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November 2019 Report 1083

Highlights of women's earnings in 2018

Highlights of women's earnings in 2018 image

In 2018, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings that were 81 percent of the earnings of male full-time wage and salary workers. In 1979, the first year for which comparable earnings data are available, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s. Most of the growth in women’s earnings relative to men’s occurred in the 1980s (when the women’s-to-men’s ratio went from 64 percent to 70 percent) and in the 1990s (when the ratio went from 72 percent to 77 percent). Since 2004, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio has remained in the 80 to 83 percent range. (See chart 1 and tables 1 and 12.)

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The weekly and hourly earnings estimates in this report reflect calendar-year averages of information collected from one-fourth of the households in the monthly survey. The data in this report are distinct from the annual earnings estimates for full-time, year-round workers collected separately in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS and published by the U.S. Census Bureau. (See the BLS website for an explanation of the differences between these datasets.)

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization. The earnings estimates referenced throughout this report are medians. The median is the mid-point in the earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median level and half having earnings below.

See the accompanying technical notes section for more information, including a description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.

Earnings of full-time workers

Below are data highlights for women and men who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week) in wage and salary jobs, with sections focusing on characteristics such as age, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, education, occupation, and more.

Earnings by age group

In 2018, median weekly earnings were $789 for all women age 16 and older. For men age 16 and older, median weekly earnings were $973. Women’s median weekly earnings were highest for those between the ages of 35 and 54, with no difference in the earnings of 35- to 44-year-olds and 45- to 54-year-olds (both at $876). Women age 55 to 64 and age 65 and older had earnings that were only slightly lower ($853 and $811, respectively). For men, earnings were highest for 45- to 64-year-olds, with no difference in the earnings of 45- to 54- year-olds and 55- to 64-year-olds (both at $1,137). Earnings were lowest among young women and men age 16 to 24 ($522 and $575, respectively) compared with other ages. (See chart 2 and table 1.)

  

In 2018, women’s earnings ranged from 75 percent to 80 percent of men’s earnings among workers age 35 and older. For those under age 35, the earnings differences between women and men were smaller, with women earning 87 percent to 92 percent of what men did. (See table 1.)

Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios have grown substantially for most age groups since 1979. For young workers ages 16 to 24, the gains occurred primarily in the 1980s. For workers ages 25 to 64, the gains continued into the 2000s, but have tapered off in recent years. The earnings ratio for workers age 65 and older has been relatively flat since the late 1990s. (See table 12.)

Earnings by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Asian women and men continued to earn more than their White, Black, and Hispanic counterparts in 2018. Among women, Whites ($817) earned 87 percent as much as Asians ($937); Blacks ($654) earned 70 percent; and Hispanics ($617) earned 66 percent. Among men, these earnings differences were even larger: White men ($1,002) earned 81 percent as much as Asian men ($1,241); Black men ($735) earned 59 percent as much; and Hispanic men ($720) earned 58 percent. (See chart 3 and table 1.)

Earnings differences between women and men were largest among Asians and among Whites. Asian women earned 76 percent as much as Asian men in 2018, and White women earned 82 percent as much as their male counterparts. In comparison, Black women had median earnings that were 89 percent of Black men’s, and Hispanic women’s earnings were 86 percent of Hispanic men’s. (See table 1.)

Women’s earnings have increased considerably over time, while men’s earnings have not. This can be seen among the major race and Hispanic ethnicity groups, with White women experiencing the greatest earnings growth since 1979 (the first year for which comparable data for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are available). From 1979 to 2018, inflation-adjusted median weekly earnings (also called constant-dollar earnings) increased by 37 percent for White women, by 20 percent for Black women, and by 21 percent for Hispanic women. For White and Black women, gains tapered off around 2004. Since that time, White and Black women have seen little net change in earnings. From 2004 to 2018, the earnings of White women edged up 5 percent, while the earnings of Black women edged slightly lower (-3 percent). On the other hand, Hispanic women’s earnings have remained on an upward trend, although substantial earnings growth for them did not begin until the late 1990s. (See table 18.)

The long-term trend in men’s earnings has been quite different than that for women. Inflation-adjusted earnings for White and Black men trended down from 1979 through the first part of the 1990s, followed by a period of growth that stalled in the early 2000s. For Hispanic men, earnings also declined from 1979 through the mid-1990s, then began to trend up. Over the full period, 1979 through 2018, inflation-adjusted earnings have shown little change on net for White (4 percent) and Hispanic men (2 percent). Black men’s inflation-adjusted earnings showed no net change from 1979 to 2018. (See table 18.)

Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Between 2000 and 2018, inflation-adjusted earnings for Asian women and men remained on an upward trend. Asian women’s earnings grew by 17 percent and Asian men’s earnings grew by 24 percent over the period for which data are available. (See table 18.)

Earnings by educational attainment

Median weekly earnings vary significantly by educational attainment. Among workers age 25 and older, those without a high school diploma had median weekly earnings of $553, representing 42 percent of the earnings of workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,324) in 2018. For workers with a high school diploma who had not attended college, median earnings ($730) were 55 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Workers with some college or an associate degree (median weekly earnings of $826) made 62 percent of what workers with a bachelor’s degree or more made. (See table 1.)

In each educational attainment category, the long-term trend in inflation-adjusted earnings has been more favorable for women than for men. Although both women and men without a high school diploma have experienced declines in inflation-adjusted earnings since 1979, the drop for women was much smaller than that for men: a 5-percent decrease for women, compared with a 26-percent decline for men. On an inflation-adjusted basis, earnings for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher have increased by 34 percent since 1979, while earnings for men with a bachelor’s degree or higher have risen by 19 percent. (Data refer to workers age 25 and older.) (See chart 4 and table 19.)

Earnings by occupation

Women and men working full time in management, business, and financial operations occupations continued to have higher median weekly earnings than workers in any other major occupational category in 2018 ($1,168 for women and $1,537 for men). Within this category, women who were chief executives ($1,736) and computer and information systems managers ($1,727) had the highest median weekly earnings in 2018. For men, those who were chief executives ($2,488) and architectural and engineering managers ($2,285) had the highest earnings within this major occupational category in 2018. (See table 2.)

The second-highest paying occupational category for women and men was professional and related occupations ($1,024 for women and $1,425 for men). This is a broad occupational category made up of several distinct job groupings for specialized fields such as computer science, engineering, law, education, and healthcare. Within this diverse category, women who were nurse practitioners ($1,891) and pharmacists ($1,890) had the highest earnings in 2018. For men, those who were physicians and surgeons ($2,513), pharmacists ($2,271), and lawyers ($2,202) earned the most. (See table 2.)

Women and men employed in service occupations continued to earn less in 2018 ($511 for women and $641 for men) than workers in other major occupational categories. Within service occupations, women who were employed as dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers ($408), as cooks ($437), and as food preparation workers ($446) had the lowest median weekly earnings in 2018. For men, those who were employed as combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ($410) and as dishwashers ($434) earned the least.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

Occupational distributions of women and men

The occupational distributions of female and male full-time workers differ considerably. Compared with men, relatively few women work in construction, production, or transportation occupations, and women are far more concentrated in office and administrative support occupations. (See chart 5 and table 2.)

Women also are more likely than men to work in professional and related occupations. In 2018, 31 percent of women worked in professional and related occupations, compared with 20 percent of men. Within the professional category, though, the proportion of women employed in the higher paying job groups is much smaller than the proportion of men employed in them. In 2018, 10 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the two relatively high-paying computer (median weekly earnings of $1,345 for women and $1,604 for men) and engineering ($1,259 for women and $1,528 for men) occupation groups, compared with 47 percent of men. Women were more likely to work in the education ($934 for women and $1,235 for men) and healthcare ($1,078 for women and $1,383 for men) occupation groups, which generally pay less than computer and engineering jobs. Sixty-seven percent of women in professional occupations worked in education and healthcare jobs in 2018, compared with 29 percent of men. (See table 2.)

Across all occupational categories, the three most common jobs for women were elementary and middle school teacher ($982), registered nurse ($1,156), and secretary or administrative assistant ($753). Each of these occupations employed roughly 2 million women in 2018, collectively representing 13 percent of women in full-time wage and salary jobs.

Among men, the most common occupation by far was truck driver (driver/sales workers and truck drivers, $829). In 2018, 2.6 million men were truck drivers, representing 4 percent of all male full-time wage and salary workers. Although engineering occupations are shown separately by specialty (civil, mechanical, etc.) in this report, if combined, engineer would be the second most common job for men. In 2018, a total of 1.9 million men were employed full time in the 16 designated engineering specialties (median weekly earnings ranging from $1,551 to $1,858). (See table 2.)

Earnings for workers with and without children under 18

In 2018, about one-third of full-time wage and salary workers were parents of children under age 18. (Children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household.) Fathers of children under 18 earned more than men without children ($1,098 and $919, respectively). Among women, however, the difference in median weekly earnings between mothers of children under 18 ($799) and those without children under 18 ($784) was much smaller. (See table 7.)

Earnings by state of residence

Median weekly earnings and women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios vary by state of residence. (In this report, “state” refers to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.) The differences among the states reflect, in part, variation in the occupations and industries found in each state and differences in the demographic composition of each state’s labor force. Readers should note that sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates. (See the technical notes section for an explanation of sampling error.) Consequently, earnings comparisons between states should be made with caution. Readers also should note that the state estimates are based on workers’ state of residence; their reported earnings are not necessarily from a job located in the same state. (See table 3.)

Weekly work hours of full-time workers

Among full-time workers (that is, those usually working 35 hours or more per week), men are more likely than women to work more than 40 hours per week. In 2018, 25 percent of men who work full time usually worked 41 or more hours per week, compared with 14 percent of women. Women were more likely than men to work 35 to 39 hours per week: 10 percent of women worked such hours in 2018, while 4 percent of men did. A large majority of full-time workers had a 40-hour workweek (75 percent of women and 71 percent of men). Among those with a 40-hour workweek, women earned 86 percent as much as men. (This analysis excludes people who usually work 35 or more hours per week but whose hours vary.) (See table 5.)

Earnings of part-time workers

Women are about twice as likely as men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week on a sole or main job (including those whose hours vary). Women who worked part time made up 24 percent of all female wage and salary workers in 2018. In comparison, 12 percent of men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Median weekly earnings for female part-timers were $275 in 2018, slightly higher than the $263 median for men. (See table 4.)

Part-time workers are more likely to be under age 25 than full-time workers. Among part-timers, 29 percent of women and 42 percent of men were under age 25 in 2018. Among full-time workers, 9 percent of women and 9 percent of men were under age 25. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Earnings of workers paid by the hour

In 2018, 61 percent of women and 56 percent of men in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour. Women who were paid hourly rates had median hourly earnings of $14.06 in 2018, which were 88 percent of the $16.01 median for men. (See tables 8 and 11.)

Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2018, about 3 percent of women and 2 percent of men had hourly earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25. (See tables 10 and 11.) See the technical notes section for information about BLS estimates of the number of minimum wage workers.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 115,567 $886 $2 51,425 $789 $3 64,142 $973 $3 81.1

16 to 24 years

 10,428 548 4 4,611 522 3 5,818 575 5 90.8

16 to 19 years

 1,382 449 7 545 421 5 837 471 9 89.4

20 to 24 years

 9,046 576 3 4,065 546 6 4,981 592 4 92.2

25 years and older

 105,138 932 2 46,814 830 3 58,324 1,026 4 80.9

25 to 34 years

 28,874 808 4 12,681 750 4 16,193 862 6 87.0

35 to 44 years

 26,452 986 5 11,528 876 6 14,924 1,101 10 79.6

45 to 54 years

 25,565 1,002 5 11,621 876 6 13,944 1,137 7 77.0

55 to 64 years

 19,585 994 6 8,937 853 8 10,647 1,137 8 75.0

65 years and older

 4,662 944 12 2,046 811 19 2,616 1,050 25 77.2

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

 88,953 916 3 38,384 817 3 50,570 1,002 4 81.5

Black or African American

 15,041 694 4 7,760 654 5 7,282 735 7 89.0

Asian

 7,643 1,095 16 3,474 937 17 4,169 1,241 16 75.5

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 20,297 680 4 8,071 617 4 12,226 720 5 85.7

Marital Status

Never married

 34,984 710 3 15,541 675 4 19,444 738 4 91.5

Married, spouse present(1)

 62,409 1,013 3 25,643 880 4 36,766 1,140 4 77.2

Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)

 18,173 851 6 10,241 778 6 7,933 956 9 81.4

Widowed

 1,807 812 17 1,313 755 17 494 946 31 79.8

Divorced

 12,008 897 7 6,789 823 8 5,219 990 8 83.1

Separated(2)

 4,359 750 10 2,139 667 10 2,220 855 16 78.0

Union Affiliation(3)

Members of unions(4)

 13,415 1,051 7 5,773 968 9 7,642 1,123 8 86.2

Represented by unions(5)

 14,844 1,042 7 6,493 958 9 8,352 1,121 8 85.5

Not represented by a union

 100,722 860 3 44,932 764 2 55,790 948 4 80.6

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and older

 105,138 932 2 46,814 830 3 58,324 1,026 4 80.9

Less than a high school diploma

 6,999 553 4 2,238 469 4 4,761 607 4 77.3

High school graduates, no college

 26,237 730 3 10,132 616 3 16,105 819 4 75.2

Some college or associate degree

 27,476 826 4 12,755 717 4 14,721 951 6 75.4

Bachelor's degree and higher

 44,427 1,324 7 21,689 1,145 4 22,738 1,524 8 75.1

Footnotes
(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.
(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
(3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region.
(4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
(5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number of workers Median weekly earnings Standard error of median Number of workers Median weekly earnings Standard error of median Number of workers Median weekly earnings Standard error of median

Total, full-time wage and salary workers

 115,567 $886 $2 51,425 $789 $3 64,142 $973 $3 81.1

Management, professional, and related occupations

 48,808 1,246 4 25,123 1,078 6 23,685 1,468 8 73.4

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

 19,863 1,355 6 9,195 1,168 8 10,668 1,537 10 76.0

Management occupations

 13,477 1,429 10 5,724 1,236 11 7,754 1,585 16 78.0

Chief executives

 1,098 2,291 23 307 1,736 96 790 2,488 90 69.8

General and operations managers

 939 1,338 32 283 1,139 23 656 1,427 39 79.8

Legislators

 14 - - 4 - - 10 - - -

Advertising and promotions managers

 39 - - 16 - - 23 - - -

Marketing and sales managers

 963 1,567 38 447 1,362 34 517 1,852 75 73.5

Public relations and fundraising managers

 61 1,415 52 43 - - 18 - - -

Administrative services managers

 147 1,215 74 46 - - 101 1,266 123 -

Computer and information systems managers

 601 1,877 39 153 1,727 222 448 1,920 98 89.9

Financial managers

 1,158 1,466 38 663 1,262 32 495 1,784 69 70.7

Compensation and benefits managers

 21 - - 16 - - 5 - - -

Human resources managers

 294 1,381 49 221 1,330 66 73 1,761 79 75.5

Training and development managers

 52 1,448 106 31 - - 21 - - -

Industrial production managers

 243 1,465 47 55 1,296 155 188 1,573 95 82.4

Purchasing managers

 222 1,362 73 99 1,229 82 123 1,431 46 85.9

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

 269 1,131 28 43 - - 226 1,138 30 -

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers

 119 945 47 21 - - 99 1,010 134 -

Construction managers

 625 1,431 37 53 1,202 23 572 1,467 38 81.9

Education administrators

 857 1,381 41 563 1,245 33 294 1,563 50 79.7

Architectural and engineering managers

 149 2,226 192 19 - - 131 2,285 43 -

Food service managers

 827 809 27 407 708 26 420 922 39 76.8

Funeral service managers

 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - -

Gaming managers

 23 - - 8 - - 15 - - -

Lodging managers

 112 955 52 64 920 99 48 - - -

Medical and health services managers

 567 1,408 33 418 1,331 45 149 1,729 140 77.0

Natural sciences managers

 8 - - 4 - - 4 - - -

Postmasters and mail superintendents

 22 - - 15 - - 8 - - -

Property, real estate, and community association managers

 390 1,018 32 208 927 47 181 1,148 31 80.7

Social and community service managers

 363 1,141 27 251 1,057 32 112 1,336 43 79.1

Emergency management directors

 9 - - 3 - - 6 - - -

Managers, all other

 3,285 1,525 21 1,263 1,341 21 2,022 1,628 29 82.4

Business and financial operations occupations

 6,385 1,216 12 3,471 1,105 15 2,914 1,383 22 79.9

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes

 31 - - 18 - - 13 - - -

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products

 10 - - 3 - - 7 - - -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products

