 82 percent as much as their male counterparts. In comparison, Black women had median earnings that were 93 percent of Black men’s, and Hispanic women’s earnings were 87 percent of Hispanic men’s. (See table 1.)

Women’s earnings have increased considerably among the major race and Hispanic ethnicity groups since 1979 (the first year for which comparable data for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are available), with White women experiencing the greatest earnings growth. From 1979 to 2017, inflation-adjusted median weekly earnings (also called constant-dollar earnings) increased by 37 percent for White women, by 23 percent for Black women, and by 22 percent for Hispanic women. For White and Black women, gains tapered off around 2004. Since that time, White and Black women have seen little to no net growth in earnings. Hispanic women’s earnings, on the other hand, have remained on an upward trend, although substantial earnings growth for them did not begin until the late 1990s. (See table 18.)

The long-term trend in men’s earnings has been quite different than that for women. Inflation-adjusted earnings for White and Black men trended down from 1979 through the first part of the 1990s, followed by a period of growth that stalled in the early 2000s. For Hispanic men, earnings also declined through the mid-1990s, then began to trend up. Over the full period, 1979 through 2017, inflation-adjusted earnings for White, Black, and Hispanic men have shown little to no change on net. (See table 18.)

Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Between 2000 and 2017, inflation-adjusted earnings grew by 16 percent for Asian women and by 24 percent for Asian men. (See table 18.)

Earnings by educational attainment

Median weekly earnings vary significantly by educational attainment. Among all workers age 25 and older, the weekly earnings of those without a high school diploma ($520) were 41 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,279) in 2017. For workers with a high school diploma who had not attended college, median earnings ($712) were 56 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Those with some college or an associate’s degree (median weekly earnings of $798) made 62 percent of what workers with a bachelor’s degree or more made. (See table 1.)

In each educational attainment category, the long-term trend in inflation-adjusted earnings has been more favorable for women than for men. Although both women and men without a high school diploma have experienced declines in inflation-adjusted earnings since 1979, the drop for women was much smaller than that for men: a 7-percent decrease for women, compared with a 27-percent decline for men. On an inflation-adjusted basis, earnings for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher have increased by 36 percent since 1979. Earnings for men with a bachelor’s degree or higher have risen by 19 percent. (Data refer to workers age 25 and older.) (See chart 4 and table 19.)

View Chart Data

Chart 4. Percentage change in inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings of women and men, by educational attainment, 1979–2017
Year	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Women	-7	5	5	36
Men	-27	-18	-12	19
Note: Data relate to earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, age 25 and older. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Earnings by occupation

Women and men working full time in management, business, and financial operations occupations had higher median weekly earnings than workers in any other major occupational category in 2017 ($1,134 for women and $1,526 for men). Within this category, women and men who were chief executives had the highest median weekly earnings in 2017 ($1,920 and $2,415, respectively). (See table 2.)

The second-highest paying occupational category for women and men was professional and related occupations ($1,014 for women and $1,391 for men). This is a broad occupational category made up of several distinct job groupings for specialized fields such as computer science and math, architecture and engineering, law, education, and healthcare. Within this diverse category, women who were pharmacists ($1,834), nurse practitioners ($1,832), and physicians and surgeons ($1,759) had the highest earnings in 2017. For men, those who were physicians and surgeons ($2,277), pharmacists ($2,228), and lawyers ($2,105) earned the most. (See table 2.)

Occupational distributions of women and men

The occupational distributions of female and male full-time workers differ considerably. Compared with men, relatively few women work in construction, production, or transportation occupations, and women are far more concentrated in office and administrative support jobs. (See chart 5 and table 2.)

View Chart Data

Chart 5. Distribution of full-time wage and salary employment for women and men, by major occupational group, 2017 annual averages
Occupation	Women	Men
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	17.9	16.5
Professional and related occupations	30.6	19.7
Service occupations	16.0	12.7
Sales and related occupations	8.7	8.9
Office and administrative support occupations	19.6	6.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	1.0	17.5
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	6.2	18.6
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Women also are more likely than men to work in professional and related occupations. In 2017, 31 percent of women worked in professional and related occupations, compared with 20 percent of men. Within the professional category, though, the proportion of women employed in the higher paying jobs is much smaller than the proportion of men employed in them. In 2017, 10 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the relatively high-paying computer (median weekly earnings of $1,235 for women and $1,552 for men) and engineering ($1,307 for women and $1,518 for men) fields, compared with 46 percent of men. Women were more likely to work in education ($935 for women and $1,202 for men) and healthcare ($1,068 for women and $1,341 for men) jobs, which generally pay less than computer and engineering jobs. Sixty-seven percent of women in professional occupations worked in education and healthcare jobs in 2017, compared with 30 percent of men. (See table 2.)

Across all occupational categories, the three most common jobs for women were registered nurse ($1,143), elementary and middle school teacher ($987), and secretary or administrative assistant ($735). Each of these occupations employed more than 2 million women in 2017, collectively representing 13 percent of women in full-time wage and salary jobs.

Among men, the most common job by far was truck driver (driver/sales workers and truck drivers, $807). In 2017, 2.7 million, or 4 percent, of all male full-wage and salary workers were truck drivers. Although engineering jobs are shown separately by specialty (civil, mechanical, etc.) in this report, if combined, engineer would be the second most common job for men. In 2017, a total of 1.9 million men were employed full time in the 16 designated engineering specialties (median weekly earnings ranging from $1,520 to $1,891). Another 1.8 million men worked as miscellaneous managers (managers, all other, $1,629), the third most common job for men. (See table 2.)

Earnings for those with and without children under 18

In 2017, a little more than one-third of full-time wage and salary workers were parents of children under age 18. (As defined here, “children” includes sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household.) Median weekly earnings for mothers of children under age 18 ($777) were little different from the earnings for women without children under 18 ($767). Earnings for fathers of children under 18 were $1,059, compared with $887 for men without children under 18. (See table 7.)

Earnings by state of residence

Median weekly earnings and women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios vary by state of residence. (In this report, “state” refers to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.) The differences among the states reflect, in part, variation in the occupations and industries found in each state and differences in the demographic composition of each state’s labor force. Readers should note that sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates. (See the technical notes section for an explanation of sampling error.) Consequently, earnings comparisons between states should be made with caution. Readers also should note that the state estimates are based on workers’ state of residence; their reported earnings are not necessarily from a job located in the same state. (See table 3.)

Weekly work hours of full-time workers

Among full-time workers (that is, those usually working at a job 35 hours or more per week), men are more likely than women to work more than 40 hours per week. In 2017, 25 percent of men who usually work full time worked 41 or more hours per week, compared with 14 percent of women. Women were more likely than men to work 35 to 39 hours per week: 11 percent of women worked such hours in 2017, while 4 percent of men did. A majority of both male and female full-time workers had a 40-hour workweek. Among these workers, women earned 88 percent as much as men. (This analysis excludes people who usually work 35 or more hours per week but whose hours vary.) (See table 5.)

Earnings of part-time workers

Women are more likely than men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week on a sole or main job. Women who worked part time made up 24 percent of all female wage and salary workers in 2017. In comparison, 12 percent of men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Median weekly earnings for female part-timers were $265 in 2017, slightly higher than the $250 median for men. (See table 4.)

Part-time workers are more likely to be under age 25 than full-time workers. Among part-timers, 30 percent of women and 44 percent of men were under age 25 in 2017. Among full-time workers, 9 percent of women and 9 percent of men were under age 25. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Earnings of workers paid by the hour

In 2017, 61 percent of women and 56 percent of men in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour. Women who were paid hourly rates had median hourly earnings of $13.56 in 2017, which were 89 percent of the $15.20 median for men. (See tables 8 and 11.)

Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2017, 3 percent of women and 2 percent of men had hourly earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25. (See tables 10 and 11.) See the technical notes section for information about BLS estimates of the number of minimum wage workers.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2017 annual averages
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	113,272	$860	$2	50,291	$770	$3	62,980	$941	$4	81.8
16 to 24 years	10,281	519	2	4,490	499	3	5,791	547	5	91.2
16 to 19 years	1,359	424	5	566	402	5	793	459	10	87.6
20 to 24 years	8,922	540	4	3,924	514	3	4,998	570	5	90.2
25 years and older	102,991	907	2	45,801	810	3	57,190	996	3	81.3
25 to 34 years	28,196	773	3	12,381	724	4	15,815	821	5	88.2
35 to 44 years	25,662	964	5	11,173	860	6	14,488	1,062	8	81.0
45 to 54 years	25,650	977	5	11,609	855	7	14,041	1,103	9	77.5
55 to 64 years	19,157	974	6	8,756	856	7	10,401	1,098	13	78.0
65 years and older	4,327	909	12	1,882	782	15	2,445	1,016	18	77.0

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	87,730	890	2	37,727	795	3	50,003	971	4	81.9
Black or African American	14,521	682	4	7,593	657	5	6,928	710	6	92.5
Asian	7,320	1,043	16	3,306	903	15	4,014	1,207	23	74.8
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	19,615	655	4	7,719	603	4	11,896	690	4	87.4

Marital Status
Never married	33,425	684	3	14,838	649	4	18,587	711	4	91.3
Married, spouse present(1)	61,943	986	3	25,364	862	4	36,579	1,098	6	78.5
Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)	17,904	819	5	10,090	759	5	7,814	909	8	83.5
Widowed	1,834	797	14	1,336	763	14	498	910	32	83.8
Divorced	11,792	864	7	6,653	802	8	5,140	945	10	84.9
Separated(2)	4,277	721	8	2,101	639	11	2,176	819	18	78.0

Union Affiliation(3)
Members of unions(4)	13,396	1,041	7	5,701	970	9	7,695	1,102	10	88.0
Represented by unions(5)	14,812	1,028	6	6,419	954	9	8,393	1,094	9	87.2
Not represented by a union	98,460	829	3	43,873	746	3	54,587	914	3	81.6

Educational Attainment
Total, 25 years and older	102,991	907	2	45,801	810	3	57,190	996	3	81.3
Less than a high school diploma	7,038	520	3	2,257	447	5	4,781	584	4	76.5
High school graduates, no college	26,011	712	3	10,031	610	3	15,980	797	4	76.5
Some college or associate degree	27,387	798	4	12,846	700	3	14,541	917	5	76.3
Bachelor's degree and higher	42,555	1,279	7	20,668	1,131	5	21,887	1,481	9	76.4
Footnotes (1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent. (3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region. (4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. (5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2017 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Occupation	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, full-time wage and salary workers	113,272	$860	$2	50,291	$770	$3	62,980	$941	$4	81.8

