November 2019Report 1083

Highlights of women's earnings in 2018

In 2018, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings that were 81 percent of the earnings of male full-time wage and salary workers. In 1979, the first year for which comparable earnings data are available, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s. Most of the growth in women’s earnings relative to men’s occurred in the 1980s (when the women’s-to-men’s ratio went from 64 percent to 70 percent) and in the 1990s (when the ratio went from 72 percent to 77 percent). Since 2004, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio has remained in the 80 to 83 percent range. (See chart 1 and tables 1 and 12.)

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The weekly and hourly earnings estimates in this report reflect calendar-year averages of information collected from one-fourth of the households in the monthly survey. The data in this report are distinct from the annual earnings estimates for full-time, year-round workers collected separately in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS and published by the U.S. Census Bureau. (See the BLS website for an explanation of the differences between these datasets.)

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization. The earnings estimates referenced throughout this report are medians. The median is the mid-point in the earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median level and half having earnings below.

See the accompanying technical notes section for more information, including a description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.

Chart 1. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2018 annual averages
Year	Percentage
1979	62.3
1980	64.2
1981	64.4
1982	65.7
1983	66.5
1984	67.6
1985	68.1
1986	69.5
1987	69.8
1988	70.2
1989	70.1
1990	71.9
1991	74.2
1992	75.8
1993	77.1
1994	76.4
1995	75.5
1996	75.0
1997	74.4
1998	76.3
1999	76.5
2000	76.9
2001	76.4
2002	77.9
2003	79.4
2004	80.4
2005	81.0
2006	80.8
2007	80.2
2008	79.9
2009	80.2
2010	81.2
2011	82.2
2012	80.9
2013	82.1
2014	82.5
2015	81.1
2016	81.9
2017	81.8
2018	81.1
Note: Percentages are calculated from annual averages of median usual weekly earnings for full-time wage and salary workers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Earnings of full-time workers

Below are data highlights for women and men who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week) in wage and salary jobs, with sections focusing on characteristics such as age, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, education, occupation, and more.

Earnings by age group

In 2018, median weekly earnings were $789 for all women age 16 and older. For men age 16 and older, median weekly earnings were $973. Women’s median weekly earnings were highest for those between the ages of 35 and 54, with no difference in the earnings of 35- to 44-year-olds and 45- to 54-year-olds (both at $876). Women age 55 to 64 and age 65 and older had earnings that were only slightly lower ($853 and $811, respectively). For men, earnings were highest for 45- to 64-year-olds, with no difference in the earnings of 45- to 54- year-olds and 55- to 64-year-olds (both at $1,137). Earnings were lowest among young women and men age 16 to 24 ($522 and $575, respectively) compared with other ages. (See chart 2 and table 1.)

Chart 2. Median usual weekly earnings of women and men who are full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 2018 annual averages
Age	Women	Men
16 to 24	522	575
25 to 34	750	862
35 to 44	876	1,101
45 to 54	876	1,137
55 to 64	853	1,137
65 and older	811	1,050
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

In 2018, women’s earnings ranged from 75 percent to 80 percent of men’s earnings among workers age 35 and older. For those under age 35, the earnings differences between women and men were smaller, with women earning 87 percent to 92 percent of what men did. (See table 1.)

Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios have grown substantially for most age groups since 1979. For young workers ages 16 to 24, the gains occurred primarily in the 1980s. For workers ages 25 to 64, the gains continued into the 2000s, but have tapered off in recent years. The earnings ratio for workers age 65 and older has been relatively flat since the late 1990s. (See table 12.)

Earnings by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Asian women and men continued to earn more than their White, Black, and Hispanic counterparts in 2018. Among women, Whites ($817) earned 87 percent as much as Asians ($937); Blacks ($654) earned 70 percent; and Hispanics ($617) earned 66 percent. Among men, these earnings differences were even larger: White men ($1,002) earned 81 percent as much as Asian men ($1,241); Black men ($735) earned 59 percent as much; and Hispanic men ($720) earned 58 percent. (See chart 3 and table 1.)

Chart 3. Median usual weekly earnings of women and men who are full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Women	Men
Total	789	973
White	817	1,002
Black or African American	654	735
Asian	937	1,241
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	617	720
Note: People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Earnings differences between women and men were largest among Asians and among Whites. Asian women earned 76 percent as much as Asian men in 2018, and White women earned 82 percent as much as their male counterparts. In comparison, Black women had median earnings that were 89 percent of Black men’s, and Hispanic women’s earnings were 86 percent of Hispanic men’s. (See table 1.)