 147 878 61 65 880 114 82 878 97 100.2

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products

 223 1,160 50 102 1,032 60 121 1,209 23 85.4

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators

 334 998 19 189 913 35 145 1,167 32 78.2

Compliance officers

 278 1,296 75 149 1,165 49 129 1,450 56 80.3

Cost estimators

 109 1,165 36 14 - - 95 1,208 80 -

Human resources workers

 620 1,161 29 429 1,107 48 190 1,328 127 83.4

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists

 48 - - 31 - - 17 - - -

Training and development specialists

 111 1,092 65 64 1,086 116 47 - - -

Logisticians

 127 1,019 49 46 - - 81 1,131 222 -

Management analysts

 635 1,532 45 279 1,437 29 356 1,642 88 87.5

Meeting, convention, and event planners

 89 1,002 77 69 1,006 162 21 - - -

Fundraisers

 82 1,262 259 60 1,168 37 22 - - -

Market research analysts and marketing specialists

 299 1,246 50 174 1,148 32 125 1,503 183 76.4

Business operations specialists, all other

 223 1,150 17 127 1,072 116 95 1,234 205 86.9

Accountants and auditors

 1,615 1,209 19 969 1,108 30 646 1,404 57 78.9

Appraisers and assessors of real estate

 47 - - 22 - - 24 - - -

Budget analysts

 52 1,351 79 35 - - 17 - - -

Credit analysts

 27 - - 14 - - 12 - - -

Financial analysts

 261 1,470 51 122 1,197 55 138 1,599 110 74.9

Personal financial advisors

 414 1,473 89 146 1,207 107 268 1,647 59 73.3

Insurance underwriters

 122 1,268 94 71 1,032 76 51 1,413 519 73.0

Financial examiners

 11 - - 9 - - 2 - - -

Credit counselors and loan officers

 332 1,168 47 177 948 38 155 1,443 50 65.7

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents

 42 - - 29 - - 13 - - -

Tax preparers

 62 1,028 82 36 - - 26 - - -

Financial specialists, all other

 35 - - 22 - - 13 - - -

Professional and related occupations

 28,945 1,176 5 15,929 1,024 6 13,017 1,425 9 71.9

Computer and mathematical occupations

 4,755 1,539 15 1,184 1,345 28 3,571 1,604 22 83.9

Computer and information research scientists

 20 - - 4 - - 16 - - -

Computer systems analysts

 580 1,521 45 222 1,246 34 358 1,647 39 75.7

Information security analysts

 93 1,635 96 18 - - 75 1,625 176 -

Computer programmers

 428 1,591 45 91 1,445 54 338 1,662 55 86.9

Software developers, applications and systems software

 1,611 1,864 25 327 1,644 36 1,283 1,894 11 86.8

Web developers

 164 1,333 56 49 - - 115 1,418 105 -

Computer support specialists

 516 1,085 50 140 1,015 68 376 1,114 56 91.1

Database administrators

 108 1,493 95 40 - - 67 1,573 229 -

Network and computer systems administrators

 192 1,430 65 37 - - 155 1,478 60 -

Computer network architects

 112 1,765 39 10 - - 102 1,771 50 -

Computer occupations, all other

 678 1,226 57 131 1,208 64 548 1,238 89 97.6

Actuaries

 35 - - 11 - - 24 - - -

Mathematicians

 3 - - 1 - - 2 - - -

Operations research analysts

 125 1,418 77 58 1,299 168 66 1,566 297 83.0

Statisticians

 85 1,437 107 43 - - 41 - - -

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations

 5 - - 2 - - 3 - - -

Architecture and engineering occupations

 2,994 1,484 17 453 1,259 30 2,541 1,528 16 82.4

Architects, except naval

 170 1,464 37 52 1,301 74 118 1,538 87 84.6

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists

 35 - - 7 - - 28 - - -

Aerospace engineers

 145 1,788 67 16 - - 129 1,836 142 -

Agricultural engineers

 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - -

Biomedical engineers

 12 - - 1 - - 11 - - -

Chemical engineers

 65 1,858 33 8 - - 57 1,858 31 -

Civil engineers

 410 1,495 55 63 1,282 48 346 1,551 47 82.7

Computer hardware engineers

 70 1,772 271 11 - - 60 1,852 86 -

Electrical and electronics engineers

 282 1,646 37 31 - - 251 1,661 35 -

Environmental engineers

 35 - - 5 - - 30 - - -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety

 245 1,499 39 54 1,163 57 191 1,571 57 74.0

Marine engineers and naval architects

 15 - - 0 - - 15 - - -

Materials engineers

 42 - - 10 - - 32 - - -

Mechanical engineers

 313 1,562 47 31 - - 282 1,581 67 -

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers

 8 - - 2 - - 6 - - -

Nuclear engineers

 13 - - 1 - - 12 - - -

Petroleum engineers

 27 - - 5 - - 22 - - -

Engineers, all other

 528 1,575 36 65 1,356 113 463 1,610 58 84.2

Drafters

 112 1,021 46 22 - - 91 1,029 45 -

Engineering technicians, except drafters

 398 1,129 26 66 934 73 332 1,154 22 80.9

Surveying and mapping technicians

 63 984 80 3 - - 60 995 83 -

Life, physical, and social science occupations

 1,308 1,270 34 575 1,156 24 733 1,357 20 85.2

Agricultural and food scientists

 30 - - 13 - - 16 - - -

Biological scientists

 101 1,250 82 46 - - 55 1,164 203 -

Conservation scientists and foresters

 17 - - 8 - - 9 - - -

Medical scientists

 160 1,319 139 81 1,156 49 80 1,416 223 81.6

Life scientists, all other

 1 - - 1 - - 0 - - -

Astronomers and physicists

 14 - - 0 - - 14 - - -

Atmospheric and space scientists

 7 - - 1 - - 6 - - -

Chemists and materials scientists

 115 1,284 73 45 - - 70 1,362 57 -

Environmental scientists and geoscientists

 80 1,336 40 28 - - 52 1,427 43 -

Physical scientists, all other

 289 1,455 39 120 1,341 57 169 1,582 51 84.8

Economists

 35 - - 6 - - 29 - - -

Survey researchers

 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - -

Psychologists

 134 1,331 106 99 1,255 73 35 - - -

Sociologists

 5 - - 3 - - 2 - - -

Urban and regional planners

 28 - - 13 - - 15 - - -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers

 39 - - 14 - - 25 - - -

Agricultural and food science technicians

 31 - - 7 - - 24 - - -

Biological technicians

 17 - - 7 - - 10 - - -

Chemical technicians

 58 1,002 42 17 - - 42 - - -

Geological and petroleum technicians

 11 - - 4 - - 7 - - -

Nuclear technicians

 11 - - 3 - - 8 - - -

Social science research assistants

 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - -

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians

 124 862 31 58 856 23 66 893 123 95.9

Community and social service occupations

 2,223 913 10 1,469 886 11 754 984 21 90.0

Counselors

 705 941 15 506 913 19 199 1,004 19 90.9

Social workers

 753 907 15 611 897 15 141 958 40 93.6

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists

 105 944 30 60 930 34 45 - - -

Social and human service assistants

 166 749 22 133 752 22 33 - - -

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers

 62 881 78 48 - - 14 - - -

Clergy

 337 990 45 68 855 39 268 1,036 36 82.5

Directors, religious activities and education

 51 927 49 25 - - 27 - - -

Religious workers, all other

 45 - - 18 - - 27 - - -

Legal occupations

 1,466 1,467 29 815 1,243 32 651 1,910 31 65.1

Lawyers

 853 1,947 70 344 1,762 26 509 2,202 187 80.0

Judicial law clerks

 15 - - 8 - - 7 - - -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers

 69 1,602 84 19 - - 49 - - -

Paralegals and legal assistants

 413 948 25 359 953 25 54 917 42 103.9

Miscellaneous legal support workers

 117 1,143 46 85 1,109 58 32 - - -

Education, training, and library occupations

 7,166 1,002 9 5,251 934 8 1,915 1,235 17 75.6

Postsecondary teachers

 994 1,439 29 460 1,253 36 534 1,603 60 78.2

Preschool and kindergarten teachers

 568 648 28 555 643 28 14 - - -

Elementary and middle school teachers

 3,030 1,010 11 2,410 982 11 620 1,148 19 85.5

Secondary school teachers

 948 1,141 12 556 1,092 26 392 1,226 36 89.1

Special education teachers

 324 1,039 20 281 1,042 18 43 - - -

Other teachers and instructors

 388 957 47 215 840 41 172 1,095 47 76.7

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians

 37 - - 20 - - 17 - - -

Librarians

 127 927 79 98 910 55 29 - - -

Library technicians

 10 - - 7 - - 3 - - -

Teacher assistants

 615 556 14 553 550 17 62 584 82 94.2

Other education, training, and library workers

 125 1,095 98 95 1,036 83 30 - - -

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

 1,880 1,086 24 828 997 23 1,052 1,151 14 86.6

Artists and related workers

 64 1,078 71 18 - - 46 - - -

Designers

 684 1,060 24 327 932 38 357 1,169 27 79.7

Actors

 7 - - 2 - - 5 - - -

Producers and directors

 147 1,224 113 49 - - 98 1,476 204 -

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers

 164 1,044 25 35 - - 129 1,049 27 -

Dancers and choreographers

 11 - - 7 - - 4 - - -

Musicians, singers, and related workers

 47 - - 19 - - 28 - - -

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other

 17 - - 10 - - 7 - - -

Announcers

 26 - - 4 - - 22 - - -

News analysts, reporters and correspondents

 59 1,012 42 30 - - 29 - - -

Public relations specialists

 118 1,313 92 78 1,169 78 40 - - -

Editors

 124 1,112 35 67 1,138 129 57 1,104 34 103.1

Technical writers

 60 1,318 108 35 - - 25 - - -

Writers and authors

 110 1,233 70 68 1,036 55 42 - - -

Miscellaneous media and communication workers

 62 880 28 51 850 36 12 - - -

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators

 73 1,028 67 7 - - 66 1,038 61 -

Photographers

 68 904 102 16 - - 51 1,006 124 -

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors

 35 - - 6 - - 30 - - -

Media and communication equipment workers, all other

 4 - - 0 - - 4 - - -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

 7,154 1,140 8 5,354 1,078 11 1,800 1,383 27 77.9

Chiropractors

 15 - - 3 - - 12 - - -

Dentists

 56 1,884 40 28 - - 27 - - -

Dietitians and nutritionists

 70 967 45 63 940 41 8 - - -

Optometrists

 29 - - 15 - - 13 - - -

Pharmacists

 263 2,071 249 165 1,890 172 98 2,271 111 83.2

Physicians and surgeons

 827 2,001 148 352 1,677 101 475 2,513 231 66.7

Physician assistants

 118 1,752 37 80 1,646 585 37 - - -

Podiatrists

 4 - - 1 - - 3 - - -

Audiologists

 8 - - 6 - - 2 - - -

Occupational therapists

 80 1,283 41 64 1,252 65 16 - - -

Physical therapists

 209 1,395 46 139 1,387 53 71 1,410 79 98.4

Radiation therapists

 13 - - 8 - - 6 - - -

Recreational therapists

 11 - - 10 - - 1 - - -

Respiratory therapists

 95 1,074 48 59 1,000 44 36 - - -

Speech-language pathologists

 105 1,215 64 100 1,214 62 6 - - -

Exercise physiologists

 2 - - 2 - - 0 - - -

Therapists, all other

 155 1,047 37 122 1,014 75 33 - - -

Veterinarians

 64 1,677 107 46 - - 18 - - -

Registered nurses

 2,584 1,167 11 2,270 1,156 11 315 1,271 31 91.0

Nurse anesthetists

 22 - - 8 - - 13 - - -

Nurse midwives

 2 - - 2 - - 0 - - -

Nurse practitioners

 158 1,894 23 134 1,891 22 24 - - -

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other

 10 - - 4 - - 6 - - -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians

 290 893 34 215 911 34 75 819 41 111.2

Dental hygienists

 75 1,047 45 72 1,055 64 3 - - -

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians

 269 1,140 44 172 1,061 61 97 1,232 44 86.1

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics

 180 894 48 59 764 24 122 943 50 81.0

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians

 542 691 17 431 655 15 112 807 21 81.2

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses

 490 757 21 434 743 21 56 936 139 79.4

Medical records and health information technicians

 140 765 40 129 739 38 11 - - -

Opticians, dispensing

 47 - - 36 - - 11 - - -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians

 117 873 97 73 791 31 44 - - -

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

 100 1,022 52 52 961 40 48 - - -

Service occupations

 16,288 569 3 8,340 511 2 7,948 641 6 79.7

Healthcare support occupations

 2,595 561 6 2,235 548 6 361 661 21 82.9

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides

 1,419 516 4 1,265 513 4 154 558 22 91.9

Occupational therapy assistants and aides

 24 - - 21 - - 4 - - -

Physical therapist assistants and aides

 68 848 32 43 - - 24 - - -

Massage therapists

 40 - - 24 - - 15 - - -

Dental assistants

 197 606 13 187 598 12 9 - - -

Medical assistants

 499 612 10 454 607 10 45 - - -

Medical transcriptionists

 23 - - 18 - - 4 - - -

Pharmacy aides

 28 - - 23 - - 5 - - -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers

 49 - - 39 - - 10 - - -

Phlebotomists

 96 624 16 67 602 14 29 - - -

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers

 154 598 16 93 559 20 61 703 52 79.5

Protective service occupations

 2,836 848 15 578 613 10 2,258 922 17 66.5

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

 47 - - 13 - - 35 - - -

First-line supervisors of police and detectives

 85 1,460 48 12 - - 74 1,461 63 -

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers

 52 1,304 65 2 - - 50 1,321 59 -

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other

 74 839 212 16 - - 58 886 61 -

Firefighters

 295 1,126 43 14 - - 280 1,133 24 -

Fire inspectors

 18 - - 2 - - 16 - - -

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers

 394 742 28 105 646 26 289 811 35 79.7

Detectives and criminal investigators

 157 1,331 65 35 - - 122 1,317 71 -

Fish and game wardens

 6 - - 0 - - 5 - - -

Parking enforcement workers

 4 - - 4 - - 0 - - -

Police and sheriff's patrol officers

 728 1,092 26 106 816 80 622 1,131 24 72.1

Transit and railroad police

 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - -

Animal control workers

 13 - - 8 - - 5 - - -

Private detectives and investigators

 89 851 69 46 - - 43 - - -

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers

 781 596 9 187 506 9 594 636 19 79.6

Crossing guards

 28 - - 6 - - 22 - - -

Transportation security screeners

 33 - - 6 - - 27 - - -

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers

 31 - - 16 - - 15 - - -

Food preparation and serving related occupations

 4,394 501 4 2,184 473 5 2,210 533 9 88.7

Chefs and head cooks

 365 615 13 65 562 38 300 624 20 90.1

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

 397 583 20 231 539 17 166 668 21 80.7

Cooks

 1,325 486 6 521 437 9 804 518 8 84.4

Food preparation workers

 473 463 11 267 446 13 206 486 14 91.8

Bartenders

 275 581 11 151 560 23 124 601 17 93.2

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food

 147 436 26 83 475 32 64 410 16 115.9

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop

 41 - - 22 - - 19 - - -

Waiters and waitresses

 932 496 8 611 478 9 321 551 35 86.8

Food servers, nonrestaurant

 106 484 13 74 475 46 32 - - -

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers

 118 447 34 58 408 13 59 500 24 81.6

Dishwashers

 111 441 22 22 - - 89 434 22 -

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop

 102 471 23 78 473 22 24 - - -

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other

 2 - - 1 - - 1 - - -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

 3,695 551 6 1,322 477 5 2,373 604 5 79.0

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers

 193 711 27 77 615 49 116 772 34 79.7

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers

 95 770 20 2 - - 93 774 34 -

Janitors and building cleaners

 1,672 571 8 480 491 8 1,193 607 8 80.9

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

 825 467 8 723 457 8 102 559 21 81.8

Pest control workers

 75 688 94 4 - - 70 725 82 -

Grounds maintenance workers

 834 572 12 36 - - 798 576 10 -

Personal care and service occupations

 2,768 544 7 2,022 517 5 746 638 25 81.0

First-line supervisors of gaming workers

 125 793 71 43 - - 83 914 46 -

First-line supervisors of personal service workers

 86 747 47 60 739 49 27 - - -

Animal trainers

 11 - - 7 - - 4 - - -

Nonfarm animal caretakers

 102 555 42 79 548 55 24 - - -

Gaming services workers

 73 654 44 36 - - 37 - - -

Motion picture projectionists

 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers

 5 - - 3 - - 3 - - -

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers

 85 523 33 28 - - 56 518 24 -

Embalmers and funeral attendants

 11 - - 3 - - 8 - - -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors

 27 - - 7 - - 20 - - -

Barbers

 48 - - 15 - - 34 - - -

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists

 309 545 17 287 548 16 22 - - -

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers

 258 523 22 206 512 13 52 615 40 83.3

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges

 73 620 16 13 - - 59 652 103 -

Tour and travel guides

 22 - - 9 - - 13 - - -

Childcare workers

 437 500 10 405 492 10 32 - - -

Personal care aides

 786 500 7 654 493 8 132 555 33 88.8

Recreation and fitness workers

 208 603 24 109 543 43 100 724 57 75.0

Residential advisors

 29 - - 18 - - 11 - - -

Personal care and service workers, all other

 74 522 50 42 - - 32 - - -

Sales and office occupations

 23,714 742 3 14,166 696 4 9,548 846 8 82.3

Sales and related occupations

 10,077 798 7 4,455 651 7 5,621 949 10 68.6

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers

 2,421 795 14 1,062 672 12 1,359 911 16 73.8

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers

 893 1,153 21 305 1,054 49 588 1,199 64 87.9

Cashiers

 1,390 465 7 1,013 463 8 377 468 16 98.9

Counter and rental clerks

 82 729 22 30 - - 51 769 24 -

Parts salespersons

 109 702 40 11 - - 98 718 43 -

Retail salespersons

 1,860 657 12 716 543 14 1,144 764 14 71.1

Advertising sales agents

 169 998 119 79 1,053 39 91 950 39 110.8

Insurance sales agents

 466 859 22 261 809 20 205 1,048 189 77.2

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents

 197 1,440 35 66 1,047 95 131 1,639 249 63.9

Travel agents

 53 789 57 43 - - 10 - - -

Sales representatives, services, all other

 427 1,230 89 113 933 103 315 1,345 30 69.4

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing

 1,112 1,161 15 295 1,009 36 817 1,239 27 81.4

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters

 15 - - 11 - - 3 - - -

Real estate brokers and sales agents

 528 1,019 51 291 883 53 236 1,264 127 69.9

Sales engineers

 38 - - 4 - - 34 - - -

Telemarketers

 50 559 29 31 - - 19 - - -

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers

 41 - - 17 - - 25 - - -

Sales and related workers, all other

 227 1,036 62 109 873 40 118 1,323 57 66.0

Office and administrative support occupations

 13,637 717 3 9,711 711 4 3,926 738 8 96.3

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

 1,279 885 15 892 835 14 386 1,050 37 79.5

Switchboard operators, including answering service

 21 - - 19 - - 3 - - -

Telephone operators

 29 - - 22 - - 6 - - -

Communications equipment operators, all other

 7 - - 2 - - 5 - - -

Bill and account collectors

 114 711 21 85 694 20 28 - - -

Billing and posting clerks

 417 721 22 361 725 19 56 664 27 109.2

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

 679 742 10 575 739 10 104 778 52 95.0

Gaming cage workers

 7 - - 6 - - 1 - - -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks

 111 827 38 100 807 39 11 - - -

Procurement clerks

 30 - - 14 - - 16 - - -

Tellers

 240 584 8 206 584 8 34 - - -

Financial clerks, all other

 77 839 166 48 - - 30 - - -

Brokerage clerks

 5 - - 4 - - 2 - - -

Correspondence clerks

 5 - - 3 - - 2 - - -

Court, municipal, and license clerks

 78 897 71 61 804 54 17 - - -

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks

 50 818 149 30 - - 21 - - -

Customer service representatives

 1,904 683 9 1,226 680 10 678 689 18 98.7

Eligibility interviewers, government programs

 67 887 61 53 841 79 14 - - -

File clerks

 110 650 33 86 624 26 23 - - -

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks

 85 520 28 56 505 26 29 - - -

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

 114 702 45 96 686 53 18 - - -

Library assistants, clerical

 34 - - 26 - - 8 - - -

Loan interviewers and clerks

 115 827 42 99 797 49 16 - - -

New accounts clerks

 21 - - 13 - - 8 - - -

Order clerks

 57 659 29 29 - - 28 - - -

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping

 53 816 126 45 - - 7 - - -

Receptionists and information clerks

 934 605 6 853 606 6 81 593 33 102.2

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks

 109 745 114 60 766 86 50 681 143 112.5

Information and record clerks, all other

 95 733 22 71 724 21 24 - - -

Cargo and freight agents

 18 - - 12 - - 6 - - -

Couriers and messengers

 192 786 33 29 - - 164 821 42 -

Dispatchers

 270 783 47 162 725 29 108 926 63 78.3

Meter readers, utilities

 24 - - 2 - - 22 - - -

Postal service clerks

 115 765 58 63 771 80 51 758 84 101.7

Postal service mail carriers

 288 931 28 118 808 51 170 983 30 82.2

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators

 53 980 139 32 - - 22 - - -

Production, planning, and expediting clerks

 252 870 39 134 790 49 119 1,004 88 78.7

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks

 524 632 16 160 590 24 365 654 20 90.2

Stock clerks and order fillers

 988 562 11 359 570 16 629 558 15 102.2

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping

 44 - - 14 - - 30 - - -

Secretaries and administrative assistants

 1,977 759 7 1,855 753 7 122 903 54 83.4

Computer operators

 67 763 31 40 - - 27 - - -

Data entry keyers

 224 655 22 173 643 25 52 730 68 88.1

Word processors and typists

 53 858 69 43 - - 9 - - -

Desktop publishers

 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

 211 719 20 175 713 26 36 - - -

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service

 44 - - 13 - - 31 - - -

Office clerks, general

 925 697 11 797 701 11 128 670 29 104.6

Office machine operators, except computer

 13 - - 9 - - 5 - - -

Proofreaders and copy markers

 7 - - 4 - - 2 - - -

Statistical assistants

 41 - - 25 - - 16 - - -

Office and administrative support workers, all other

 456 794 25 352 762 15 104 920 38 82.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

 11,546 824 6 516 638 28 11,030 834 7 76.5

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

 850 581 7 183 483 12 667 602 8 80.2

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers

 45 - - 7 - - 37 - - -

Agricultural inspectors

 18 - - 6 - - 13 - - -

Animal breeders

 2 - - 0 - - 2 - - -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products

 75 593 26 37 - - 38 - - -

Miscellaneous agricultural workers

 641 552 13 130 474 13 512 578 9 82.0

Fishers and related fishing workers

 12 - - 0 - - 12 - - -

Hunters and trappers

 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - -

Forest and conservation workers

 17 - - 3 - - 15 - - -

Logging workers

 36 - - 0 - - 36 - - -

Construction and extraction occupations

 6,414 808 5 191 785 41 6,223 809 6 97.0

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

 541 1,059 36 20 - - 521 1,073 37 -

Boilermakers

 16 - - 0 - - 16 - - -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons

 102 763 48 2 - - 100 761 48 -

Carpenters

 973 756 15 20 - - 953 759 15 -

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers

 108 692 31 4 - - 105 682 31 -

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers

 46 - - 0 - - 46 - - -

Construction laborers

 1,470 717 8 49 - - 1,421 717 8 -

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators

 19 - - 0 - - 18 - - -

Pile-driver operators

 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - -

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators

 328 905 21 5 - - 323 905 21 -

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers

 125 704 26 1 - - 124 707 26 -

Electricians

 781 965 22 16 - - 766 966 22 -

Glaziers

 35 - - 0 - - 35 - - -

Insulation workers

 49 - - 1 - - 48 - - -

Painters, construction and maintenance

 380 679 15 20 - - 360 679 14 -

Paperhangers

 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters

 531 921 31 17 - - 514 916 26 -

Plasterers and stucco masons

 15 - - 1 - - 14 - - -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers

 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - -

Roofers

 148 687 18 2 - - 146 686 19 -

Sheet metal workers

 129 881 24 2 - - 127 882 23 -

Structural iron and steel workers

 52 934 52 1 - - 51 941 52 -

Solar photovoltaic installers

 9 - - 0 - - 9 - - -

Helpers, construction trades

 68 620 18 1 - - 67 622 18 -

Construction and building inspectors

 82 996 121 14 - - 68 1,015 93 -

Elevator installers and repairers

 25 - - 2 - - 23 - - -

Fence erectors

 21 - - 0 - - 21 - - -

Hazardous materials removal workers

 30 - - 3 - - 27 - - -

Highway maintenance workers

 109 781 35 4 - - 105 772 39 -

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators

 12 - - 0 - - 12 - - -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners

 6 - - 0 - - 6 - - -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers

 25 - - 0 - - 24 - - -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining

 29 - - 1 - - 28 - - -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

 23 - - 0 - - 23 - - -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

 14 - - 0 - - 14 - - -

Mining machine operators

 59 1,402 81 4 - - 55 1,389 79 -

Roof bolters, mining

 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - -

Roustabouts, oil and gas

 9 - - 0 - - 9 - - -

Helpers--extraction workers

 2 - - 0 - - 2 - - -

Other extraction workers

 35 - - 0 - - 34 - - -

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

 4,282 934 9 142 823 62 4,140 936 9 87.9

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers

 270 1,087 75 15 - - 255 1,111 77 -

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

 157 932 25 20 - - 137 940 24 -

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers

 125 1,131 50 18 - - 108 1,134 37 -

Avionics technicians

 11 - - 1 - - 10 - - -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers

 22 - - 2 - - 20 - - -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility

 12 - - 2 - - 10 - - -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - -

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers

 29 - - 0 - - 29 - - -

Security and fire alarm systems installers

 47 - - 0 - - 47 - - -

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians

 155 1,117 34 7 - - 147 1,141 51 -

Automotive body and related repairers

 114 820 42 0 - - 114 820 44 -

Automotive glass installers and repairers

 22 - - 1 - - 21 - - -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

 709 800 12 10 - - 698 802 13 -

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

 358 942 31 5 - - 352 943 31 -

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics

 199 1,013 26 3 - - 196 1,011 26 -

Small engine mechanics

 28 - - 0 - - 28 - - -

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers

 68 611 38 3 - - 65 612 37 -

Control and valve installers and repairers

 20 - - 2 - - 18 - - -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers

 384 890 38 3 - - 381 891 38 -

Home appliance repairers

 28 - - 0 - - 28 - - -

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics

 424 981 32 6 - - 418 982 32 -

Maintenance and repair workers, general

 456 870 30 16 - - 439 874 29 -

Maintenance workers, machinery

 23 - - 0 - - 23 - - -

Millwrights

 40 - - 1 - - 39 - - -

Electrical power-line installers and repairers

 129 1,300 55 5 - - 124 1,292 54 -

Telecommunications line installers and repairers

 196 1,014 46 9 - - 187 1,026 51 -

Precision instrument and equipment repairers

 46 - - 6 - - 39 - - -

Wind turbine service technicians

 2 - - 0 - - 2 - - -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

 25 - - 2 - - 23 - - -

Commercial divers

 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - -

Locksmiths and safe repairers

 18 - - 0 - - 18 - - -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers

 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - -

Riggers

 13 - - 0 - - 13 - - -

Signal and track switch repairers

 14 - - 0 - - 14 - - -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers

 17 - - 1 - - 17 - - -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers

 111 827 68 3 - - 108 837 83 -

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

 15,210 707 4 3,279 561 6 11,932 762 5 73.6

Production occupations

 7,668 723 5 2,041 575 6 5,627 793 6 72.5

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers

 792 980 28 150 745 37 642 1,050 38 71.0

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers

 6 - - 1 - - 5 - - -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers

 110 605 27 53 518 20 57 706 200 73.4

Engine and other machine assemblers

 7 - - 2 - - 5 - - -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters

 27 - - 0 - - 27 - - -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

 989 663 13 348 583 10 641 723 15 80.6

Bakers

 151 549 16 89 533 23 61 565 21 94.3

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers

 223 606 11 65 557 56 158 632 31 88.1

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders

 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - -

Food batchmakers

 55 557 22 34 - - 21 - - -

Food cooking machine operators and tenders

 8 - - 5 - - 3 - - -

Food processing workers, all other

 142 624 31 52 539 24 90 749 55 72.0

Computer control programmers and operators

 106 882 29 12 - - 94 890 30 -

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 17 - - 4 - - 12 - - -

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 11 - - 3 - - 7 - - -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 58 745 35 5 - - 53 766 39 -