Management, professional, and related occupations	47,207	1,224	5	24,393	1,052	5	22,815	1,442	6	73.0
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	19,414	1,327	9	8,999	1,134	7	10,415	1,526	12	74.3
Management occupations	13,169	1,392	11	5,600	1,173	12	7,568	1,573	15	74.6
Chief executives	1,136	2,296	29	313	1,920	80	823	2,415	89	79.5
General and operations managers	920	1,328	38	321	1,134	31	598	1,488	49	76.2
Legislators	14	-	-	9	-	-	5	-	-	-
Advertising and promotions managers	53	1,330	303	29	-	-	24	-	-	-
Marketing and sales managers	994	1,509	47	428	1,288	68	566	1,747	42	73.7
Public relations and fundraising managers	71	1,318	87	47	-	-	24	-	-	-
Administrative services managers	147	1,233	68	57	1,013	35	89	1,629	59	62.2
Computer and information systems managers	594	1,843	87	165	1,629	104	428	1,897	19	85.9
Financial managers	1,111	1,412	50	611	1,222	51	500	1,719	80	71.1
Compensation and benefits managers	16	-	-	11	-	-	5	-	-	-
Human resources managers	304	1,448	68	211	1,280	58	92	1,748	48	73.2
Training and development managers	58	1,396	181	35	-	-	23	-	-	-
Industrial production managers	265	1,486	59	63	1,312	146	202	1,526	60	86.0
Purchasing managers	194	1,271	123	104	1,138	36	90	1,420	202	80.1
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	274	1,039	54	49	-	-	225	1,061	57	-
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers	121	1,001	60	21	-	-	100	963	146	-
Construction managers	582	1,428	30	56	1,243	91	526	1,439	27	86.4
Education administrators	801	1,367	32	497	1,243	27	304	1,561	43	79.6
Architectural and engineering managers	128	1,999	56	10	-	-	119	2,020	98	-
Food service managers	816	753	23	394	674	20	421	894	34	75.4
Funeral service managers	9	-	-	5	-	-	4	-	-	-
Gaming managers	23	-	-	6	-	-	17	-	-	-
Lodging managers	116	882	136	62	844	42	54	982	39	85.9
Medical and health services managers	610	1,319	49	433	1,177	45	177	1,490	57	79.0
Natural sciences managers	17	-	-	7	-	-	10	-	-	-
Postmasters and mail superintendents	23	-	-	10	-	-	13	-	-	-
Property, real estate, and community association managers	421	957	34	241	873	29	181	1,163	114	75.1
Social and community service managers	337	1,136	23	236	1,052	32	101	1,281	137	82.1
Emergency management directors	10	-	-	7	-	-	4	-	-	-
Managers, all other	3,004	1,488	24	1,163	1,251	22	1,841	1,629	33	76.8
Business and financial operations occupations	6,245	1,174	13	3,398	1,055	13	2,847	1,390	19	75.9
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes	23	-	-	15	-	-	8	-	-	-
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products	10	-	-	4	-	-	6	-	-	-
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products	154	886	40	87	888	43	67	882	167	100.7
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products	240	1,132	44	96	1,085	119	143	1,144	42	94.8
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	346	1,002	22	218	925	41	128	1,108	44	83.5
Compliance officers	240	1,391	56	134	1,296	128	106	1,501	65	86.3
Cost estimators	113	1,139	26	13	-	-	100	1,157	25	-
Human resources workers	664	1,086	37	482	1,035	39	182	1,236	99	83.7
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	60	1,042	93	39	-	-	21	-	-	-
Training and development specialists	114	1,099	127	55	937	104	59	1,255	42	74.7
Logisticians	101	1,230	55	33	-	-	67	1,358	307	-
Management analysts	606	1,499	51	255	1,315	68	351	1,651	110	79.6
Meeting, convention, and event planners	102	1,080	106	89	1,064	58	14	-	-	-
Fundraisers	72	1,152	31	55	1,152	34	17	-	-	-
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	258	1,174	108	149	1,061	66	110	1,357	55	78.2
Business operations specialists, all other	250	1,136	38	132	1,013	47	118	1,361	111	74.4
Accountants and auditors	1,512	1,173	24	890	1,065	24	622	1,389	31	76.7
Appraisers and assessors of real estate	55	1,074	64	20	-	-	35	-	-	-
Budget analysts	54	1,377	104	26	-	-	29	-	-	-
Credit analysts	27	-	-	15	-	-	13	-	-	-
Financial analysts	264	1,530	49	108	1,369	187	156	1,590	64	86.1
Personal financial advisors	398	1,425	56	131	979	39	267	1,662	108	58.9
Insurance underwriters	92	1,153	45	57	1,115	59	35	-	-	-
Financial examiners	15	-	-	7	-	-	8	-	-	-
Credit counselors and loan officers	320	1,070	74	193	958	36	127	1,332	205	71.9
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	62	1,078	137	33	-	-	28	-	-	-
Tax preparers	56	791	60	39	-	-	18	-	-	-
Financial specialists, all other	36	-	-	24	-	-	11	-	-	-
Professional and related occupations	27,794	1,160	4	15,394	1,014	5	12,400	1,391	9	72.9
Computer and mathematical occupations	4,350	1,465	15	1,110	1,235	23	3,240	1,552	16	79.6
Computer and information research scientists	23	-	-	9	-	-	13	-	-	-
Computer systems analysts	522	1,409	35	211	1,270	73	311	1,495	29	84.9
Information security analysts	94	1,725	254	20	-	-	74	1,773	661	-
Computer programmers	423	1,483	72	89	1,363	56	333	1,539	49	88.6
Software developers, applications and systems software	1,439	1,792	41	265	1,543	62	1,174	1,863	22	82.8
Web developers	144	1,235	71	46	-	-	98	1,342	425	-
Computer support specialists	443	1,068	41	124	919	49	319	1,134	29	81.0
Database administrators	93	1,381	173	37	-	-	56	1,745	137	-
Network and computer systems administrators	193	1,395	44	38	-	-	155	1,396	52	-
Computer network architects	100	1,636	78	3	-	-	97	1,659	77	-
Computer occupations, all other	627	1,194	26	142	1,059	88	484	1,250	32	84.7
Actuaries	23	-	-	7	-	-	16	-	-	-
Mathematicians	2	-	-	0	-	-	2	-	-	-
Operations research analysts	146	1,396	70	74	1,205	61	71	1,570	61	76.8
Statisticians	77	1,433	34	41	-	-	36	-	-	-
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations	2	-	-	1	-	-	1	-	-	-
Architecture and engineering occupations	2,936	1,478	19	442	1,307	54	2,494	1,518	20	86.1
Architects, except naval	196	1,453	91	46	-	-	150	1,650	81	-
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	30	-	-	5	-	-	25	-	-	-
Aerospace engineers	137	1,892	69	9	-	-	128	1,891	66	-
Agricultural engineers	3	-	-	0	-	-	3	-	-	-
Biomedical engineers	16	-	-	4	-	-	11	-	-	-
Chemical engineers	78	1,626	119	12	-	-	66	1,631	487	-
Civil engineers	393	1,494	55	61	1,343	98	332	1,524	43	88.1
Computer hardware engineers	73	1,771	130	13	-	-	60	1,793	169	-
Electrical and electronics engineers	276	1,803	99	30	-	-	245	1,772	123	-
Environmental engineers	32	-	-	11	-	-	21	-	-	-
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	213	1,496	71	46	-	-	168	1,520	82	-
Marine engineers and naval architects	7	-	-	0	-	-	7	-	-	-
Materials engineers	32	-	-	5	-	-	28	-	-	-
Mechanical engineers	337	1,534	41	26	-	-	311	1,533	40	-
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	12	-	-	1	-	-	10	-	-	-
Nuclear engineers	7	-	-	0	-	-	7	-	-	-
Petroleum engineers	23	-	-	6	-	-	17	-	-	-
Engineers, all other	546	1,561	26	73	1,436	122	473	1,571	35	91.4
Drafters	122	1,126	51	21	-	-	100	1,149	60	-
Engineering technicians, except drafters	339	1,053	52	70	884	51	269	1,102	37	80.2
Surveying and mapping technicians	63	1,109	38	2	-	-	61	1,114	37	-
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,238	1,286	51	564	1,183	39	674	1,361	30	86.9
Agricultural and food scientists	25	-	-	10	-	-	14	-	-	-
Biological scientists	82	1,140	63	41	-	-	41	-	-	-
Conservation scientists and foresters	26	-	-	11	-	-	15	-	-	-
Medical scientists	162	1,378	54	80	1,270	373	82	1,383	43	91.8
Life scientists, all other	4	-	-	3	-	-	1	-	-	-
Astronomers and physicists	16	-	-	1	-	-	15	-	-	-
Atmospheric and space scientists	6	-	-	2	-	-	4	-	-	-
Chemists and materials scientists	98	1,425	50	41	-	-	56	1,451	45	-
Environmental scientists and geoscientists	80	1,639	260	30	-	-	51	1,746	62	-
Physical scientists, all other	270	1,529	73	122	1,409	58	147	1,565	59	90.0
Economists	29	-	-	12	-	-	18	-	-	-
Survey researchers	2	-	-	1	-	-	1	-	-	-
Psychologists	106	1,454	64	71	1,437	50	35	-	-	-
Sociologists	2	-	-	0	-	-	2	-	-	-
Urban and regional planners	34	-	-	16	-	-	18	-	-	-
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	27	-	-	9	-	-	18	-	-	-
Agricultural and food science technicians	30	-	-	10	-	-	20	-	-	-
Biological technicians	23	-	-	15	-	-	8	-	-	-
Chemical technicians	62	1,013	28	16	-	-	45	-	-	-
Geological and petroleum technicians	13	-	-	4	-	-	9	-	-	-
Nuclear technicians	6	-	-	2	-	-	4	-	-	-
Social science research assistants	4	-	-	4	-	-	0	-	-	-
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians	132	826	43	63	766	58	70	970	42	79.0
Community and social service occupations	2,165	900	14	1,418	857	13	747	976	28	87.8
Counselors	650	897	20	472	894	28	178	901	25	99.2
Social workers	714	906	26	591	900	27	122	935	48	96.3
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	90	881	89	55	858	42	36	-	-	-
Social and human service assistants	189	739	34	141	701	33	48	-	-	-
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers	68	829	38	51	791	54	17	-	-	-
Clergy	342	1,058	29	46	-	-	297	1,073	97	-
Directors, religious activities and education	61	844	55	25	-	-	36	-	-	-
Religious workers, all other	50	831	158	37	-	-	13	-	-	-
Legal occupations	1,379	1,443	25	811	1,192	46	568	1,896	23	62.9
Lawyers	781	1,901	17	337	1,753	26	444	2,105	42	83.3
Judicial law clerks	13	-	-	6	-	-	7	-	-	-
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	59	1,742	343	17	-	-	42	-	-	-
Paralegals and legal assistants	370	945	25	321	934	28	49	-	-	-
Miscellaneous legal support workers	156	957	45	130	904	65	26	-	-	-
Education, training, and library occupations	6,978	1,002	8	5,039	935	8	1,939	1,202	24	77.8
Postsecondary teachers	985	1,312	55	434	1,208	28	551	1,414	38	85.4
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	530	657	24	518	654	24	12	-	-	-
Elementary and middle school teachers	2,838	1,023	11	2,224	987	12	614	1,139	18	86.7
Secondary school teachers	917	1,139	19	524	1,091	31	392	1,226	34	89.0
Special education teachers	386	1,024	29	332	1,017	33	54	1,051	57	96.8
Other teachers and instructors	419	897	34	265	820	29	155	1,128	151	72.7
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	42	-	-	24	-	-	18	-	-	-
Librarians	135	1,009	43	104	972	47	31	-	-	-
Library technicians	16	-	-	14	-	-	2	-	-	-
Teacher assistants	590	550	16	523	537	18	67	642	107	83.6
Other education, training, and library workers	120	1,049	73	77	956	66	44	-	-	-
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,778	1,066	24	765	943	18	1,013	1,161	15	81.2
Artists and related workers	70	1,209	174	27	-	-	43	-	-	-
Designers	600	1,012	31	273	857	20	327	1,172	49	73.1
Actors	17	-	-	6	-	-	11	-	-	-
Producers and directors	131	1,489	57	43	-	-	89	1,708	97	-
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers	149	898	43	45	-	-	104	1,031	101	-
Dancers and choreographers	9	-	-	5	-	-	4	-	-	-
Musicians, singers, and related workers	41	-	-	12	-	-	29	-	-	-
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other	24	-	-	13	-	-	10	-	-	-
Announcers	24	-	-	7	-	-	18	-	-	-
News analysts, reporters and correspondents	72	945	78	42	-	-	30	-	-	-
Public relations specialists	92	1,339	39	57	1,203	103	35	-	-	-
Editors	124	1,084	59	68	992	169	56	1,123	53	88.3
Technical writers	67	1,222	86	37	-	-	30	-	-	-
Writers and authors	106	1,137	27	57	1,045	52	50	1,171	35	89.2
Miscellaneous media and communication workers	53	809	85	28	-	-	25	-	-	-
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators	81	1,150	44	10	-	-	71	1,160	41	-
Photographers	66	931	80	25	-	-	40	-	-	-
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors	46	-	-	8	-	-	38	-	-	-
Media and communication equipment workers, all other	5	-	-	2	-	-	3	-	-	-
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	6,970	1,124	8	5,246	1,068	10	1,724	1,341	21	79.6
Chiropractors	11	-	-	2	-	-	9	-	-	-
Dentists	41	-	-	25	-	-	16	-	-	-
Dietitians and nutritionists	88	991	46	80	996	42	8	-	-	-
Optometrists	19	-	-	13	-	-	6	-	-	-
Pharmacists	254	1,923	123	147	1,834	177	107	2,228	217	82.3
Physicians and surgeons	815	1,918	86	352	1,759	204	463	2,277	82	77.3
Physician assistants	97	1,747	62	66	1,640	71	31	-	-	-
Podiatrists	7	-	-	4	-	-	3	-	-	-
Audiologists	13	-	-	12	-	-	1	-	-	-
Occupational therapists	74	1,301	89	62	1,273	107	12	-	-	-
Physical therapists	182	1,317	51	118	1,297	64	64	1,341	49	96.7
Radiation therapists	11	-	-	8	-	-	3	-	-	-
Recreational therapists	5	-	-	3	-	-	1	-	-	-
Respiratory therapists	83	961	28	56	904	27	27	-	-	-
Speech-language pathologists	106	1,213	51	102	1,214	48	4	-	-	-
Exercise physiologists	5	-	-	3	-	-	1	-	-	-
Therapists, all other	142	983	34	114	947	39	29	-	-	-
Veterinarians	60	1,840	88	40	-	-	20	-	-	-
Registered nurses	2,536	1,150	10	2,253	1,143	9	283	1,260	69	90.7
Nurse anesthetists	30	-	-	17	-	-	13	-	-	-
Nurse midwives	5	-	-	5	-	-	0	-	-	-
Nurse practitioners	141	1,841	57	129	1,832	59	12	-	-	-
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other	15	-	-	12	-	-	3	-	-	-
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	297	890	38	203	845	38	94	1,061	77	79.6
Dental hygienists	78	1,033	58	73	1,028	84	5	-	-	-
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians	271	1,162	44	186	1,041	50	85	1,404	56	74.1
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics	203	984	50	58	733	68	145	1,119	77	65.5
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians	469	710	17	371	678	17	98	858	25	79.0
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	501	815	23	438	814	25	62	817	50	99.6
Medical records and health information technicians	151	763	27	140	761	29	11	-	-	-
Opticians, dispensing	43	-	-	30	-	-	13	-	-	-
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	143	811	33	95	746	46	48	-	-	-
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	77	1,183	70	28	-	-	49	-	-	-
Service occupations	16,044	544	4	8,059	501	2	7,985	608	4	82.4
Healthcare support occupations	2,500	542	7	2,180	533	7	320	597	19	89.3
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides	1,387	500	5	1,223	493	5	164	583	21	84.6
Occupational therapy assistants and aides	13	-	-	11	-	-	1	-	-	-
Physical therapist assistants and aides	47	-	-	33	-	-	15	-	-	-
Massage therapists	51	632	34	36	-	-	15	-	-	-
Dental assistants	215	608	13	203	602	12	12	-	-	-
Medical assistants	457	594	12	418	597	11	39	-	-	-
Medical transcriptionists	21	-	-	18	-	-	3	-	-	-
Pharmacy aides	25	-	-	14	-	-	11	-	-	-
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	37	-	-	33	-	-	4	-	-	-
Phlebotomists	97	635	11	82	639	11	16	-	-	-
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers	150	587	30	110	603	32	40	-	-	-
Protective service occupations	2,739	852	16	535	690	26	2,204	894	15	77.2
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	50	899	94	12	-	-	38	-	-	-
First-line supervisors of police and detectives	94	1,348	78	13	-	-	81	1,347	72	-
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers	43	-	-	2	-	-	42	-	-	-
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	69	953	59	11	-	-	58	938	54	-
Firefighters	272	1,123	45	8	-	-	264	1,136	53	-
Fire inspectors	22	-	-	0	-	-	22	-	-	-
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers	390	771	22	106	669	22	284	825	46	81.1
Detectives and criminal investigators	142	1,256	46	32	-	-	110	1,291	91	-
Fish and game wardens	5	-	-	0	-	-	5	-	-	-
Parking enforcement workers	4	-	-	2	-	-	2	-	-	-
Police and sheriff's patrol officers	688	1,015	31	94	985	42	595	1,024	44	96.2
Transit and railroad police	6	-	-	2	-	-	4	-	-	-
Animal control workers	12	-	-	4	-	-	8	-	-	-
Private detectives and investigators	86	963	61	44	-	-	42	-	-	-
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers	740	596	12	170	548	25	570	616	16	89.0
Crossing guards	23	-	-	6	-	-	17	-	-	-
Transportation security screeners	43	-	-	11	-	-	32	-	-	-
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers	49	-	-	19	-	-	30	-	-	-
Food preparation and serving related occupations	4,465	484	3	2,106	459	6	2,359	502	5	91.4
Chefs and head cooks	382	634	18	72	514	15	310	655	18	78.5
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	427	537	19	227	500	15	200	613	22	81.6
Cooks	1,365	466	8	506	436	12	859	481	7	90.6
Food preparation workers	510	425	10	269	410	8	242	449	13	91.3
Bartenders	210	554	40	112	515	12	98	600	26	85.8
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food	175	407	9	100	401	11	75	415	15	96.6
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop	65	460	29	36	-	-	29	-	-	-
Waiters and waitresses	911	493	9	592	475	10	319	533	27	89.1
Food servers, nonrestaurant	88	473	23	59	468	24	28	-	-	-
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	134	458	20	55	481	16	79	444	22	108.3
Dishwashers	131	401	12	19	-	-	111	408	12	-
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	67	401	21	58	400	23	9	-	-	-
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	1	-	-	1	-	-	1	-	-	-
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3,641	522	4	1,268	463	7	2,373	573	7	80.8
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers	190	661	36	77	515	16	113	749	33	68.8
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	111	723	40	9	-	-	102	760	66	-
Janitors and building cleaners	1,595	539	8	459	481	9	1,136	574	9	83.8
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	815	450	9	687	439	9	128	508	19	86.4
Pest control workers	94	616	27	5	-	-	89	617	26	-
Grounds maintenance workers	837	525	10	31	-	-	805	526	10	-
Personal care and service occupations	2,699	520	4	1,971	503	4	728	612	12	82.2
First-line supervisors of gaming workers	126	797	39	53	763	30	73	837	43	91.2
First-line supervisors of personal service workers	76	619	37	45	-	-	31	-	-	-
Animal trainers	23	-	-	7	-	-	16	-	-	-
Nonfarm animal caretakers	99	506	19	78	504	19	21	-	-	-
Gaming services workers	66	692	46	28	-	-	37	-	-	-
Motion picture projectionists	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	8	-	-	2	-	-	6	-	-	-
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers	74	517	18	36	-	-	39	-	-	-
Embalmers and funeral attendants	15	-	-	7	-	-	8	-	-	-
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors	22	-	-	3	-	-	19	-	-	-
Barbers	54	590	28	8	-	-	47	-	-	-
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	324	528	26	302	521	17	22	-	-	-
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers	235	567	31	187	538	29	48	-	-	-
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	70	547	50	14	-	-	56	543	48	-
Tour and travel guides	21	-	-	6	-	-	14	-	-	-
Childcare workers	448	482	8	413	474	11	35	-	-	-
Personal care aides	735	486	8	608	479	8	127	520	20	92.1
Recreation and fitness workers	200	616	30	118	565	34	82	726	78	77.8
Residential advisors	27	-	-	17	-	-	10	-	-	-
Personal care and service workers, all other	76	570	37	40	-	-	37	-	-	-
Sales and office occupations	23,686	718	3	14,205	672	3	9,481	834	9	80.6
Sales and related occupations	9,953	763	7	4,355	609	6	5,598	934	9	65.2
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	2,388	764	12	1,013	639	12	1,376	891	16	71.7
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers	815	1,062	27	274	965	28	541	1,151	37	83.8
Cashiers	1,360	438	9	982	422	5	378	493	14	85.6
Counter and rental clerks	78	607	43	31	-	-	48	-	-	-
Parts salespersons	115	786	56	7	-	-	108	800	56	-
Retail salespersons	1,896	615	6	736	523	12	1,160	704	25	74.3
Advertising sales agents	193	887	30	106	882	33	87	895	55	98.5
Insurance sales agents	440	897	37	242	795	46	198	1,058	49	75.1
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	231	1,332	117	77	911	124	154	1,416	42	64.3
Travel agents	57	665	24	47	-	-	10	-	-	-
Sales representatives, services, all other	458	1,147	40	120	902	49	339	1,332	69	67.7
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	1,105	1,157	24	308	956	47	796	1,222	36	78.2
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	16	-	-	12	-	-	4	-	-	-
Real estate brokers and sales agents	488	953	23	269	818	64	219	1,159	37	70.6
Sales engineers	39	-	-	3	-	-	36	-	-	-
Telemarketers	37	-	-	27	-	-	11	-	-	-
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	41	-	-	15	-	-	27	-	-	-
Sales and related workers, all other	195	971	96	89	799	77	107	1,147	32	69.7
Office and administrative support occupations	13,733	701	3	9,850	691	3	3,884	735	7	94.0
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	1,261	867	15	854	819	17	408	987	32	83.0
Switchboard operators, including answering service	16	-	-	12	-	-	3	-	-	-
Telephone operators	35	-	-	27	-	-	9	-	-	-
Communications equipment operators, all other	5	-	-	2	-	-	4	-	-	-
Bill and account collectors	130	674	32	92	655	26	38	-	-	-
Billing and posting clerks	405	696	15	347	691	16	58	718	34	96.2
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	718	719	13	625	716	12	92	743	37	96.4
Gaming cage workers	11	-	-	11	-	-	0	-	-	-
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	103	765	28	89	767	28	13	-	-	-
Procurement clerks	29	-	-	15	-	-	14	-	-	-
Tellers	209	572	14	184	562	15	25	-	-	-
Financial clerks, all other	74	902	40	48	-	-	26	-	-	-
Brokerage clerks	5	-	-	3	-	-	2	-	-	-
Correspondence clerks	6	-	-	5	-	-	0	-	-	-
Court, municipal, and license clerks	79	738	58	62	718	36	17	-	-	-
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	50	807	77	31	-	-	20	-	-	-
Customer service representatives	1,881	654	9	1,234	637	10	646	712	29	89.5
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	66	849	55	50	779	50	16	-	-	-
File clerks	135	704	36	109	706	31	26	-	-	-
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	84	486	18	49	-	-	35	-	-	-
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	106	671	32	89	683	34	16	-	-	-
Library assistants, clerical	45	-	-	37	-	-	8	-	-	-
Loan interviewers and clerks	114	742	23	95	725	22	19	-	-	-
New accounts clerks	36	-	-	28	-	-	8	-	-	-
Order clerks	80	629	31	42	-	-	38	-	-	-
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	45	-	-	37	-	-	8	-	-	-
Receptionists and information clerks	892	602	7	826	599	7	66	652	25	91.9
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	99	739	38	56	691	58	43	-	-	-
Information and record clerks, all other	92	691	32	74	683	32	19	-	-	-
Cargo and freight agents	14	-	-	4	-	-	10	-	-	-
Couriers and messengers	155	725	45	24	-	-	131	751	49	-
Dispatchers	255	710	19	145	691	18	110	753	34	91.8
Meter readers, utilities	14	-	-	2	-	-	12	-	-	-
Postal service clerks	104	940	90	56	925	72	48	-	-	-
Postal service mail carriers	266	944	33	108	856	35	158	965	29	88.7
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	49	-	-	23	-	-	26	-	-	-
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	238	911	35	120	798	39	118	1,043	47	76.5
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks	544	611	10	165	596	20	379	616	11	96.8
Stock clerks and order fillers	982	559	12	339	538	18	643	571	14	94.2
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	43	-	-	21	-	-	22	-	-	-
Secretaries and administrative assistants	2,165	739	8	2,046	735	8	119	852	148	86.3
Computer operators	63	809	67	35	-	-	27	-	-	-
Data entry keyers	224	650	17	176	640	18	48	-	-	-
Word processors and typists	80	683	29	72	667	24	8	-	-	-
Desktop publishers	1	-	-	1	-	-	0	-	-	-
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	223	714	16	189	711	17	34	-	-	-
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	46	-	-	16	-	-	30	-	-	-
Office clerks, general	935	682	11	793	670	9	142	780	37	85.9
Office machine operators, except computer	27	-	-	17	-	-	10	-	-	-
Proofreaders and copy markers	6	-	-	4	-	-	2	-	-	-
Statistical assistants	17	-	-	10	-	-	7	-	-	-
Office and administrative support workers, all other	473	758	21	352	756	21	122	768	56	98.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	11,509	801	4	515	579	15	10,994	809	5	71.6
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	962	539	17	206	471	14	756	585	11	80.5
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	51	711	37	4	-	-	47	-	-	-
Agricultural inspectors	14	-	-	4	-	-	10	-	-	-
Animal breeders	3	-	-	0	-	-	3	-	-	-
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	99	500	29	67	487	34	32	-	-	-
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	701	517	8	127	453	19	574	553	31	81.9
Fishers and related fishing workers	21	-	-	0	-	-	21	-	-	-
Hunters and trappers	2	-	-	1	-	-	0	-	-	-
Forest and conservation workers	25	-	-	2	-	-	23	-	-	-
Logging workers	47	-	-	1	-	-	46	-	-	-
Construction and extraction occupations	6,147	796	6	160	802	26	5,987	796	6	100.8
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	520	1,158	36	14	-	-	506	1,166	36	-
Boilermakers	15	-	-	0	-	-	15	-	-	-
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	121	787	35	0	-	-	121	787	35	-
Carpenters	870	789	12	19	-	-	851	789	12	-
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	115	631	48	1	-	-	114	628	45	-
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	47	-	-	2	-	-	45	-	-	-
Construction laborers	1,443	670	11	43	-	-	1,400	667	11	-
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	12	-	-	0	-	-	12	-	-	-
Pile-driver operators	2	-	-	0	-	-	2	-	-	-
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	324	868	27	6	-	-	318	868	29	-
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	114	634	54	1	-	-	112	628	43	-
Electricians	726	979	26	15	-	-	711	974	26	-
Glaziers	39	-	-	0	-	-	39	-	-	-
Insulation workers	52	768	27	3	-	-	49	-	-	-
Painters, construction and maintenance	347	683	17	20	-	-	328	689	17	-
Paperhangers	1	-	-	0	-	-	1	-	-	-
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	497	866	35	8	-	-	489	865	36	-
Plasterers and stucco masons	24	-	-	0	-	-	24	-	-	-
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	13	-	-	0	-	-	13	-	-	-
Roofers	174	621	21	0	-	-	174	621	21	-
Sheet metal workers	136	865	49	3	-	-	132	866	48	-
Structural iron and steel workers	43	-	-	2	-	-	41	-	-	-
Solar photovoltaic installers	7	-	-	0	-	-	7	-	-	-
Helpers, construction trades	57	621	27	4	-	-	53	627	48	-
Construction and building inspectors	63	974	149	4	-	-	60	1,068	230	-
Elevator installers and repairers	38	-	-	0	-	-	38	-	-	-
Fence erectors	26	-	-	1	-	-	25	-	-	-
Hazardous materials removal workers	27	-	-	6	-	-	20	-	-	-
Highway maintenance workers	91	761	29	4	-	-	88	770	30	-
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	10	-	-	0	-	-	10	-	-	-
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	6	-	-	0	-	-	6	-	-	-
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	15	-	-	1	-	-	14	-	-	-
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	27	-	-	0	-	-	27	-	-	-
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	17	-	-	0	-	-	17	-	-	-
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	12	-	-	0	-	-	12	-	-	-
Mining machine operators	49	-	-	0	-	-	49	-	-	-
Roof bolters, mining	2	-	-	0	-	-	2	-	-	-
Roustabouts, oil and gas	4	-	-	0	-	-	4	-	-	-
Helpers--extraction workers	5	-	-	1	-	-	5	-	-	-
Other extraction workers	54	900	46	2	-	-	52	907	45	-
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,400	878	9	149	736	47	4,251	883	8	83.4
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	244	1,092	43	19	-	-	225	1,089	49	-
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	173	819	36	17	-	-	156	833	47	-
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	121	1,010	47	8	-	-	113	1,069	99	-
Avionics technicians	7	-	-	0	-	-	7	-	-	-
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	30	-	-	0	-	-	30	-	-	-
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	1	-	-	0	-	-	1	-	-	-
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility	14	-	-	0	-	-	14	-	-	-
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	11	-	-	0	-	-	11	-	-	-
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers	38	-	-	0	-	-	38	-	-	-
Security and fire alarm systems installers	71	945	67	3	-	-	68	943	66	-
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	153	1,169	62	6	-	-	146	1,175	65	-
Automotive body and related repairers	124	821	103	1	-	-	122	832	124	-
Automotive glass installers and repairers	21	-	-	0	-	-	21	-	-	-
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	752	761	15	15	-	-	737	764	15	-
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	367	887	25	4	-	-	362	887	25	-
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	177	993	43	4	-	-	173	1,005	42	-
Small engine mechanics	26	-	-	0	-	-	26	-	-	-
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	64	613	38	0	-	-	64	613	38	-
Control and valve installers and repairers	25	-	-	0	-	-	25	-	-	-
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	376	830	46	7	-	-	369	832	47	-
Home appliance repairers	26	-	-	0	-	-	26	-	-	-
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics	395	923	29	16	-	-	379	932	41	-
Maintenance and repair workers, general	511	828	26	20	-	-	490	834	29	-
Maintenance workers, machinery	25	-	-	0	-	-	25	-	-	-
Millwrights	40	-	-	1	-	-	39	-	-	-
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	132	1,191	37	0	-	-	132	1,191	37	-
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	187	879	41	5	-	-	181	876	45	-
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	44	-	-	10	-	-	34	-	-	-
Wind turbine service technicians	6	-	-	0	-	-	6	-	-	-
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	24	-	-	1	-	-	23	-	-	-
Commercial divers	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Locksmiths and safe repairers	20	-	-	2	-	-	18	-	-	-
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	3	-	-	0	-	-	3	-	-	-
Riggers	13	-	-	0	-	-	13	-	-	-
Signal and track switch repairers	11	-	-	0	-	-	11	-	-	-
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers	15	-	-	2	-	-	14	-	-	-
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers	156	774	35	6	-	-	150	772	39	-
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	14,825	692	3	3,119	545	6	11,705	736	5	74.0
Production occupations	7,589	701	4	2,044	564	7	5,545	769	7	73.3
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers	722	966	24	133	716	53	588	1,007	19	71.1
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	1	-	-	1	-	-	0	-	-	-
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	123	624	29	50	587	28	73	682	67	86.1
Engine and other machine assemblers	14	-	-	2	-	-	11	-	-	-
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	25	-	-	1	-	-	24	-	-	-
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	957	630	15	362	559	12	595	700	18	79.9
Bakers	135	472	13	68	464	23	67	488	68	95.1
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	259	587	16	63	487	16	196	621	19	78.4
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	7	-	-	3	-	-	4	-	-	-
Food batchmakers	70	575	29	38	-	-	32	-	-	-
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	8	-	-	5	-	-	3	-	-	-
Food processing workers, all other	171	676	25	52	545	135	119	701	22	77.7
Computer control programmers and operators	100	868	30	12	-	-	88	912	50	-
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	18	-	-	1	-	-	17	-	-	-
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	9	-	-	1	-	-	8	-	-	-
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	9	-	-	2	-	-	6	-	-	-
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	84	665	35	9	-	-	74	688	48	-
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	7	-	-	0	-	-	7	-	-	-
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	-	-	4	-	-	35	-	-	-
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	14	-	-	1	-	-	13	-	-	-
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	-	-	2	-	-	3	-	-	-
Machinists	343	831	26	16	-	-	326	834	28	-
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters	23	-	-	3	-	-	20	-	-	-
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	3	-	-	3	-	-	1	-	-	-
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	43	-	-	5	-	-	38	-	-	-
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	-	-	1	-	-	4	-	-	-
Tool and die makers	59	1,007	36	3	-	-	56	1,021	211	-
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	541	812	17	24	-	-	517	821	18	-
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	2	-	-	1	-	-	1	-	-	-
Layout workers, metal and plastic	11	-	-	0	-	-	11	-	-	-
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	16	-	-	2	-	-	14	-	-	-
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	7	-	-	0	-	-	7	-	-	-
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other	381	654	18	78	574	29	303	679	19	84.5
Prepress technicians and workers	13	-	-	4	-	-	8	-	-	-
Printing press operators	151	758	43	26	-	-	126	789	24	-
Print binding and finishing workers	8	-	-	4	-	-	4	-	-	-
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	106	450	22	79	443	22	27	-	-	-
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	19	-	-	9	-	-	10	-	-	-
Sewing machine operators	157	519	21	108	521	23	49	-	-	-
Shoe and leather workers and repairers	1	-	-	1	-	-	0	-	-	-
Shoe machine operators and tenders	3	-	-	1	-	-	2	-	-	-
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	31	-	-	21	-	-	10	-	-	-
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	6	-	-	4	-	-	2	-	-	-
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders	17	-	-	9	-	-	8	-	-	-
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders	12	-	-	8	-	-	4	-	-	-
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Fabric and apparel patternmakers	1	-	-	1	-	-	0	-	-	-
Upholsterers	22	-	-	4	-	-	18	-	-	-
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other	19	-	-	9	-	-	10	-	-	-
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	38	-	-	2	-	-	36	-	-	-
Furniture finishers	8	-	-	1	-	-	7	-	-	-
Model makers and patternmakers, wood	1	-	-	0	-	-	1	-	-	-
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	26	-	-	0	-	-	26	-	-	-
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	16	-	-	4	-	-	12	-	-	-
Woodworkers, all other	19	-	-	4	-	-	15	-	-	-
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	47	-	-	2	-	-	45	-	-	-
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	76	1,088	304	4	-	-	72	1,142	99	-
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	107	907	33	5	-	-	102	910	33	-
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	41	-	-	6	-	-	34	-	-	-
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	58	877	72	3	-	-	55	879	65	-
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	70	771	25	8	-	-	62	795	39	-
Cutting workers	51	521	16	12	-	-	40	-	-	-
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	13	-	-	3	-	-	10	-	-	-
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	5	-	-	0	-	-	5	-	-	-
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	717	765	26	275	637	19	443	853	48	74.7
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers	24	-	-	5	-	-	20	-	-	-
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians	57	598	74	40	-	-	16	-	-	-
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	275	553	20	147	516	14	128	598	17	86.3
Painting workers	131	693	28	14	-	-	117	705	33	-
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	23	-	-	7	-	-	16	-	-	-
Semiconductor processors	2	-	-	2	-	-	0	-	-	-
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders	4	-	-	0	-	-	4	-	-	-
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders	10	-	-	2	-	-	8	-	-	-
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders	2	-	-	1	-	-	1	-	-	-
Etchers and engravers	5	-	-	2	-	-	3	-	-	-
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	25	-	-	4	-	-	21	-	-	-
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	28	-	-	5	-	-	23	-	-	-
Tire builders	10	-	-	0	-	-	10	-	-	-
Helpers--production workers	30	-	-	11	-	-	19	-	-	-
Production workers, all other	890	663	16	238	570	20	653	716	15	79.6
Transportation and material moving occupations	7,236	681	5	1,075	514	6	6,160	710	5	72.4
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers	192	881	123	31	-	-	160	919	75	-
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	112	1,736	200	7	-	-	105	1,750	119	-
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists	16	-	-	5	-	-	11	-	-	-
Flight attendants	71	860	96	51	873	82	20	-	-	-
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	8	-	-	1	-	-	7	-	-	-
Bus drivers	356	605	16	148	517	28	209	671	27	77.0
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	2,828	797	8	139	589	28	2,689	807	9	73.0
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs	362	604	18	54	453	30	308	623	24	72.7
Motor vehicle operators, all other	33	-	-	5	-	-	28	-	-	-
Locomotive engineers and operators	43	-	-	7	-	-	36	-	-	-
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	5	-	-	0	-	-	5	-	-	-
Railroad conductors and yardmasters	42	-	-	2	-	-	39	-	-	-
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers	9	-	-	2	-	-	7	-	-	-
Sailors and marine oilers	19	-	-	0	-	-	19	-	-	-
Ship and boat captains and operators	29	-	-	0	-	-	29	-	-	-
Ship engineers	3	-	-	0	-	-	3	-	-	-
Bridge and lock tenders	5	-	-	2	-	-	3	-	-	-
Parking lot attendants	65	560	45	16	-	-	49	-	-	-
Automotive and watercraft service attendants	80	514	43	7	-	-	73	535	45	-
Transportation inspectors	41	-	-	8	-	-	33	-	-	-
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants	21	-	-	10	-	-	11	-	-	-
Other transportation workers	20	-	-	1	-	-	19	-	-	-
Conveyor operators and tenders	1	-	-	0	-	-	1	-	-	-
Crane and tower operators	52	902	54	1	-	-	51	898	53	-
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators	29	-	-	1	-	-	28	-	-	-
Hoist and winch operators	6	-	-	0	-	-	6	-	-	-
Industrial truck and tractor operators	584	624	14	46	-	-	538	632	19	-
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	237	530	25	40	-	-	197	531	37	-
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	1,450	578	7	254	500	10	1,196	595	7	84.0
Machine feeders and offbearers	29	-	-	15	-	-	14	-	-	-
Packers and packagers, hand	368	480	8	210	462	14	158	500	13	92.4
Pumping station operators	19	-	-	0	-	-	19	-	-	-
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	56	522	68	7	-	-	49	-	-	-
Mine shuttle car operators	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders	6	-	-	0	-	-	6	-	-	-
Material moving workers, all other	41	-	-	6	-	-	34	-	-	-
Note: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2017 annual averages
State	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
State	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
United States	113,272	$860	$2	50,291	$770	$3	62,980	$941	$4	81.8