Women’s earnings have increased considerably over time, while men’s earnings have not. This can be seen among the major race and Hispanic ethnicity groups, with White women experiencing the greatest earnings growth since 1979 (the first year for which comparable data for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are available). From 1979 to 2018, inflation-adjusted median weekly earnings (also called constant-dollar earnings) increased by 37 percent for White women, by 20 percent for Black women, and by 21 percent for Hispanic women. For White and Black women, gains tapered off around 2004. Since that time, White and Black women have seen little net change in earnings. From 2004 to 2018, the earnings of White women edged up 5 percent, while the earnings of Black women edged slightly lower (-3 percent). On the other hand, Hispanic women’s earnings have remained on an upward trend, although substantial earnings growth for them did not begin until the late 1990s. (See table 18.)

The long-term trend in men’s earnings has been quite different than that for women. Inflation-adjusted earnings for White and Black men trended down from 1979 through the first part of the 1990s, followed by a period of growth that stalled in the early 2000s. For Hispanic men, earnings also declined from 1979 through the mid-1990s, then began to trend up. Over the full period, 1979 through 2018, inflation-adjusted earnings have shown little change on net for White (4 percent) and Hispanic men (2 percent). Black men’s inflation-adjusted earnings showed no net change from 1979 to 2018. (See table 18.)

Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Between 2000 and 2018, inflation-adjusted earnings for Asian women and men remained on an upward trend. Asian women’s earnings grew by 17 percent and Asian men’s earnings grew by 24 percent over the period for which data are available. (See table 18.)

Earnings by educational attainment

Median weekly earnings vary significantly by educational attainment. Among workers age 25 and older, those without a high school diploma had median weekly earnings of $553, representing 42 percent of the earnings of workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,324) in 2018. For workers with a high school diploma who had not attended college, median earnings ($730) were 55 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Workers with some college or an associate degree (median weekly earnings of $826) made 62 percent of what workers with a bachelor’s degree or more made. (See table 1.)

In each educational attainment category, the long-term trend in inflation-adjusted earnings has been more favorable for women than for men. Although both women and men without a high school diploma have experienced declines in inflation-adjusted earnings since 1979, the drop for women was much smaller than that for men: a 5-percent decrease for women, compared with a 26-percent decline for men. On an inflation-adjusted basis, earnings for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher have increased by 34 percent since 1979, while earnings for men with a bachelor’s degree or higher have risen by 19 percent. (Data refer to workers age 25 and older.) (See chart 4 and table 19.)

Chart 4. Percentage change in inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings of women and men, by educational attainment, 1979–2018
Sex	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Women	-5	3	5	34
Men	-26	-18	-11	19
Note: Data relate to earnings of full-time wage and salary workers age 25 and older. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Earnings by occupation

Women and men working full time in management, business, and financial operations occupations continued to have higher median weekly earnings than workers in any other major occupational category in 2018 ($1,168 for women and $1,537 for men). Within this category, women who were chief executives ($1,736) and computer and information systems managers ($1,727) had the highest median weekly earnings in 2018. For men, those who were chief executives ($2,488) and architectural and engineering managers ($2,285) had the highest earnings within this major occupational category in 2018. (See table 2.)

The second-highest paying occupational category for women and men was professional and related occupations ($1,024 for women and $1,425 for men). This is a broad occupational category made up of several distinct job groupings for specialized fields such as computer science, engineering, law, education, and healthcare. Within this diverse category, women who were nurse practitioners ($1,891) and pharmacists ($1,890) had the highest earnings in 2018. For men, those who were physicians and surgeons ($2,513), pharmacists ($2,271), and lawyers ($2,202) earned the most. (See table 2.)

Women and men employed in service occupations continued to earn less in 2018 ($511 for women and $641 for men) than workers in other major occupational categories. Within service occupations, women who were employed as dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers ($408), as cooks ($437), and as food preparation workers ($446) had the lowest median weekly earnings in 2018. For men, those who were employed as combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ($410) and as dishwashers ($434) earned the least.

Occupational distributions of women and men

The occupational distributions of female and male full-time workers differ considerably. Compared with men, relatively few women work in construction, production, or transportation occupations, and women are far more concentrated in office and administrative support occupations. (See chart 5 and table 2.)

Chart 5. Distribution of full-time wage and salary employment for women and men, by major occupational group, 2018 annual averages
Occupation	Women	Men
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	18	17
Professional and related occupations	31	20
Service occupations	16	12
Sales and related occupations	9	9
Office and administrative support occupations	19	6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	1	17
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	6	19
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Women also are more likely than men to work in professional and related occupations. In 2018, 31 percent of women worked in professional and related occupations, compared with 20 percent of men. Within the professional category, though, the proportion of women employed in the higher paying job groups is much smaller than the proportion of men employed in them. In 2018, 10 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the two relatively high-paying computer (median weekly earnings of $1,345 for women and $1,604 for men) and engineering ($1,259 for women and $1,528 for men) occupation groups, compared with 47 percent of men. Women were more likely to work in the education ($934 for women and $1,235 for men) and healthcare ($1,078 for women and $1,383 for men) occupation groups, which generally pay less than computer and engineering jobs. Sixty-seven percent of women in professional occupations worked in education and healthcare jobs in 2018, compared with 29 percent of men. (See table 2.)