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 6 - - 0 - - 6 - - -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 35 - - 2 - - 33 - - -

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 7 - - 0 - - 7 - - -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 2 - - 0 - - 2 - - -

Machinists

 309 863 29 16 - - 293 878 26 -

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters

 17 - - 1 - - 16 - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic

 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 35 - - 3 - - 32 - - -

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 4 - - 0 - - 4 - - -

Tool and die makers

 47 - - 2 - - 45 - - -

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers

 562 840 23 32 - - 530 847 23 -

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 10 - - 2 - - 8 - - -

Layout workers, metal and plastic

 10 - - 1 - - 9 - - -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 17 - - 4 - - 13 - - -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - -

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other

 356 698 18 66 611 14 290 724 29 84.4

Prepress technicians and workers

 14 - - 3 - - 11 - - -

Printing press operators

 137 754 48 26 - - 111 804 55 -

Print binding and finishing workers

 12 - - 6 - - 6 - - -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers

 108 432 23 76 416 13 32 - - -

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

 28 - - 18 - - 11 - - -

Sewing machine operators

 131 498 9 94 497 11 37 - - -

Shoe and leather workers and repairers

 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - -

Shoe machine operators and tenders

 6 - - 3 - - 2 - - -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers

 43 - - 24 - - 19 - - -

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders

 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders

 7 - - 0 - - 7 - - -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders

 5 - - 3 - - 2 - - -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders

 3 - - 1 - - 2 - - -

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers

 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers

 3 - - 3 - - 0 - - -

Upholsterers

 19 - - 5 - - 14 - - -

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other

 14 - - 7 - - 7 - - -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters

 47 - - 3 - - 44 - - -

Furniture finishers

 15 - - 2 - - 13 - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, wood

 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood

 32 - - 4 - - 27 - - -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing

 23 - - 10 - - 13 - - -

Woodworkers, all other

 11 - - 0 - - 11 - - -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers

 33 - - 1 - - 32 - - -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators

 84 1,073 96 2 - - 82 1,086 72 -

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators

 99 943 45 5 - - 94 940 44 -

Miscellaneous plant and system operators

 35 - - 0 - - 35 - - -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders

 65 894 35 8 - - 57 899 34 -

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers

 83 672 37 5 - - 78 673 51 -

Cutting workers

 56 595 35 12 - - 43 - - -

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders

 17 - - 3 - - 14 - - -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders

 20 - - 4 - - 15 - - -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

 756 771 17 267 679 23 490 868 38 78.2

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers

 20 - - 7 - - 13 - - -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians

 74 741 31 41 - - 33 - - -

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

 250 529 25 140 496 14 110 602 27 82.4

Painting workers

 159 710 24 16 - - 142 725 35 -

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators

 15 - - 4 - - 11 - - -

Semiconductor processors

 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders

 8 - - 3 - - 5 - - -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders

 6 - - 0 - - 6 - - -

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders

 4 - - 0 - - 4 - - -

Etchers and engravers

 8 - - 2 - - 6 - - -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic

 28 - - 0 - - 27 - - -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders

 20 - - 4 - - 16 - - -

Tire builders

 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - -

Helpers--production workers

 37 - - 10 - - 26 - - -

Production workers, all other

 992 678 13 263 566 18 729 725 16 78.1

Transportation and material moving occupations

 7,542 689 5 1,237 538 9 6,305 724 7 74.3

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers

 197 850 39 45 - - 152 878 66 -

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers

 98 1,743 593 7 - - 91 1,837 291 -

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists

 38 - - 3 - - 35 - - -

Flight attendants

 74 878 82 53 822 60 21 - - -

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians

 8 - - 0 - - 8 - - -

Bus drivers

 361 655 23 144 599 14 216 735 33 81.5

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers

 2,791 817 10 155 559 39 2,636 829 12 67.4

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs

 399 611 13 58 450 32 341 628 19 71.7

Motor vehicle operators, all other

 39 - - 5 - - 34 - - -

Locomotive engineers and operators

 34 - - 5 - - 30 - - -

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators

 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters

 54 1,132 65 4 - - 50 1,143 56 -

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers

 17 - - 0 - - 17 - - -

Sailors and marine oilers

 21 - - 1 - - 20 - - -

Ship and boat captains and operators

 30 - - 1 - - 29 - - -

Ship engineers

 7 - - 0 - - 7 - - -

Bridge and lock tenders

 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - -

Parking lot attendants

 61 575 46 8 - - 54 575 45 -

Automotive and watercraft service attendants

 70 570 68 14 - - 56 575 54 -

Transportation inspectors

 37 - - 3 - - 34 - - -

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants

 19 - - 13 - - 5 - - -

Other transportation workers

 19 - - 0 - - 18 - - -

Conveyor operators and tenders

 4 - - 0 - - 4 - - -

Crane and tower operators

 64 1,122 108 3 - - 60 1,079 271 -

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators

 19 - - 0 - - 19 - - -

Hoist and winch operators

 8 - - 0 - - 8 - - -

Industrial truck and tractor operators

 596 641 15 48 - - 549 641 16 -

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment

 232 538 22 40 - - 192 536 25 -

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

 1,595 603 6 318 541 12 1,277 620 7 87.3

Machine feeders and offbearers

 25 - - 10 - - 15 - - -

Packers and packagers, hand

 490 495 6 285 484 6 205 516 11 93.8

Pumping station operators

 16 - - 0 - - 16 - - -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

 63 524 30 8 - - 55 536 45 -

Mine shuttle car operators

 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - -

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders

 6 - - 0 - - 6 - - -

Material moving workers, all other

 41 - - 4 - - 37 - - -

Note: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
State Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median

United States

 115,567 $886 $2 51,425 $789 $3 64,142 $973 $3 81.1

Alabama

 1,658 805 18 749 688 23 910 922 23 74.6

Alaska

 251 972 18 113 857 29 138 1,081 41 79.3

Arizona

 2,404 826 12 1,062 762 17 1,342 910 26 83.7

Arkansas

 991 739 13 462 681 16 529 809 22 84.2

California

 13,536 934 9 5,800 876 12 7,736 992 12 88.3

Colorado

 2,144 975 17 922 908 18 1,221 1,069 36 84.9

Connecticut

 1,330 1,029 23 597 923 36 733 1,140 29 81.0

Delaware

 366 882 20 174 789 28 192 982 13 80.3

District of Columbia

 315 1,355 23 160 1,259 25 155 1,445 35 87.1

Florida

 7,251 786 8 3,357 716 9 3,894 867 13 82.6

Georgia

 3,812 831 15 1,749 744 15 2,063 919 21 81.0

Hawaii

 497 889 16 234 797 23 263 965 31 82.6

Idaho

 581 788 13 234 702 17 348 883 17 79.5

Illinois

 4,606 943 12 2,049 831 16 2,557 1,069 21 77.7

Indiana

 2,517 824 14 1,092 726 21 1,425 910 28 79.8

Iowa

 1,172 858 14 523 753 17 649 977 27 77.1

Kansas

 1,060 836 18 467 753 21 593 908 24 82.9

Kentucky

 1,511 772 15 691 696 20 820 847 24 82.2

Louisiana

 1,498 808 19 690 698 19 808 918 21 76.0

Maine

 450 876 19 209 814 21 241 934 34 87.2

Maryland

 2,353 1,042 30 1,085 950 39 1,268 1,147 35 82.8

Massachusetts

 2,704 1,080 24 1,231 995 17 1,473 1,170 22 85.0

Michigan

 3,436 902 11 1,483 811 17 1,952 987 17 82.2

Minnesota

 2,083 1,022 18 948 937 32 1,135 1,096 43 85.5

Mississippi

 965 734 13 458 637 19 506 831 23 76.7

Missouri

 2,190 868 19 1,013 763 24 1,177 946 28 80.7

Montana

 330 825 16 143 722 19 187 918 22 78.6

Nebraska

 703 830 16 318 747 17 386 931 26 80.2

Nevada

 1,154 775 11 501 720 13 653 827 16 87.1

New Hampshire

 532 997 20 234 898 21 298 1,104 41 81.3

New Jersey

 3,321 1,034 15 1,487 933 16 1,834 1,148 20 81.3

New Mexico

 658 788 21 293 711 24 365 873 25 81.4

New York

 6,994 928 10 3,230 849 10 3,764 993 14 85.5

North Carolina

 3,679 815 11 1,700 739 13 1,979 885 13 83.5

North Dakota

 283 889 17 122 749 16 161 1,013 24 73.9

Ohio

 4,042 873 11 1,822 764 12 2,220 965 17 79.2

Oklahoma

 1,338 828 15 579 712 17 760 946 19 75.3

Oregon

 1,372 900 13 598 808 19 774 985 32 82.0

Pennsylvania

 4,465 909 12 1,991 804 12 2,474 998 15 80.6

Rhode Island

 389 942 29 181 781 28 208 1,088 32 71.8

South Carolina

 1,692 822 18 773 739 13 919 922 21 80.2

South Dakota

 312 803 11 143 731 11 169 884 14 82.7

Tennessee

 2,357 792 16 1,051 719 14 1,306 894 21 80.4

Texas

 10,168 824 9 4,362 739 8 5,806 918 13 80.5

Utah

 1,036 879 13 394 729 15 641 1,016 18 71.8

Vermont

 233 901 19 105 821 25 128 954 24 86.1

Virginia

 3,276 948 15 1,464 851 21 1,812 1,069 35 79.6

Washington

 2,685 1,019 20 1,114 860 29 1,571 1,140 21 75.4

West Virginia

 575 771 15 259 662 16 316 879 24 75.3

Wisconsin

 2,101 892 14 933 795 20 1,168 985 19 80.7

Wyoming

 190 880 17 77 708 16 112 1,044 35 67.8

Note: In general, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates; thus, comparisons of state estimates should be made with caution. Data shown are based on workers' state of residence; workers' reported earnings, however, may or may not be from a job located in the same state.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 24,346 $271 $1 15,968 $275 $2 8,378 $263 $2 104.6

16 to 24 years

 8,242 206 2 4,708 204 2 3,534 209 3 97.6

16 to 19 years

 3,619 171 2 2,050 170 3 1,570 172 3 98.8

20 to 24 years

 4,623 239 2 2,658 235 3 1,965 244 4 96.3

25 years and older

 16,103 315 2 11,260 314 2 4,843 316 3 99.4

25 to 34 years

 4,312 316 3 2,821 316 5 1,490 316 5 100.0

35 to 44 years

 2,946 338 6 2,272 332 7 673 360 14 92.2

45 to 54 years

 2,922 343 6 2,296 344 6 626 338 15 101.8

55 to 64 years

 3,226 311 4 2,317 307 5 909 321 9 95.6

65 years and older

 2,697 270 5 1,552 257 7 1,145 286 6 89.9

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

 19,054 274 2 12,590 280 2 6,463 264 3 106.1

Black or African American

 2,935 254 3 1,896 254 4 1,038 254 5 100.0

Asian

 1,326 279 6 843 277 8 483 282 9 98.2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 4,265 267 3 2,735 265 3 1,530 271 6 97.8

Marital Status

Never married

 11,914 231 2 6,726 229 2 5,188 233 3 98.3

Married, spouse present(1)

 9,158 330 4 6,769 329 4 2,388 333 8 98.8

Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)

 3,274 292 4 2,473 287 4 802 308 8 93.2

Widowed

 731 266 8 616 261 9 115 288 21 90.6

Divorced

 1,820 308 5 1,349 301 5 471 335 14 89.9

Separated(2)

 724 279 7 508 280 8 216 277 16 101.1

Footnotes
(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.
(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Hours of work Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median

Total, 16 years and older

 140,099 $764 $2 67,467 $660 $2 72,632 $884 $3 74.7

0 to 34 hours

 22,288 274 1 14,701 278 2 7,587 267 2 104.1

0 to 4 hours

 543 60 3 365 58 3 177 66 5 87.9

5 to 9 hours

 1,237 96 2 816 97 3 420 94 4 103.2

10 to 14 hours

 1,882 127 3 1,211 131 3 671 122 2 107.4

15 to 19 hours

 2,625 179 2 1,750 184 2 875 171 2 107.6

20 to 24 hours

 6,733 252 2 4,397 259 2 2,336 241 3 107.5

25 to 29 hours

 3,234 311 2 2,172 313 3 1,063 307 3 102.0

30 to 34 hours

 6,034 396 3 3,990 399 4 2,044 391 4 102.0

35 hours and over

 110,872 890 2 49,546 795 3 61,326 977 3 81.4

35 to 39 hours

 7,805 565 5 5,151 571 6 2,653 551 10 103.6

40 hours

 80,619 823 2 37,320 765 3 43,300 886 3 86.3

41 hours and over

 22,448 1,302 10 7,075 1,191 13 15,373 1,362 8 87.4

41 to 44 hours

 1,233 982 16 496 950 26 737 1,003 20 94.7

45 to 48 hours

 6,225 1,150 8 2,259 1,069 17 3,966 1,187 16 90.1

49 to 59 hours

 10,172 1,389 10 3,066 1,272 23 7,105 1,429 12 89.0

60 hours and over

 4,818 1,476 16 1,254 1,354 27 3,564 1,526 17 88.7

Hours vary

 6,939 532 12 3,219 393 7 3,720 702 12 56.0

Usually less than 35 hours

 2,058 231 5 1,267 235 7 791 224 8 104.9

Usually 35 or more hours

 4,695 745 11 1,878 578 15 2,816 885 18 65.3

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers. Estimates for the "hours vary" groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [In thousands]
Characteristic Total
employed		 Number of workers by usual weekly earnings
Under
$350.00		 $350.00
to
$499.99		 $500.00
to
$599.99		 $600.00
to
$749.99		 $750.00
to
$999.99		 $1,000.00
to
$1,199.99		 $1,200.00
to
$1,999.99		 $2,000.00
or
more

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 115,567 4,463 13,817 10,511 16,216 20,098 12,372 24,140 13,948

16 to 24 years

 10,428 1,099 3,151 1,634 1,928 1,326 587 597 108

16 to 19 years

 1,382 291 588 189 173 74 29 31 7

20 to 24 years

 9,046 807 2,562 1,445 1,755 1,252 558 565 101

25 years and older

 105,138 3,365 10,667 8,877 14,288 18,772 11,785 23,543 13,840

25 to 34 years

 28,874 1,048 3,567 3,024 4,911 5,697 3,271 5,386 1,971

35 to 44 years

 26,452 744 2,480 1,980 3,380 4,600 2,891 6,350 4,027

45 to 54 years

 25,565 718 2,393 1,940 3,056 4,363 2,848 6,196 4,052

55 to 64 years

 19,585 573 1,673 1,525 2,443 3,419 2,266 4,632 3,054

65 years and older

 4,662 282 554 409 499 693 510 979 736

Women, 16 years and older

 51,425 2,553 7,492 5,451 7,896 9,271 5,300 9,281 4,182

16 to 24 years

 4,611 562 1,473 762 806 538 243 202 26

16 to 19 years

 545 149 240 65 47 27 11 6 1

20 to 24 years

 4,065 413 1,234 697 759 511 232 196 24

25 years and older

 46,814 1,991 6,019 4,689 7,090 8,734 5,057 9,079 4,156

25 to 34 years

 12,681 596 1,857 1,467 2,271 2,552 1,350 1,988 601

35 to 44 years

 11,528 448 1,406 1,032 1,634 2,104 1,221 2,458 1,225

45 to 54 years

 11,621 443 1,400 1,113 1,618 2,107 1,232 2,474 1,235

55 to 64 years

 8,937 349 1,054 873 1,307 1,667 1,010 1,783 894

65 years and older

 2,046 154 301 204 261 304 245 375 201

Men, 16 years and older

 64,142 1,911 6,326 5,060 8,320 10,827 7,072 14,860 9,766

16 to 24 years

 5,818 537 1,677 872 1,122 789 344 395 82

16 to 19 years

 837 142 349 124 126 47 18 25 5

20 to 24 years

 4,981 394 1,329 748 996 742 325 370 77

25 years and older

 58,324 1,374 4,648 4,189 7,198 10,038 6,729 14,465 9,684

25 to 34 years

 16,193 452 1,710 1,557 2,640 3,145 1,921 3,398 1,371

35 to 44 years

 14,924 296 1,074 948 1,746 2,496 1,670 3,892 2,802

45 to 54 years

 13,944 275 993 827 1,438 2,256 1,617 3,722 2,817

55 to 64 years

 10,647 224 619 652 1,136 1,752 1,256 2,850 2,159

65 years and older

 2,616 128 253 205 239 389 265 604 535

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

 88,953 3,109 9,677 7,567 12,247 15,810 9,897 19,427 11,220

Women

 38,384 1,763 5,160 3,771 5,908 7,199 4,179 7,210 3,192

Men

 50,570 1,346 4,516 3,796 6,338 8,611 5,717 12,216 8,029

Black or African American

 15,041 908 2,812 1,945 2,493 2,464 1,353 2,124 942

Women

 7,760 550 1,562 1,129 1,271 1,229 602 992 424

Men

 7,282 359 1,250 816 1,222 1,235 751 1,132 518

Asian

 7,643 259 712 547 783 1,108 761 1,974 1,499

Women

 3,474 136 418 299 429 528 371 826 466

Men

 4,169 122 294 248 353 580 390 1,148 1,033

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 20,297 1,141 3,961 2,583 3,747 3,483 1,712 2,572 1,097

Women

 8,071 634 1,923 1,155 1,389 1,273 569 830 299

Men

 12,226 508 2,038 1,429 2,358 2,210 1,143 1,742 798

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2018 annual averages
Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings Standard error of median

Women

Total, all marital statuses

 51,425 $789 $3

With children under 18 years old

 17,678 799 6

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 10,908 809 7

With children under 6 years old

 6,770 780 9

With no children under 18 years old

 33,747 784 3

Total, married, spouse present(1)

 25,643 880 4

With children under 18 years old

 11,663 903 6

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 7,129 891 7

With children under 6 years old

 4,534 927 10

With no children under 18 years old

 13,980 858 6

Total, other marital statuses(2)

 25,781 714 3

With children under 18 years old

 6,015 640 5

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 3,778 687 8

With children under 6 years old

 2,236 588 5

With no children under 18 years old

 19,767 739 4

Men

Total, all marital statuses

 64,142 973 3

With children under 18 years old

 22,264 1,098 8

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 12,069 1,146 8

With children under 6 years old

 10,195 1,033 10

With no children under 18 years old

 41,878 919 4

Total, married, spouse present(1)

 36,766 1,140 4

With children under 18 years old

 19,416 1,147 6

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 10,679 1,175 11

With children under 6 years old

 8,737 1,115 11

With no children under 18 years old

 17,350 1,132 6

Total, other marital statuses(2)

 27,376 793 4

With children under 18 years old

 2,848 807 11

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 1,390 923 20

With children under 6 years old

 1,458 723 12

With no children under 18 years old

 24,528 791 4

Footnotes
(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.
(2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.