Alabama	1,593	753	14	712	656	17	881	845	25	77.6
Alaska	253	979	18	117	883	27	136	1,090	43	81.0
Arizona	2,283	830	17	970	749	17	1,312	916	26	81.8
Arkansas	1,023	722	13	496	665	15	527	799	23	83.2
California	13,145	913	8	5,620	827	11	7,525	992	11	83.4
Colorado	2,049	918	14	854	838	20	1,195	986	20	85.0
Connecticut	1,290	1,011	19	577	938	40	713	1,102	47	85.1
Delaware	349	840	22	160	785	19	189	905	26	86.7
District of Columbia	311	1,273	30	158	1,191	45	153	1,385	50	86.0
Florida	7,092	768	7	3,312	726	9	3,780	826	14	87.9
Georgia	3,717	775	12	1,736	720	17	1,981	866	29	83.1
Hawaii	497	821	18	234	734	23	263	918	28	80.0
Idaho	568	794	16	230	695	13	338	893	17	77.8
Illinois	4,426	918	12	1,965	791	16	2,460	1,017	17	77.8
Indiana	2,425	805	14	1,075	708	19	1,350	903	28	78.4
Iowa	1,167	825	15	522	738	17	645	907	20	81.4
Kansas	1,040	823	18	459	749	20	581	916	21	81.8
Kentucky	1,477	774	15	676	673	20	801	834	30	80.7
Louisiana	1,498	773	15	673	686	20	825	886	26	77.4
Maine	445	845	24	201	760	23	244	911	22	83.4
Maryland	2,295	1,036	28	1,041	959	37	1,254	1,131	41	84.8
Massachusetts	2,597	1,078	21	1,157	971	18	1,440	1,204	32	80.6
Michigan	3,405	853	16	1,455	765	12	1,950	928	17	82.4
Minnesota	2,128	955	20	937	844	26	1,191	1,026	24	82.3
Mississippi	944	723	13	454	643	18	490	794	25	81.0
Missouri	2,166	826	17	1,006	733	20	1,160	925	27	79.2
Montana	321	800	19	135	713	15	185	883	22	80.7
Nebraska	696	814	16	311	760	23	385	871	28	87.3
Nevada	1,071	746	12	451	675	14	621	808	16	83.5
New Hampshire	512	918	20	225	838	21	287	1,003	25	83.5
New Jersey	3,241	1,016	13	1,486	929	17	1,755	1,138	23	81.6
New Mexico	622	737	13	268	701	16	354	771	22	90.9
New York	7,120	918	9	3,303	850	15	3,817	984	13	86.4
North Carolina	3,574	810	10	1,655	754	13	1,919	874	19	86.3
North Dakota	291	857	18	128	740	18	164	952	18	77.7
Ohio	4,021	832	12	1,801	743	13	2,220	908	15	81.8
Oklahoma	1,308	766	11	554	685	16	754	859	25	79.7
Oregon	1,413	873	23	604	770	24	810	945	22	81.5
Pennsylvania	4,448	869	13	1,985	768	11	2,463	971	17	79.1
Rhode Island	391	897	14	178	833	24	213	956	32	87.1
South Carolina	1,673	799	14	753	696	16	920	898	20	77.5
South Dakota	308	769	13	141	679	15	168	858	19	79.1
Tennessee	2,291	780	15	1,034	704	17	1,257	874	23	80.5
Texas	9,918	813	9	4,243	734	9	5,675	894	11	82.1
Utah	1,044	827	15	394	692	14	650	952	18	72.7
Vermont	227	874	19	103	816	24	124	918	21	88.9
Virginia	3,134	937	18	1,414	844	20	1,720	1,043	33	80.9
Washington	2,538	961	20	1,066	825	22	1,472	1,093	27	75.5
West Virginia	569	747	12	253	670	20	316	830	22	80.7
Wisconsin	2,159	860	13	926	777	18	1,233	936	21	83.0
Wyoming	197	875	21	82	720	17	115	1,006	21	71.6
Note: In general, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates; thus, comparisons of state estimates should be made with caution. Data shown are based on workers' state of residence; workers' reported earnings, however, may or may not be from a job located in the same state. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2017 annual averages
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	24,433	$260	$1	16,054	$265	$2	8,378	$250	$2	106.0
16 to 24 years	8,453	200	2	4,771	199	2	3,683	201	2	99.0
16 to 19 years	3,605	160	2	1,981	159	3	1,625	162	3	98.1
20 to 24 years	4,848	232	2	2,790	229	3	2,058	237	4	96.6
25 years and older	15,980	301	2	11,284	302	2	4,696	301	3	100.3
25 to 34 years	4,178	300	3	2,812	300	4	1,367	300	5	100.0
35 to 44 years	3,028	319	4	2,322	318	4	706	322	10	98.8
45 to 54 years	2,970	319	4	2,337	318	4	633	324	10	98.1
55 to 64 years	3,195	302	4	2,295	304	5	900	294	8	103.4
65 years and older	2,609	258	5	1,518	249	6	1,091	273	8	91.2

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	19,235	264	2	12,781	269	2	6,454	253	3	106.3
Black or African American	2,953	243	3	1,858	247	4	1,095	237	5	104.2
Asian	1,237	275	6	798	276	7	439	275	11	100.4
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4,024	262	3	2,588	260	3	1,436	265	5	98.1

Marital Status
Never married	11,972	221	1	6,769	220	2	5,203	222	2	99.1
Married, spouse present(1)	9,178	313	2	6,795	312	3	2,383	314	5	99.4
Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)	3,283	285	4	2,491	285	4	792	286	7	99.7
Widowed	720	254	7	605	255	8	115	250	21	102.0
Divorced	1,846	297	5	1,364	296	6	483	300	10	98.7
Separated(2)	717	285	6	522	289	7	195	272	14	106.2
Footnotes (1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2017 annual averages
Hours of work	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Hours of work	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, 16 years and older	137,890	$740	$2	66,421	$641	$2	71,469	$852	$4	75.2
0 to 34 hours	22,410	263	1	14,767	268	2	7,644	253	2	105.9
0 to 4 hours	530	62	3	349	62	3	181	63	5	98.4
5 to 9 hours	1,195	89	2	784	88	3	412	91	4	96.7
10 to 14 hours	2,025	122	1	1,331	123	2	694	118	2	104.2
15 to 19 hours	2,704	174	2	1,799	184	3	905	164	2	112.2
20 to 24 hours	6,575	238	2	4,348	245	2	2,227	224	3	109.4
25 to 29 hours	3,369	297	2	2,202	301	3	1,167	291	3	103.4
30 to 34 hours	6,013	378	3	3,953	390	4	2,060	360	4	108.3
35 hours and over	108,270	865	2	48,321	776	3	59,949	945	4	82.1
35 to 39 hours	7,849	537	6	5,249	550	6	2,601	514	7	107.0
40 hours	78,506	801	2	36,175	752	3	42,331	853	4	88.2
41 hours and over	21,915	1,276	8	6,897	1,173	11	15,018	1,343	8	87.3
41 to 44 hours	1,221	949	22	518	877	28	703	1,010	31	86.8
45 to 48 hours	6,161	1,149	9	2,157	1,113	19	4,004	1,172	15	95.0
49 to 59 hours	9,873	1,377	11	3,032	1,273	19	6,842	1,414	13	90.0
60 hours and over	4,660	1,452	15	1,191	1,261	24	3,469	1,499	18	84.1
Hours vary	7,210	519	8	3,334	397	6	3,876	666	17	59.6
Usually less than 35 hours	2,022	226	5	1,288	231	6	735	219	7	105.5
Usually 35 or more hours	5,002	722	13	1,971	576	17	3,031	864	18	66.7
Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers. Estimates for the "hours vary" groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2017 annual averages [In thousands]
Characteristic	Total employed	Number of workers by usual weekly earnings
Characteristic	Total employed	Under $350.00	$350.00 to $499.99	$500.00 to $599.99	$600.00 to $749.99	$750.00 to $999.99	$1,000.00 to $1,199.99	$1,200.00 to $1,999.99	$2,000.00 or more
Age
Total, 16 years and older	113,272	5,132	15,128	10,221	15,876	19,574	11,945	22,859	12,537
16 to 24 years	10,281	1,288	3,340	1,556	1,657	1,330	482	536	93
16 to 19 years	1,359	331	583	173	135	79	17	35	6
20 to 24 years	8,922	957	2,758	1,383	1,522	1,251	465	501	86
25 years and older	102,991	3,844	11,788	8,666	14,219	18,244	11,463	22,323	12,444
25 to 34 years	28,196	1,278	4,104	2,938	4,795	5,481	3,023	4,834	1,743
35 to 44 years	25,662	878	2,720	1,951	3,283	4,308	2,932	6,129	3,460
45 to 54 years	25,650	867	2,552	1,912	3,174	4,440	2,957	5,996	3,751
55 to 64 years	19,157	568	1,901	1,451	2,439	3,356	2,104	4,512	2,826
65 years and older	4,327	253	511	414	529	658	447	851	664

Women, 16 years and older	50,291	2,885	7,908	5,219	7,684	9,127	5,182	8,616	3,671
16 to 24 years	4,490	671	1,564	698	664	529	169	169	26
16 to 19 years	566	169	268	61	28	27	4	10	0
20 to 24 years	3,924	502	1,296	638	636	502	166	160	26
25 years and older	45,801	2,214	6,344	4,521	7,020	8,598	5,012	8,446	3,645
25 to 34 years	12,381	664	2,001	1,487	2,239	2,465	1,266	1,733	526
35 to 44 years	11,173	537	1,453	983	1,565	2,049	1,266	2,326	994
45 to 54 years	11,609	560	1,468	1,033	1,665	2,139	1,317	2,309	1,118
55 to 64 years	8,756	324	1,158	796	1,286	1,614	970	1,785	823
65 years and older	1,882	130	264	222	265	331	193	293	184

Men, 16 years and older	62,980	2,246	7,220	5,003	8,192	10,448	6,763	14,243	8,866
16 to 24 years	5,791	617	1,776	858	993	801	312	367	67
16 to 19 years	793	162	315	112	107	52	13	25	6
20 to 24 years	4,998	454	1,461	746	886	749	299	342	61
25 years and older	57,190	1,630	5,444	4,145	7,199	9,646	6,451	13,876	8,799
25 to 34 years	15,815	614	2,103	1,450	2,556	3,016	1,757	3,102	1,217
35 to 44 years	14,488	341	1,267	968	1,718	2,260	1,667	3,803	2,466
45 to 54 years	14,041	307	1,084	879	1,509	2,301	1,640	3,687	2,633
55 to 64 years	10,401	244	743	656	1,153	1,742	1,134	2,727	2,003
65 years and older	2,445	123	247	192	264	328	254	558	480

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	87,730	3,567	10,836	7,531	12,129	15,395	9,583	18,478	10,212
Women	37,727	1,950	5,571	3,741	5,763	7,036	4,036	6,742	2,888
Men	50,003	1,617	5,265	3,790	6,366	8,359	5,547	11,736	7,323
Black or African American	14,521	1,048	2,921	1,744	2,345	2,461	1,307	1,947	749
Women	7,593	632	1,612	957	1,225	1,273	676	904	313
Men	6,928	416	1,309	787	1,120	1,188	630	1,042	436
Asian	7,320	289	747	520	780	1,066	732	1,867	1,320
Women	3,306	170	405	304	405	541	332	747	401
Men	4,014	119	341	215	375	525	400	1,121	920
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	19,615	1,381	4,461	2,329	3,337	3,185	1,578	2,364	981
Women	7,719	735	2,040	966	1,193	1,209	549	767	259
Men	11,896	646	2,421	1,362	2,144	1,975	1,029	1,596	722
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2017 annual averages
Characteristic	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median
Women
Total, all marital statuses	50,291	$770	$3
With children under 18 years old	17,301	777	5
With children 6 to 17, none younger	10,619	802	7
With children under 6 years old	6,682	743	7
With no children under 18 years old	32,990	767	3

Total, married, spouse present(1)	25,364	862	4
With children under 18 years old	11,357	887	6
With children 6 to 17, none younger	6,919	878	8
With children under 6 years old	4,437	902	10
With no children under 18 years old	14,007	842	5

Total, other marital statuses(2)	24,928	694	3
With children under 18 years old	5,945	628	5
With children 6 to 17, none younger	3,700	696	8
With children under 6 years old	2,245	555	10
With no children under 18 years old	18,983	717	4

Men
Total, all marital statuses	62,980	941	4
With children under 18 years old	21,868	1,059	8
With children 6 to 17, none younger	11,960	1,129	8
With children under 6 years old	9,909	988	8
With no children under 18 years old	41,112	887	4

Total, married, spouse present(1)	36,579	1,098	6
With children under 18 years old	19,139	1,120	7
With children 6 to 17, none younger	10,571	1,159	7
With children under 6 years old	8,568	1,049	11
With no children under 18 years old	17,440	1,076	8