Across all occupational categories, the three most common jobs for women were elementary and middle school teacher ($982), registered nurse ($1,156), and secretary or administrative assistant ($753). Each of these occupations employed roughly 2 million women in 2018, collectively representing 13 percent of women in full-time wage and salary jobs.

Among men, the most common occupation by far was truck driver (driver/sales workers and truck drivers, $829). In 2018, 2.6 million men were truck drivers, representing 4 percent of all male full-time wage and salary workers. Although engineering occupations are shown separately by specialty (civil, mechanical, etc.) in this report, if combined, engineer would be the second most common job for men. In 2018, a total of 1.9 million men were employed full time in the 16 designated engineering specialties (median weekly earnings ranging from $1,551 to $1,858). (See table 2.)

Earnings for workers with and without children under 18

In 2018, about one-third of full-time wage and salary workers were parents of children under age 18. (Children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household.) Fathers of children under 18 earned more than men without children ($1,098 and $919, respectively). Among women, however, the difference in median weekly earnings between mothers of children under 18 ($799) and those without children under 18 ($784) was much smaller. (See table 7.)

Earnings by state of residence

Median weekly earnings and women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios vary by state of residence. (In this report, “state” refers to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.) The differences among the states reflect, in part, variation in the occupations and industries found in each state and differences in the demographic composition of each state’s labor force. Readers should note that sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates. (See the technical notes section for an explanation of sampling error.) Consequently, earnings comparisons between states should be made with caution. Readers also should note that the state estimates are based on workers’ state of residence; their reported earnings are not necessarily from a job located in the same state. (See table 3.)

Weekly work hours of full-time workers

Among full-time workers (that is, those usually working 35 hours or more per week), men are more likely than women to work more than 40 hours per week. In 2018, 25 percent of men who work full time usually worked 41 or more hours per week, compared with 14 percent of women. Women were more likely than men to work 35 to 39 hours per week: 10 percent of women worked such hours in 2018, while 4 percent of men did. A large majority of full-time workers had a 40-hour workweek (75 percent of women and 71 percent of men). Among those with a 40-hour workweek, women earned 86 percent as much as men. (This analysis excludes people who usually work 35 or more hours per week but whose hours vary.) (See table 5.)

Earnings of part-time workers

Women are about twice as likely as men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week on a sole or main job (including those whose hours vary). Women who worked part time made up 24 percent of all female wage and salary workers in 2018. In comparison, 12 percent of men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Median weekly earnings for female part-timers were $275 in 2018, slightly higher than the $263 median for men. (See table 4.)

Part-time workers are more likely to be under age 25 than full-time workers. Among part-timers, 29 percent of women and 42 percent of men were under age 25 in 2018. Among full-time workers, 9 percent of women and 9 percent of men were under age 25. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Earnings of workers paid by the hour

In 2018, 61 percent of women and 56 percent of men in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour. Women who were paid hourly rates had median hourly earnings of $14.06 in 2018, which were 88 percent of the $16.01 median for men. (See tables 8 and 11.)

Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2018, about 3 percent of women and 2 percent of men had hourly earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25. (See tables 10 and 11.) See the technical notes section for information about BLS estimates of the number of minimum wage workers.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages[Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	115,567	$886	$2	51,425	$789	$3	64,142	$973	$3	81.1
16 to 24 years	10,428	548	4	4,611	522	3	5,818	575	5	90.8
16 to 19 years	1,382	449	7	545	421	5	837	471	9	89.4
20 to 24 years	9,046	576	3	4,065	546	6	4,981	592	4	92.2
25 years and older	105,138	932	2	46,814	830	3	58,324	1,026	4	80.9
25 to 34 years	28,874	808	4	12,681	750	4	16,193	862	6	87.0
35 to 44 years	26,452	986	5	11,528	876	6	14,924	1,101	10	79.6
45 to 54 years	25,565	1,002	5	11,621	876	6	13,944	1,137	7	77.0
55 to 64 years	19,585	994	6	8,937	853	8	10,647	1,137	8	75.0
65 years and older	4,662	944	12	2,046	811	19	2,616	1,050	25	77.2

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	88,953	916	3	38,384	817	3	50,570	1,002	4	81.5
Black or African American	15,041	694	4	7,760	654	5	7,282	735	7	89.0
Asian	7,643	1,095	16	3,474	937	17	4,169	1,241	16	75.5
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	20,297	680	4	8,071	617	4	12,226	720	5	85.7