Note: Children refer to "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, as well as unrelated children.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers		 Median
hourly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers		 Median
hourly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers		 Median
hourly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 81,915 $14.99 $0.01 41,223 $14.06 $0.03 40,691 $16.01 $0.04 87.8

16 to 24 years

 15,963 11.16 0.02 7,969 10.93 0.03 7,994 11.74 0.06 93.1

16 to 19 years

 4,751 10.03 0.02 2,491 9.91 0.03 2,261 10.15 0.03 97.6

20 to 24 years

 11,211 11.96 0.02 5,479 11.68 0.08 5,733 12.18 0.03 95.9

25 years and older

 65,952 16.11 0.03 33,254 15.04 0.02 32,698 17.76 0.07 84.7

25 to 34 years

 19,831 15.10 0.02 9,460 14.64 0.10 10,371 15.87 0.06 92.2

35 to 44 years

 15,181 16.94 0.07 7,433 15.22 0.10 7,748 18.44 0.17 82.5

45 to 54 years

 14,610 17.02 0.07 7,645 15.20 0.06 6,966 18.99 0.14 80.0

55 to 64 years

 12,303 17.26 0.14 6,542 15.62 0.13 5,761 19.56 0.22 79.9

65 years and older

 4,027 14.35 0.17 2,175 13.77 0.21 1,852 14.90 0.10 92.4

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

 62,204 15.16 0.02 30,695 14.27 0.06 31,509 16.53 0.09 86.3

Black or African American

 12,135 13.64 0.11 6,598 13.02 0.05 5,537 14.22 0.11 91.6

Asian

 4,130 15.24 0.18 2,221 14.95 0.08 1,909 16.69 0.42 89.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 17,452 13.99 0.05 7,909 12.80 0.06 9,543 15.01 0.04 85.3

Marital Status

Never married

 33,131 12.85 0.03 15,843 12.15 0.03 17,289 13.68 0.10 88.8

Married, spouse present(1)

 35,753 17.17 0.06 17,405 15.54 0.10 18,348 18.88 0.09 82.3

Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)

 13,030 15.20 0.06 7,975 14.63 0.12 5,055 17.23 0.18 84.9

Widowed

 1,612 14.42 0.31 1,251 13.95 0.16 361 17.76 1.22 78.5

Divorced

 8,150 16.02 0.09 4,897 15.05 0.06 3,253 17.94 0.12 83.9

Separated(2)

 3,268 14.25 0.22 1,827 13.22 0.16 1,441 15.89 0.21 83.2

Union Affiliation(3)

Members of unions(4)

 8,638 20.23 0.19 3,314 17.85 0.15 5,324 22.17 0.16 80.5

Represented by unions(5)

 9,488 20.08 0.06 3,726 17.70 0.18 5,762 21.96 0.11 80.6

Not represented by a union

 72,426 14.75 0.04 37,497 13.79 0.04 34,929 15.19 0.03 90.8

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and older

 65,952 16.11 0.03 33,254 15.04 0.02 32,698 17.76 0.07 84.7

Less than a high school diploma

 6,631 12.79 0.07 2,641 11.19 0.04 3,990 14.17 0.07 79.0

High school graduates, no college

 22,206 15.16 0.03 9,807 13.62 0.09 12,399 17.17 0.09 79.3

Some college or associate degree

 21,568 16.22 0.07 11,570 15.09 0.03 9,998 18.20 0.10 82.9

Bachelor's degree and higher

 15,546 20.16 0.07 9,236 20.01 0.06 6,310 20.99 0.27 95.3

Footnotes
(1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only.
(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
(3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region.
(4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
(5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [In thousands]
Characteristic Total
employed		 Number of workers by hourly earnings
Under
$6.00		 $6.00
to
$7.99		 $8.00
to
$9.99		 $10.00
to
$11.99		 $12.00
to
$14.99		 $15.00
to
$19.99		 $20.00
or
more

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 81,915 1,004 1,366 6,562 13,489 16,440 19,099 23,955

16 to 24 years

 15,963 431 717 2,991 4,674 3,728 2,356 1,065

16 to 19 years

 4,751 145 410 1,420 1,661 756 272 88

20 to 24 years

 11,211 286 307 1,572 3,014 2,972 2,084 977

25 years and older

 65,952 572 650 3,570 8,815 12,712 16,743 22,890

25 to 34 years

 19,831 220 244 1,215 2,834 4,457 5,567 5,295

35 to 44 years

 15,181 144 143 677 1,901 2,687 3,819 5,808

45 to 54 years

 14,610 111 115 665 1,774 2,650 3,670 5,626

55 to 64 years

 12,303 67 91 608 1,493 2,121 2,928 4,995

65 years and older

 4,027 30 57 405 813 797 760 1,165

Women, 16 years and older

 41,223 669 812 4,054 7,815 8,839 9,162 9,872

16 to 24 years

 7,969 291 422 1,670 2,402 1,863 950 373

16 to 19 years

 2,491 99 248 785 867 365 96 31

20 to 24 years

 5,479 192 174 884 1,535 1,498 854 342

25 years and older

 33,254 378 390 2,384 5,414 6,976 8,212 9,500

25 to 34 years

 9,460 143 152 750 1,596 2,195 2,501 2,122

35 to 44 years

 7,433 90 76 472 1,218 1,461 1,818 2,298

45 to 54 years

 7,645 74 70 474 1,161 1,628 1,897 2,341

55 to 64 years

 6,542 47 55 439 980 1,258 1,610 2,153

65 years and older

 2,175 24 37 249 459 435 384 586

Men, 16 years and older

 40,691 334 555 2,508 5,674 7,600 9,937 14,083

16 to 24 years

 7,994 140 295 1,322 2,273 1,865 1,406 693

16 to 19 years

 2,261 46 162 634 794 392 176 57

20 to 24 years

 5,733 95 133 688 1,479 1,474 1,231 635

25 years and older

 32,698 194 260 1,186 3,401 5,735 8,531 13,391

25 to 34 years

 10,371 77 92 465 1,238 2,262 3,065 3,174

35 to 44 years

 7,748 54 68 205 683 1,226 2,000 3,511

45 to 54 years

 6,966 37 45 192 613 1,022 1,773 3,285

55 to 64 years

 5,761 20 36 169 514 863 1,317 2,842

65 years and older

 1,852 6 20 156 354 362 375 579

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

 62,204 779 949 4,596 9,789 12,098 14,710 19,283

Women

 30,695 538 552 2,851 5,658 6,415 6,969 7,712

Men

 31,509 241 397 1,746 4,132 5,683 7,741 11,570

Black or African American

 12,135 126 308 1,403 2,409 2,773 2,719 2,396

Women

 6,598 69 192 886 1,387 1,561 1,363 1,139

Men

 5,537 57 116 517 1,022 1,212 1,356 1,257

Asian

 4,130 44 41 280 651 780 857 1,477

Women

 2,221 31 24 160 384 450 468 704

Men

 1,909 13 17 120 267 329 390 773

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 17,452 197 247 1,332 3,531 4,180 4,283 3,682

Women

 7,909 122 143 840 1,942 2,019 1,683 1,160

Men

 9,543 75 104 493 1,589 2,160 2,600 2,522

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic Workers paid hourly rates
Total Below
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage		 At
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage		 Total at or below
prevailing federal
minimum wage
Number Percentage of
workers
paid hourly
rates

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 81,915 1,276 434 1,711 2.1

16 to 24 years

 15,963 534 271 805 5.0

16 to 19 years

 4,751 195 166 361 7.6

20 to 24 years

 11,211 339 106 444 4.0

25 years and older

 65,952 742 163 905 1.4

25 to 34 years

 19,831 285 65 349 1.8

35 to 44 years

 15,181 181 38 219 1.4

45 to 54 years

 14,610 136 25 161 1.1

55 to 64 years

 12,303 98 18 116 0.9

65 years and older

 4,027 43 17 60 1.5

Women, 16 years and older

 41,223 812 267 1,078 2.6

16 to 24 years

 7,969 348 156 504 6.3

16 to 19 years

 2,491 125 103 228 9.2

20 to 24 years

 5,479 222 53 276 5.0

25 years and older

 33,254 464 110 575 1.7

25 to 34 years

 9,460 170 48 217 2.3

35 to 44 years

 7,433 109 21 130 1.7

45 to 54 years

 7,645 90 16 105 1.4

55 to 64 years

 6,542 64 11 75 1.1

65 years and older

 2,175 33 14 47 2.2

Men, 16 years and older

 40,691 464 168 632 1.6

16 to 24 years

 7,994 186 115 301 3.8

16 to 19 years

 2,261 69 63 133 5.9

20 to 24 years

 5,733 117 52 169 2.9

25 years and older

 32,698 278 52 331 1.0

25 to 34 years

 10,371 115 17 132 1.3

35 to 44 years

 7,748 72 17 89 1.2

45 to 54 years

 6,966 46 10 56 0.8

55 to 64 years

 5,761 34 6 41 0.7

65 years and older

 1,852 11 2 13 0.7

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

 62,204 958 283 1,242 2.0

Women

 30,695 626 182 808 2.6

Men

 31,509 333 101 434 1.4

Black or African American

 12,135 198 114 313 2.6

Women

 6,598 113 63 175 2.7

Men

 5,537 85 52 137 2.5

Asian

 4,130 53 16 69 1.7

Women

 2,221 36 10 46 2.1

Men

 1,909 17 6 23 1.2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 17,452 246 78 324 1.9

Women

 7,909 141 52 194 2.4

Men

 9,543 105 26 131 1.4

Full- and Part-time Status(1)

Full-time workers

 61,650 621 121 742 1.2

Women

 27,913 377 76 454 1.6

Men

 33,736 244 45 288 0.9

Part-time workers

 20,155 653 312 965 4.8

Women

 13,260 434 190 624 4.7

Men

 6,895 219 122 341 4.9

Footnotes
(1) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data do not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

Note: See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979-2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Year Total
wage
and
salary
workers		 Workers paid hourly rates
Total Percentage
of total
wage
and
salary
workers		 Below
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage(1)		 At
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage(1)		 Total at or below
prevailing federal
minimum wage
Number Percentage of
workers
paid hourly
rates

Total

1979

 87,529 51,721 59.1 2,916 3,997 6,912 13.4

1980

 87,644 51,335 58.6 3,087 4,686 7,773 15.1

1981

 88,516 51,869 58.6 3,513 4,311 7,824 15.1

1982

 87,368 50,846 58.2 2,348 4,148 6,496 12.8

1983

 88,290 51,820 58.7 2,077 4,261 6,338 12.2

1984

 92,194 54,143 58.7 1,838 4,125 5,963 11.0

1985

 94,521 55,762 59.0 1,639 3,899 5,538 9.9

1986

 96,903 57,529 59.4 1,599 3,461 5,060 8.8

1987

 99,303 59,552 60.0 1,468 3,229 4,698 7.9

1988

 101,407 60,878 60.0 1,319 2,608 3,927 6.5

1989

 103,480 62,389 60.3 1,372 1,790 3,162 5.1

1990

 104,876 63,172 60.2 2,132 1,096 3,228 5.1

1991

 103,723 62,627 60.4 2,377 2,906 5,283 8.4

1992

 104,668 63,610 60.8 1,939 2,982 4,921 7.7

1993

 106,101 64,274 60.6 1,707 2,625 4,332 6.7

1994

 107,989 66,549 61.6 1,995 2,132 4,128 6.2

1995

 110,038 68,354 62.1 1,699 1,956 3,656 5.3

1996

 111,960 69,255 61.9 1,863 1,861 3,724 5.4

1997

 114,533 70,735 61.8 2,990 1,764 4,754 6.7

1998

 116,730 71,440 61.2 2,834 1,593 4,427 6.2

1999

 118,963 72,306 60.8 2,194 1,146 3,340 4.6

2000

 122,089 73,496 60.2 1,752 898 2,650 3.6

2001

 122,229 73,392 60.0 1,518 656 2,174 3.0

2002

 121,826 72,508 59.5 1,579 567 2,146 3.0

2003

 122,358 72,946 59.6 1,555 545 2,100 2.9

2004

 123,554 73,939 59.8 1,483 520 2,003 2.7

2005

 125,889 75,609 60.1 1,403 479 1,882 2.5

2006

 128,237 76,514 59.7 1,283 409 1,692 2.2

2007

 129,767 75,873 58.5 1,462 267 1,729 2.3

2008

 129,377 75,305 58.2 1,940 286 2,226 3.0

2009

 124,490 72,611 58.3 2,592 980 3,572 4.9

2010

 124,073 72,902 58.8 2,541 1,820 4,361 6.0

2011

 125,187 73,926 59.1 2,152 1,677 3,829 5.2

2012

 127,577 75,276 59.0 1,984 1,566 3,550 4.7

2013

 129,110 75,948 58.8 1,768 1,532 3,301 4.3

2014

 131,431 77,207 58.7 1,737 1,255 2,992 3.9

2015

 133,743 78,232 58.5 1,691 870 2,561 3.3

2016

 136,101 79,883 58.7 1,451 701 2,153 2.7

2017

 137,890 80,439 58.3 1,282 542 1,824 2.3

2018

 140,099 81,915 58.5 1,276 434 1,711 2.1

Women

1979

 38,129 23,329 61.2 2,070 2,644 4,714 20.2

1980

 38,944 23,626 60.7 2,104 2,990 5,095 21.6

1981

 39,672 24,294 61.2 2,394 2,778 5,172 21.3

1982

 39,777 24,365 61.3 1,651 2,561 4,212 17.3

1983

 40,433 24,989 61.8 1,492 2,603 4,095 16.4

1984

 42,172 26,003 61.7 1,348 2,499 3,847 14.8

1985

 43,506 26,869 61.8 1,198 2,356 3,554 13.2

1986

 44,961 27,863 62.0 1,192 2,125 3,317 11.9

1987

 46,365 29,078 62.7 1,105 1,946 3,051 10.5

1988

 47,495 29,820 62.8 1,008 1,542 2,550 8.6

1989

 48,691 30,702 63.1 994 1,056 2,050 6.7

1990

 49,323 31,069 63.0 1,420 711 2,131 6.9

1991

 49,105 30,988 63.1 1,582 1,792 3,374 10.9

1992

 49,842 31,454 63.1 1,286 1,751 3,036 9.7

1993

 50,626 31,937 63.1 1,133 1,534 2,667 8.4

1994

 51,419 33,021 64.2 1,322 1,241 2,563 7.8

1995

 52,369 33,934 64.8 1,157 1,161 2,318 6.8

1996

 53,488 34,418 64.3 1,244 1,106 2,350 6.8

1997

 54,708 35,214 64.4 1,843 1,092 2,935 8.3

1998

 55,757 35,680 64.0 1,794 965 2,760 7.7

1999

 57,050 36,233 63.5 1,426 700 2,126 5.9

2000

 58,427 36,777 62.9 1,170 579 1,749 4.8

2001

 58,582 36,848 62.9 1,021 409 1,430 3.9

2002

 58,555 36,508 62.3 997 350 1,347 3.7

2003

 59,122 37,093 62.7 1,062 332 1,394 3.8

2004

 59,408 37,133 62.5 1,013 310 1,323 3.6

2005

 60,423 37,957 62.8 944 290 1,234 3.3

2006

 61,426 38,321 62.4 861 263 1,124 2.9

2007

 62,299 38,082 61.1 1,002 181 1,183 3.1

2008

 62,532 37,972 60.7 1,302 196 1,498 3.9

2009

 60,951 37,426 61.4 1,603 612 2,215 5.9

2010

 60,542 37,404 61.8 1,598 1,151 2,749 7.3

2011

 60,502 37,469 61.9 1,366 1,029 2,395 6.4

2012

 61,679 38,163 61.9 1,288 999 2,287 6.0

2013

 62,316 38,404 61.6 1,148 910 2,058 5.4

2014

 63,383 38,802 61.2 1,139 739 1,878 4.8

2015

 64,445 39,500 61.3 1,062 540 1,602 4.1

2016

 65,512 40,315 61.5 952 432 1,384 3.4

2017

 66,421 40,658 61.2 829 316 1,146 2.8

2018

 67,467 41,223 61.1 812 267 1,078 2.6

Men

1979

 49,400 28,392 57.5 846 1,353 2,199 7.7

1980

 48,700 27,709 56.9 983 1,696 2,678 9.7

1981

 48,844 27,576 56.5 1,119 1,533 2,652 9.6

1982

 47,591 26,481 55.6 697 1,587 2,284 8.6

1983

 47,856 26,831 56.1 585 1,658 2,243 8.4

1984

 50,022 28,140 56.3 490 1,626 2,116 7.5

1985

 51,015 28,893 56.6 440 1,544 1,984 6.9

1986

 51,942 29,666 57.1 408 1,336 1,743 5.9

1987

 52,938 30,474 57.6 364 1,283 1,647 5.4

1988

 53,912 31,058 57.6 311 1,066 1,377 4.4

1989

 54,789 31,687 57.8 379 733 1,112 3.5

1990

 55,553 32,104 57.8 712 385 1,097 3.4

1991

 54,618 31,639 57.9 795 1,114 1,909 6.0

1992

 54,826 32,155 58.6 653 1,231 1,885 5.9

1993

 55,475 32,337 58.3 573 1,091 1,664 5.1

1994

 56,570 33,528 59.3 674 891 1,565 4.7

1995

 57,669 34,420 59.7 542 796 1,338 3.9

1996

 58,473 34,838 59.6 619 755 1,374 3.9

1997

 59,825 35,521 59.4 1,147 673 1,820 5.1

1998

 60,973 35,761 58.7 1,039 628 1,667 4.7

1999

 61,914 36,073 58.3 768 446 1,214 3.4

2000

 63,662 36,720 57.7 582 319 901 2.5

2001

 63,647 36,544 57.4 497 247 744 2.0

2002

 63,272 36,000 56.9 582 217 799 2.2

2003

 63,236 35,853 56.7 493 213 706 2.0

2004

 64,145 36,806 57.4 470 210 680 1.8

2005

 65,466 37,652 57.5 459 189 648 1.7

2006

 66,811 38,193 57.2 422 146 568 1.5

2007

 67,468 37,790 56.0 460 86 546 1.4

2008

 66,846 37,334 55.9 638 90 728 1.9

2009

 63,539 35,185 55.4 990 368 1,358 3.9

2010

 63,531 35,498 55.9 943 669 1,612 4.5

2011

 64,686 36,457 56.4 785 648 1,433 3.9

2012

 65,898 37,113 56.3 696 567 1,263 3.4

2013

 66,794 37,544 56.2 621 622 1,243 3.3

2014

 68,048 38,405 56.4 598 516 1,114 2.9

2015

 69,298 38,732 55.9 629 330 959 2.5

2016

 70,589 39,568 56.1 499 270 769 1.9

2017

 71,469 39,781 55.7 452 226 678 1.7

2018

 72,632 40,691 56.0 464 168 632 1.6

Footnotes
(1) Data for 1990-91, 1996-97, and 2007-09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018
Year Total,
16 years
and older		 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19
years		 20 to 24
years		 Total 25 to 34
years		 35 to 44
years		 45 to 54
years		 55 to 64
years		 65 years
and older

1979

 62.3 78.6 85.2 76.3 62.1 67.5 58.3 56.8 60.6 77.6

1980

 64.2 80.3 89.5 78.1 62.8 69.4 58.3 56.9 59.4 76.4

1981

 64.4 82.6 91.7 80.6 62.6 70.3 59.9 56.8 58.9 71.1

1982

 65.7 85.3 92.9 82.4 64.9 72.1 61.1 60.1 61.4 70.3

1983

 66.5 88.8 94.0 85.5 65.8 73.3 61.5 59.5 61.8 68.8

1984

 67.6 87.9 93.1 85.2 67.1 74.6 62.0 59.4 61.5 66.8

1985

 68.1 87.6 90.7 85.7 66.8 75.1 63.0 59.7 61.0 65.9

1986

 69.5 89.0 91.4 87.5 66.5 76.1 63.9 60.9 61.2 71.5

1987

 69.8 88.3 87.8 88.0 67.3 76.7 66.1 62.3 62.2 68.7

1988

 70.2 89.7 89.8 90.0 68.8 77.7 68.5 61.7 62.3 70.9

1989

 70.1 90.8 94.3 89.7 70.2 78.3 68.3 62.7 63.9 74.3

1990

 71.9 90.1 90.8 90.3 72.1 79.3 69.6 63.8 63.7 74.4

1991

 74.2 93.3 93.6 93.3 74.0 81.0 70.7 65.0 64.5 68.3

1992

 75.8 94.0 94.0 94.3 74.6 82.0 71.9 65.8 64.9 77.9

1993

 77.1 94.8 92.8 95.4 74.8 83.0 73.0 67.4 67.4 74.3

1994

 76.4 93.9 92.5 94.5 73.1 82.9 72.6 67.1 66.0 76.2

1995

 75.5 90.8 88.1 92.4 72.8 82.2 72.6 67.7 64.7 80.0

1996

 75.0 92.5 88.8 92.8 74.1 83.2 73.3 68.9 65.3 70.0

1997

 74.4 92.1 91.6 90.5 75.1 82.9 74.0 69.4 64.7 77.0

1998

 76.3 91.3 88.6 89.4 75.9 82.9 73.6 70.5 68.1 72.6

1999

 76.5 91.0 91.4 90.5 74.4 81.5 71.7 70.0 67.9 78.7

2000

 76.9 91.7 92.5 92.7 74.5 82.4 71.6 73.2 69.1 75.1

2001

 76.4 90.3 90.3 91.9 75.4 83.0 72.5 73.5 70.5 69.0

2002

 77.9 93.9 94.6 93.9 77.6 84.5 75.2 74.6 71.6 73.8

2003

 79.4 93.2 93.1 93.9 78.5 86.9 76.1 73.0 72.7 71.1

2004

 80.4 93.8 92.1 93.8 78.6 87.8 75.6 72.9 73.0 74.6

2005

 81.0 93.2 92.1 93.8 79.4 89.0 75.5 75.5 74.7 76.4

2006

 80.8 94.5 87.6 94.9 78.7 88.2 77.2 73.5 72.9 77.5

2007

 80.2 92.3 89.1 90.3 78.5 86.9 76.5 74.5 72.8 77.8

2008

 79.9 91.1 87.3 92.5 78.2 88.5 74.5 74.9 75.4 74.8

2009

 80.2 92.6 90.7 92.9 78.7 88.7 77.4 73.6 75.3 76.1

2010

 81.2 95.3 94.6 93.8 80.5 90.8 79.9 76.5 75.2 75.7

2011

 82.2 92.5 88.6 93.2 81.0 92.3 78.5 76.0 75.1 80.9

2012

 80.9 88.9 88.5 89.0 79.9 90.2 78.1 75.1 76.2 77.6

2013

 82.1 88.3 89.7 89.8 81.1 89.4 80.2 76.6 77.1 73.7

2014

 82.5 91.5 91.1 92.3 81.6 89.9 81.0 77.2 76.4 78.6

2015

 81.1 88.2 89.4 89.7 80.4 89.6 81.8 76.8 73.7 73.8

2016

 81.9 94.9 92.6 95.6 80.9 88.8 83.3 77.8 73.7 75.5

2017

 81.8 91.2 87.6 90.2 81.3 88.2 81.0 77.5 78.0 77.0

2018

 81.1 90.8 89.4 92.2 80.9 87.0 79.6 77.0 75.0 77.2

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 22.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018
Year Total,
16 years
and older		 White Black or
African
American		 Asian Hispanic
or
Latino ethnicity