Total, other marital statuses(2)	26,401	761	4
With children under 18 years old	2,729	762	10
With children 6 to 17, none younger	1,389	880	23
With children under 6 years old	1,341	688	14
With no children under 18 years old	23,672	761	4
Footnotes (1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.
Note: Children refer to "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, as well as unrelated children. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2017 annual averages
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	80,439	$14.63	$0.05	40,658	$13.56	$0.06	39,781	$15.20	$0.04	89.2
16 to 24 years	15,974	10.68	0.04	7,965	10.28	0.04	8,009	10.99	0.04	93.5
16 to 19 years	4,660	9.79	0.02	2,409	9.59	0.10	2,252	9.88	0.03	97.1
20 to 24 years	11,314	11.35	0.08	5,557	11.00	0.04	5,757	11.88	0.04	92.6
25 years and older	64,465	15.65	0.05	32,693	14.83	0.02	31,772	17.00	0.05	87.2
25 to 34 years	19,269	14.83	0.03	9,350	14.00	0.06	9,919	15.15	0.04	92.4
35 to 44 years	14,620	16.10	0.06	7,188	14.92	0.05	7,432	17.89	0.07	83.4
45 to 54 years	14,793	16.72	0.11	7,641	15.16	0.05	7,152	18.74	0.22	80.9
55 to 64 years	11,865	16.82	0.11	6,361	15.21	0.10	5,504	18.60	0.21	81.8
65 years and older	3,918	14.32	0.21	2,153	13.88	0.17	1,766	14.93	0.11	93.0

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	61,258	14.89	0.02	30,398	13.87	0.04	30,861	15.79	0.07	87.8
Black or African American	11,829	12.90	0.06	6,445	12.55	0.10	5,385	13.34	0.14	94.1
Asian	4,001	15.06	0.08	2,160	14.23	0.30	1,841	16.65	0.43	85.5
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	16,604	13.16	0.06	7,473	12.09	0.04	9,131	14.37	0.18	84.1

Marital Status
Never married	32,149	12.15	0.02	15,538	11.85	0.03	16,612	12.77	0.07	92.8
Married, spouse present(1)	35,317	16.64	0.08	17,212	15.13	0.03	18,106	18.16	0.07	83.3
Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)	12,973	14.97	0.04	7,909	14.14	0.08	5,064	16.22	0.18	87.2
Widowed	1,627	14.11	0.19	1,255	13.76	0.26	372	15.25	0.52	90.2
Divorced	8,165	15.55	0.15	4,873	14.88	0.06	3,292	17.20	0.22	86.5
Separated(2)	3,182	13.52	0.23	1,781	12.59	0.18	1,400	15.01	0.10	83.9

Union Affiliation(3)
Members of unions(4)	8,614	20.11	0.06	3,315	17.79	0.19	5,299	22.12	0.19	80.4
Represented by unions(5)	9,493	19.94	0.06	3,775	17.42	0.24	5,719	21.86	0.21	79.7
Not represented by a union	70,946	13.98	0.03	36,884	13.12	0.03	34,062	14.87	0.02	88.2

Educational Attainment
Total, 25 years and older	64,465	15.65	0.05	32,693	14.83	0.02	31,772	17.00	0.05	87.2
Less than a high school diploma	6,689	12.02	0.04	2,687	10.78	0.06	4,001	13.22	0.13	81.5
High school graduates, no college	21,809	14.94	0.03	9,749	13.13	0.05	12,060	16.66	0.13	78.8
Some college or associate degree	21,365	15.92	0.05	11,472	14.92	0.04	9,893	17.85	0.09	83.6
Bachelor's degree and higher	14,602	19.98	0.05	8,785	19.78	0.14	5,817	20.52	0.27	96.4
Footnotes (1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent. (3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region. (4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. (5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2017 annual averages [In thousands]
Characteristic	Total employed	Number of workers by hourly earnings
Characteristic	Total employed	Under $6.00	$6.00 to $7.99	$8.00 to $9.99	$10.00 to $11.99	$12.00 to $14.99	$15.00 to $19.99	$20.00 or more
Age
Total, 16 years and older	80,439	990	1,624	8,340	14,686	15,223	17,708	21,869
16 to 24 years	15,974	430	912	3,684	4,739	3,319	2,003	886
16 to 19 years	4,660	131	519	1,689	1,498	585	189	50
20 to 24 years	11,314	299	394	1,995	3,241	2,735	1,814	836
25 years and older	64,465	560	711	4,656	9,946	11,904	15,705	20,983
25 to 34 years	19,269	282	238	1,563	3,275	4,169	5,053	4,689
35 to 44 years	14,620	123	160	1,001	2,134	2,520	3,513	5,169
45 to 54 years	14,793	97	131	916	2,074	2,464	3,540	5,572
55 to 64 years	11,865	52	106	738	1,680	2,030	2,782	4,476
65 years and older	3,918	7	77	437	783	721	817	1,077
Women, 16 years and older	40,658	663	943	5,140	8,113	8,153	8,615	9,031
16 to 24 years	7,965	284	520	2,037	2,378	1,594	808	345
16 to 19 years	2,409	77	295	933	757	280	51	15
20 to 24 years	5,557	207	225	1,103	1,621	1,314	756	330
25 years and older	32,693	379	423	3,103	5,735	6,559	7,808	8,686
25 to 34 years	9,350	190	129	967	1,692	2,123	2,342	1,907
35 to 44 years	7,188	85	97	687	1,242	1,387	1,648	2,041
45 to 54 years	7,641	65	90	664	1,308	1,396	1,852	2,266
55 to 64 years	6,361	34	61	512	1,072	1,224	1,495	1,964
65 years and older	2,153	5	46	272	420	429	471	509
Men, 16 years and older	39,781	327	681	3,200	6,573	7,070	9,093	12,838
16 to 24 years	8,009	146	392	1,647	2,362	1,725	1,196	541
16 to 19 years	2,252	54	223	756	741	305	138	35
20 to 24 years	5,757	91	169	892	1,620	1,421	1,058	506
25 years and older	31,772	181	289	1,553	4,211	5,345	7,897	12,297
25 to 34 years	9,919	92	108	596	1,583	2,047	2,711	2,782
35 to 44 years	7,432	38	63	314	892	1,132	1,865	3,129
45 to 54 years	7,152	32	40	252	766	1,067	1,689	3,306
55 to 64 years	5,504	18	45	226	608	806	1,287	2,512
65 years and older	1,766	1	31	165	363	292	346	568

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	61,258	811	1,114	5,883	10,669	11,371	13,726	17,685
Women	30,398	560	638	3,629	5,908	6,017	6,506	7,140
Men	30,861	251	476	2,253	4,761	5,355	7,220	10,545
Black or African American	11,829	93	392	1,766	2,485	2,487	2,469	2,137
Women	6,445	48	236	1,081	1,347	1,389	1,336	1,007
Men	5,385	46	155	684	1,138	1,098	1,133	1,130
Asian	4,001	41	56	305	749	725	766	1,359
Women	2,160	28	35	189	453	412	411	632
Men	1,841	14	21	116	296	313	355	727
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	16,604	148	311	1,709	3,953	3,578	3,649	3,255
Women	7,473	94	180	1,058	2,043	1,641	1,415	1,041
Men	9,131	55	131	651	1,910	1,936	2,235	2,214
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic characteristics, 2017 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Workers paid hourly rates
	Total	Below prevailing federal minimum wage	At prevailing federal minimum wage	Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
	Total	Below prevailing federal minimum wage	At prevailing federal minimum wage	Number	Percentage of workers paid hourly rates
Age
Total, 16 years and older	80,439	1,282	542	1,824	2.3
16 to 24 years	15,974	569	321	891	5.6
16 to 19 years	4,660	215	172	388	8.3
20 to 24 years	11,314	354	149	503	4.4
25 years and older	64,465	712	221	933	1.4
25 to 34 years	19,269	338	76	415	2.2
35 to 44 years	14,620	162	47	210	1.4
45 to 54 years	14,793	121	38	158	1.1
55 to 64 years	11,865	62	42	105	0.9
65 years and older	3,918	29	18	46	1.2
Women, 16 years and older	40,658	829	316	1,146	2.8
16 to 24 years	7,965	371	190	562	7.1
16 to 19 years	2,409	134	107	241	10.0
20 to 24 years	5,557	237	83	320	5.8
25 years and older	32,693	458	126	584	1.8
25 to 34 years	9,350	222	38	260	2.8
35 to 44 years	7,188	104	29	133	1.9
45 to 54 years	7,641	77	25	102	1.3
55 to 64 years	6,361	42	22	65	1.0
65 years and older	2,153	13	12	25	1.1
Men, 16 years and older	39,781	452	226	678	1.7
16 to 24 years	8,009	198	131	329	4.1
16 to 19 years	2,252	81	65	146	6.5
20 to 24 years	5,757	117	65	183	3.2
25 years and older	31,772	254	95	349	1.1
25 to 34 years	9,919	117	38	155	1.6
35 to 44 years	7,432	59	18	77	1.0
45 to 54 years	7,152	43	13	56	0.8
55 to 64 years	5,504	20	20	40	0.7
65 years and older	1,766	16	6	21	1.2

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	61,258	1,016	359	1,375	2.2
Women	30,398	680	205	885	2.9
Men	30,861	336	154	490	1.6
Black or African American	11,829	155	146	301	2.5
Women	6,445	79	88	166	2.6
Men	5,385	76	58	135	2.5
Asian	4,001	56	14	70	1.7
Women	2,160	37	10	47	2.2
Men	1,841	19	4	23	1.3
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	16,604	200	101	301	1.8
Women	7,473	123	53	176	2.4
Men	9,131	77	48	124	1.4

Full- and Part-time Status(1)
Full-time workers	60,205	510	130	640	1.1
Women	27,397	303	71	375	1.4
Men	32,808	207	59	265	0.8
Part-time workers	20,139	769	412	1,181	5.9
Women	13,219	524	245	769	5.8
Men	6,921	245	167	412	5.9
Footnotes (1) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data do not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
Note: See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979–2017 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Year	Total wage and salary workers	Workers paid hourly rates
		Total	Percentage of total wage and salary workers	Below prevailing federal minimum wage(1)	At prevailing federal minimum wage(1)	Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
		Total	Percentage of total wage and salary workers	Below prevailing federal minimum wage(1)	At prevailing federal minimum wage(1)	Number	Percentage of workers paid hourly rates
Total
1979	87,529	51,721	59.1	2,916	3,997	6,912	13.4
1980	87,644	51,335	58.6	3,087	4,686	7,773	15.1
1981	88,516	51,869	58.6	3,513	4,311	7,824	15.1
1982	87,368	50,846	58.2	2,348	4,148	6,496	12.8
1983	88,290	51,820	58.7	2,077	4,261	6,338	12.2
1984	92,194	54,143	58.7	1,838	4,125	5,963	11.0
1985	94,521	55,762	59.0	1,639	3,899	5,538	9.9
1986	96,903	57,529	59.4	1,599	3,461	5,060	8.8
1987	99,303	59,552	60.0	1,468	3,229	4,698	7.9
1988	101,407	60,878	60.0	1,319	2,608	3,927	6.5
1989	103,480	62,389	60.3	1,372	1,790	3,162	5.1
1990	104,876	63,172	60.2	2,132	1,096	3,228	5.1
1991	103,723	62,627	60.4	2,377	2,906	5,283	8.4
1992	104,668	63,610	60.8	1,939	2,982	4,921	7.7
1993	106,101	64,274	60.6	1,707	2,625	4,332	6.7
1994	107,989	66,549	61.6	1,995	2,132	4,128	6.2
1995	110,038	68,354	62.1	1,699	1,956	3,656	5.3
1996	111,960	69,255	61.9	1,863	1,861	3,724	5.4
1997	114,533	70,735	61.8	2,990	1,764	4,754	6.7
1998	116,730	71,440	61.2	2,834	1,593	4,427	6.2
1999	118,963	72,306	60.8	2,194	1,146	3,340	4.6
2000	122,089	73,496	60.2	1,752	898	2,650	3.6
2001	122,229	73,392	60.0	1,518	656	2,174	3.0
2002	121,826	72,508	59.5	1,579	567	2,146	3.0
2003	122,358	72,946	59.6	1,555	545	2,100	2.9
2004	123,554	73,939	59.8	1,483	520	2,003	2.7
2005	125,889	75,609	60.1	1,403	479	1,882	2.5
2006	128,237	76,514	59.7	1,283	409	1,692	2.2
2007	129,767	75,873	58.5	1,462	267	1,729	2.3
2008	129,377	75,305	58.2	1,940	286	2,226	3.0
2009	124,490	72,611	58.3	2,592	980	3,572	4.9
2010	124,073	72,902	58.8	2,541	1,820	4,361	6.0
2011	125,187	73,926	59.1	2,152	1,677	3,829	5.2
2012	127,577	75,276	59.0	1,984	1,566	3,550	4.7
2013	129,110	75,948	58.8	1,768	1,532	3,301	4.3
2014	131,431	77,207	58.7	1,737	1,255	2,992	3.9
2015	133,743	78,232	58.5	1,691	870	2,561	3.3
2016	136,101	79,883	58.7	1,451	701	2,153	2.7
2017	137,890	80,439	58.3	1,282	542	1,824	2.3

Women
1979	38,129	23,329	61.2	2,070	2,644	4,714	20.2
1980	38,944	23,626	60.7	2,104	2,990	5,095	21.6
1981	39,672	24,294	61.2	2,394	2,778	5,172	21.3
1982	39,777	24,365	61.3	1,651	2,561	4,212	17.3
1983	40,433	24,989	61.8	1,492	2,603	4,095	16.4
1984	42,172	26,003	61.7	1,348	2,499	3,847	14.8
1985	43,506	26,869	61.8	1,198	2,356	3,554	13.2
1986	44,961	27,863	62.0	1,192	2,125	3,317	11.9
1987	46,365	29,078	62.7	1,105	1,946	3,051	10.5
1988	47,495	29,820	62.8	1,008	1,542	2,550	8.6
1989	48,691	30,702	63.1	994	1,056	2,050	6.7
1990	49,323	31,069	63.0	1,420	711	2,131	6.9
1991	49,105	30,988	63.1	1,582	1,792	3,374	10.9
1992	49,842	31,454	63.1	1,286	1,751	3,036	9.7
1993	50,626	31,937	63.1	1,133	1,534	2,667	8.4
1994	51,419	33,021	64.2	1,322	1,241	2,563	7.8
1995	52,369	33,934	64.8	1,157	1,161	2,318	6.8
1996	53,488	34,418	64.3	1,244	1,106	2,350	6.8
1997	54,708	35,214	64.4	1,843	1,092	2,935	8.3
1998	55,757	35,680	64.0	1,794	965	2,760	7.7
1999	57,050	36,233	63.5	1,426	700	2,126	5.9
2000	58,427	36,777	62.9	1,170	579	1,749	4.8
2001	58,582	36,848	62.9	1,021	409	1,430	3.9
2002	58,555	36,508	62.3	997	350	1,347	3.7
2003	59,122	37,093	62.7	1,062	332	1,394	3.8
2004	59,408	37,133	62.5	1,013	310	1,323	3.6
2005	60,423	37,957	62.8	944	290	1,234	3.3
2006	61,426	38,321	62.4	861	263	1,124	2.9
2007	62,299	38,082	61.1	1,002	181	1,183	3.1
2008	62,532	37,972	60.7	1,302	196	1,498	3.9
2009	60,951	37,426	61.4	1,603	612	2,215	5.9
2010	60,542	37,404	61.8	1,598	1,151	2,749	7.3
2011	60,502	37,469	61.9	1,366	1,029	2,395	6.4
2012	61,679	38,163	61.9	1,288	999	2,287	6.0
2013	62,316	38,404	61.6	1,148	910	2,058	5.4
2014	63,383	38,802	61.2	1,139	739	1,878	4.8
2015	64,445	39,500	61.3	1,062	540	1,602	4.1
2016	65,512	40,315	61.5	952	432	1,384	3.4
2017	66,421	40,658	61.2	829	316	1,146	2.8

Men
1979	49,400	28,392	57.5	846	1,353	2,199	7.7
1980	48,700	27,709	56.9	983	1,696	2,678	9.7
1981	48,844	27,576	56.5	1,119	1,533	2,652	9.6
1982	47,591	26,481	55.6	697	1,587	2,284	8.6
1983	47,856	26,831	56.1	585	1,658	2,243	8.4
1984	50,022	28,140	56.3	490	1,626	2,116	7.5
1985	51,015	28,893	56.6	440	1,544	1,984	6.9
1986	51,942	29,666	57.1	408	1,336	1,743	5.9
1987	52,938	30,474	57.6	364	1,283	1,647	5.4
1988	53,912	31,058	57.6	311	1,066	1,377	4.4
1989	54,789	31,687	57.8	379	733	1,112	3.5
1990	55,553	32,104	57.8	712	385	1,097	3.4
1991	54,618	31,639	57.9	795	1,114	1,909	6.0
1992	54,826	32,155	58.6	653	1,231	1,885	5.9
1993	55,475	32,337	58.3	573	1,091	1,664	5.1
1994	56,570	33,528	59.3	674	891	1,565	4.7
1995	57,669	34,420	59.7	542	796	1,338	3.9
1996	58,473	34,838	59.6	619	755	1,374	3.9
1997	59,825	35,521	59.4	1,147	673	1,820	5.1
1998	60,973	35,761	58.7	1,039	628	1,667	4.7
1999	61,914	36,073	58.3	768	446	1,214	3.4
2000	63,662	36,720	57.7	582	319	901	2.5
2001	63,647	36,544	57.4	497	247	744	2.0
2002	63,272	36,000	56.9	582	217	799	2.2
2003	63,236	35,853	56.7	493	213	706	2.0
2004	64,145	36,806	57.4	470	210	680	1.8
2005	65,466	37,652	57.5	459	189	648	1.7
2006	66,811	38,193	57.2	422	146	568	1.5
2007	67,468	37,790	56.0	460	86	546	1.4
2008	66,846	37,334	55.9	638	90	728	1.9
2009	63,539	35,185	55.4	990	368	1,358	3.9
2010	63,531	35,498	55.9	943	669	1,612	4.5
2011	64,686	36,457	56.4	785	648	1,433	3.9
2012	65,898	37,113	56.3	696	567	1,263	3.4
2013	66,794	37,544	56.2	621	622	1,243	3.3
2014	68,048	38,405	56.4	598	516	1,114	2.9
2015	69,298	38,732	55.9	629	330	959	2.5
2016	70,589	39,568	56.1	499	270	769	1.9
2017	71,469	39,781	55.7	452	226	678	1.7
Footnotes (1) Data for 1990-91, 1996-97, and 2007-09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2017
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older