1979

 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980

 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981

 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982

 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983

 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984

 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985

 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986

 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987

 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

1988

 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989

 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990

 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991

 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992

 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993

 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994

 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995

 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996

 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997

 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998

 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999

 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000

 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001

 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002

 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003

 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004

 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005

 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006

 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007

 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008

 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009

 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010

 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011

 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012

 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013

 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014

 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015

 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016

 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

2017

 81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4

2018

 81.1 81.5 89.0 75.5 85.7

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 23. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979-2018
Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate degree Bachelor's degree and higher

1979

 62.1 60.3 60.1 64.1 66.7

1980

 62.8 61.4 61.5 64.5 67.9

1981

 62.6 61.2 61.0 65.6 66.9

1982

 64.9 62.8 63.1 66.7 68.8

1983

 65.8 64.8 63.4 68.2 71.2

1984

 67.1 64.9 64.9 68.4 69.4

1985

 66.8 64.3 65.8 67.2 70.2

1986

 66.5 64.8 66.6 68.0 70.6

1987

 67.3 66.0 68.1 69.8 71.4

1988

 68.8 66.6 68.2 71.6 71.4

1989

 70.2 66.8 67.6 73.3 71.9

1990

 72.1 68.8 68.6 72.9 72.2

1991

 74.0 71.6 69.8 72.6 73.6

1992

 74.6 72.9 70.4 73.3 75.1

1993

 74.8 73.9 71.3 73.8 75.8

1994

 73.1 75.1 70.8 72.1 76.8

1995

 72.8 75.5 70.2 71.6 76.2

1996

 74.1 75.1 70.7 73.2 75.2

1997

 75.1 75.3 70.7 73.9 75.0

1998

 75.9 73.9 70.8 74.0 75.3

1999

 74.4 73.4 69.8 73.4 75.7

2000

 74.5 74.9 71.1 73.1 74.1

2001

 75.4 75.4 72.7 71.9 73.7

2002

 77.6 77.2 74.2 74.3 74.2

2003

 78.5 76.7 75.5 75.7 73.6

2004

 78.6 74.9 75.7 75.8 75.2

2005

 79.4 74.9 75.6 76.6 75.7

2006

 78.7 76.3 73.7 75.6 75.1

2007

 78.5 76.7 74.3 75.2 75.0

2008

 78.2 76.1 73.3 75.7 74.3

2009

 78.7 76.4 75.7 75.4 73.1

2010

 80.5 79.8 76.5 75.5 74.1

2011

 81.0 80.9 76.9 76.8 74.9

2012

 79.9 76.0 76.3 76.9 73.0

2013

 81.1 80.0 78.3 76.6 74.8

2014

 81.6 79.1 77.0 75.8 75.7

2015

 80.4 80.4 77.2 75.2 74.9

2016

 80.9 76.8 77.9 76.8 75.2

2017

 81.3 76.5 76.5 76.3 76.4

2018

 80.9 77.3 75.2 75.4 75.1

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in table 24.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018
Year Total,
16 years
and
older		 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19
years		 20 to 24
years		 Total 25 to 34
years		 35 to 44
years		 45 to 54
years		 55 to 64
years		 65 years
and
older

1979

 64.1 81.8 95.0 75.9 58.3 63.3 55.8 54.1 56.9 87.6

1980

 64.8 84.1 93.2 77.0 58.7 64.1 54.9 54.4 56.4 89.2

1981

 65.1 86.1 96.7 80.0 60.3 66.7 57.5 54.1 56.2 88.1

1982

 67.3 86.3 97.0 81.8 62.1 67.7 57.1 55.7 59.0 88.1

1983

 69.4 87.2 96.7 84.4 62.9 70.3 57.6 56.7 58.0 87.6

1984

 69.8 86.0 96.5 84.5 63.7 71.1 59.0 56.9 59.5 89.0

1985

 70.0 85.7 96.3 87.2 64.7 72.4 60.3 57.8 60.4 88.8

1986

 70.2 85.8 95.5 86.7 66.0 74.1 61.4 59.0 60.3 91.3

1987

 72.1 85.9 93.9 86.1 67.2 74.3 62.9 61.3 62.0 91.2

1988

 73.8 89.1 94.4 87.2 68.7 75.6 66.1 61.6 62.4 92.8

1989

 75.4 90.7 93.4 86.9 69.8 78.0 67.0 63.4 63.8 87.1

1990

 77.9 91.0 93.8 90.1 71.8 79.4 68.7 64.3 66.2 89.6

1991

 78.6 91.0 97.9 91.7 73.5 80.4 70.4 65.0 68.9 92.6

1992

 80.3 91.3 97.7 92.5 76.0 82.6 73.1 66.1 69.3 92.6

1993

 80.4 91.7 97.1 94.2 77.3 83.6 73.1 67.3 69.0 92.1

1994

 80.6 90.5 97.0 91.2 78.2 85.5 73.4 69.9 70.7 94.0

1995

 80.8 90.9 96.1 89.3 76.1 83.7 72.6 70.8 71.4 94.2

1996

 81.2 92.1 97.0 89.6 78.2 83.1 74.6 72.1 72.4 91.6

1997

 80.8 92.2 96.6 91.2 78.8 82.7 75.7 72.3 70.5 98.1

1998

 81.8 90.3 96.7 89.1 77.9 86.1 77.4 75.0 72.4 93.2

1999

 83.8 92.7 96.8 89.9 79.4 83.9 76.9 72.7 76.4 95.4

2000

 83.8 91.7 93.8 93.0 80.8 88.3 76.3 73.2 76.8 94.7

2001

 85.2 90.5 95.8 89.7 79.2 85.8 75.0 76.1 80.2 90.4

2002

 85.0 92.5 96.9 91.3 82.1 85.1 78.7 77.6 80.8 89.3

2003

 84.8 93.2 97.6 91.0 83.1 87.5 79.1 79.0 78.4 90.3

2004

 84.6 93.9 95.9 91.7 81.7 88.3 78.4 79.1 79.6 92.5

2005

 84.8 92.6 96.0 92.4 83.2 89.2 79.6 80.2 80.2 97.8

2006

 84.0 90.9 95.7 90.5 83.2 87.6 80.0 76.4 80.6 93.0

2007

 84.8 89.3 95.4 90.4 81.7 87.4 81.5 79.6 79.2 92.2

2008

 85.4 91.2 96.6 91.6 83.0 87.0 80.5 78.2 81.8 91.6

2009

 85.5 93.1 97.1 92.0 84.7 90.6 80.7 77.0 84.5 92.6

2010

 86.0 93.6 97.8 91.7 85.6 91.9 82.9 79.9 83.2 93.8

2011

 86.8 94.6 97.5 92.5 86.7 92.0 83.8 81.5 82.2 91.5

2012

 86.4 93.0 97.9 92.0 86.8 91.5 83.9 81.2 83.1 90.9

2013

 86.6 92.3 96.7 94.0 87.5 91.1 84.9 81.2 84.1 94.9

2014

 84.6 92.4 96.1 96.3 85.7 87.0 84.6 81.2 81.3 89.2

2015

 85.6 95.1 97.5 93.5 87.8 91.0 85.7 84.3 82.1 89.5

2016

 87.0 97.7 95.7 91.9 87.6 88.2 85.8 83.0 83.7 88.1

2017

 89.2 93.5 97.1 92.6 87.2 92.4 83.4 80.9 81.8 93.0

2018

 87.8 93.1 97.6 95.9 84.7 92.2 82.5 80.0 79.9 92.4

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information on historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of workers paid hourly rates in table 25.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018
Year Total,
16 years
and
older		 White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1979

 64.1 62.5 72.6 - 71.8

1980

 64.8 63.6 74.9 - 75.1

1981

 65.1 63.8 72.1 - 76.4

1982

 67.3 66.0 75.2 - 75.6

1983

 69.4 68.0 79.2 - 76.1

1984

 69.8 68.6 79.1 - 77.0

1985

 70.0 67.8 82.0 - 79.4

1986

 70.2 68.8 78.7 - 80.8

1987

 72.1 70.9 80.1 - 80.2

1988

 73.8 72.7 80.8 - 81.1

1989

 75.4 74.0 83.2 - 83.0

1990

 77.9 75.6 84.5 - 86.1

1991

 78.6 76.6 86.5 - 86.9

1992

 80.3 78.6 87.1 - 88.3

1993

 80.4 78.9 89.6 - 88.6

1994

 80.6 79.7 87.5 - 89.3

1995

 80.8 78.4 87.3 - 90.9

1996

 81.2 79.6 88.0 - 88.8

1997

 80.8 80.3 87.5 - 86.3

1998

 81.8 81.8 86.9 - 87.6

1999

 83.8 82.3 83.2 - 86.6

2000

 83.8 83.0 88.8 90.5 87.3

2001

 85.2 83.8 89.9 85.1 85.6

2002

 85.0 83.8 92.3 91.7 86.1

2003

 84.8 84.0 91.7 89.8 88.5

2004

 84.6 84.0 91.3 88.8 90.2

2005

 84.8 84.2 91.1 91.3 90.1

2006

 84.0 83.6 88.5 90.7 87.6

2007

 84.8 83.7 90.3 89.5 88.5

2008

 85.4 84.5 89.9 87.3 85.1

2009

 85.5 84.8 89.7 90.4 84.6

2010

 86.0 85.0 92.1 88.0 86.2

2011

 86.8 85.9 93.5 89.8 86.8

2012

 86.4 85.3 92.0 90.1 85.4

2013

 86.6 85.7 94.9 91.6 87.5

2014

 84.6 83.3 94.8 90.2 86.6

2015

 85.6 85.9 92.4 92.8 85.8

2016

 87.0 87.2 92.6 93.6 85.2

2017

 89.2 87.8 94.1 85.5 84.1

2018

 87.8 86.3 91.6 89.6 85.3

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in table 26. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year Total, 16 years and older 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

Total

1979

 $780 $557 $466 $602 $858 $825 $906 $893 $848 $641

1980

 762 544 448 581 831 802 878 866 828 590

1981

 755 532 428 566 819 787 867 851 822 590

1982

 757 521 411 551 820 779 887 865 815 634

1983

 752 507 394 536 825 772 889 882 832 627

1984

 753 501 390 533 836 774 898 889 845 628

1985

 768 500 388 536 846 779 906 893 850 663

1986

 787 509 390 544 857 789 919 912 871 654

1987

 792 515 394 549 854 790 922 909 858 657

1988

 787 509 401 544 847 783 920 926 857 661

1989

 782 508 400 541 837 773 925 925 845 655

1990

 770 503 391 533 839 761 908 914 854 641

1991

 768 499 384 524 841 748 897 914 845 686

1992

 775 486 373 511 843 743 886 919 850 665

1993

 787 484 367 509 842 748 887 930 844 674

1994

 785 481 371 504 840 738 903 951 842 645

1995

 787 479 379 502 837 741 903 956 844 639

1996

 784 477 384 499 832 741 894 950 856 614

1997

 787 479 394 502 845 753 906 950 873 615

1998

 807 492 414 523 883 775 921 957 914 625

1999

 831 516 425 549 896 784 924 986 914 611

2000

 842 528 434 560 890 803 914 978 906 677

2001

 848 533 434 560 896 819 935 986 908 694

2002

 852 534 427 559 905 828 936 989 944 703

2003

 848 529 425 550 906 813 940 989 969 706

2004

 851 520 412 541 911 805 951 991 967 747

2005

 839 512 410 530 897 786 942 964 956 733

2006

 838 511 404 528 896 775 934 965 955 728

2007

 843 515 409 546 896 780 933 959 975 734

2008

 844 518 408 546 890 779 940 961 965 753

2009

 867 519 404 545 908 796 959 984 987 803

2010

 863 499 401 524 903 788 952 975 993 790

2011

 846 492 394 511 891 775 936 969 985 830

2012

 841 486 390 508 893 774 940 962 982 829

2013

 838 490 403 510 893 765 944 954 976 865

2014

 840 506 401 521 891 771 935 954 967 875

2015

 858 516 413 531 912 779 954 979 983 926

2016

 870 524 424 537 926 786 977 999 996 906

2017

 881 532 434 553 929 792 988 1,001 998 931

2018

 886 548 449 576 932 808 986 1,002 994 944

Women

1979

 $589 $498 $427 $521 $631 $644 $634 $621 $612 $550

1980

 584 485 422 509 619 634 622 608 596 509

1981

 582 479 410 508 620 636 633 598 590 503

1982

 599 481 396 504 639 647 647 632 614 529

1983

 606 476 380 498 644 654 654 635 618 510

1984

 612 469 374 492 654 658 674 644 624 506

1985

 618 471 371 493 661 661 685 652 636 540

1986

 638 480 373 507 675 671 700 675 649 561

1987

 642 481 364 513 680 669 714 686 653 553

1988

 644 481 376 513 685 669 724 693 648 573

1989

 643 482 386 510 688 667 725 700 653 573

1990

 647 475 370 503 690 665 729 705 650 561

1991

 659 479 369 505 697 668 733 717 654 575

1992

 669 470 361 493 704 673 736 734 662 577

1993

 674 468 352 496 712 678 746 755 678 575

1994

 671 464 355 487 708 667 753 756 669 565

1995

 667 452 353 478 703 662 744 762 662 580

1996

 669 454 357 477 710 664 741 770 672 534

1997

 674 457 376 479 723 668 754 775 678 545

1998

 704 471 384 492 748 696 769 796 735 540

1999

 716 490 402 519 752 711 761 808 744 560

2000

 721 503 414 535 754 721 762 825 743 573

2001

 728 502 410 533 772 728 778 835 762 555

2002

 741 514 413 539 796 742 800 843 804 602

2003

 755 508 409 529 799 747 807 833 822 595

2004

 764 500 391 521 799 748 811 833 820 637

2005

 754 491 392 510 789 738 800 830 823 634

2006

 749 493 381 516 783 728 805 823 821 637

2007

 745 496 386 517 784 725 811 822 824 648

2008

 746 491 377 520 784 729 798 827 832 658

2009

 771 498 379 522 806 744 832 836 853 707

2010

 773 487 388 507 813 748 844 843 850 694

2011

 765 471 367 490 803 740 821 832 838 743

2012

 757 456 361 470 796 729 818 817 839 731

2013

 762 457 378 477 799 718 828 822 841 746

2014

 763 479 379 497 798 721 829 828 828 786

2015

 770 477 386 496 807 732 853 847 831 785

2016

 783 508 406 523 820 737 878 874 849 783

2017

 789 511 412 527 830 742 881 876 877 801

2018

 789 522 421 546 830 750 876 876 853 811

Men

1979

 $945 $634 $502 $683 $1,016 $955 $1,087 $1,094 $1,010 $709

1980

 910 605 471 651 985 913 1,067 1,067 1,003 666

1981

 904 580 447 630 989 904 1,056 1,053 1,003 707

1982

 912 564 426 612 985 897 1,058 1,050 1,000 752

1983

 911 536 404 582 978 892 1,062 1,067 1,000 740

1984

 905 533 402 577 975 882 1,088 1,085 1,014 758

1985

 908 538 408 576 989 879 1,087 1,092 1,042 819

1986

 919 539 408 579 1,015 882 1,094 1,110 1,061 785

1987

 919 544 415 583 1,011 873 1,081 1,102 1,049 805

1988

 918 536 419 571 996 861 1,057 1,123 1,041 808

1989

 918 531 410 569 980 851 1,063 1,116 1,022 771

1990

 899 527 407 557 957 839 1,047 1,105 1,021 753

1991

 888 514 395 541 942 825 1,038 1,103 1,014 841

1992

 882 500 384 523 944 820 1,023 1,116 1,019 741

1993

 875 494 379 520 952 816 1,022 1,120 1,005 774

1994

 877 494 383 516 968 805 1,037 1,128 1,013 741

1995

 883 498 401 517 966 805 1,025 1,125 1,023 724

1996

 891 491 402 514 958 798 1,011 1,117 1,029 763

1997

 906 496 410 529 962 806 1,019 1,116 1,047 707

1998

 923 515 434 551 986 840 1,045 1,130 1,079 744

1999

 935 539 440 573 1,011 873 1,062 1,154 1,097 711

2000

 937 548 447 577 1,013 874 1,064 1,127 1,075 763

2001

 953 556 454 580 1,024 878 1,073 1,137 1,081 804

2002

 951 548 437 574 1,025 878 1,063 1,130 1,123 817

2003

 951 544 439 564 1,018 859 1,060 1,141 1,131 837

2004

 951 533 424 556 1,016 852 1,072 1,143 1,124 855

2005

 930 527 425 544 994 830 1,059 1,099 1,102 830

2006

 928 522 434 543 995 825 1,044 1,120 1,126 821

2007

 930 538 433 573 999 834 1,059 1,103 1,132 833

2008

 933 539 432 563 1,002 823 1,070 1,104 1,103 881

2009

 961 538 418 562 1,025 839 1,075 1,135 1,133 928

2010

 952 512 410 540 1,009 824 1,057 1,102 1,130 917

2011

 931 509 414 526 991 802 1,046 1,095 1,115 918

2012

 935 513 409 528 997 808 1,048 1,089 1,101 942

2013

 929 517 421 531 985 803 1,032 1,073 1,092 1,012

2014

 925 523 416 538 979 801 1,023 1,073 1,084 1,000

2015

 949 541 432 554 1,004 817 1,042 1,103 1,128 1,064

2016

 957 536 438 547 1,014 831 1,053 1,124 1,153 1,038

2017

 964 560 470 584 1,020 841 1,088 1,130 1,125 1,041

2018

 973 575 471 592 1,026 862 1,101 1,137 1,137 1,050

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979

 $780 $803 $644 - $628

1980

 762 782 616 - 608

1981

 755 774 625 - 593

1982

 757 777 614 - 602

1983

 752 769 627 - 601

1984

 753 776 621 - 598

1985

 768 795 618 - 603

1986

 787 814 638 - 607

1987

 792 814 638 - 604

1988

 787 808 642 - 593

1989

 782 802 625 - 584

1990

 770 793 615 - 568

1991

 768 796 627 - 562

1992

 775 806 629 - 565

1993

 787 815 633 - 568

1994

 785 813 624 - 545

1995

 787 811 629 - 540

1996

 784 810 619 - 542

1997

 787 812 626 - 549

1998

 807 841 657 - 571

1999

 831 867 673 - 582

2000

 842 863 693 $899 583

2001

 848 868 698 909 593

2002

 852 873 697 922 594

2003

 848 870 703 948 602

2004

 851 876 700 944 608

2005

 839 866 670 970 607

2006

 838 861 692 979 607

2007

 843 869 691 1,007 610

2008

 844 868 689 1,007 619

2009

 867 888 705 1,033 635

2010

 863 883 706 987 618

2011

 846 867 688 969 614

2012

 841 867 680 1,008 622

2013

 838 866 679 1,017 624

2014

 840 866 678 1,012 631

2015

 858 885 680 1,053 641

2016

 870 902 709 1,068 653

2017

 881 912 699 1,069 671

2018

 886 916 694 1,095 680

Women

1979

 $589 $595 $547 - $508

1980

 584 590 538 - 500

1981

 582 588 548 - 505

1982

 599 607 544 - 509

1983

 606 611 558 - 517

1984

 612 619 557 - 515

1985

 618 627 562 - 513

1986

 638 645 579 - 529

1987

 642 650 585 - 532

1988

 644 650 589 - 532

1989

 643 655 590 - 527

1990

 647 660 576 - 520

1991

 659 672 582 - 526

1992

 669 681 590 - 532

1993

 674 688 597 - 537

1994

 671 686 582 - 513

1995

 667 681 583 - 501

1996

 669 685 579 - 506

1997

 674 695 587 - 498

1998

 704 722 617 - 520

1999

 716 731 619 - 526

2000

 721 734 627 $800 535

2001

 728 743 646 801 552

2002

 741 766 662 793 556

2003

 755 776 672 818 561

2004

 764 779 673 817 559

2005

 754 768 643 857 553

2006

 749 760 648 873 549

2007

 745 760 647 887 574

2008

 746 765 648 881 586

2009

 771 785 683 914 597

2010

 773 790 684 893 587

2011

 765 786 666 840 579

2012

 757 778 656 843 571

2013

 762 780 654 884 584

2014

 763 779 649 893 582

2015

 770 788 652 930 600

2016

 783 801 671 944 613

2017

 789 815 673 925 618

2018

 789 817 654 937 617

Men

1979

 $945 $964 $735 - $709

1980

 910 930 709 - 680

1981

 904 931 713 - 668

1982

 912 940 697 - 674

1983

 911 930 707 - 659

1984

 905 926 700 - 663

1985

 908 933 681 - 661

1986

 919 950 700 - 656

1987

 919 953 693 - 648

1988

 918 951 712 - 630

1989

 918 945 682 - 618

1990

 899 923 675 - 594

1991

 888 912 676 - 582

1992

 882 905 669 - 597

1993

 875 899 672 - 593

1994

 877 919 672 - 576

1995

 883 929 675 - 575

1996

 891 928 659 - 570

1997

 906 931 676 - 581

1998

 923 949 722 - 602

1999

 935 965 738 - 614

2000

 937 968 746 $1,001 610

2001

 953 980 752 1,041 626

2002

 951 983 734 1,059 632

2003

 951 978 759 1,056 635

2004

 951 976 759 1,069 640

2005

 930 957 720 1,063 630

2006

 928 950 738 1,101 630

2007

 930 956 728 1,136 631

2008

 933 965 725 1,130 654

2009

 961 992 729 1,117 668

2010

 952 982 731 1,081 647

2011

 931 957 730 1,085 639

2012

 935 963 728 1,156 648

2013

 929 955 717 1,144 641

2014

 925 952 722 1,146 654

2015

 949 976 721 1,197 669

2016

 957 985 751 1,204 694

2017

 964 995 727 1,237 707

2018

 973 1,002 735 1,241 720

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year Total,
25 years
and older		 Less than a
high school

diploma		 High school
graduates, no
college		 Some
college or
associate
degree		 Bachelor's
degree and
higher

Total

1979

 $858 $680 $806 $913 $1,113

1980

 831 645 773 884 1,093

1981

 819 638 761 862 1,082

1982

 820 622 757 880 1,098

1983

 825 615 748 873 1,108

1984

 836 607 746 882 1,122

1985

 846 603 743 891 1,129

1986

 857 610 754 897 1,151

1987

 854 602 754 892 1,195

1988

 847 589 753 879 1,196

1989

 837 582 735 886 1,194

1990

 839 566 721 890 1,193

1991

 841 553 715 881 1,200

1992

 843 548 710 852 1,225

1993

 842 539 712 847 1,226

1994

 840 516 708 839 1,232

1995

 837 507 709 834 1,227

1996

 832 507 709 829 1,213

1997

 845 502 721 837 1,219

1998

 883 520 739 861 1,267

1999

 896 523 741 877 1,301

2000

 890 529 738 871 1,303

2001

 896 543 740 878 1,310

2002

 905 543 749 881 1,318

2003

 906 542 758 874 1,319

2004

 911 535 765 881 1,315

2005

 897 527 751 863 1,305

2006

 896 523 743 864 1,297

2007

 896 519 733 854 1,301

2008

 890 530 723 844 1,304

2009

 908 533 735 852 1,335

2010

 903 513 723 848 1,321

2011

 891 504 714 827 1,286

2012

 893 516 714 820 1,276

2013

 893 510 703 808 1,289

2014

 891 518 709 808 1,266

2015

 912 523 719 808 1,304

2016

 926 527 724 815 1,317

2017

 929 533 730 818 1,310

2018

 932 553 730 826 1,324

Women

1979

 $631 $492 $599 $683 $854

1980

 619 477 584 672 843

1981

 620 465 577 678 846

1982

 639 461 591 687 867

1983

 644 469 591 692 887

1984

 654 462 598 704 901

1985

 661 451 598 708 924

1986

 675 456 607 724 956

1987

 680 453 610 735 987

1988

 685 452 609 736 992

1989

 688 453 596 743 994

1990

 690 449 589 738 1,000

1991

 697 450 591 737 1,013

1992

 704 451 593 717 1,046

1993

 712 451 595 724 1,048

1994

 708 432 590 711 1,066

1995

 703 430 585 701 1,057

1996

 710 429 584 707 1,051

1997

 723 430 592 718 1,052

1998

 748 437 611 735 1,091

1999

 752 439 613 738 1,120

2000

 754 444 614 738 1,105

2001

 772 450 630 740 1,118

2002

 796 455 641 761 1,133

2003

 799 450 648 766 1,138

2004

 799 445 651 769 1,147

2005

 789 439 635 756 1,138

2006

 783 447 624 752 1,130

2007

 784 448 621 739 1,131

2008

 784 442 608 735 1,117

2009

 806 448 636 739 1,138

2010

 813 448 627 737 1,139

2011

 803 442 620 721 1,116

2012

 796 423 614 722 1,096

2013

 799 432 619 710 1,126

2014

 798 434 614 702 1,114

2015

 807 443 621 704 1,128

2016

 820 442 627 720 1,152

2017

 830 458 625 717 1,159

2018

 830 469 616 717 1,145

Men

1979

 $1,016 $816 $997 $1,065 $1,282

1980

 985 776 951 1,041 1,241

1981

 989 761 947 1,035 1,263

1982

 985 734 937 1,030 1,261

1983

 978 724 933 1,014 1,245

1984

 975 711 921 1,030 1,298

1985

 989 701 908 1,054 1,317

1986

 1,015 704 912 1,064 1,355

1987

 1,011 686 896 1,053 1,383

1988

 996 679 894 1,029 1,389

1989

 980 678 882 1,014 1,382

1990

 957 652 858 1,013 1,385

1991

 942 629 847 1,014 1,377

1992

 944 618 843 977 1,393

1993

 952 611 835 981 1,383

1994

 968 575 834 987 1,388

1995

 966 570 833 979 1,388

1996

 958 571 826 966 1,398

1997

 962 571 837 972 1,402

1998

 986 591 863 992 1,449

1999

 1,011 598 877 1,006 1,478

2000

 1,013 594 864 1,010 1,491

2001

 1,024 596 866 1,028 1,518

2002

 1,025 590 864 1,024 1,527

2003

 1,018 587 859 1,012 1,547

2004

 1,016 595 860 1,015 1,524

2005

 994 586 840 987 1,504

2006

 995 586 846 994 1,504

2007

 999 584 836 983 1,508

2008

 1,002 581 829 971 1,503

2009

 1,025 587 840 980 1,558

2010

 1,009 561 820 976 1,536

2011

 991 546 805 940 1,490

2012

 997 556 805 939 1,502

2013

 985 540 790 927 1,506

2014

 979 549 797 926 1,470

2015

 1,004 551 805 936 1,506

2016

 1,014 576 804 937 1,531

2017

 1,020 598 817 940 1,517

2018

 1,026 607 819 951 1,524

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year Total, 16 years and older 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

Total

1979

 $14.37 $11.29 $10.03 $13.01 $16.54 $16.83 $17.12 $16.70 $16.08 $10.45

1980

 14.01 10.78 9.36 12.47 16.13 16.45 16.74 16.42 15.67 10.35

1981

 13.70 10.56 9.52 12.26 15.93 16.20 16.49 15.98 15.45 10.43

1982

 13.53 10.15 9.02 11.68 15.74 15.91 16.57 16.09 15.31 10.33

1983

 13.44 9.81 8.68 11.27 15.75 15.62 16.61 16.18 15.41 10.58

1984

 13.46 9.65 8.43 11.13 15.80 15.64 16.56 16.35 15.29 10.69

1985

 13.46 9.51 8.19 11.03 15.74 15.45 16.72 16.45 15.42 10.58

1986

 13.60 9.67 8.14 11.10 15.86 15.37 17.08 16.95 15.72 10.90

1987

 13.71 9.72 8.07 11.04 15.81 15.23 16.82 16.65 15.72 10.76

1988

 13.76 9.80 8.24 11.00 15.83 15.19 16.71 16.69 15.30 10.70

1989

 13.71 9.71 8.27 11.08 15.57 14.98 16.78 16.51 15.33 10.63

1990

 13.51 9.64 8.39 11.05 15.25 14.77 16.49 16.43 14.99 10.75

1991

 13.51 9.48 8.45 10.81 15.28 14.49 16.52 16.41 14.76 10.70

1992

 13.59 9.45 8.33 10.62 15.37 14.38 16.51 16.76 14.93 10.81

1993

 13.50 9.45 8.23 10.55 15.35 14.19 16.48 16.91 15.27 10.96

1994

 13.46 9.45 8.25 10.45 15.33 14.08 16.67 16.84 15.16 10.74

1995

 13.42 9.52 8.28 10.54 15.37 14.30 16.45 16.63 15.11 10.92

1996

 13.44 9.50 8.27 10.70 15.39 14.11 16.22 16.38 15.02 10.83

1997

 13.69 9.62 8.62 10.81 15.45 14.15 16.21 16.59 15.23 10.78

1998

 14.04 10.15 9.07 11.17 15.63 14.89 16.76 16.91 15.56 11.42

1999

 14.42 10.39 9.20 11.71 15.84 15.10 16.67 17.14 15.70 11.65

2000

 14.49 10.58 9.37 11.80 15.91 14.88 16.59 17.28 15.82 11.77

2001

 14.50 10.94 9.62 11.92 16.22 15.18 17.03 17.31 16.17 12.13

2002

 14.66 10.94 9.68 11.86 16.57 15.38 17.06 17.45 16.60 12.70

2003

 14.84 10.81 9.48 11.85 16.48 15.39 17.05 17.74 16.68 12.57

2004

 14.67 10.64 9.33 11.71 16.31 15.16 17.19 17.64 16.77 12.83

2005

 14.42 10.40 9.09 11.48 16.08 15.15 16.89 17.37 16.69 12.80

2006

 14.68 10.29 9.03 11.44 16.15 14.92 16.84 17.52 16.64 12.67

2007

 14.50 10.50 9.19 11.72 15.97 14.62 16.91 17.46 16.64 12.58

2008

 14.30 10.37 9.17 11.42 16.15 14.62 16.82 17.39 16.61 12.74

2009

 14.60 10.45 9.30 11.47 16.33 14.79 17.12 17.43 17.25 13.49

2010

 14.43 10.28 9.24 11.00 16.14 14.47 16.87 17.30 17.19 13.34

2011

 14.22 10.03 9.02 10.75 15.79 14.22 16.59 16.78 16.86 13.64

2012

 14.02 9.91 8.87 10.62 15.61 14.04 16.28 16.51 16.86 13.37

2013

 13.96 9.89 8.84 10.62 15.66 13.91 16.18 16.38 16.87 13.47

2014

 13.95 10.14 8.95 10.59 15.71 13.94 16.04 16.34 16.31 13.82

2015

 14.25 10.45 9.38 10.75 15.81 14.42 16.08 16.80 16.87 13.87

2016

 14.64 10.59 9.62 11.29 15.83 14.64 16.50 17.04 16.95 14.40

2017

 14.99 10.94 10.03 11.63 16.03 15.19 16.50 17.13 17.23 14.67

2018

 14.99 11.16 10.03 11.96 16.11 15.10 16.94 17.02 17.26 14.35

Women

1979

 $11.72 $10.32 $9.81 $11.39 $12.62 $13.07 $12.85 $12.43 $12.14 $10.10

1980

 11.48 10.03 9.13 11.02 12.33 12.91 12.47 12.30 11.86 9.83

1981

 11.38 9.87 9.36 10.88 12.47 13.01 12.69 12.21 11.78 9.87

1982

 11.55 9.47 8.90 10.50 12.58 13.01 12.73 12.41 12.03 9.85

1983

 11.54 9.18 8.53 10.24 12.57 13.08 12.76 12.48 12.19 10.00

1984

 11.48 9.08 8.29 10.07 12.66 12.93 12.96 12.73 12.17 10.09

1985

 11.45 8.95 8.06 10.18 12.79 12.92 13.19 12.86 12.19 9.89

1986

 11.69 9.01 8.00 10.33 13.05 13.05 13.44 13.14 12.61 10.37

1987

 11.86 8.94 7.86 10.36 13.05 13.01 13.45 13.31 12.78 10.28

1988

 11.94 9.16 8.00 10.33 13.17 13.01 13.82 13.48 12.43 10.47

1989

 11.98 9.20 8.04 10.25 13.29 13.10 13.92 13.53 12.51 10.08

1990

 12.04 9.25 8.13 10.41 13.21 13.10 13.78 13.38 12.58 10.19

1991

 12.16 9.15 8.36 10.29 13.23 12.95 13.93 13.71 12.52 10.38

1992

 12.25 9.08 8.26 10.16 13.47 13.12 14.07 13.98 12.68 10.51

1993

 12.21 9.04 8.11 10.22 13.50 13.05 14.00 14.03 12.97 10.60

1994

 12.18 8.94 8.12 10.05 13.53 13.08 14.18 14.22 13.14 10.49

1995

 12.25 9.01 8.11 10.00 13.42 13.00 14.17 14.32 13.02 10.59

1996

 12.37 9.09 8.14 10.02 13.49 12.90 14.22 14.30 12.91 10.32

1997

 12.43 9.31 8.48 10.25 13.69 12.83 14.30 14.49 13.00 10.69

1998

 12.70 9.63 8.92 10.69 14.09 13.58 14.91 15.09 13.66 11.13

1999

 13.07 9.98 9.05 10.92 14.42 13.77 14.87 15.05 14.11 11.35

2000

 13.25 10.23 9.11 11.40 14.46 14.17 14.66 14.88 14.39 11.51

2001

 13.71 10.31 9.40 11.38 14.51 14.14 14.85 15.43 14.78 11.58

2002

 13.85 10.43 9.52 11.36 15.00 14.17 15.38 15.66 15.14 12.23

2003

 13.79 10.38 9.37 11.20 15.06 14.38 15.28 16.13 15.12 12.09

2004

 13.56 10.28 9.15 11.09 14.97 14.16 15.27 15.93 15.43 12.21

2005

 13.29 10.05 8.92 10.95 14.92 13.99 15.26 15.63 15.28 12.65

2006

 13.30 9.98 8.88 11.01 14.82 13.82 15.04 15.31 15.13 12.45

2007

 13.33 9.89 8.99 10.92 14.62 13.60 15.00 15.59 14.84 12.32

2008

 13.44 9.86 9.02 10.71 14.60 13.71 15.08 15.39 15.20 12.32

2009

 13.80 10.07 9.18 10.79 14.98 14.04 15.26 15.36 15.95 13.04

2010

 13.66 9.95 9.13 10.48 14.87 13.90 15.15 15.59 15.80 12.91

2011

 13.40 9.77 8.90 10.25 14.65 13.56 15.03 15.39 15.69 13.15

2012

 13.13 9.62 8.78 10.04 14.42 13.31 14.74 15.12 15.73 12.97

2013

 13.09 9.64 8.74 10.15 14.43 13.21 14.87 15.05 15.69 13.20

2014

 12.93 9.70 8.80 10.37 14.33 13.00 14.86 15.01 15.06 13.24

2015

 13.32 10.12 9.28 10.55 14.76 13.67 14.98 15.69 15.66 13.43

2016

 13.61 10.46 9.49 10.72 14.88 13.68 15.43 15.66 15.79 13.62

2017

 13.89 10.53 9.83 11.27 15.19 14.34 15.29 15.53 15.58 14.22

2018

 14.06 10.93 9.91 11.68 15.04 14.64 15.22 15.20 15.62 13.77

Men

1979

 $18.28 $12.62 $10.32 $15.02 $21.65 $20.65 $23.04 $22.98 $21.33 $11.52

1980

 17.73 11.92 9.80 14.30 20.99 20.15 22.70 22.62 21.05 11.02

1981

 17.47 11.46 9.68 13.59 20.69 19.49 22.07 22.58 20.96 11.20

1982

 17.17 10.98 9.17 12.83 20.25 19.22 22.28 22.26 20.40 11.18

1983

 16.63 10.53 8.82 12.14 19.98 18.61 22.16 22.02 21.01 11.42

1984

 16.44 10.55 8.59 11.92 19.86 18.20 21.96 22.38 20.46 11.34

1985

 16.36 10.45 8.37 11.67 19.75 17.86 21.88 22.25 20.18 11.14

1986

 16.64 10.50 8.38 11.91 19.78 17.61 21.91 22.26 20.92 11.36

1987

 16.46 10.40 8.37 12.03 19.41 17.50 21.40 21.69 20.59 11.27

1988

 16.18 10.29 8.47 11.84 19.18 17.20 20.90 21.86 19.92 11.29

1989

 15.88 10.14 8.61 11.80 19.04 16.78 20.76 21.33 19.61 11.57

1990

 15.46 10.17 8.67 11.55 18.39 16.50 20.06 20.80 19.01 11.36

1991

 15.48 10.05 8.54 11.23 17.98 16.11 19.78 21.10 18.16 11.21

1992

 15.26 9.95 8.45 10.99 17.71 15.88 19.24 21.16 18.29 11.36

1993

 15.20 9.86 8.35 10.86 17.46 15.61 19.14 20.84 18.80 11.51

1994

 15.13 9.88 8.37 11.03 17.29 15.29 19.33 20.34 18.59 11.16

1995

 15.16 9.92 8.44 11.20 17.62 15.53 19.52 20.23 18.24 11.25

1996

 15.23 9.87 8.40 11.18 17.25 15.52 19.06 19.84 17.84 11.26

1997

 15.38 10.09 8.78 11.24 17.37 15.52 18.89 20.03 18.45 10.89

1998

 15.52 10.66 9.23 12.01 18.09 15.77 19.26 20.12 18.86 11.94

1999

 15.60 10.77 9.35 12.15 18.15 16.40 19.33 20.70 18.47 11.89

2000

 15.80 11.15 9.71 12.27 17.89 16.04 19.21 20.32 18.73 12.15

2001

 16.10 11.39 9.82 12.69 18.32 16.47 19.80 20.27 18.42 12.80

2002

 16.30 11.27 9.83 12.44 18.28 16.65 19.55 20.17 18.74 13.70

2003

 16.27 11.14 9.60 12.31 18.13 16.43 19.33 20.42 19.27 13.39

2004

 16.03 10.95 9.53 12.09 18.32 16.04 19.47 20.15 19.39 13.20

2005

 15.67 10.85 9.29 11.86 17.93 15.68 19.18 19.50 19.06 12.94

2006

 15.83 10.97 9.28 12.17 17.82 15.77 18.80 20.02 18.78 13.38

2007

 15.72 11.08 9.43 12.09 17.90 15.57 18.41 19.60 18.75 13.36

2008

 15.74 10.81 9.33 11.70 17.58 15.75 18.74 19.67 18.60 13.45

2009

 16.15 10.82 9.45 11.73 17.69 15.49 18.90 19.94 18.88 14.08

2010

 15.89 10.64 9.34 11.43 17.37 15.13 18.28 19.50 19.00 13.76

2011

 15.44 10.32 9.13 11.07 16.90 14.74 17.93 18.88 19.09 14.37

2012

 15.20 10.34 8.97 10.92 16.62 14.55 17.58 18.61 18.93 14.27

2013

 15.12 10.44 9.04 10.80 16.49 14.49 17.51 18.54 18.66 13.91

2014

 15.28 10.50 9.16 10.77 16.73 14.95 17.57 18.48 18.54 14.84

2015

 15.56 10.64 9.51 11.28 16.82 15.03 17.48 18.61 19.08 15.01

2016

 15.65 10.71 9.92 11.66 17.00 15.51 17.99 18.86 18.88 15.46

2017

 15.57 11.26 10.12 12.17 17.42 15.52 18.33 19.20 19.06 15.30

2018

 16.01 11.74 10.15 12.18 17.76 15.87 18.44 18.99 19.56 14.90

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year Total,
16 years
and
older		 White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979