1979	62.3	78.6	85.2	76.3	62.1	67.5	58.3	56.8	60.6	77.6
1980	64.2	80.3	89.5	78.1	62.8	69.4	58.3	56.9	59.4	76.4
1981	64.4	82.6	91.7	80.6	62.6	70.3	59.9	56.8	58.9	71.1
1982	65.7	85.3	92.9	82.4	64.9	72.1	61.1	60.1	61.4	70.3
1983	66.5	88.8	94.0	85.5	65.8	73.3	61.5	59.5	61.8	68.8
1984	67.6	87.9	93.1	85.2	67.1	74.6	62.0	59.4	61.5	66.8
1985	68.1	87.6	90.7	85.7	66.8	75.1	63.0	59.7	61.0	65.9
1986	69.5	89.0	91.4	87.5	66.5	76.1	63.9	60.9	61.2	71.5
1987	69.8	88.3	87.8	88.0	67.3	76.7	66.1	62.3	62.2	68.7
1988	70.2	89.7	89.8	90.0	68.8	77.7	68.5	61.7	62.3	70.9
1989	70.1	90.8	94.3	89.7	70.2	78.3	68.3	62.7	63.9	74.3
1990	71.9	90.1	90.8	90.3	72.1	79.3	69.6	63.8	63.7	74.4
1991	74.2	93.3	93.6	93.3	74.0	81.0	70.7	65.0	64.5	68.3
1992	75.8	94.0	94.0	94.3	74.6	82.0	71.9	65.8	64.9	77.9
1993	77.1	94.8	92.8	95.4	74.8	83.0	73.0	67.4	67.4	74.3
1994	76.4	93.9	92.5	94.5	73.1	82.9	72.6	67.1	66.0	76.2
1995	75.5	90.8	88.1	92.4	72.8	82.2	72.6	67.7	64.7	80.0
1996	75.0	92.5	88.8	92.8	74.1	83.2	73.3	68.9	65.3	70.0
1997	74.4	92.1	91.6	90.5	75.1	82.9	74.0	69.4	64.7	77.0
1998	76.3	91.3	88.6	89.4	75.9	82.9	73.6	70.5	68.1	72.6
1999	76.5	91.0	91.4	90.5	74.4	81.5	71.7	70.0	67.9	78.7
2000	76.9	91.7	92.5	92.7	74.5	82.4	71.6	73.2	69.1	75.1
2001	76.4	90.3	90.3	91.9	75.4	83.0	72.5	73.5	70.5	69.0
2002	77.9	93.9	94.6	93.9	77.6	84.5	75.2	74.6	71.6	73.8
2003	79.4	93.2	93.1	93.9	78.5	86.9	76.1	73.0	72.7	71.1
2004	80.4	93.8	92.1	93.8	78.6	87.8	75.6	72.9	73.0	74.6
2005	81.0	93.2	92.1	93.8	79.4	89.0	75.5	75.5	74.7	76.4
2006	80.8	94.5	87.6	94.9	78.7	88.2	77.2	73.5	72.9	77.5
2007	80.2	92.3	89.1	90.3	78.5	86.9	76.5	74.5	72.8	77.8
2008	79.9	91.1	87.3	92.5	78.2	88.5	74.5	74.9	75.4	74.8
2009	80.2	92.6	90.7	92.9	78.7	88.7	77.4	73.6	75.3	76.1
2010	81.2	95.3	94.6	93.8	80.5	90.8	79.9	76.5	75.2	75.7
2011	82.2	92.5	88.6	93.2	81.0	92.3	78.5	76.0	75.1	80.9
2012	80.9	88.9	88.5	89.0	79.9	90.2	78.1	75.1	76.2	77.6
2013	82.1	88.3	89.7	89.8	81.1	89.4	80.2	76.6	77.1	73.7
2014	82.5	91.5	91.1	92.3	81.6	89.9	81.0	77.2	76.4	78.6
2015	81.1	88.2	89.4	89.7	80.4	89.6	81.8	76.8	73.7	73.8
2016	81.9	94.9	92.6	95.6	80.9	88.8	83.3	77.8	73.7	75.5
2017	81.8	91.2	87.6	90.2	81.3	88.2	81.0	77.5	78.0	77.0
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 22. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2017
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
1979	62.3	61.7	74.4	-	71.7
1980	64.2	63.4	75.8	-	73.5
1981	64.4	63.1	76.9	-	75.7
1982	65.7	64.5	78.1	-	75.5
1983	66.5	65.6	78.9	-	78.5
1984	67.6	66.8	79.5	-	77.7
1985	68.1	67.2	82.6	-	77.7
1986	69.5	67.9	82.8	-	80.6
1987	69.8	68.2	84.4	-	82.0
1988	70.2	68.4	82.8	-	84.4
1989	70.1	69.3	86.5	-	85.4
1990	71.9	71.5	85.3	-	87.4
1991	74.2	73.7	86.1	-	90.4
1992	75.8	75.3	88.2	-	89.1
1993	77.1	76.5	88.8	-	90.5
1994	76.4	74.6	86.5	-	88.9
1995	75.5	73.3	86.4	-	87.1
1996	75.0	73.8	87.9	-	88.8
1997	74.4	74.6	86.8	-	85.7
1998	76.3	76.1	85.5	-	86.4
1999	76.5	75.7	83.8	-	85.7
2000	76.9	75.8	84.1	79.9	87.8
2001	76.4	75.8	85.8	76.9	88.2
2002	77.9	77.9	90.3	74.9	88.0
2003	79.4	79.3	88.5	77.5	88.4
2004	80.4	79.8	88.8	76.4	87.3
2005	81.0	80.2	89.3	80.6	87.7
2006	80.8	80.0	87.8	79.3	87.1
2007	80.2	79.4	88.8	78.1	91.0
2008	79.9	79.3	89.4	78.0	89.6
2009	80.2	79.2	93.7	81.8	89.5
2010	81.2	80.5	93.5	82.6	90.7
2011	82.2	82.1	91.1	77.4	90.7
2012	80.9	80.8	90.1	73.0	88.0
2013	82.1	81.7	91.3	77.3	91.1
2014	82.5	81.8	89.9	77.9	89.0
2015	81.1	80.8	90.4	77.7	89.7
2016	81.9	81.3	89.3	78.4	88.4
2017	81.8	81.9	92.5	74.8	87.4
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 23. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–2017
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
1979	62.1	60.3	60.1	64.1	66.7
1980	62.8	61.4	61.5	64.5	67.9
1981	62.6	61.2	61.0	65.6	66.9
1982	64.9	62.8	63.1	66.7	68.8
1983	65.8	64.8	63.4	68.2	71.2
1984	67.1	64.9	64.9	68.4	69.4
1985	66.8	64.3	65.8	67.2	70.2
1986	66.5	64.8	66.6	68.0	70.6
1987	67.3	66.0	68.1	69.8	71.4
1988	68.8	66.6	68.2	71.6	71.4
1989	70.2	66.8	67.6	73.3	71.9
1990	72.1	68.8	68.6	72.9	72.2
1991	74.0	71.6	69.8	72.6	73.6
1992	74.6	72.9	70.4	73.3	75.1
1993	74.8	73.9	71.3	73.8	75.8
1994	73.1	75.1	70.8	72.1	76.8
1995	72.8	75.5	70.2	71.6	76.2
1996	74.1	75.1	70.7	73.2	75.2
1997	75.1	75.3	70.7	73.9	75.0
1998	75.9	73.9	70.8	74.0	75.3
1999	74.4	73.4	69.8	73.4	75.7
2000	74.5	74.9	71.1	73.1	74.1
2001	75.4	75.4	72.7	71.9	73.7
2002	77.6	77.2	74.2	74.3	74.2
2003	78.5	76.7	75.5	75.7	73.6
2004	78.6	74.9	75.7	75.8	75.2
2005	79.4	74.9	75.6	76.6	75.7
2006	78.7	76.3	73.7	75.6	75.1
2007	78.5	76.7	74.3	75.2	75.0
2008	78.2	76.1	73.3	75.7	74.3
2009	78.7	76.4	75.7	75.4	73.1
2010	80.5	79.8	76.5	75.5	74.1
2011	81.0	80.9	76.9	76.8	74.9
2012	79.9	76.0	76.3	76.9	73.0
2013	81.1	80.0	78.3	76.6	74.8
2014	81.6	79.1	77.0	75.8	75.7
2015	80.4	80.4	77.2	75.2	74.9
2016	80.9	76.8	77.9	76.8	75.2
2017	81.3	76.5	76.5	76.3	76.4
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in table 24. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2017
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
1979	64.1	81.8	95.0	75.9	58.3	63.3	55.8	54.1	56.9	87.6
1980	64.8	84.1	93.2	77.0	58.7	64.1	54.9	54.4	56.4	89.2
1981	65.1	86.1	96.7	80.0	60.3	66.7	57.5	54.1	56.2	88.1
1982	67.3	86.3	97.0	81.8	62.1	67.7	57.1	55.7	59.0	88.1
1983	69.4	87.2	96.7	84.4	62.9	70.3	57.6	56.7	58.0	87.6
1984	69.8	86.0	96.5	84.5	63.7	71.1	59.0	56.9	59.5	89.0
1985	70.0	85.7	96.3	87.2	64.7	72.4	60.3	57.8	60.4	88.8
1986	70.2	85.8	95.5	86.7	66.0	74.1	61.4	59.0	60.3	91.3
1987	72.1	85.9	93.9	86.1	67.2	74.3	62.9	61.3	62.0	91.2
1988	73.8	89.1	94.4	87.2	68.7	75.6	66.1	61.6	62.4	92.8
1989	75.4	90.7	93.4	86.9	69.8	78.0	67.0	63.4	63.8	87.1
1990	77.9	91.0	93.8	90.1	71.8	79.4	68.7	64.3	66.2	89.6
1991	78.6	91.0	97.9	91.7	73.5	80.4	70.4	65.0	68.9	92.6
1992	80.3	91.3	97.7	92.5	76.0	82.6	73.1	66.1	69.3	92.6
1993	80.4	91.7	97.1	94.2	77.3	83.6	73.1	67.3	69.0	92.1
1994	80.6	90.5	97.0	91.2	78.2	85.5	73.4	69.9	70.7	94.0
1995	80.8	90.9	96.1	89.3	76.1	83.7	72.6	70.8	71.4	94.2
1996	81.2	92.1	97.0	89.6	78.2	83.1	74.6	72.1	72.4	91.6
1997	80.8	92.2	96.6	91.2	78.8	82.7	75.7	72.3	70.5	98.1
1998	81.8	90.3	96.7	89.1	77.9	86.1	77.4	75.0	72.4	93.2
1999	83.8	92.7	96.8	89.9	79.4	83.9	76.9	72.7	76.4	95.4
2000	83.8	91.7	93.8	93.0	80.8	88.3	76.3	73.2	76.8	94.7
2001	85.2	90.5	95.8	89.7	79.2	85.8	75.0	76.1	80.2	90.4
2002	85.0	92.5	96.9	91.3	82.1	85.1	78.7	77.6	80.8	89.3
2003	84.8	93.2	97.6	91.0	83.1	87.5	79.1	79.0	78.4	90.3
2004	84.6	93.9	95.9	91.7	81.7	88.3	78.4	79.1	79.6	92.5
2005	84.8	92.6	96.0	92.4	83.2	89.2	79.6	80.2	80.2	97.8
2006	84.0	90.9	95.7	90.5	83.2	87.6	80.0	76.4	80.6	93.0
2007	84.8	89.3	95.4	90.4	81.7	87.4	81.5	79.6	79.2	92.2
2008	85.4	91.2	96.6	91.6	83.0	87.0	80.5	78.2	81.8	91.6
2009	85.5	93.1	97.1	92.0	84.7	90.6	80.7	77.0	84.5	92.6
2010	86.0	93.6	97.8	91.7	85.6	91.9	82.9	79.9	83.2	93.8
2011	86.8	94.6	97.5	92.5	86.7	92.0	83.8	81.5	82.2	91.5
2012	86.4	93.0	97.9	92.0	86.8	91.5	83.9	81.2	83.1	90.9
2013	86.6	92.3	96.7	94.0	87.5	91.1	84.9	81.2	84.1	94.9
2014	84.6	92.4	96.1	96.3	85.7	87.0	84.6	81.2	81.3	89.2
2015	85.6	95.1	97.5	93.5	87.8	91.0	85.7	84.3	82.1	89.5
2016	87.0	97.7	95.7	91.9	87.6	88.2	85.8	83.0	83.7	88.1
2017	89.2	93.5	97.1	92.6	87.2	92.4	83.4	80.9	81.8	93.0
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information on historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of workers paid hourly rates in table 25. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2017
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
1979	64.1	62.5	72.6	-	71.8
1980	64.8	63.6	74.9	-	75.1
1981	65.1	63.8	72.1	-	76.4
1982	67.3	66.0	75.2	-	75.6
1983	69.4	68.0	79.2	-	76.1
1984	69.8	68.6	79.1	-	77.0
1985	70.0	67.8	82.0	-	79.4
1986	70.2	68.8	78.7	-	80.8
1987	72.1	70.9	80.1	-	80.2
1988	73.8	72.7	80.8	-	81.1
1989	75.4	74.0	83.2	-	83.0
1990	77.9	75.6	84.5	-	86.1
1991	78.6	76.6	86.5	-	86.9
1992	80.3	78.6	87.1	-	88.3
1993	80.4	78.9	89.6	-	88.6
1994	80.6	79.7	87.5	-	89.3
1995	80.8	78.4	87.3	-	90.9
1996	81.2	79.6	88.0	-	88.8
1997	80.8	80.3	87.5	-	86.3
1998	81.8	81.8	86.9	-	87.6
1999	83.8	82.3	83.2	-	86.6
2000	83.8	83.0	88.8	90.5	87.3
2001	85.2	83.8	89.9	85.1	85.6
2002	85.0	83.8	92.3	91.7	86.1
2003	84.8	84.0	91.7	89.8	88.5
2004	84.6	84.0	91.3	88.8	90.2
2005	84.8	84.2	91.1	91.3	90.1
2006	84.0	83.6	88.5	90.7	87.6
2007	84.8	83.7	90.3	89.5	88.5
2008	85.4	84.5	89.9	87.3	85.1
2009	85.5	84.8	89.7	90.4	84.6
2010	86.0	85.0	92.1	88.0	86.2
2011	86.8	85.9	93.5	89.8	86.8
2012	86.4	85.3	92.0	90.1	85.4
2013	86.6	85.7	94.9	91.6	87.5
2014	84.6	83.3	94.8	90.2	86.6
2015	85.6	85.9	92.4	92.8	85.8
2016	87.0	87.2	92.6	93.6	85.2
2017	89.2	87.8	94.1	85.5	84.1
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in table 26. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2017 annual averages [In constant 2017 dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$760	$543	$454	$587	$836	$804	$883	$871	$826	$625
1980	744	531	438	568	812	784	858	847	810	577
1981	738	519	418	553	800	769	847	831	803	577
1982	738	509	401	538	800	760	866	844	795	619
1983	735	495	385	523	805	754	869	862	812	613
1984	734	489	381	520	815	755	876	867	824	613
1985	749	488	379	523	826	760	885	871	830	647
1986	769	497	381	531	837	771	897	891	850	638
1987	774	503	385	536	834	772	901	888	839	642
1988	768	497	391	531	826	764	898	904	836	645
1989	764	496	391	529	818	755	904	904	826	640
1990	752	491	381	520	819	743	887	892	834	626
1991	750	488	375	512	822	731	877	893	826	671
1992	756	474	364	498	823	725	864	897	830	649
1993	769	472	358	497	822	730	866	908	824	658
1994	767	470	363	493	821	721	882	929	823	631
1995	768	468	370	490	817	723	881	933	824	623
1996	764	465	374	487	811	722	872	927	835	599
1997	768	467	385	490	824	734	884	927	852	600
1998	789	481	404	511	863	757	900	935	893	611
1999	810	503	414	535	873	764	901	962	891	596
2000	822	515	424	546	869	783	892	954	884	660
2001	828	521	424	547	875	800	912	962	886	678
2002	831	520	417	545	883	807	913	964	921	686
2003	829	517	416	537	885	794	918	967	947	690
2004	830	507	402	528	888	785	927	966	943	728
2005	819	499	400	517	875	767	919	941	933	716
2006	818	499	395	516	876	757	912	943	933	711
2007	823	502	399	533	874	762	911	936	951	717
2008	824	506	398	533	869	760	918	938	942	735
2009	847	506	394	532	887	777	936	960	963	784
2010	841	486	391	511	881	768	928	950	968	770
2011	825	480	384	499	870	757	914	945	962	810
2012	821	475	381	496	872	756	918	939	959	810
2013	818	478	393	497	871	746	921	930	953	844
2014	820	494	392	509	869	752	913	932	944	854
2015	837	504	403	519	890	761	932	955	960	904
2016	850	512	414	524	904	767	954	975	972	885
2017	860	519	424	540	907	773	964	977	974	909
Women
1979	$574	$486	$416	$508	$615	$628	$618	$606	$596	$536
1980	571	474	412	497	605	619	608	594	582	497
1981	569	468	400	496	605	621	618	584	577	491
1982	584	469	386	491	623	631	631	616	599	516
1983	592	465	371	486	629	638	638	620	603	498
1984	597	457	365	480	637	642	658	628	608	493
1985	603	460	362	481	645	645	669	636	621	527
1986	623	469	364	495	660	655	683	660	634	548
1987	627	470	356	501	665	654	698	671	638	540
1988	629	469	367	501	669	653	707	677	633	559
1989	628	471	377	498	672	651	709	684	638	559
1990	631	464	361	491	673	650	712	688	635	547
1991	644	468	361	493	681	653	717	701	639	562
1992	653	459	352	481	687	656	718	716	646	564
1993	658	457	343	484	695	662	729	737	662	561
1994	655	453	346	476	691	652	736	739	654	552
1995	651	441	345	466	686	646	726	744	646	566
1996	652	443	348	465	693	647	722	750	655	521
1997	658	446	366	467	705	652	736	756	661	531
1998	688	460	376	481	732	680	751	778	718	528
1999	698	478	392	506	733	693	742	788	726	546
2000	703	491	404	522	736	703	743	805	725	559
2001	711	490	400	521	754	711	760	815	744	542
2002	723	501	403	526	776	724	780	822	784	587
2003	738	496	400	517	781	730	789	814	803	582
2004	745	488	381	508	779	730	791	813	800	622
2005	736	479	382	498	770	721	781	810	804	619
2006	732	482	372	504	765	711	787	804	802	622
2007	727	485	377	505	765	707	791	802	805	633
2008	728	479	368	508	765	711	779	807	812	643
2009	753	486	370	510	787	726	812	816	833	690
2010	753	475	378	494	793	730	823	822	829	677
2011	747	460	358	478	784	723	801	812	818	725
2012	739	445	353	459	778	712	799	798	819	713
2013	744	446	369	466	780	701	808	802	821	728
2014	745	467	370	485	779	704	809	808	808	767
2015	752	466	377	484	788	714	832	827	812	766
2016	765	496	396	511	801	720	857	854	829	765
2017	770	499	402	514	810	724	860	855	856	782
Men
1979	$921	$618	$489	$666	$991	$931	$1,060	$1,066	$984	$691
1980	889	591	460	636	963	892	1,043	1,043	980	651
1981	883	566	436	616	966	883	1,031	1,029	979	691
1982	890	550	416	597	961	875	1,032	1,024	976	733
1983	890	523	394	568	955	871	1,038	1,042	977	723
1984	883	520	392	563	950	860	1,061	1,059	989	739
1985	887	525	399	562	965	858	1,061	1,065	1,017	800
1986	897	527	398	565	991	861	1,069	1,084	1,036	767
1987	899	532	406	569	988	853	1,056	1,077	1,025	787
1988	896	523	409	557	972	840	1,032	1,096	1,016	788
1989	897	519	400	556	958	831	1,038	1,090	998	753
1990	878	515	398	544	934	819	1,022	1,078	996	735
1991	868	502	386	528	921	806	1,014	1,077	991	822
1992	861	488	375	510	921	801	998	1,089	995	723
1993	854	482	370	508	930	797	998	1,094	982	755
1994	857	483	374	504	946	787	1,013	1,102	990	724
1995	862	486	391	505	942	785	1,000	1,098	998	707
1996	869	479	392	501	934	778	986	1,089	1,003	744
1997	884	484	400	516	939	786	994	1,089	1,021	690
1998	902	504	424	538	964	821	1,021	1,104	1,054	727
1999	912	525	429	559	985	851	1,035	1,125	1,069	693
2000	914	535	437	563	989	853	1,039	1,100	1,049	745
2001	931	543	443	567	1,000	857	1,047	1,110	1,056	785
2002	928	534	426	560	1,000	857	1,037	1,102	1,096	796
2003	929	532	429	551	995	840	1,036	1,115	1,106	818
2004	927	520	414	542	991	831	1,046	1,114	1,096	834
2005	908	514	415	531	970	810	1,034	1,073	1,075	810
2006	906	510	424	530	972	806	1,020	1,094	1,100	802
2007	908	525	423	559	975	814	1,034	1,077	1,105	813
2008	911	526	421	549	978	804	1,045	1,078	1,076	860
2009	938	525	408	549	1,000	819	1,049	1,108	1,105	906
2010	928	499	400	527	984	804	1,030	1,074	1,102	894
2011	908	497	404	513	967	783	1,021	1,069	1,088	896
2012	913	501	399	516	973	789	1,024	1,063	1,075	920
2013	906	505	411	518	961	784	1,007	1,047	1,065	987
2014	903	511	406	525	955	782	999	1,048	1,058	976
2015	927	528	421	540	980	797	1,018	1,077	1,101	1,038
2016	935	523	428	534	990	811	1,029	1,098	1,126	1,013
2017	941	547	459	570	996	821	1,062	1,103	1,098	1,016
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2017 annual averages [In constant 2017 dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$760	$782	$628	-	$612
1980	744	764	602	-	594
1981	738	756	610	-	579
1982	738	758	599	-	587
1983	735	751	613	-	587
1984	734	757	606	-	583
1985	749	776	603	-	588
1986	769	794	623	-	593
1987	774	795	623	-	590
1988	768	788	627	-	579
1989	764	784	611	-	571
1990	752	774	600	-	555
1991	750	778	613	-	549
1992	756	787	613	-	552
1993	769	796	618	-	554
1994	767	795	609	-	532
1995	768	792	614	-	527
1996	764	789	604	-	529
1997	768	792	611	-	536
1998	789	822	643	-	558
1999	810	845	656	-	568
2000	822	842	676	$877	569
2001	828	847	682	888	579
2002	831	851	680	899	579
2003	829	850	687	926	588
2004	830	854	683	921	593
2005	819	845	654	947	592
2006	818	841	676	956	593
2007	823	848	674	983	596
2008	824	847	672	983	604
2009	847	867	688	1,008	620
2010	841	861	688	963	602
2011	825	846	671	945	599
2012	821	847	664	984	607
2013	818	845	663	993	609
2014	820	846	662	988	616
2015	837	864	664	1,028	625
2016	850	880	693	1,043	637
2017	860	890	682	1,043	655

Women
1979	$574	$580	$533	-	$495
1980	571	577	526	-	489
1981	569	574	535	-	494
1982	584	592	531	-	496
1983	592	596	545	-	505
1984	597	604	543	-	502
1985	603	612	549	-	501
1986	623	630	565	-	516
1987	627	636	571	-	520
1988	629	635	575	-	519
1989	628	640	577	-	515
1990	631	644	562	-	507
1991	644	657	569	-	514
1992	653	665	576	-	519
1993	658	672	583	-	524
1994	655	670	568	-	501
1995	651	665	569	-	489
1996	652	668	565	-	493
1997	658	678	573	-	485
1998	688	706	603	-	508
1999	698	712	603	-	513
2000	703	716	612	$780	522
2001	711	725	631	782	539
2002	723	747	646	773	542
2003	738	758	656	799	548
2004	745	759	657	797	545
2005	736	750	628	836	540
2006	732	743	633	852	537
2007	727	742	632	866	560
2008	728	747	632	860	572
2009	753	766	667	892	583
2010	753	770	667	870	572
2011	747	767	650	820	566
2012	739	759	641	824	557
2013	744	761	639	863	570
2014	745	761	633	872	568
2015	752	769	637	908	586
2016	765	782	655	921	599
2017	770	795	657	903	603

Men
1979	$921	$940	$716	-	$691
1980	889	909	693	-	665
1981	883	909	696	-	652
1982	890	917	680	-	658
1983	890	908	690	-	643
1984	883	903	682	-	646
1985	887	911	664	-	645
1986	897	927	683	-	640
1987	899	932	677	-	634
1988	896	928	695	-	615
1989	897	923	667	-	603
1990	878	901	659	-	580
1991	868	891	660	-	569
1992	861	883	653	-	582
1993	854	878	657	-	580
1994	857	898	657	-	563
1995	862	907	659	-	561
1996	869	905	643	-	555
1997	884	908	660	-	566
1998	902	928	706	-	588
1999	912	941	720	-	599
2000	914	944	728	$977	595
2001	931	957	735	1,017	611
2002	928	959	716	1,033	616
2003	929	956	742	1,032	620
2004	927	952	740	1,043	624
2005	908	935	703	1,038	615
2006	906	928	721	1,076	616
2007	908	934	711	1,109	616
2008	911	942	708	1,103	638
2009	938	968	711	1,090	652
2010	928	957	713	1,054	631
2011	908	934	713	1,059	623
2012	913	940	711	1,128	633
2013	906	932	700	1,116	626
2014	903	930	705	1,119	638
2015	927	952	704	1,169	653
2016	935	962	733	1,176	677
2017	941	971	710	1,207	690
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–2017 annual averages [In constant 2017 dollars]
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Total
1979	$836	$662	$785	$890	$1,085
1980	812	631	756	864	1,068
1981	800	623	743	842	1,057
1982	800	606	738	858	1,071
1983	805	601	730	852	1,082
1984	815	592	727	860	1,095
1985	826	588	725	869	1,102
1986	837	595	737	876	1,124
1987	834	588	737	872	1,168
1988	826	575	735	858	1,168
1989	818	569	718	866	1,167
1990	819	553	704	869	1,164
1991	822	540	699	861	1,173
1992	823	534	692	832	1,196
1993	822	526	695	827	1,198
1994	821	504	691	819	1,204
1995	817	495	692	814	1,197
1996	811	495	691	808	1,183
1997	824	490	704	817	1,189
1998	863	508	722	842	1,238
1999	873	510	723	855	1,268
2000	869	516	720	850	1,271
2001	875	531	722	857	1,279
2002	883	530	731	859	1,286
2003	885	529	741	854	1,289
2004	888	521	746	860	1,282
2005	875	514	733	843	1,274
2006	876	511	726	844	1,267
2007	874	507	716	834	1,270
2008	869	517	705	824	1,273
2009	887	520	717	832	1,302
2010	881	500	705	827	1,288
2011	870	492	697	807	1,255
2012	872	504	697	801	1,246
2013	871	497	686	788	1,258
2014	869	506	692	789	1,236
2015	890	510	702	789	1,273
2016	904	515	707	796	1,286
2017	907	520	712	798	1,279
Women
1979	$615	$479	$584	$666	$833
1980	605	466	571	656	824
1981	605	455	564	662	826
1982	623	450	577	670	846
1983	629	458	577	676	866
1984	637	450	583	687	878
1985	645	440	584	691	902
1986	660	445	593	707	934
1987	665	443	596	718	965
1988	669	441	595	719	968
1989	672	443	582	726	971
1990	673	438	575	721	976
1991	681	440	577	720	989
1992	687	440	579	699	1,021
1993	695	441	581	707	1,023
1994	691	422	576	695	1,041
1995	686	420	571	684	1,032
1996	693	418	569	690	1,025
1997	705	420	577	701	1,026
1998	732	427	597	718	1,066
1999	733	428	597	720	1,091
2000	736	434	599	720	1,078
2001	754	439	615	722	1,092
2002	776	444	626	742	1,105
2003	781	440	634	749	1,112
2004	779	434	635	750	1,118
2005	770	429	620	738	1,111
2006	765	437	610	734	1,104
2007	765	437	607	722	1,104
2008	765	432	594	717	1,090
2009	787	438	621	722	1,111
2010	793	437	611	718	1,110
2011	784	431	605	704	1,090
2012	778	413	600	705	1,071
2013	780	421	604	692	1,099
2014	779	424	599	685	1,087
2015	788	433	607	687	1,101
2016	801	432	612	703	1,125
2017	810	447	610	700	1,131
Men
1979	$991	$795	$972	$1,038	$1,249
1980	963	759	929	1,017	1,213
1981	966	743	925	1,010	1,234
1982	961	716	914	1,005	1,230
1983	955	707	911	991	1,216
1984	950	694	899	1,005	1,266
1985	965	684	887	1,028	1,285
1986	991	687	891	1,039	1,323
1987	988	671	876	1,029	1,352
1988	972	663	872	1,004	1,355
1989	958	663	862	990	1,351
1990	934	637	838	989	1,352
1991	921	614	827	991	1,345
1992	921	603	823	954	1,359
1993	930	596	816	958	1,350
1994	946	562	814	964	1,356
1995	942	556	812	955	1,354
1996	934	557	805	942	1,363
1997	939	557	817	948	1,368
1998	964	578	843	970	1,416
1999	985	583	855	981	1,441
2000	989	579	843	986	1,455
2001	1,000	582	846	1,004	1,482
2002	1,000	575	843	999	1,489
2003	995	574	840	989	1,512
2004	991	580	839	990	1,486
2005	970	572	820	964	1,468
2006	972	572	827	971	1,470
2007	975	570	816	960	1,473
2008	978	567	809	947	1,467
2009	1,000	573	820	956	1,520
2010	984	547	800	952	1,498
2011	967	533	786	917	1,454
2012	973	543	786	917	1,466
2013	961	527	771	904	1,470
2014	955	536	778	904	1,435
2015	980	538	786	914	1,470
2016	990	563	785	915	1,495
2017	996	584	797	917	1,481
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2017 annual averages [In constant 2017 dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$14.01	$11.01	$9.78	$12.68	$16.12	$16.40	$16.69	$16.28	$15.68	$10.19
1980	13.69	10.54	9.15	12.19	15.77	16.08	16.36	16.05	15.31	10.11
1981	13.38	10.31	9.30	11.97	15.56	15.82	16.10	15.61	15.09	10.18
1982	13.20	9.90	8.80	11.39	15.35	15.53	16.16	15.70	14.94	10.07
1983	13.12	9.58	8.47	11.01	15.38	15.26	16.22	15.80	15.05	10.33
1984	13.13	9.41	8.22	10.86	15.41	15.25	16.15	15.95	14.91	10.43
1985	13.14	9.28	8.00	10.76	15.36	15.08	16.32	16.06	15.05	10.33
1986	13.28	9.44	7.94	10.84	15.48	15.01	16.68	16.55	15.35	10.64
1987	13.40	9.50	7.89	10.79	15.45	14.89	16.44	16.27	15.36	10.52
1988	13.43	9.56	8.04	10.74	15.45	14.83	16.31	16.29	14.93	10.44
1989	13.39	9.48	8.08	10.82	15.21	14.64	16.40	16.13	14.98	10.38
1990	13.19	9.42	8.19	10.78	14.89	14.42	16.09	16.04	14.64	10.49
1991	13.20	9.26	8.26	10.56	14.93	14.15	16.14	16.04	14.42	10.46
1992	13.26	9.23	8.13	10.36	15.00	14.04	16.12	16.36	14.57	10.55
1993	13.18	9.23	8.04	10.30	14.99	13.85	16.10	16.52	14.91	10.70
1994	13.15	9.23	8.06	10.21	14.98	13.76	16.29	16.45	14.81	10.49
1995	13.09	9.29	8.08	10.29	15.00	13.96	16.06	16.23	14.74	10.66
1996	13.10	9.27	8.07	10.44	15.01	13.76	15.82	15.98	14.65	10.56
1997	13.36	9.39	8.41	10.55	15.07	13.80	15.82	16.18	14.85	10.52
1998	13.73	9.92	8.87	10.92	15.28	14.56	16.38	16.53	15.20	11.16
1999	14.06	10.13	8.97	11.42	15.44	14.72	16.25	16.71	15.31	11.36
2000	14.14	10.33	9.14	11.51	15.52	14.52	16.19	16.86	15.44	11.48
2001	14.15	10.68	9.39	11.64	15.83	14.82	16.62	16.90	15.79	11.85
2002	14.30	10.67	9.44	11.57	16.16	15.00	16.64	17.02	16.19	12.39
2003	14.51	10.56	9.26	11.58	16.11	15.04	16.66	17.34	16.30	12.29
2004	14.30	10.38	9.10	11.42	15.90	14.79	16.76	17.20	16.36	12.51
2005	14.08	10.15	8.87	11.21	15.70	14.79	16.49	16.96	16.29	12.49
2006	14.34	10.05	8.82	11.17	15.78	14.57	16.45	17.11	16.26	12.38
2007	14.16	10.25	8.97	11.45	15.59	14.28	16.50	17.05	16.24	12.29
2008	13.96	10.13	8.95	11.14	15.76	14.27	16.42	16.97	16.21	12.43
2009	14.25	10.19	9.07	11.19	15.93	14.43	16.71	17.01	16.84	13.16
2010	14.08	10.02	9.01	10.73	15.74	14.11	16.45	16.87	16.77	13.01
2011	13.88	9.79	8.80	10.49	15.41	13.88	16.19	16.38	16.45	13.31
2012	13.69	9.68	8.66	10.37	15.24	13.71	15.89	16.12	16.46	13.06
2013	13.62	9.65	8.63	10.36	15.28	13.57	15.79	15.99	16.46	13.14
2014	13.62	9.90	8.74	10.34	15.34	13.61	15.66	15.95	15.92	13.49
2015	13.91	10.20	9.16	10.50	15.43	14.08	15.69	16.40	16.47	13.54
2016	14.30	10.34	9.40	11.02	15.45	14.30	16.11	16.64	16.55	14.07
2017	14.63	10.68	9.79	11.35	15.65	14.83	16.10	16.72	16.82	14.32
Women
1979	$11.42	$10.06	$9.56	$11.10	$12.30	$12.74	$12.52	$12.11	$11.83	$9.84
1980	11.22	9.80	8.92	10.77	12.05	12.61	12.19	12.02	11.59	9.60
1981	11.12	9.64	9.14	10.62	12.18	12.70	12.39	11.92	11.51	9.64
1982	11.27	9.24	8.68	10.24	12.27	12.69	12.42	12.10	11.74	9.61
1983	11.27	8.97	8.33	10.00	12.28	12.77	12.46	12.18	11.90	9.77
1984	11.19	8.85	8.09	9.82	12.34	12.61	12.64	12.41	11.87	9.84
1985	11.18	8.74	7.86	9.93	12.48	12.61	12.88	12.55	11.90	9.65
1986	11.41	8.80	7.82	10.09	12.74	12.74	13.13	12.83	12.31	10.13
1987	11.59	8.74	7.68	10.12	12.75	12.71	13.15	13.00	12.48	10.04
1988	11.66	8.94	7.80	10.08	12.85	12.69	13.49	13.15	12.14	10.22
1989	11.70	8.98	7.85	10.02	12.99	12.80	13.60	13.22	12.22	9.85
1990	11.75	9.03	7.94	10.16	12.90	12.79	13.45	13.07	12.28	9.95
1991	11.88	8.94	8.17	10.05	12.92	12.66	13.61	13.40	12.24	10.14
1992	11.96	8.87	8.06	9.91	13.14	12.80	13.73	13.64	12.37	10.26
1993	11.93	8.83	7.92	9.98	13.18	12.75	13.67	13.70	12.66	10.35
1994	11.90	8.74	7.93	9.82	13.22	12.78	13.86	13.89	12.84	10.25
1995	11.96	8.80	7.92	9.76	13.09	12.69	13.83	13.97	12.71	10.34
1996	12.06	8.86	7.94	9.77	13.15	12.57	13.87	13.95	12.59	10.06
1997	12.12	9.08	8.27	10.00	13.36	12.52	13.95	14.14	12.69	10.43
1998	12.41	9.41	8.72	10.45	13.77	13.27	14.57	14.75	13.35	10.87
1999	12.74	9.73	8.82	10.65	14.06	13.42	14.50	14.68	13.76	11.06
2000	12.92	9.99	8.89	11.13	14.11	13.82	14.31	14.52	14.04	11.23
2001	13.39	10.07	9.18	11.11	14.17	13.81	14.50	15.07	14.43	11.31
2002	13.51	10.18	9.29	11.08	14.63	13.83	15.00	15.27	14.77	11.93
2003	13.48	10.15	9.16	10.95	14.72	14.05	14.93	15.76	14.77	11.82
2004	13.22	10.03	8.92	10.82	14.60	13.81	14.89	15.54	15.05	11.91
2005	12.97	9.81	8.70	10.69	14.57	13.66	14.89	15.26	14.92	12.35
2006	12.99	9.74	8.67	10.76	14.48	13.50	14.70	14.95	14.78	12.16
2007	13.01	9.66	8.78	10.66	14.28	13.28	14.64	15.23	14.49	12.03
2008	13.12	9.62	8.80	10.46	14.25	13.38	14.71	15.02	14.84	12.02
2009	13.47	9.83	8.96	10.53	14.62	13.70	14.89	14.99	15.57	12.73
2010	13.32	9.71	8.91	10.23	14.50	13.56	14.77	15.20	15.41	12.59
2011	13.08	9.53	8.69	10.00	14.30	13.23	14.67	15.02	15.32	12.84
2012	12.82	9.39	8.58	9.81	14.09	12.99	14.40	14.76	15.36	12.66
2013	12.77	9.41	8.52	9.91	14.08	12.89	14.51	14.69	15.31	12.88
2014	12.62	9.47	8.59	10.12	13.99	12.69	14.51	14.65	14.70	12.92
2015	13.00	9.88	9.06	10.30	14.41	13.34	14.63	15.32	15.29	13.11
2016	13.29	10.21	9.26	10.47	14.54	13.36	15.07	15.29	15.42	13.30
2017	13.56	10.28	9.59	11.00	14.83	14.00	14.92	15.16	15.21	13.88
Men
1979	$17.82	$12.30	$10.06	$14.64	$21.10	$20.13	$22.46	$22.40	$20.79	$11.23
1980	17.33	11.65	9.57	13.98	20.51	19.69	22.19	22.10	20.57	10.77
1981	17.06	11.19	9.45	13.27	20.21	19.04	21.56	22.05	20.47	10.94
1982	16.75	10.71	8.95	12.52	19.76	18.75	21.74	21.71	19.90	10.90
1983	16.24	10.28	8.62	11.85	19.51	18.17	21.64	21.50	20.52	11.15
1984	16.04	10.29	8.38	11.62	19.37	17.75	21.42	21.82	19.95	11.06
1985	15.97	10.20	8.17	11.39	19.28	17.43	21.35	21.72	19.69	10.87
1986	16.25	10.26	8.18	11.63	19.31	17.19	21.39	21.73	20.43	11.09
1987	16.09	10.17	8.18	11.76	18.96	17.10	20.91	21.20	20.12	11.01
1988	15.79	10.04	8.26	11.56	18.72	16.79	20.40	21.34	19.44	11.02
1989	15.52	9.90	8.41	11.53	18.60	16.40	20.29	20.84	19.16	11.30
1990	15.09	9.93	8.47	11.28	17.96	16.11	19.58	20.31	18.56	11.09
1991	15.12	9.82	8.35	10.97	17.57	15.74	19.33	20.62	17.75	10.95
1992	14.90	9.71	8.25	10.72	17.29	15.50	18.78	20.65	17.85	11.08
1993	14.84	9.63	8.16	10.60	17.05	15.24	18.69	20.35	18.36	11.24
1994	14.78	9.66	8.18	10.77	16.90	14.94	18.88	19.87	18.16	10.90
1995	14.79	9.68	8.24	10.93	17.20	15.16	19.05	19.74	17.80	10.98
1996	14.85	9.63	8.19	10.90	16.82	15.13	18.58	19.34	17.39	10.98
1997	15.01	9.85	8.56	10.96	16.95	15.15	18.43	19.54	18.00	10.63
1998	15.17	10.42	9.02	11.73	17.68	15.41	18.82	19.67	18.43	11.67
1999	15.21	10.50	9.12	11.84	17.70	15.99	18.85	20.18	18.01	11.59
2000	15.42	10.88	9.47	11.97	17.46	15.65	18.74	19.83	18.27	11.85
2001	15.72	11.12	9.58	12.39	17.89	16.08	19.33	19.79	17.99	12.50
2002	15.90	11.00	9.59	12.13	17.83	16.24	19.07	19.67	18.28	13.36
2003	15.90	10.88	9.39	12.03	17.71	16.06	18.89	19.96	18.84	13.09
2004	15.63	10.68	9.30	11.79	17.87	15.64	18.99	19.65	18.91	12.87
2005	15.30	10.59	9.07	11.57	17.50	15.31	18.72	19.03	18.60	12.63
2006	15.46	10.72	9.06	11.89	17.40	15.40	18.37	19.56	18.34	13.07
2007	15.34	10.82	9.21	11.80	17.48	15.20	17.97	19.14	18.31	13.05
2008	15.37	10.55	9.11	11.42	17.16	15.38	18.29	19.20	18.15	13.13
2009	15.76	10.56	9.22	11.44	17.26	15.12	18.44	19.46	18.43	13.75
2010	15.50	10.37	9.11	11.15	16.94	14.75	17.83	19.02	18.52	13.42
2011	15.07	10.08	8.91	10.81	16.50	14.39	17.50	18.43	18.64	14.03
2012	14.84	10.10	8.76	10.66	16.22	14.20	17.17	18.17	18.48	13.94
2013	14.75	10.19	8.82	10.54	16.09	14.14	17.08	18.09	18.21	13.57
2014	14.91	10.25	8.94	10.52	16.33	14.59	17.15	18.04	18.09	14.49
2015	15.19	10.38	9.29	11.01	16.42	14.67	17.06	18.17	18.62	14.65
2016	15.28	10.46	9.68	11.39	16.60	15.15	17.57	18.42	18.44	15.10
2017	15.20	10.99	9.88	11.88	17.00	15.15	17.89	18.74	18.60	14.93
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2017 annual averages [In constant 2017 dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$14.01	$14.23	$12.97	-	$12.87
1980	13.69	13.86	12.61	-	12.61
1981	13.38	13.45	12.73	-	12.49
1982	13.20	13.37	12.37	-	12.25
1983	13.12	13.29	12.09	-	11.95
1984	13.13	13.29	12.07	-	11.87
1985	13.14	13.29	11.98	-	11.92
1986	13.28	13.45	12.42	-	12.10
1987	13.40	13.58	12.40	-	12.05
1988	13.43	13.59	12.28	-	11.88
1989	13.39	13.56	12.32	-	11.63
1990	13.19	13.38	12.43	-	11.46
1991	13.20	13.40	12.32	-	11.37
1992	13.26	13.44	12.13	-	11.43
1993	13.18	13.35	12.03	-	11.44
1994	13.15	13.32	11.97	-	11.38
1995	13.09	13.33	12.28	-	11.22
1996	13.10	13.37	12.11	-	11.19
1997	13.36	13.56	12.23	-	11.28
1998	13.73	13.91	12.65	-	11.95
1999	14.06	14.37	13.05	-	11.90
2000	14.14	14.21	13.32	$14.37	12.18
2001	14.15	14.25	13.58	14.93	12.58
2002	14.30	14.63	13.57	14.15	12.60
2003	14.51	14.67	13.57	14.87	13.05
2004	14.30	14.47	13.25	14.43	12.76
2005	14.08	14.44	12.79	15.11	12.52
2006	14.34	14.46	13.00	15.28	12.34
2007	14.16	14.31	12.90	14.48	12.13
2008	13.96	14.32	12.79	14.85	12.52
2009	14.25	14.50	13.33	15.07	12.65
2010	14.08	14.35	13.25	14.89	12.25
2011	13.88	14.09	12.87	14.57	12.06
2012	13.69	13.95	12.66	14.15	11.89
2013	13.62	13.86	12.54	14.35	11.85
2014	13.62	14.06	12.31	14.51	12.26
2015	13.91	14.36	12.48	14.69	12.46
2016	14.30	14.55	12.76	15.11	12.96
2017	14.63	14.89	12.90	15.06	13.16