 $14.37 $14.60 $13.30 - $13.20

1980

 14.01 14.19 12.91 - 12.91

1981

 13.70 13.78 13.03 - 12.79

1982

 13.53 13.71 12.68 - 12.56

1983

 13.44 13.61 12.38 - 12.24

1984

 13.46 13.63 12.38 - 12.17

1985

 13.46 13.62 12.28 - 12.21

1986

 13.60 13.77 12.72 - 12.39

1987

 13.71 13.90 12.69 - 12.33

1988

 13.76 13.93 12.58 - 12.17

1989

 13.71 13.88 12.61 - 11.90

1990

 13.51 13.70 12.73 - 11.74

1991

 13.51 13.71 12.61 - 11.64

1992

 13.59 13.77 12.43 - 11.71

1993

 13.50 13.67 12.32 - 11.72

1994

 13.46 13.63 12.25 - 11.65

1995

 13.42 13.66 12.58 - 11.49

1996

 13.44 13.71 12.42 - 11.47

1997

 13.69 13.90 12.54 - 11.56

1998

 14.04 14.23 12.95 - 12.22

1999

 14.42 14.74 13.39 - 12.21

2000

 14.49 14.56 13.65 $14.72 12.49

2001

 14.50 14.59 13.91 15.29 12.89

2002

 14.66 15.00 13.91 14.51 12.91

2003

 14.84 15.01 13.89 15.21 13.35

2004

 14.67 14.84 13.59 14.80 13.08

2005

 14.42 14.79 13.11 15.48 12.82

2006

 14.68 14.81 13.31 15.64 12.63

2007

 14.50 14.66 13.22 14.83 12.43

2008

 14.30 14.67 13.10 15.22 12.83

2009

 14.60 14.86 13.66 15.45 12.96

2010

 14.43 14.71 13.59 15.27 12.56

2011

 14.22 14.44 13.19 14.93 12.36

2012

 14.02 14.28 12.97 14.49 12.18

2013

 13.96 14.20 12.85 14.71 12.15

2014

 13.95 14.41 12.61 14.86 12.56

2015

 14.25 14.71 12.79 15.05 12.77

2016

 14.64 14.90 13.06 15.47 13.27

2017

 14.99 15.26 13.22 15.43 13.48

2018

 14.99 15.16 13.64 15.24 13.99

Women

1979

 $11.72 $11.72 $11.49 - $11.13

1980

 11.48 11.51 11.28 - 10.99

1981

 11.38 11.38 11.14 - 10.90

1982

 11.55 11.55 11.25 - 10.85

1983

 11.54 11.56 11.35 - 10.62

1984

 11.48 11.50 11.25 - 10.74

1985

 11.45 11.47 11.25 - 10.76

1986

 11.69 11.73 11.34 - 10.96

1987

 11.86 11.91 11.44 - 10.83

1988

 11.94 11.98 11.47 - 10.80

1989

 11.98 12.02 11.53 - 10.84

1990

 12.04 12.07 11.64 - 10.84

1991

 12.16 12.18 11.80 - 10.77

1992

 12.25 12.31 11.69 - 10.86

1993

 12.21 12.28 11.78 - 10.82

1994

 12.18 12.34 11.65 - 10.76

1995

 12.25 12.38 11.69 - 10.84

1996

 12.37 12.46 11.52 - 10.83

1997

 12.43 12.52 11.88 - 10.67

1998

 12.70 12.85 12.19 - 11.14

1999

 13.07 13.21 12.30 - 11.29

2000

 13.25 13.29 12.95 $14.28 11.54

2001

 13.71 13.84 13.02 14.32 11.78

2002

 13.85 13.92 13.24 14.15 11.96

2003

 13.79 13.83 13.56 14.61 12.15

2004

 13.56 13.61 13.24 14.09 12.05

2005

 13.29 13.53 12.80 15.00 11.83

2006

 13.30 13.45 12.62 14.92 11.86

2007

 13.33 13.42 12.68 14.36 11.89

2008

 13.44 13.68 12.61 14.33 11.78

2009

 13.80 13.88 12.92 14.87 11.84

2010

 13.66 13.72 12.93 14.33 11.67

2011

 13.40 13.48 12.62 14.32 11.47

2012

 13.13 13.23 12.30 13.96 11.18

2013

 13.09 13.19 12.46 14.08 11.33

2014

 12.93 13.14 12.28 14.04 11.38

2015

 13.32 13.59 12.41 14.63 11.75

2016

 13.61 13.81 12.65 14.72 12.33

2017

 13.89 14.21 12.86 14.58 12.39

2018

 14.06 14.27 13.02 14.95 12.80

Men

1979

 $18.28 $18.74 $15.83 - $15.50

1980

 17.73 18.11 15.06 - 14.62

1981

 17.47 17.85 15.45 - 14.28

1982

 17.17 17.49 14.96 - 14.36

1983

 16.63 17.00 14.33 - 13.97

1984

 16.44 16.77 14.23 - 13.95

1985

 16.36 16.92 13.73 - 13.55

1986

 16.64 17.06 14.41 - 13.57

1987

 16.46 16.80 14.28 - 13.50

1988

 16.18 16.48 14.19 - 13.31

1989

 15.88 16.24 13.86 - 13.06

1990

 15.46 15.98 13.78 - 12.60

1991

 15.48 15.89 13.64 - 12.40

1992

 15.26 15.65 13.42 - 12.31

1993

 15.20 15.56 13.16 - 12.21

1994

 15.13 15.48 13.31 - 12.05

1995

 15.16 15.80 13.40 - 11.92

1996

 15.23 15.66 13.09 - 12.19

1997

 15.38 15.59 13.57 - 12.36

1998

 15.52 15.71 14.03 - 12.72

1999

 15.60 16.05 14.78 - 13.03

2000

 15.80 16.01 14.59 $15.77 13.22

2001

 16.10 16.51 14.48 16.84 13.76

2002

 16.30 16.61 14.34 15.43 13.89

2003

 16.27 16.46 14.79 16.27 13.72

2004

 16.03 16.21 14.51 15.87 13.36

2005

 15.67 16.07 14.05 16.43 13.13

2006

 15.83 16.08 14.26 16.45 13.53

2007

 15.72 16.04 14.04 16.04 13.43

2008

 15.74 16.20 14.02 16.41 13.84

2009

 16.15 16.37 14.40 16.44 13.99

2010

 15.89 16.13 14.04 16.29 13.55

2011

 15.44 15.68 13.49 15.94 13.21

2012

 15.20 15.52 13.36 15.50 13.10

2013

 15.12 15.38 13.13 15.38 12.95

2014

 15.28 15.77 12.96 15.56 13.14

2015

 15.56 15.83 13.43 15.77 13.70

2016

 15.65 15.83 13.66 15.73 14.47

2017

 15.57 16.18 13.67 17.06 14.72

2018

 16.01 16.53 14.22 16.69 15.01

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year Total,
16 years
and older		 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19
years		 20 to 24
years		 Total 25 to 34
years		 35 to 44
years		 45 to 54
years		 55 to 64
years		 65 years
and older

Total

1979

 $241 $172 $144 $186 $265 $255 $280 $276 $262 $198

1980

 262 187 154 200 286 276 302 298 285 203

1981

 284 200 161 213 308 296 326 320 309 222

1982

 302 208 164 220 327 311 354 345 325 253

1983

 313 211 164 223 343 321 370 367 346 261

1984

 326 217 169 231 362 335 389 385 366 272

1985

 344 224 174 240 379 349 406 400 381 297

1986

 359 232 178 248 391 360 419 416 397 298

1987

 374 243 186 259 403 373 435 429 405 310

1988

 385 249 196 266 414 383 450 453 419 323

1989

 399 259 204 276 427 394 472 472 431 334

1990

 412 269 209 285 449 407 486 489 457 343

1991

 426 277 213 291 467 415 498 507 469 381

1992

 440 276 212 290 479 422 503 522 483 378

1993

 459 282 214 297 491 436 517 542 492 393

1994

 467 286 221 300 500 439 537 566 501 384

1995

 479 292 231 306 510 451 550 582 514 389

1996

 490 298 240 312 520 463 559 594 535 384

1997

 503 306 252 321 540 481 579 607 558 393

1998

 523 319 268 339 572 502 597 620 592 405

1999

 549 341 281 363 592 518 611 652 604 404

2000

 576 361 297 383 609 549 625 669 620 463

2001

 596 375 305 394 630 576 657 693 638 488

2002

 608 381 305 399 646 591 668 706 674 502

2003

 620 387 311 402 662 594 687 723 708 516

2004

 638 390 309 406 683 604 713 743 725 560

2005

 651 397 318 411 696 610 731 748 742 569

2006

 671 409 324 423 718 621 748 773 765 583

2007

 695 424 337 450 738 643 769 790 803 605

2008

 722 443 349 467 761 666 804 822 825 644

2009

 739 442 344 464 774 678 817 838 841 684

2010

 747 432 347 454 782 682 824 844 860 684

2011

 756 440 352 457 797 693 837 866 881 742

2012

 768 444 356 464 815 707 858 878 897 757

2013

 776 454 373 472 827 708 874 883 904 801

2014

 791 477 378 491 839 726 881 899 911 824

2015

 809 487 389 501 860 735 900 923 927 873

2016

 832 501 405 513 885 751 934 955 952 866

2017

 860 519 424 540 907 773 964 977 974 909

2018

 886 548 449 576 932 808 986 1,002 994 944

Women

1979

 $182 $154 $132 $161 $195 $199 $196 $192 $189 $170

1980

 201 167 145 175 213 218 214 209 205 175

1981

 219 180 154 191 233 239 238 225 222 189

1982

 239 192 158 201 255 258 258 252 245 211

1983

 252 198 158 207 268 272 272 264 257 212

1984

 265 203 162 213 283 285 292 279 270 219

1985

 277 211 166 221 296 296 307 292 285 242

1986

 291 219 170 231 308 306 319 308 296 256

1987

 303 227 172 242 321 316 337 324 308 261

1988

 315 235 184 251 335 327 354 339 317 280

1989

 328 246 197 260 351 340 370 357 333 292

1990

 346 254 198 269 369 356 390 377 348 300

1991

 366 266 205 280 387 371 407 398 363 319

1992

 380 267 205 280 400 382 418 417 376 328

1993

 393 273 205 289 415 395 435 440 395 335

1994

 399 276 211 290 421 397 448 450 398 336

1995

 406 275 215 291 428 403 453 464 403 353

1996

 418 284 223 298 444 415 463 481 420 334

1997

 431 292 240 306 462 427 482 495 433 348

1998

 456 305 249 319 485 451 498 516 476 350

1999

 473 324 266 343 497 470 503 534 492 370

2000

 493 344 283 366 516 493 521 564 508 392

2001

 512 353 288 375 543 512 547 587 536 390

2002

 529 367 295 385 568 530 571 602 574 430

2003

 552 371 299 387 584 546 590 609 601 435

2004

 573 375 293 391 599 561 608 625 615 478

2005

 585 381 304 396 612 573 621 644 639 492

2006

 600 395 305 413 627 583 645 659 658 510

2007

 614 409 318 426 646 597 668 677 679 534

2008

 638 420 322 445 670 623 682 707 711 563

2009

 657 424 323 445 687 634 709 712 727 602

2010

 669 422 336 439 704 648 731 730 736 601

2011

 684 421 328 438 718 662 734 744 749 664

2012

 691 416 330 429 727 666 747 746 766 667

2013

 706 423 350 442 740 665 767 761 779 691

2014

 719 451 357 468 752 679 781 780 780 740

2015

 726 450 364 468 761 690 804 799 784 740

2016

 749 486 388 500 784 705 839 836 812 749

2017

 770 499 402 514 810 724 860 855 856 782

2018

 789 522 421 546 830 750 876 876 853 811

Men

1979

 $292 $196 $155 $211 $314 $295 $336 $338 $312 $219

1980

 313 208 162 224 339 314 367 367 345 229

1981

 340 218 168 237 372 340 397 396 377 266

1982

 364 225 170 244 393 358 422 419 399 300

1983

 379 223 168 242 407 371 442 444 416 308

1984

 392 231 174 250 422 382 471 470 439 328

1985

 407 241 183 258 443 394 487 489 467 367

1986

 419 246 186 264 463 402 499 506 484 358

1987

 434 257 196 275 477 412 510 520 495 380

1988

 449 262 205 279 487 421 517 549 509 395

1989

 468 271 209 290 500 434 542 569 521 393

1990

 481 282 218 298 512 449 560 591 546 403

1991

 493 285 219 300 523 458 576 612 563 467

1992

 501 284 218 297 536 466 581 634 579 421

1993

 510 288 221 303 555 476 596 653 586 451

1994

 522 294 228 307 576 479 617 671 603 441

1995

 538 303 244 315 588 490 624 685 623 441

1996

 557 307 251 321 599 499 632 698 643 477

1997

 579 317 262 338 615 515 651 713 669 452

1998

 598 334 281 357 639 544 677 732 699 482

1999

 618 356 291 379 668 577 702 763 725 470

2000

 641 375 306 395 693 598 728 771 735 522

2001

 670 391 319 408 720 617 754 799 760 565

2002

 679 391 312 410 732 627 759 807 802 583

2003

 695 398 321 412 744 628 775 834 827 612

2004

 713 400 318 417 762 639 804 857 843 641

2005

 722 409 330 422 771 644 822 853 855 644

2006

 743 418 348 435 797 661 836 897 902 658

2007

 766 443 357 472 823 687 873 909 933 686

2008

 798 461 369 481 857 704 915 944 943 753

2009

 819 458 356 479 873 715 916 967 965 791

2010

 824 443 355 468 874 714 915 954 979 794

2011

 832 455 370 470 886 717 935 979 997 821

2012

 854 468 373 482 910 738 957 994 1,005 860

2013

 860 479 390 492 912 744 956 994 1,011 937

2014

 871 493 392 507 922 755 964 1,011 1,021 942

2015

 895 510 407 522 947 770 983 1,040 1,064 1,003

2016

 915 512 419 523 969 794 1,007 1,075 1,102 992

2017

 941 547 459 570 996 821 1,062 1,103 1,098 1,016

2018

 973 575 471 592 1,026 862 1,101 1,137 1,137 1,050

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year Total,
16 years
and older		 White Black or
African
American		 Asian Hispanic
or
Latino ethnicity

Total

1979

 $241 $248 $199 - $194

1980

 262 269 212 - 209

1981

 284 291 235 - 223

1982

 302 310 245 - 240

1983

 313 320 261 - 250

1984

 326 336 269 - 259

1985

 344 356 277 - 270

1986

 359 371 291 - 277

1987

 374 384 301 - 285

1988

 385 395 314 - 290

1989

 399 409 319 - 298

1990

 412 424 329 - 304

1991

 426 442 348 - 312

1992

 440 458 357 - 321

1993

 459 475 369 - 331

1994

 467 484 371 - 324

1995

 479 494 383 - 329

1996

 490 506 387 - 339

1997

 503 519 400 - 351

1998

 523 545 426 - 370

1999

 549 573 445 - 385

2000

 576 590 474 $615 399

2001

 596 610 491 639 417

2002

 608 623 498 658 424

2003

 620 636 514 693 440

2004

 638 657 525 708 456

2005

 651 672 520 753 471

2006

 671 690 554 784 486

2007

 695 716 569 830 503

2008

 722 742 589 861 529

2009

 739 757 601 880 541

2010

 747 765 611 855 535

2011

 756 775 615 866 549

2012

 768 792 621 920 568

2013

 776 802 629 942 578

2014

 791 816 639 953 594

2015

 809 835 641 993 604

2016

 832 862 678 1,021 624

2017

 860 890 682 1,043 655

2018

 886 916 694 1,095 680

Women

1979

 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980

 201 203 185 - 172

1981

 219 221 206 - 190

1982

 239 242 217 - 203

1983

 252 254 232 - 215

1984

 265 268 241 - 223

1985

 277 281 252 - 230

1986

 291 294 264 - 241

1987

 303 307 276 - 251

1988

 315 318 288 - 260

1989

 328 334 301 - 269

1990

 346 353 308 - 278

1991

 366 373 323 - 292

1992

 380 387 335 - 302

1993

 393 401 348 - 313

1994

 399 408 346 - 305

1995

 406 415 355 - 305

1996

 418 428 362 - 316

1997

 431 444 375 - 318

1998

 456 468 400 - 337

1999

 473 483 409 - 348

2000

 493 502 429 $547 366

2001

 512 522 454 563 388

2002

 529 547 473 566 397

2003

 552 567 491 598 410

2004

 573 584 505 613 419

2005

 585 596 499 665 429

2006

 600 609 519 699 440

2007

 614 626 533 731 473

2008

 638 654 554 753 501

2009

 657 669 582 779 509

2010

 669 684 592 773 508

2011

 684 703 595 751 518

2012

 691 710 599 770 521

2013

 706 722 606 819 541

2014

 719 734 611 841 548

2015

 726 743 615 877 566

2016

 749 766 641 902 586

2017

 770 795 657 903 603

2018

 789 817 654 937 617

Men

1979

 $292 $298 $227 - $219

1980

 313 320 244 - 234

1981

 340 350 268 - 251

1982

 364 375 278 - 269

1983

 379 387 294 - 274

1984

 392 401 303 - 287

1985

 407 418 305 - 296

1986

 419 433 319 - 299

1987

 434 450 327 - 306

1988

 449 465 348 - 308

1989

 468 482 348 - 315

1990

 481 494 361 - 318

1991

 493 506 375 - 323

1992

 501 514 380 - 339

1993

 510 524 392 - 346

1994

 522 547 400 - 343

1995

 538 566 411 - 350

1996

 557 580 412 - 356

1997

 579 595 432 - 371

1998

 598 615 468 - 390

1999

 618 638 488 - 406

2000

 641 662 510 $685 417

2001

 670 689 529 732 440

2002

 679 702 524 756 451

2003

 695 715 555 772 464

2004

 713 732 569 802 480

2005

 722 743 559 825 489

2006

 743 761 591 882 505

2007

 766 788 600 936 520

2008

 798 825 620 966 559

2009

 819 845 621 952 569

2010

 824 850 633 936 560

2011

 832 856 653 970 571

2012

 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013

 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014

 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015

 895 920 680 1,129 631

2016

 915 942 718 1,151 663

2017

 941 971 710 1,207 690

2018

 973 1,002 735 1,241 720

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate degree Bachelor's degree and higher

Total

1979

 $265 $210 $249 $282 $344

1980

 286 222 266 304 376

1981

 308 240 286 324 407

1982

 327 248 302 351 438

1983

 343 256 311 363 461

1984

 362 263 323 382 486

1985

 379 270 333 399 506

1986

 391 278 344 409 525

1987

 403 284 356 421 564

1988

 414 288 368 430 585

1989

 427 297 375 452 609

1990

 449 303 386 476 638

1991

 467 307 397 489 666

1992

 479 311 403 484 696

1993

 491 314 415 494 715

1994

 500 307 421 499 733

1995

 510 309 432 508 747

1996

 520 317 443 518 758

1997

 540 321 461 535 779

1998

 572 337 479 558 821

1999

 592 346 490 580 860

2000

 609 362 505 596 891

2001

 630 382 520 617 921

2002

 646 388 535 629 941

2003

 662 396 554 639 964

2004

 683 401 574 661 986

2005

 696 409 583 670 1,013

2006

 718 419 595 692 1,039

2007

 738 428 604 704 1,072

2008

 761 453 618 722 1,115

2009

 774 454 626 726 1,137

2010

 782 444 626 734 1,144

2011

 797 451 638 739 1,150

2012

 815 471 652 749 1,165

2013

 827 472 651 748 1,194

2014

 839 488 668 761 1,193

2015

 860 493 678 762 1,230

2016

 885 504 692 779 1,259

2017

 907 520 712 798 1,279

2018

 932 553 730 826 1,324

Women

1979

 $195 $152 $185 $211 $264

1980

 213 164 201 231 290

1981

 233 175 217 255 318

1982

 255 184 236 274 346

1983

 268 195 246 288 369

1984

 283 200 259 305 390

1985

 296 202 268 317 414

1986

 308 208 277 330 436

1987

 321 214 288 347 466

1988

 335 221 298 360 485

1989

 351 231 304 379 507

1990

 369 240 315 395 535

1991

 387 250 328 409 562

1992

 400 256 337 407 594

1993

 415 263 347 422 611

1994

 421 257 351 423 634

1995

 428 262 356 427 644

1996

 444 268 365 442 657

1997

 462 275 378 459 672

1998

 485 283 396 476 707

1999

 497 290 405 488 740

2000

 516 304 420 505 756

2001

 543 316 443 520 786

2002

 568 325 458 543 809

2003

 584 329 474 560 832

2004

 599 334 488 577 860

2005

 612 341 493 587 883

2006

 627 358 500 602 905

2007

 646 369 512 609 932

2008

 670 378 520 628 955

2009

 687 382 542 630 970

2010

 704 388 543 638 986

2011

 718 395 554 645 998

2012

 727 386 561 659 1,001

2013

 740 400 573 657 1,043

2014

 752 409 578 661 1,049

2015

 761 418 586 664 1,064

2016

 784 423 599 688 1,101

2017

 810 447 610 700 1,131

2018

 830 469 616 717 1,145

Men

1979

 $314 $252 $308 $329 $396

1980

 339 267 327 358 427

1981

 372 286 356 389 475

1982

 393 293 374 411 503

1983

 407 301 388 422 518

1984

 422 308 399 446 562

1985

 443 314 407 472 590

1986

 463 321 416 485 618

1987

 477 324 423 497 653

1988

 487 332 437 503 679

1989

 500 346 450 517 705

1990

 512 349 459 542 741

1991

 523 349 470 563 764

1992

 536 351 479 555 791

1993

 555 356 487 572 806

1994

 576 342 496 587 826

1995

 588 347 507 596 845

1996

 599 357 516 604 874

1997

 615 365 535 621 896

1998

 639 383 559 643 939

1999

 668 395 580 665 977

2000

 693 406 591 691 1,020

2001

 720 419 609 723 1,067

2002

 732 421 617 731 1,090

2003

 744 429 628 740 1,131

2004

 762 446 645 761 1,143

2005

 771 455 652 766 1,167

2006

 797 469 678 796 1,205

2007

 823 481 689 810 1,243

2008

 857 497 709 830 1,285

2009

 873 500 716 835 1,327

2010

 874 486 710 845 1,330

2011

 886 488 720 840 1,332

2012

 910 508 735 857 1,371

2013

 912 500 732 858 1,395

2014

 922 517 751 872 1,385

2015

 947 520 759 883 1,420

2016

 969 551 769 896 1,464

2017

 996 584 797 917 1,481

2018

 1,026 607 819 951 1,524

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year Total,
16 years
and
older		 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19
years		 20 to 24
years		 Total 25 to 34
years		 35 to 44
years		 45 to 54
years		 55 to 64
years		 65 years
and
older