Women
1979	$11.42	$11.42	$11.20	-	$10.85
1980	11.22	11.25	11.02	-	10.74
1981	11.12	11.12	10.88	-	10.65
1982	11.27	11.27	10.98	-	10.59
1983	11.27	11.29	11.08	-	10.38
1984	11.19	11.22	10.97	-	10.47
1985	11.18	11.20	10.98	-	10.50
1986	11.41	11.46	11.07	-	10.71
1987	11.59	11.64	11.18	-	10.58
1988	11.66	11.70	11.20	-	10.54
1989	11.70	11.74	11.26	-	10.59
1990	11.75	11.79	11.37	-	10.58
1991	11.88	11.90	11.53	-	10.53
1992	11.96	12.01	11.41	-	10.60
1993	11.93	11.99	11.51	-	10.57
1994	11.90	12.05	11.38	-	10.51
1995	11.96	12.08	11.41	-	10.58
1996	12.06	12.15	11.23	-	10.56
1997	12.12	12.21	11.59	-	10.41
1998	12.41	12.56	11.92	-	10.89
1999	12.74	12.88	11.99	-	11.00
2000	12.92	12.97	12.64	$13.94	11.26
2001	13.39	13.51	12.71	13.99	11.50
2002	13.51	13.58	12.91	13.80	11.67
2003	13.48	13.52	13.25	14.28	11.87
2004	13.22	13.28	12.91	13.75	11.76
2005	12.97	13.21	12.49	14.64	11.55
2006	12.99	13.13	12.33	14.57	11.59
2007	13.01	13.10	12.38	14.02	11.61
2008	13.12	13.36	12.31	13.98	11.50
2009	13.47	13.55	12.61	14.51	11.56
2010	13.32	13.38	12.61	13.98	11.39
2011	13.08	13.16	12.31	13.97	11.19
2012	12.82	12.92	12.01	13.64	10.92
2013	12.77	12.87	12.16	13.74	11.05
2014	12.62	12.83	11.99	13.71	11.11
2015	13.00	13.27	12.11	14.29	11.47
2016	13.29	13.48	12.35	14.37	12.04
2017	13.56	13.87	12.55	14.23	12.09

Men
1979	$17.82	$18.26	$15.43	-	$15.11
1980	17.33	17.70	14.72	-	14.29
1981	17.06	17.43	15.09	-	13.95
1982	16.75	17.07	14.60	-	14.01
1983	16.24	16.60	13.99	-	13.64
1984	16.04	16.35	13.87	-	13.60
1985	15.97	16.51	13.40	-	13.22
1986	16.25	16.66	14.07	-	13.25
1987	16.09	16.42	13.95	-	13.19
1988	15.79	16.09	13.85	-	12.99
1989	15.52	15.86	13.54	-	12.76
1990	15.09	15.60	13.45	-	12.30
1991	15.12	15.53	13.33	-	12.11
1992	14.90	15.27	13.09	-	12.01
1993	14.84	15.19	12.85	-	11.93
1994	14.78	15.12	13.00	-	11.77
1995	14.79	15.42	13.08	-	11.63
1996	14.85	15.27	12.76	-	11.89
1997	15.01	15.21	13.24	-	12.06
1998	15.17	15.35	13.71	-	12.43
1999	15.21	15.65	14.41	-	12.70
2000	15.42	15.62	14.24	$15.39	12.90
2001	15.72	16.12	14.14	16.44	13.43
2002	15.90	16.20	13.99	15.05	13.55
2003	15.90	16.08	14.45	15.90	13.41
2004	15.63	15.81	14.15	15.47	13.03
2005	15.30	15.69	13.71	16.04	12.82
2006	15.46	15.71	13.93	16.07	13.22
2007	15.34	15.66	13.71	15.66	13.12
2008	15.37	15.81	13.69	16.02	13.50
2009	15.76	15.98	14.05	16.05	13.65
2010	15.50	15.73	13.69	15.89	13.21
2011	15.07	15.31	13.17	15.56	12.89
2012	14.84	15.16	13.05	15.13	12.79
2013	14.75	15.01	12.81	15.01	12.63
2014	14.91	15.40	12.65	15.19	12.83
2015	15.19	15.46	13.11	15.39	13.37
2016	15.28	15.45	13.34	15.36	14.13
2017	15.20	15.79	13.34	16.65	14.37
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979–2017 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$241	$172	$144	$186	$265	$255	$280	$276	$262	$198
1980	262	187	154	200	286	276	302	298	285	203
1981	284	200	161	213	308	296	326	320	309	222
1982	302	208	164	220	327	311	354	345	325	253
1983	313	211	164	223	343	321	370	367	346	261
1984	326	217	169	231	362	335	389	385	366	272
1985	344	224	174	240	379	349	406	400	381	297
1986	359	232	178	248	391	360	419	416	397	298
1987	374	243	186	259	403	373	435	429	405	310
1988	385	249	196	266	414	383	450	453	419	323
1989	399	259	204	276	427	394	472	472	431	334
1990	412	269	209	285	449	407	486	489	457	343
1991	426	277	213	291	467	415	498	507	469	381
1992	440	276	212	290	479	422	503	522	483	378
1993	459	282	214	297	491	436	517	542	492	393
1994	467	286	221	300	500	439	537	566	501	384
1995	479	292	231	306	510	451	550	582	514	389
1996	490	298	240	312	520	463	559	594	535	384
1997	503	306	252	321	540	481	579	607	558	393
1998	523	319	268	339	572	502	597	620	592	405
1999	549	341	281	363	592	518	611	652	604	404
2000	576	361	297	383	609	549	625	669	620	463
2001	596	375	305	394	630	576	657	693	638	488
2002	608	381	305	399	646	591	668	706	674	502
2003	620	387	311	402	662	594	687	723	708	516
2004	638	390	309	406	683	604	713	743	725	560
2005	651	397	318	411	696	610	731	748	742	569
2006	671	409	324	423	718	621	748	773	765	583
2007	695	424	337	450	738	643	769	790	803	605
2008	722	443	349	467	761	666	804	822	825	644
2009	739	442	344	464	774	678	817	838	841	684
2010	747	432	347	454	782	682	824	844	860	684
2011	756	440	352	457	797	693	837	866	881	742
2012	768	444	356	464	815	707	858	878	897	757
2013	776	454	373	472	827	708	874	883	904	801
2014	791	477	378	491	839	726	881	899	911	824
2015	809	487	389	501	860	735	900	923	927	873
2016	832	501	405	513	885	751	934	955	952	866
2017	860	519	424	540	907	773	964	977	974	909

Women
1979	$182	$154	$132	$161	$195	$199	$196	$192	$189	$170
1980	201	167	145	175	213	218	214	209	205	175
1981	219	180	154	191	233	239	238	225	222	189
1982	239	192	158	201	255	258	258	252	245	211
1983	252	198	158	207	268	272	272	264	257	212
1984	265	203	162	213	283	285	292	279	270	219
1985	277	211	166	221	296	296	307	292	285	242
1986	291	219	170	231	308	306	319	308	296	256
1987	303	227	172	242	321	316	337	324	308	261
1988	315	235	184	251	335	327	354	339	317	280
1989	328	246	197	260	351	340	370	357	333	292
1990	346	254	198	269	369	356	390	377	348	300
1991	366	266	205	280	387	371	407	398	363	319
1992	380	267	205	280	400	382	418	417	376	328
1993	393	273	205	289	415	395	435	440	395	335
1994	399	276	211	290	421	397	448	450	398	336
1995	406	275	215	291	428	403	453	464	403	353
1996	418	284	223	298	444	415	463	481	420	334
1997	431	292	240	306	462	427	482	495	433	348
1998	456	305	249	319	485	451	498	516	476	350
1999	473	324	266	343	497	470	503	534	492	370
2000	493	344	283	366	516	493	521	564	508	392
2001	512	353	288	375	543	512	547	587	536	390
2002	529	367	295	385	568	530	571	602	574	430
2003	552	371	299	387	584	546	590	609	601	435
2004	573	375	293	391	599	561	608	625	615	478
2005	585	381	304	396	612	573	621	644	639	492
2006	600	395	305	413	627	583	645	659	658	510
2007	614	409	318	426	646	597	668	677	679	534
2008	638	420	322	445	670	623	682	707	711	563
2009	657	424	323	445	687	634	709	712	727	602
2010	669	422	336	439	704	648	731	730	736	601
2011	684	421	328	438	718	662	734	744	749	664
2012	691	416	330	429	727	666	747	746	766	667
2013	706	423	350	442	740	665	767	761	779	691
2014	719	451	357	468	752	679	781	780	780	740
2015	726	450	364	468	761	690	804	799	784	740
2016	749	486	388	500	784	705	839	836	812	749
2017	770	499	402	514	810	724	860	855	856	782

Men
1979	$292	$196	$155	$211	$314	$295	$336	$338	$312	$219
1980	313	208	162	224	339	314	367	367	345	229
1981	340	218	168	237	372	340	397	396	377	266
1982	364	225	170	244	393	358	422	419	399	300
1983	379	223	168	242	407	371	442	444	416	308
1984	392	231	174	250	422	382	471	470	439	328
1985	407	241	183	258	443	394	487	489	467	367
1986	419	246	186	264	463	402	499	506	484	358
1987	434	257	196	275	477	412	510	520	495	380
1988	449	262	205	279	487	421	517	549	509	395
1989	468	271	209	290	500	434	542	569	521	393
1990	481	282	218	298	512	449	560	591	546	403
1991	493	285	219	300	523	458	576	612	563	467
1992	501	284	218	297	536	466	581	634	579	421
1993	510	288	221	303	555	476	596	653	586	451
1994	522	294	228	307	576	479	617	671	603	441
1995	538	303	244	315	588	490	624	685	623	441
1996	557	307	251	321	599	499	632	698	643	477
1997	579	317	262	338	615	515	651	713	669	452
1998	598	334	281	357	639	544	677	732	699	482
1999	618	356	291	379	668	577	702	763	725	470
2000	641	375	306	395	693	598	728	771	735	522
2001	670	391	319	408	720	617	754	799	760	565
2002	679	391	312	410	732	627	759	807	802	583
2003	695	398	321	412	744	628	775	834	827	612
2004	713	400	318	417	762	639	804	857	843	641
2005	722	409	330	422	771	644	822	853	855	644
2006	743	418	348	435	797	661	836	897	902	658
2007	766	443	357	472	823	687	873	909	933	686
2008	798	461	369	481	857	704	915	944	943	753
2009	819	458	356	479	873	715	916	967	965	791
2010	824	443	355	468	874	714	915	954	979	794
2011	832	455	370	470	886	717	935	979	997	821
2012	854	468	373	482	910	738	957	994	1,005	860
2013	860	479	390	492	912	744	956	994	1,011	937
2014	871	493	392	507	922	755	964	1,011	1,021	942
2015	895	510	407	522	947	770	983	1,040	1,064	1,003
2016	915	512	419	523	969	794	1,007	1,075	1,102	992
2017	941	547	459	570	996	821	1,062	1,103	1,098	1,016
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2017 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$241	$248	$199	-	$194
1980	262	269	212	-	209
1981	284	291	235	-	223
1982	302	310	245	-	240
1983	313	320	261	-	250
1984	326	336	269	-	259
1985	344	356	277	-	270
1986	359	371	291	-	277
1987	374	384	301	-	285
1988	385	395	314	-	290
1989	399	409	319	-	298
1990	412	424	329	-	304
1991	426	442	348	-	312
1992	440	458	357	-	321
1993	459	475	369	-	331
1994	467	484	371	-	324
1995	479	494	383	-	329
1996	490	506	387	-	339
1997	503	519	400	-	351
1998	523	545	426	-	370
1999	549	573	445	-	385
2000	576	590	474	$615	399
2001	596	610	491	639	417
2002	608	623	498	658	424
2003	620	636	514	693	440
2004	638	657	525	708	456
2005	651	672	520	753	471
2006	671	690	554	784	486
2007	695	716	569	830	503
2008	722	742	589	861	529
2009	739	757	601	880	541
2010	747	765	611	855	535
2011	756	775	615	866	549
2012	768	792	621	920	568
2013	776	802	629	942	578
2014	791	816	639	953	594
2015	809	835	641	993	604
2016	832	862	678	1,021	624
2017	860	890	682	1,043	655

Women
1979	$182	$184	$169	-	$157
1980	201	203	185	-	172
1981	219	221	206	-	190
1982	239	242	217	-	203
1983	252	254	232	-	215
1984	265	268	241	-	223
1985	277	281	252	-	230
1986	291	294	264	-	241
1987	303	307	276	-	251
1988	315	318	288	-	260
1989	328	334	301	-	269
1990	346	353	308	-	278
1991	366	373	323	-	292
1992	380	387	335	-	302
1993	393	401	348	-	313
1994	399	408	346	-	305
1995	406	415	355	-	305
1996	418	428	362	-	316
1997	431	444	375	-	318
1998	456	468	400	-	337
1999	473	483	409	-	348
2000	493	502	429	$547	366
2001	512	522	454	563	388
2002	529	547	473	566	397
2003	552	567	491	598	410
2004	573	584	505	613	419
2005	585	596	499	665	429
2006	600	609	519	699	440
2007	614	626	533	731	473
2008	638	654	554	753	501
2009	657	669	582	779	509
2010	669	684	592	773	508
2011	684	703	595	751	518
2012	691	710	599	770	521
2013	706	722	606	819	541
2014	719	734	611	841	548
2015	726	743	615	877	566
2016	749	766	641	902	586
2017	770	795	657	903	603

Men
1979	$292	$298	$227	-	$219
1980	313	320	244	-	234
1981	340	350	268	-	251
1982	364	375	278	-	269
1983	379	387	294	-	274
1984	392	401	303	-	287
1985	407	418	305	-	296
1986	419	433	319	-	299
1987	434	450	327	-	306
1988	449	465	348	-	308
1989	468	482	348	-	315
1990	481	494	361	-	318
1991	493	506	375	-	323
1992	501	514	380	-	339
1993	510	524	392	-	346
1994	522	547	400	-	343
1995	538	566	411	-	350
1996	557	580	412	-	356
1997	579	595	432	-	371
1998	598	615	468	-	390
1999	618	638	488	-	406
2000	641	662	510	$685	417
2001	670	689	529	732	440
2002	679	702	524	756	451
2003	695	715	555	772	464
2004	713	732	569	802	480
2005	722	743	559	825	489
2006	743	761	591	882	505
2007	766	788	600	936	520
2008	798	825	620	966	559
2009	819	845	621	952	569
2010	824	850	633	936	560
2011	832	856	653	970	571
2012	854	879	665	1,055	592
2013	860	884	664	1,059	594
2014	871	897	680	1,080	616
2015	895	920	680	1,129	631
2016	915	942	718	1,151	663
2017	941	971	710	1,207	690
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979–2017 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Total
1979	$265	$210	$249	$282	$344
1980	286	222	266	304	376
1981	308	240	286	324	407
1982	327	248	302	351	438
1983	343	256	311	363	461
1984	362	263	323	382	486
1985	379	270	333	399	506
1986	391	278	344	409	525
1987	403	284	356	421	564
1988	414	288	368	430	585
1989	427	297	375	452	609
1990	449	303	386	476	638
1991	467	307	397	489	666
1992	479	311	403	484	696
1993	491	314	415	494	715
1994	500	307	421	499	733
1995	510	309	432	508	747
1996	520	317	443	518	758
1997	540	321	461	535	779
1998	572	337	479	558	821
1999	592	346	490	580	860
2000	609	362	505	596	891
2001	630	382	520	617	921
2002	646	388	535	629	941
2003	662	396	554	639	964
2004	683	401	574	661	986
2005	696	409	583	670	1,013
2006	718	419	595	692	1,039
2007	738	428	604	704	1,072
2008	761	453	618	722	1,115
2009	774	454	626	726	1,137
2010	782	444	626	734	1,144
2011	797	451	638	739	1,150
2012	815	471	652	749	1,165
2013	827	472	651	748	1,194
2014	839	488	668	761	1,193
2015	860	493	678	762	1,230
2016	885	504	692	779	1,259
2017	907	520	712	798	1,279

Women
1979	$195	$152	$185	$211	$264
1980	213	164	201	231	290
1981	233	175	217	255	318
1982	255	184	236	274	346
1983	268	195	246	288	369
1984	283	200	259	305	390
1985	296	202	268	317	414
1986	308	208	277	330	436
1987	321	214	288	347	466
1988	335	221	298	360	485
1989	351	231	304	379	507
1990	369	240	315	395	535
1991	387	250	328	409	562
1992	400	256	337	407	594
1993	415	263	347	422	611
1994	421	257	351	423	634
1995	428	262	356	427	644
1996	444	268	365	442	657
1997	462	275	378	459	672
1998	485	283	396	476	707
1999	497	290	405	488	740
2000	516	304	420	505	756
2001	543	316	443	520	786
2002	568	325	458	543	809
2003	584	329	474	560	832
2004	599	334	488	577	860
2005	612	341	493	587	883
2006	627	358	500	602	905
2007	646	369	512	609	932
2008	670	378	520	628	955
2009	687	382	542	630	970
2010	704	388	543	638	986
2011	718	395	554	645	998
2012	727	386	561	659	1,001
2013	740	400	573	657	1,043
2014	752	409	578	661	1,049
2015	761	418	586	664	1,064
2016	784	423	599	688	1,101
2017	810	447	610	700	1,131

Men
1979	$314	$252	$308	$329	$396
1980	339	267	327	358	427
1981	372	286	356	389	475
1982	393	293	374	411	503
1983	407	301	388	422	518
1984	422	308	399	446	562
1985	443	314	407	472	590
1986	463	321	416	485	618
1987	477	324	423	497	653
1988	487	332	437	503	679
1989	500	346	450	517	705
1990	512	349	459	542	741
1991	523	349	470	563	764
1992	536	351	479	555	791
1993	555	356	487	572	806
1994	576	342	496	587	826
1995	588	347	507	596	845
1996	599	357	516	604	874
1997	615	365	535	621	896
1998	639	383	559	643	939
1999	668	395	580	665	977
2000	693	406	591	691	1,020
2001	720	419	609	723	1,067
2002	732	421	617	731	1,090
2003	744	429	628	740	1,131
2004	762	446	645	761	1,143
2005	771	455	652	766	1,167
2006	797	469	678	796	1,205
2007	823	481	689	810	1,243
2008	857	497	709	830	1,285
2009	873	500	716	835	1,327
2010	874	486	710	845	1,330
2011	886	488	720	840	1,332
2012	910	508	735	857	1,371
2013	912	500	732	858	1,395
2014	922	517	751	872	1,385
2015	947	520	759	883	1,420
2016	969	551	769	896	1,464
2017	996	584	797	917	1,481
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979–2017 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$4.44	$3.49	$3.10	$4.02	$5.11	$5.20	$5.29	$5.16	$4.97	$3.23
1980	4.82	3.71	3.22	4.29	5.55	5.66	5.76	5.65	5.39	3.56
1981	5.15	3.97	3.58	4.61	5.99	6.09	6.20	6.01	5.81	3.92
1982	5.40	4.05	3.60	4.66	6.28	6.35	6.61	6.42	6.11	4.12
1983	5.59	4.08	3.61	4.69	6.55	6.50	6.91	6.73	6.41	4.40
1984	5.83	4.18	3.65	4.82	6.84	6.77	7.17	7.08	6.62	4.63
1985	6.03	4.26	3.67	4.94	7.05	6.92	7.49	7.37	6.91	4.74
1986	6.20	4.41	3.71	5.06	7.23	7.01	7.79	7.73	7.17	4.97
1987	6.47	4.59	3.81	5.21	7.46	7.19	7.94	7.86	7.42	5.08
1988	6.73	4.79	4.03	5.38	7.74	7.43	8.17	8.16	7.48	5.23
1989	6.99	4.95	4.22	5.65	7.94	7.64	8.56	8.42	7.82	5.42
1990	7.23	5.16	4.49	5.91	8.16	7.90	8.82	8.79	8.02	5.75
1991	7.50	5.26	4.69	6.00	8.48	8.04	9.17	9.11	8.19	5.94
1992	7.72	5.37	4.73	6.03	8.73	8.17	9.38	9.52	8.48	6.14
1993	7.87	5.51	4.80	6.15	8.95	8.27	9.61	9.86	8.90	6.39
1994	8.01	5.62	4.91	6.22	9.12	8.38	9.92	10.02	9.02	6.39
1995	8.17	5.80	5.04	6.42	9.36	8.71	10.02	10.13	9.20	6.65
1996	8.40	5.94	5.17	6.69	9.62	8.82	10.14	10.24	9.39	6.77
1997	8.75	6.15	5.51	6.91	9.87	9.04	10.36	10.60	9.73	6.89
1998	9.10	6.58	5.88	7.24	10.13	9.65	10.86	10.96	10.08	7.40
1999	9.53	6.87	6.08	7.74	10.47	9.98	11.02	11.33	10.38	7.70
2000	9.91	7.24	6.41	8.07	10.88	10.18	11.35	11.82	10.82	8.05
2001	10.19	7.69	6.76	8.38	11.40	10.67	11.97	12.17	11.37	8.53
2002	10.47	7.81	6.91	8.47	11.83	10.98	12.18	12.46	11.85	9.07
2003	10.85	7.90	6.93	8.66	12.05	11.25	12.46	12.97	12.19	9.19
2004	11.00	7.98	7.00	8.78	12.23	11.37	12.89	13.23	12.58	9.62
2005	11.19	8.07	7.05	8.91	12.48	11.76	13.11	13.48	12.95	9.93
2006	11.76	8.24	7.23	9.16	12.94	11.95	13.49	14.03	13.33	10.15
2007	11.95	8.65	7.57	9.66	13.16	12.05	13.93	14.39	13.71	10.37
2008	12.23	8.87	7.84	9.76	13.81	12.50	14.38	14.87	14.20	10.89
2009	12.44	8.90	7.92	9.77	13.91	12.60	14.59	14.85	14.70	11.49
2010	12.50	8.90	8.00	9.53	13.98	12.53	14.61	14.98	14.89	11.55
2011	12.71	8.97	8.06	9.61	14.12	12.71	14.83	15.00	15.07	12.19
2012	12.80	9.05	8.10	9.70	14.25	12.82	14.86	15.07	15.39	12.21
2013	12.93	9.16	8.19	9.83	14.50	12.88	14.98	15.17	15.62	12.47
2014	13.14	9.55	8.43	9.98	14.80	13.13	15.11	15.39	15.36	13.02
2015	13.44	9.85	8.85	10.14	14.91	13.60	15.16	15.84	15.91	13.08
2016	14.00	10.12	9.20	10.79	15.13	14.00	15.77	16.29	16.20	13.77
2017	14.63	10.68	9.79	11.35	15.65	14.83	16.10	16.72	16.82	14.32
Women
1979	$3.62	$3.19	$3.03	$3.52	$3.90	$4.04	$3.97	$3.84	$3.75	$3.12
1980	3.95	3.45	3.14	3.79	4.24	4.44	4.29	4.23	4.08	3.38
1981	4.28	3.71	3.52	4.09	4.69	4.89	4.77	4.59	4.43	3.71
1982	4.61	3.78	3.55	4.19	5.02	5.19	5.08	4.95	4.80	3.93
1983	4.80	3.82	3.55	4.26	5.23	5.44	5.31	5.19	5.07	4.16
1984	4.97	3.93	3.59	4.36	5.48	5.60	5.61	5.51	5.27	4.37
1985	5.13	4.01	3.61	4.56	5.73	5.79	5.91	5.76	5.46	4.43
1986	5.33	4.11	3.65	4.71	5.95	5.95	6.13	5.99	5.75	4.73
1987	5.60	4.22	3.71	4.89	6.16	6.14	6.35	6.28	6.03	4.85
1988	5.84	4.48	3.91	5.05	6.44	6.36	6.76	6.59	6.08	5.12
1989	6.11	4.69	4.10	5.23	6.78	6.68	7.10	6.90	6.38	5.14
1990	6.44	4.95	4.35	5.57	7.07	7.01	7.37	7.16	6.73	5.45
1991	6.75	5.08	4.64	5.71	7.34	7.19	7.73	7.61	6.95	5.76
1992	6.96	5.16	4.69	5.77	7.65	7.45	7.99	7.94	7.20	5.97
1993	7.12	5.27	4.73	5.96	7.87	7.61	8.16	8.18	7.56	6.18
1994	7.25	5.32	4.83	5.98	8.05	7.78	8.44	8.46	7.82	6.24
1995	7.46	5.49	4.94	6.09	8.17	7.92	8.63	8.72	7.93	6.45
1996	7.73	5.68	5.09	6.26	8.43	8.06	8.89	8.94	8.07	6.45
1997	7.94	5.95	5.42	6.55	8.75	8.20	9.14	9.26	8.31	6.83
1998	8.23	6.24	5.78	6.93	9.13	8.80	9.66	9.78	8.85	7.21
1999	8.64	6.60	5.98	7.22	9.53	9.10	9.83	9.95	9.33	7.50
2000	9.06	7.00	6.23	7.80	9.89	9.69	10.03	10.18	9.84	7.87
2001	9.64	7.25	6.61	8.00	10.20	9.94	10.44	10.85	10.39	8.14
2002	9.89	7.45	6.80	8.11	10.71	10.12	10.98	11.18	10.81	8.73
2003	10.08	7.59	6.85	8.19	11.01	10.51	11.17	11.79	11.05	8.84
2004	10.17	7.71	6.86	8.32	11.23	10.62	11.45	11.95	11.57	9.16
2005	10.31	7.80	6.92	8.50	11.58	10.86	11.84	12.13	11.86	9.82
2006	10.65	7.99	7.11	8.82	11.87	11.07	12.05	12.26	12.12	9.97
2007	10.98	8.15	7.41	9.00	12.05	11.21	12.36	12.85	12.23	10.15
2008	11.49	8.43	7.71	9.16	12.48	11.72	12.89	13.16	13.00	10.53
2009	11.76	8.58	7.82	9.19	12.76	11.96	13.00	13.09	13.59	11.11
2010	11.83	8.62	7.91	9.08	12.88	12.04	13.12	13.50	13.68	11.18
2011	11.98	8.73	7.96	9.16	13.10	12.12	13.44	13.76	14.03	11.76
2012	11.99	8.78	8.02	9.17	13.17	12.15	13.46	13.80	14.36	11.84
2013	12.12	8.93	8.09	9.40	13.36	12.23	13.77	13.94	14.53	12.22
2014	12.18	9.14	8.29	9.77	13.50	12.25	14.00	14.14	14.19	12.47
2015	12.56	9.54	8.75	9.95	13.92	12.89	14.13	14.80	14.77	12.66
2016	13.01	10.00	9.07	10.25	14.23	13.08	14.75	14.97	15.10	13.02
2017	13.56	10.28	9.59	11.00	14.83	14.00	14.92	15.16	15.21	13.88
Men
1979	$5.65	$3.90	$3.19	$4.64	$6.69	$6.38	$7.12	$7.10	$6.59	$3.56
1980	6.10	4.10	3.37	4.92	7.22	6.93	7.81	7.78	7.24	3.79
1981	6.57	4.31	3.64	5.11	7.78	7.33	8.30	8.49	7.88	4.21
1982	6.85	4.38	3.66	5.12	8.08	7.67	8.89	8.88	8.14	4.46
1983	6.92	4.38	3.67	5.05	8.31	7.74	9.22	9.16	8.74	4.75
1984	7.12	4.57	3.72	5.16	8.60	7.88	9.51	9.69	8.86	4.91
1985	7.33	4.68	3.75	5.23	8.85	8.00	9.80	9.97	9.04	4.99
1986	7.59	4.79	3.82	5.43	9.02	8.03	9.99	10.15	9.54	5.18
1987	7.77	4.91	3.95	5.68	9.16	8.26	10.10	10.24	9.72	5.32
1988	7.91	5.03	4.14	5.79	9.38	8.41	10.22	10.69	9.74	5.52
1989	8.10	5.17	4.39	6.02	9.71	8.56	10.59	10.88	10.00	5.90
1990	8.27	5.44	4.64	6.18	9.84	8.83	10.73	11.13	10.17	6.08
1991	8.59	5.58	4.74	6.23	9.98	8.94	10.98	11.71	10.08	6.22
1992	8.67	5.65	4.80	6.24	10.06	9.02	10.93	12.02	10.39	6.45
1993	8.86	5.75	4.87	6.33	10.18	9.10	11.16	12.15	10.96	6.71
1994	9.00	5.88	4.98	6.56	10.29	9.10	11.50	12.10	11.06	6.64
1995	9.23	6.04	5.14	6.82	10.73	9.46	11.89	12.32	11.11	6.85
1996	9.52	6.17	5.25	6.99	10.78	9.70	11.91	12.40	11.15	7.04
1997	9.83	6.45	5.61	7.18	11.10	9.92	12.07	12.80	11.79	6.96
1998	10.06	6.91	5.98	7.78	11.72	10.22	12.48	13.04	12.22	7.74
1999	10.31	7.12	6.18	8.03	12.00	10.84	12.78	13.68	12.21	7.86
2000	10.81	7.63	6.64	8.39	12.24	10.97	13.14	13.90	12.81	8.31
2001	11.32	8.01	6.90	8.92	12.88	11.58	13.92	14.25	12.95	9.00
2002	11.64	8.05	7.02	8.88	13.05	11.89	13.96	14.40	13.38	9.78
2003	11.89	8.14	7.02	9.00	13.25	12.01	14.13	14.93	14.09	9.79
2004	12.02	8.21	7.15	9.07	13.74	12.03	14.60	15.11	14.54	9.90
2005	12.16	8.42	7.21	9.20	13.91	12.17	14.88	15.13	14.79	10.04
2006	12.68	8.79	7.43	9.75	14.27	12.63	15.06	16.04	15.04	10.72
2007	12.95	9.13	7.77	9.96	14.75	12.83	15.17	16.15	15.45	11.01
2008	13.46	9.24	7.98	10.00	15.03	13.47	16.02	16.82	15.90	11.50
2009	13.76	9.22	8.05	9.99	15.07	13.20	16.10	16.99	16.09	12.00
2010	13.76	9.21	8.09	9.90	15.04	13.10	15.83	16.89	16.45	11.92
2011	13.80	9.23	8.16	9.90	15.11	13.18	16.03	16.88	17.07	12.85
2012	13.88	9.44	8.19	9.97	15.17	13.28	16.05	16.99	17.28	13.03
2013	14.00	9.67	8.37	10.00	15.27	13.42	16.21	17.17	17.28	12.88
2014	14.39	9.89	8.63	10.15	15.76	14.08	16.55	17.41	17.46	13.98
2015	14.67	10.03	8.97	10.64	15.86	14.17	16.48	17.55	17.99	14.15
2016	14.96	10.24	9.48	11.15	16.25	14.83	17.20	18.03	18.05	14.78
2017	15.20	10.99	9.88	11.88	17.00	15.15	17.89	18.74	18.60	14.93
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2017 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$4.44	$4.51	$4.11	-	$4.08
1980	4.82	4.88	4.44	-	4.44
1981	5.15	5.18	4.90	-	4.81
1982	5.40	5.47	5.06	-	5.01
1983	5.59	5.66	5.15	-	5.09
1984	5.83	5.90	5.36	-	5.27
1985	6.03	6.10	5.50	-	5.47
1986	6.20	6.28	5.80	-	5.65
1987	6.47	6.56	5.99	-	5.82
1988	6.73	6.81	6.15	-	5.95
1989	6.99	7.08	6.43	-	6.07
1990	7.23	7.33	6.81	-	6.28
1991	7.50	7.61	7.00	-	6.46
1992	7.72	7.82	7.06	-	6.65
1993	7.87	7.97	7.18	-	6.83
1994	8.01	8.11	7.29	-	6.93
1995	8.17	8.32	7.66	-	7.00
1996	8.40	8.57	7.76	-	7.17
1997	8.75	8.88	8.01	-	7.39
1998	9.10	9.22	8.39	-	7.92
1999	9.53	9.74	8.85	-	8.07
2000	9.91	9.96	9.34	$10.07	8.54
2001	10.19	10.26	9.78	10.75	9.06
2002	10.47	10.71	9.93	10.36	9.22
2003	10.85	10.97	10.15	11.12	9.76
2004	11.00	11.13	10.19	11.10	9.81
2005	11.19	11.48	10.17	12.01	9.95
2006	11.76	11.86	10.66	12.53	10.12
2007	11.95	12.08	10.89	12.22	10.24
2008	12.23	12.54	11.20	13.01	10.97
2009	12.44	12.66	11.64	13.16	11.04
2010	12.50	12.74	11.77	13.22	10.88
2011	12.71	12.91	11.79	13.35	11.05
2012	12.80	13.04	11.84	13.23	11.12
2013	12.93	13.15	11.90	13.62	11.25
2014	13.14	13.57	11.88	14.00	11.83
2015	13.44	13.87	12.06	14.19	12.04
2016	14.00	14.24	12.49	14.79	12.69
2017	14.63	14.89	12.90	15.06	13.16
Women
1979	$3.62	$3.62	$3.55	-	$3.44
1980	3.95	3.96	3.88	-	3.78
1981	4.28	4.28	4.19	-	4.10
1982	4.61	4.61	4.49	-	4.33
1983	4.80	4.81	4.72	-	4.42
1984	4.97	4.98	4.87	-	4.65
1985	5.13	5.14	5.04	-	4.82
1986	5.33	5.35	5.17	-	5.00
1987	5.60	5.62	5.40	-	5.11
1988	5.84	5.86	5.61	-	5.28
1989	6.11	6.13	5.88	-	5.53
1990	6.44	6.46	6.23	-	5.80
1991	6.75	6.76	6.55	-	5.98
1992	6.96	6.99	6.64	-	6.17
1993	7.12	7.16	6.87	-	6.31
1994	7.25	7.34	6.93	-	6.40
1995	7.46	7.54	7.12	-	6.60
1996	7.73	7.79	7.20	-	6.77
1997	7.94	8.00	7.59	-	6.82
1998	8.23	8.33	7.90	-	7.22
1999	8.64	8.73	8.13	-	7.46
2000	9.06	9.09	8.86	$9.77	7.89
2001	9.64	9.73	9.15	10.07	8.28
2002	9.89	9.94	9.45	10.10	8.54
2003	10.08	10.11	9.91	10.68	8.88
2004	10.17	10.21	9.93	10.57	9.04
2005	10.31	10.50	9.93	11.64	9.18
2006	10.65	10.77	10.11	11.95	9.50
2007	10.98	11.06	10.45	11.83	9.80
2008	11.49	11.70	10.78	12.25	10.07
2009	11.76	11.83	11.01	12.67	10.09
2010	11.83	11.88	11.20	12.41	10.11
2011	11.98	12.05	11.28	12.80	10.25
2012	11.99	12.08	11.23	12.75	10.21
2013	12.12	12.21	11.54	13.04	10.49
2014	12.18	12.38	11.57	13.23	10.72
2015	12.56	12.82	11.70	13.80	11.08
2016	13.01	13.20	12.09	14.07	11.79
2017	13.56	13.87	12.55	14.23	12.09
Men
1979	$5.65	$5.79	$4.89	-	$4.79
1980	6.10	6.23	5.18	-	5.03
1981	6.57	6.71	5.81	-	5.37
1982	6.85	6.98	5.97	-	5.73
1983	6.92	7.07	5.96	-	5.81
1984	7.12	7.26	6.16	-	6.04
1985	7.33	7.58	6.15	-	6.07
1986	7.59	7.78	6.57	-	6.19
1987	7.77	7.93	6.74	-	6.37
1988	7.91	8.06	6.94	-	6.51
1989	8.10	8.28	7.07	-	6.66
1990	8.27	8.55	7.37	-	6.74
1991	8.59	8.82	7.57	-	6.88
1992	8.67	8.89	7.62	-	6.99
1993	8.86	9.07	7.67	-	7.12
1994	9.00	9.21	7.92	-	7.17
1995	9.23	9.62	8.16	-	7.26
1996	9.52	9.79	8.18	-	7.62
1997	9.83	9.96	8.67	-	7.90
1998	10.06	10.18	9.09	-	8.24
1999	10.31	10.61	9.77	-	8.61
2000	10.81	10.95	9.98	$10.79	9.04
2001	11.32	11.61	10.18	11.84	9.67
2002	11.64	11.86	10.24	11.02	9.92
2003	11.89	12.03	10.81	11.89	10.03
2004	12.02	12.16	10.88	11.90	10.02
2005	12.16	12.47	10.90	12.75	10.19
2006	12.68	12.88	11.42	13.18	10.84
2007	12.95	13.22	11.57	13.22	11.07
2008	13.46	13.85	11.99	14.03	11.83
2009	13.76	13.95	12.27	14.01	11.92
2010	13.76	13.97	12.16	14.11	11.73
2011	13.80	14.02	12.06	14.25	11.81
2012	13.88	14.17	12.20	14.15	11.96
2013	14.00	14.24	12.16	14.24	11.99
2014	14.39	14.86	12.21	14.66	12.38
2015	14.67	14.93	12.66	14.87	12.92
2016	14.96	15.13	13.06	15.04	13.83
2017	15.20	15.79	13.34	16.65	14.37
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households representing all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey data on earnings are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, are excluded from the data presented in this report.

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can help explain earnings differences. This includes the direct comparisons of earnings levels among demographic groups and the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios shown in the tables (that is, women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s). For example, the overall ratio of women’s-to-men’s earnings for full-time workers presented here is not controlled for differences in important determinants of earnings such as age, occupation, and educational attainment. The earnings comparisons in this report are not restricted to workers with otherwise comparable characteristics and comparable jobs. Even controlling for one of the factors may not fully explain earnings differences. Comparisons of women’s and men’s earnings by detailed occupation, for example, are not simultaneously controlled for differences in key factors such as age, job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be used without permission. Information in this report will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice telephone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1 (800) 877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

The principal concepts and definitions used in this report are described briefly below.

Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the public and private sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Part-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Before 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

The median of usual weekly earnings reflects the midpoint in a given earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median and the other half having earnings below the median.

The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.

Changes over time in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall median boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly are as follows:

There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the median earnings of 16- to 24-year olds and the median earnings of those 25 years and older may rise, but if the lower earning 16- to 24-age group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall.
There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a median boundary. This change could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, such as $700 or $800. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Consider, for example, the calculation of the median for a multipeaked earnings distribution that shifts over time. As such a distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported earnings interval, but once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements; however, users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians and in ratios of the medians.

Workers paid by the hour are employed wage and salary workers who report that they are paid at an hourly rate on their job. Typically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up around 60 percent of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of workers paid by the hour include both full- and part-time workers unless otherwise specified.

Hourly earnings data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and pertain to earnings from a person’s sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.

Workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the federal minimum wage.

The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when in fact they earn the minimum wage.

Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws.

The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.

Regular collection of earnings data in the basic CPS began in 1979. The prevailing federal minimum wage from 1979 to the present is as follows, with the last change occurring in 2009.

Federal minimum wage	Effective date
$2.90	January 1, 1979
$3.10	January 1, 1980
$3.35	January 1, 1981
$3.80	April 1, 1990
$4.25	April 1, 1991
$4.75	October 1, 1996
$5.15	September 1, 1997
$5.85	July 24, 2007
$6.55	July 24, 2008
$7.25	July 24, 2009

When the minimum wage has increased during a given year, the annual average estimates of the number of minimum wage workers reflect both minimum wage levels in effect during the year. For example, data for 2007 reflect the number of workers who earned the federal minimum wage of $5.15 for January to July and the number of workers who earned the minimum wage of $5.85 for August to December.

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people of Two or More Races identified one group as their main race. For more information on the 2003 changes to questions on race, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003.” Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of acceptable reliability.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.

Married, spouse present refers to people in opposite-sex marriages living together in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or for other reasons.

Other marital status refers to people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; married, spouse absent; as well as people in same-sex marriages. Separated includes people with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other people permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord. Married, spouse absent, includes opposite-sex married people living apart because either the husband or wife was employed and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for any other reason except those listed in the separated definition above.

Inflation-adjusted earnings shown in this report use the Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) to convert current dollars to constant, or inflation-adjusted, dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the years. Although these improvements make the CPI more accurate, the histories of official CPI series are not adjusted to reflect the improvements. Because many researchers need a historical series that measures price change consistently over time, BLS developed the CPI-U-RS to provide an estimate of the CPI that incorporates most of the methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see the CPI research series webpage.

This report uses the most recent version of the CPI-U-RS available at the time of production. Users should note that the CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As a result, the rate of inflation incorporated into the inflation-adjusted median earnings estimates in this report may differ from the rate used in previous reports in this series or in other publications.

Reliability

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.645 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

Readers should be aware that because of sampling error, apparent differences between estimates for two or more groups or categories may not be statistically significant, and therefore not meaningfully different from one another. Standard errors are shown with many of the median earnings estimates in this report to help readers evaluate differences in earnings estimates.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information on all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. Further information about the reliability of data from the CPS is available on the CPS Technical Documentation page of the BLS website.