Total

1979

 $4.44 $3.49 $3.10 $4.02 $5.11 $5.20 $5.29 $5.16 $4.97 $3.23

1980

 4.82 3.71 3.22 4.29 5.55 5.66 5.76 5.65 5.39 3.56

1981

 5.15 3.97 3.58 4.61 5.99 6.09 6.20 6.01 5.81 3.92

1982

 5.40 4.05 3.60 4.66 6.28 6.35 6.61 6.42 6.11 4.12

1983

 5.59 4.08 3.61 4.69 6.55 6.50 6.91 6.73 6.41 4.40

1984

 5.83 4.18 3.65 4.82 6.84 6.77 7.17 7.08 6.62 4.63

1985

 6.03 4.26 3.67 4.94 7.05 6.92 7.49 7.37 6.91 4.74

1986

 6.20 4.41 3.71 5.06 7.23 7.01 7.79 7.73 7.17 4.97

1987

 6.47 4.59 3.81 5.21 7.46 7.19 7.94 7.86 7.42 5.08

1988

 6.73 4.79 4.03 5.38 7.74 7.43 8.17 8.16 7.48 5.23

1989

 6.99 4.95 4.22 5.65 7.94 7.64 8.56 8.42 7.82 5.42

1990

 7.23 5.16 4.49 5.91 8.16 7.90 8.82 8.79 8.02 5.75

1991

 7.50 5.26 4.69 6.00 8.48 8.04 9.17 9.11 8.19 5.94

1992

 7.72 5.37 4.73 6.03 8.73 8.17 9.38 9.52 8.48 6.14

1993

 7.87 5.51 4.80 6.15 8.95 8.27 9.61 9.86 8.90 6.39

1994

 8.01 5.62 4.91 6.22 9.12 8.38 9.92 10.02 9.02 6.39

1995

 8.17 5.80 5.04 6.42 9.36 8.71 10.02 10.13 9.20 6.65

1996

 8.40 5.94 5.17 6.69 9.62 8.82 10.14 10.24 9.39 6.77

1997

 8.75 6.15 5.51 6.91 9.87 9.04 10.36 10.60 9.73 6.89

1998

 9.10 6.58 5.88 7.24 10.13 9.65 10.86 10.96 10.08 7.40

1999

 9.53 6.87 6.08 7.74 10.47 9.98 11.02 11.33 10.38 7.70

2000

 9.91 7.24 6.41 8.07 10.88 10.18 11.35 11.82 10.82 8.05

2001

 10.19 7.69 6.76 8.38 11.40 10.67 11.97 12.17 11.37 8.53

2002

 10.47 7.81 6.91 8.47 11.83 10.98 12.18 12.46 11.85 9.07

2003

 10.85 7.90 6.93 8.66 12.05 11.25 12.46 12.97 12.19 9.19

2004

 11.00 7.98 7.00 8.78 12.23 11.37 12.89 13.23 12.58 9.62

2005

 11.19 8.07 7.05 8.91 12.48 11.76 13.11 13.48 12.95 9.93

2006

 11.76 8.24 7.23 9.16 12.94 11.95 13.49 14.03 13.33 10.15

2007

 11.95 8.65 7.57 9.66 13.16 12.05 13.93 14.39 13.71 10.37

2008

 12.23 8.87 7.84 9.76 13.81 12.50 14.38 14.87 14.20 10.89

2009

 12.44 8.90 7.92 9.77 13.91 12.60 14.59 14.85 14.70 11.49

2010

 12.50 8.90 8.00 9.53 13.98 12.53 14.61 14.98 14.89 11.55

2011

 12.71 8.97 8.06 9.61 14.12 12.71 14.83 15.00 15.07 12.19

2012

 12.80 9.05 8.10 9.70 14.25 12.82 14.86 15.07 15.39 12.21

2013

 12.93 9.16 8.19 9.83 14.50 12.88 14.98 15.17 15.62 12.47

2014

 13.14 9.55 8.43 9.98 14.80 13.13 15.11 15.39 15.36 13.02

2015

 13.44 9.85 8.85 10.14 14.91 13.60 15.16 15.84 15.91 13.08

2016

 14.00 10.12 9.20 10.79 15.13 14.00 15.77 16.29 16.20 13.77

2017

 14.63 10.68 9.79 11.35 15.65 14.83 16.10 16.72 16.82 14.32

2018

 14.99 11.16 10.03 11.96 16.11 15.10 16.94 17.02 17.26 14.35

Women

1979

 $3.62 $3.19 $3.03 $3.52 $3.90 $4.04 $3.97 $3.84 $3.75 $3.12

1980

 3.95 3.45 3.14 3.79 4.24 4.44 4.29 4.23 4.08 3.38

1981

 4.28 3.71 3.52 4.09 4.69 4.89 4.77 4.59 4.43 3.71

1982

 4.61 3.78 3.55 4.19 5.02 5.19 5.08 4.95 4.80 3.93

1983

 4.80 3.82 3.55 4.26 5.23 5.44 5.31 5.19 5.07 4.16

1984

 4.97 3.93 3.59 4.36 5.48 5.60 5.61 5.51 5.27 4.37

1985

 5.13 4.01 3.61 4.56 5.73 5.79 5.91 5.76 5.46 4.43

1986

 5.33 4.11 3.65 4.71 5.95 5.95 6.13 5.99 5.75 4.73

1987

 5.60 4.22 3.71 4.89 6.16 6.14 6.35 6.28 6.03 4.85

1988

 5.84 4.48 3.91 5.05 6.44 6.36 6.76 6.59 6.08 5.12

1989

 6.11 4.69 4.10 5.23 6.78 6.68 7.10 6.90 6.38 5.14

1990

 6.44 4.95 4.35 5.57 7.07 7.01 7.37 7.16 6.73 5.45

1991

 6.75 5.08 4.64 5.71 7.34 7.19 7.73 7.61 6.95 5.76

1992

 6.96 5.16 4.69 5.77 7.65 7.45 7.99 7.94 7.20 5.97

1993

 7.12 5.27 4.73 5.96 7.87 7.61 8.16 8.18 7.56 6.18

1994

 7.25 5.32 4.83 5.98 8.05 7.78 8.44 8.46 7.82 6.24

1995

 7.46 5.49 4.94 6.09 8.17 7.92 8.63 8.72 7.93 6.45

1996

 7.73 5.68 5.09 6.26 8.43 8.06 8.89 8.94 8.07 6.45

1997

 7.94 5.95 5.42 6.55 8.75 8.20 9.14 9.26 8.31 6.83

1998

 8.23 6.24 5.78 6.93 9.13 8.80 9.66 9.78 8.85 7.21

1999

 8.64 6.60 5.98 7.22 9.53 9.10 9.83 9.95 9.33 7.50

2000

 9.06 7.00 6.23 7.80 9.89 9.69 10.03 10.18 9.84 7.87

2001

 9.64 7.25 6.61 8.00 10.20 9.94 10.44 10.85 10.39 8.14

2002

 9.89 7.45 6.80 8.11 10.71 10.12 10.98 11.18 10.81 8.73

2003

 10.08 7.59 6.85 8.19 11.01 10.51 11.17 11.79 11.05 8.84

2004

 10.17 7.71 6.86 8.32 11.23 10.62 11.45 11.95 11.57 9.16

2005

 10.31 7.80 6.92 8.50 11.58 10.86 11.84 12.13 11.86 9.82

2006

 10.65 7.99 7.11 8.82 11.87 11.07 12.05 12.26 12.12 9.97

2007

 10.98 8.15 7.41 9.00 12.05 11.21 12.36 12.85 12.23 10.15

2008

 11.49 8.43 7.71 9.16 12.48 11.72 12.89 13.16 13.00 10.53

2009

 11.76 8.58 7.82 9.19 12.76 11.96 13.00 13.09 13.59 11.11

2010

 11.83 8.62 7.91 9.08 12.88 12.04 13.12 13.50 13.68 11.18

2011

 11.98 8.73 7.96 9.16 13.10 12.12 13.44 13.76 14.03 11.76

2012

 11.99 8.78 8.02 9.17 13.17 12.15 13.46 13.80 14.36 11.84

2013

 12.12 8.93 8.09 9.40 13.36 12.23 13.77 13.94 14.53 12.22

2014

 12.18 9.14 8.29 9.77 13.50 12.25 14.00 14.14 14.19 12.47

2015

 12.56 9.54 8.75 9.95 13.92 12.89 14.13 14.80 14.77 12.66

2016

 13.01 10.00 9.07 10.25 14.23 13.08 14.75 14.97 15.10 13.02

2017

 13.56 10.28 9.59 11.00 14.83 14.00 14.92 15.16 15.21 13.88

2018

 14.06 10.93 9.91 11.68 15.04 14.64 15.22 15.20 15.62 13.77

Men

1979

 $5.65 $3.90 $3.19 $4.64 $6.69 $6.38 $7.12 $7.10 $6.59 $3.56

1980

 6.10 4.10 3.37 4.92 7.22 6.93 7.81 7.78 7.24 3.79

1981

 6.57 4.31 3.64 5.11 7.78 7.33 8.30 8.49 7.88 4.21

1982

 6.85 4.38 3.66 5.12 8.08 7.67 8.89 8.88 8.14 4.46

1983

 6.92 4.38 3.67 5.05 8.31 7.74 9.22 9.16 8.74 4.75

1984

 7.12 4.57 3.72 5.16 8.60 7.88 9.51 9.69 8.86 4.91

1985

 7.33 4.68 3.75 5.23 8.85 8.00 9.80 9.97 9.04 4.99

1986

 7.59 4.79 3.82 5.43 9.02 8.03 9.99 10.15 9.54 5.18

1987

 7.77 4.91 3.95 5.68 9.16 8.26 10.10 10.24 9.72 5.32

1988

 7.91 5.03 4.14 5.79 9.38 8.41 10.22 10.69 9.74 5.52

1989

 8.10 5.17 4.39 6.02 9.71 8.56 10.59 10.88 10.00 5.90

1990

 8.27 5.44 4.64 6.18 9.84 8.83 10.73 11.13 10.17 6.08

1991

 8.59 5.58 4.74 6.23 9.98 8.94 10.98 11.71 10.08 6.22

1992

 8.67 5.65 4.80 6.24 10.06 9.02 10.93 12.02 10.39 6.45

1993

 8.86 5.75 4.87 6.33 10.18 9.10 11.16 12.15 10.96 6.71

1994

 9.00 5.88 4.98 6.56 10.29 9.10 11.50 12.10 11.06 6.64

1995

 9.23 6.04 5.14 6.82 10.73 9.46 11.89 12.32 11.11 6.85

1996

 9.52 6.17 5.25 6.99 10.78 9.70 11.91 12.40 11.15 7.04

1997

 9.83 6.45 5.61 7.18 11.10 9.92 12.07 12.80 11.79 6.96

1998

 10.06 6.91 5.98 7.78 11.72 10.22 12.48 13.04 12.22 7.74

1999

 10.31 7.12 6.18 8.03 12.00 10.84 12.78 13.68 12.21 7.86

2000

 10.81 7.63 6.64 8.39 12.24 10.97 13.14 13.90 12.81 8.31

2001

 11.32 8.01 6.90 8.92 12.88 11.58 13.92 14.25 12.95 9.00

2002

 11.64 8.05 7.02 8.88 13.05 11.89 13.96 14.40 13.38 9.78

2003

 11.89 8.14 7.02 9.00 13.25 12.01 14.13 14.93 14.09 9.79

2004

 12.02 8.21 7.15 9.07 13.74 12.03 14.60 15.11 14.54 9.90

2005

 12.16 8.42 7.21 9.20 13.91 12.17 14.88 15.13 14.79 10.04

2006

 12.68 8.79 7.43 9.75 14.27 12.63 15.06 16.04 15.04 10.72

2007

 12.95 9.13 7.77 9.96 14.75 12.83 15.17 16.15 15.45 11.01

2008

 13.46 9.24 7.98 10.00 15.03 13.47 16.02 16.82 15.90 11.50

2009

 13.76 9.22 8.05 9.99 15.07 13.20 16.10 16.99 16.09 12.00

2010

 13.76 9.21 8.09 9.90 15.04 13.10 15.83 16.89 16.45 11.92

2011

 13.80 9.23 8.16 9.90 15.11 13.18 16.03 16.88 17.07 12.85

2012

 13.88 9.44 8.19 9.97 15.17 13.28 16.05 16.99 17.28 13.03

2013

 14.00 9.67 8.37 10.00 15.27 13.42 16.21 17.17 17.28 12.88

2014

 14.39 9.89 8.63 10.15 15.76 14.08 16.55 17.41 17.46 13.98

2015

 14.67 10.03 8.97 10.64 15.86 14.17 16.48 17.55 17.99 14.15

2016

 14.96 10.24 9.48 11.15 16.25 14.83 17.20 18.03 18.05 14.78

2017

 15.20 10.99 9.88 11.88 17.00 15.15 17.89 18.74 18.60 14.93

2018

 16.01 11.74 10.15 12.18 17.76 15.87 18.44 18.99 19.56 14.90

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year Total,
16 years
and
older		 White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979

 $4.44 $4.51 $4.11 - $4.08

1980

 4.82 4.88 4.44 - 4.44

1981

 5.15 5.18 4.90 - 4.81

1982

 5.40 5.47 5.06 - 5.01

1983

 5.59 5.66 5.15 - 5.09

1984

 5.83 5.90 5.36 - 5.27

1985

 6.03 6.10 5.50 - 5.47

1986

 6.20 6.28 5.80 - 5.65

1987

 6.47 6.56 5.99 - 5.82

1988

 6.73 6.81 6.15 - 5.95

1989

 6.99 7.08 6.43 - 6.07

1990

 7.23 7.33 6.81 - 6.28

1991

 7.50 7.61 7.00 - 6.46

1992

 7.72 7.82 7.06 - 6.65

1993

 7.87 7.97 7.18 - 6.83

1994

 8.01 8.11 7.29 - 6.93

1995

 8.17 8.32 7.66 - 7.00

1996

 8.40 8.57 7.76 - 7.17

1997

 8.75 8.88 8.01 - 7.39

1998

 9.10 9.22 8.39 - 7.92

1999

 9.53 9.74 8.85 - 8.07

2000

 9.91 9.96 9.34 $10.07 8.54

2001

 10.19 10.26 9.78 10.75 9.06

2002

 10.47 10.71 9.93 10.36 9.22

2003

 10.85 10.97 10.15 11.12 9.76

2004

 11.00 11.13 10.19 11.10 9.81

2005

 11.19 11.48 10.17 12.01 9.95

2006

 11.76 11.86 10.66 12.53 10.12

2007

 11.95 12.08 10.89 12.22 10.24

2008

 12.23 12.54 11.20 13.01 10.97

2009

 12.44 12.66 11.64 13.16 11.04

2010

 12.50 12.74 11.77 13.22 10.88

2011

 12.71 12.91 11.79 13.35 11.05

2012

 12.80 13.04 11.84 13.23 11.12

2013

 12.93 13.15 11.90 13.62 11.25

2014

 13.14 13.57 11.88 14.00 11.83

2015

 13.44 13.87 12.06 14.19 12.04

2016

 14.00 14.24 12.49 14.79 12.69

2017

 14.63 14.89 12.90 15.06 13.16

2018

 14.99 15.16 13.64 15.24 13.99

Women

1979

 $3.62 $3.62 $3.55 - $3.44

1980

 3.95 3.96 3.88 - 3.78

1981

 4.28 4.28 4.19 - 4.10

1982

 4.61 4.61 4.49 - 4.33

1983

 4.80 4.81 4.72 - 4.42

1984

 4.97 4.98 4.87 - 4.65

1985

 5.13 5.14 5.04 - 4.82

1986

 5.33 5.35 5.17 - 5.00

1987

 5.60 5.62 5.40 - 5.11

1988

 5.84 5.86 5.61 - 5.28

1989

 6.11 6.13 5.88 - 5.53

1990

 6.44 6.46 6.23 - 5.80

1991

 6.75 6.76 6.55 - 5.98

1992

 6.96 6.99 6.64 - 6.17

1993

 7.12 7.16 6.87 - 6.31

1994

 7.25 7.34 6.93 - 6.40

1995

 7.46 7.54 7.12 - 6.60

1996

 7.73 7.79 7.20 - 6.77

1997

 7.94 8.00 7.59 - 6.82

1998

 8.23 8.33 7.90 - 7.22

1999

 8.64 8.73 8.13 - 7.46

2000

 9.06 9.09 8.86 $9.77 7.89

2001

 9.64 9.73 9.15 10.07 8.28

2002

 9.89 9.94 9.45 10.10 8.54

2003

 10.08 10.11 9.91 10.68 8.88

2004

 10.17 10.21 9.93 10.57 9.04

2005

 10.31 10.50 9.93 11.64 9.18

2006

 10.65 10.77 10.11 11.95 9.50

2007

 10.98 11.06 10.45 11.83 9.80

2008

 11.49 11.70 10.78 12.25 10.07

2009

 11.76 11.83 11.01 12.67 10.09

2010

 11.83 11.88 11.20 12.41 10.11

2011

 11.98 12.05 11.28 12.80 10.25

2012

 11.99 12.08 11.23 12.75 10.21

2013

 12.12 12.21 11.54 13.04 10.49

2014

 12.18 12.38 11.57 13.23 10.72

2015

 12.56 12.82 11.70 13.80 11.08

2016

 13.01 13.20 12.09 14.07 11.79

2017

 13.56 13.87 12.55 14.23 12.09

2018

 14.06 14.27 13.02 14.95 12.80

Men

1979

 $5.65 $5.79 $4.89 - $4.79

1980

 6.10 6.23 5.18 - 5.03

1981

 6.57 6.71 5.81 - 5.37

1982

 6.85 6.98 5.97 - 5.73

1983

 6.92 7.07 5.96 - 5.81

1984

 7.12 7.26 6.16 - 6.04

1985

 7.33 7.58 6.15 - 6.07

1986

 7.59 7.78 6.57 - 6.19

1987

 7.77 7.93 6.74 - 6.37

1988

 7.91 8.06 6.94 - 6.51

1989

 8.10 8.28 7.07 - 6.66

1990

 8.27 8.55 7.37 - 6.74

1991

 8.59 8.82 7.57 - 6.88

1992

 8.67 8.89 7.62 - 6.99

1993

 8.86 9.07 7.67 - 7.12

1994

 9.00 9.21 7.92 - 7.17

1995

 9.23 9.62 8.16 - 7.26

1996

 9.52 9.79 8.18 - 7.62

1997

 9.83 9.96 8.67 - 7.90

1998

 10.06 10.18 9.09 - 8.24

1999

 10.31 10.61 9.77 - 8.61

2000

 10.81 10.95 9.98 $10.79 9.04

2001

 11.32 11.61 10.18 11.84 9.67

2002

 11.64 11.86 10.24 11.02 9.92

2003

 11.89 12.03 10.81 11.89 10.03

2004

 12.02 12.16 10.88 11.90 10.02

2005

 12.16 12.47 10.90 12.75 10.19

2006

 12.68 12.88 11.42 13.18 10.84

2007

 12.95 13.22 11.57 13.22 11.07

2008

 13.46 13.85 11.99 14.03 11.83

2009

 13.76 13.95 12.27 14.01 11.92

2010

 13.76 13.97 12.16 14.11 11.73

2011

 13.80 14.02 12.06 14.25 11.81

2012

 13.88 14.17 12.20 14.15 11.96

2013

 14.00 14.24 12.16 14.24 11.99

2014

 14.39 14.86 12.21 14.66 12.38

2015

 14.67 14.93 12.66 14.87 12.92

2016

 14.96 15.13 13.06 15.04 13.83

2017

 15.20 15.79 13.34 16.65 14.37

2018

 16.01 16.53 14.22 16.69 15.01

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households representing all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey data on earnings are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, are excluded from the data presented in this report.

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can help explain earnings differences. This includes the direct comparisons of earnings levels among demographic groups and the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios shown in the tables (that is, women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s). For example, the overall ratio of women’s-to-men’s earnings for full-time workers presented here is not controlled for differences in important determinants of earnings such as age, occupation, and educational attainment. The earnings comparisons in this report are not restricted to workers with otherwise comparable characteristics and comparable jobs. Even controlling for one of the factors may not fully explain earnings differences. Comparisons of women’s and men’s earnings by detailed occupation, for example, are not simultaneously controlled for differences in key factors such as age, job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be used without permission. Information in this report will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice telephone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1 (800) 877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

The principal concepts and definitions used in this report are described briefly below.

Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the public and private sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Part-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Before 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

The median of usual weekly earnings reflects the midpoint in a given earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median and the other half having earnings below the median.

The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.

Changes over time in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall median boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly are as follows:

  • There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the median earnings of 16- to 24-year olds and the median earnings of those 25 years and older may rise, but if the lower earning 16- to 24-age group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall.
  • There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a median boundary. This change could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, such as $700 or $800. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Consider, for example, the calculation of the median for a multipeaked earnings distribution that shifts over time. As such a distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported earnings interval, but once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements; however, users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians and in ratios of the medians.

Workers paid by the hour are employed wage and salary workers who report that they are paid at an hourly rate on their job. Typically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up around 60 percent of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of workers paid by the hour include both full- and part-time workers unless otherwise specified.

Hourly earnings data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and pertain to earnings from a person’s sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.

Workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the federal minimum wage.

The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when in fact they earn the minimum wage.

Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws.

The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.

Regular collection of earnings data in the basic CPS began in 1979. The prevailing federal minimum wage from 1979 to the present is as follows, with the last change occurring in 2009.

Federal minimum wage

Effective date

$2.90

January 1, 1979

$3.10

January 1, 1980

$3.35

January 1, 1981

$3.80

April 1, 1990

$4.25

April 1, 1991

$4.75

October 1, 1996

$5.15

September 1, 1997

$5.85

July 24, 2007

$6.55

July 24, 2008

$7.25

July 24, 2009

When the minimum wage has increased during a given year, the annual average estimates of the number of minimum wage workers reflect both minimum wage levels in effect during the year. For example, data for 2007 reflect the number of workers who earned the federal minimum wage of $5.15 for January to July and the number of workers who earned the minimum wage of $5.85 for August to December.

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people of Two or More Races identified one group as their main race. For more information on the 2003 changes to questions on race, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003.” Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of acceptable reliability.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.

Married, spouse present refers to people in opposite-sex marriages living together in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or for other reasons.

Other marital status refers to people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; married, spouse absent; as well as people in same-sex marriages. Separated includes people with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other people permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord. Married, spouse absent, includes opposite-sex married people living apart because either the husband or wife was employed and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for any other reason except those listed in the separated definition above.

Inflation-adjusted earnings shown in this report use the Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) to convert current dollars to constant, or inflation-adjusted, dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the years. Although these improvements make the CPI more accurate, the histories of official CPI series are not adjusted to reflect the improvements. Because many researchers need a historical series that measures price change consistently over time, BLS developed the CPI-U-RS to provide an estimate of the CPI that incorporates most of the methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see the CPI research series webpage.

This report uses the most recent version of the CPI-U-RS available at the time of production. Users should note that the CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As a result, the rate of inflation incorporated into the inflation-adjusted median earnings estimates in this report may differ from the rate used in previous reports in this series or in other publications.

Reliability

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.645 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

Readers should be aware that because of sampling error, apparent differences between estimates for two or more groups or categories may not be statistically significant, and therefore not meaningfully different from one another. Standard errors are shown with many of the median earnings estimates in this report to help readers evaluate differences in earnings estimates.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information on all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. Further information about the reliability of data from the CPS is available on the CPS Technical Documentation page of the BLS website.