Marital Status
Never married	34,984	710	3	15,541	675	4	19,444	738	4	91.5
Married, spouse present(1)	62,409	1,013	3	25,643	880	4	36,766	1,140	4	77.2
Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)	18,173	851	6	10,241	778	6	7,933	956	9	81.4
Widowed	1,807	812	17	1,313	755	17	494	946	31	79.8
Divorced	12,008	897	7	6,789	823	8	5,219	990	8	83.1
Separated(2)	4,359	750	10	2,139	667	10	2,220	855	16	78.0

Union Affiliation(3)
Members of unions(4)	13,415	1,051	7	5,773	968	9	7,642	1,123	8	86.2
Represented by unions(5)	14,844	1,042	7	6,493	958	9	8,352	1,121	8	85.5
Not represented by a union	100,722	860	3	44,932	764	2	55,790	948	4	80.6

Educational Attainment
Total, 25 years and older	105,138	932	2	46,814	830	3	58,324	1,026	4	80.9
Less than a high school diploma	6,999	553	4	2,238	469	4	4,761	607	4	77.3
High school graduates, no college	26,237	730	3	10,132	616	3	16,105	819	4	75.2
Some college or associate degree	27,476	826	4	12,755	717	4	14,721	951	6	75.4
Bachelor's degree and higher	44,427	1,324	7	21,689	1,145	4	22,738	1,524	8	75.1
Footnotes (1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent. (3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region. (4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. (5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Occupation	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, full-time wage and salary workers	115,567	$886	$2	51,425	$789	$3	64,142	$973	$3	81.1

Management, professional, and related occupations	48,808	1,246	4	25,123	1,078	6	23,685	1,468	8	73.4
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	19,863	1,355	6	9,195	1,168	8	10,668	1,537	10	76.0
Management occupations	13,477	1,429	10	5,724	1,236	11	7,754	1,585	16	78.0
Chief executives	1,098	2,291	23	307	1,736	96	790	2,488	90	69.8
General and operations managers	939	1,338	32	283	1,139	23	656	1,427	39	79.8
Legislators	14	-	-	4	-	-	10	-	-	-
Advertising and promotions managers	39	-	-	16	-	-	23	-	-	-
Marketing and sales managers	963	1,567	38	447	1,362	34	517	1,852	75	73.5
Public relations and fundraising managers	61	1,415	52	43	-	-	18	-	-	-
Administrative services managers	147	1,215	74	46	-	-	101	1,266	123	-
Computer and information systems managers	601	1,877	39	153	1,727	222	448	1,920	98	89.9
Financial managers	1,158	1,466	38	663	1,262	32	495	1,784	69	70.7
Compensation and benefits managers	21	-	-	16	-	-	5	-	-	-
Human resources managers	294	1,381	49	221	1,330	66	73	1,761	79	75.5
Training and development managers	52	1,448	106	31	-	-	21	-	-	-
Industrial production managers	243	1,465	47	55	1,296	155	188	1,573	95	82.4
Purchasing managers	222	1,362	73	99	1,229	82	123	1,431	46	85.9
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	269	1,131	28	43	-	-	226	1,138	30	-
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers	119	945	47	21	-	-	99	1,010	134	-
Construction managers	625	1,431	37	53	1,202	23	572	1,467	38	81.9
Education administrators	857	1,381	41	563	1,245	33	294	1,563	50	79.7
Architectural and engineering managers	149	2,226	192	19	-	-	131	2,285	43	-
Food service managers	827	809	27	407	708	26	420	922	39	76.8
Funeral service managers	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Gaming managers	23	-	-	8	-	-	15	-	-	-
Lodging managers	112	955	52	64	920	99	48	-	-	-
Medical and health services managers	567	1,408	33	418	1,331	45	149	1,729	140	77.0
Natural sciences managers	8	-	-	4	-	-	4	-	-	-
Postmasters and mail superintendents	22	-	-	15	-	-	8	-	-	-
Property, real estate, and community association managers	390	1,018	32	208	927	47	181	1,148	31	80.7
Social and community service managers	363	1,141	27	251	1,057	32	112	1,336	43	79.1
Emergency management directors	9	-	-	3	-	-	6	-	-	-
Managers, all other	3,285	1,525	21	1,263	1,341	21	2,022	1,628	29	82.4
Business and financial operations occupations	6,385	1,216	12	3,471	1,105	15	2,914	1,383	22	79.9
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes	31	-	-	18	-	-	13	-	-	-
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products	10	-	-	3	-	-	7	-	-	-
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products	147	878	61	65	880	114	82	878	97	100.2
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products	223	1,160	50	102	1,032	60	121	1,209	23	85.4
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	334	998	19	189	913	35	145	1,167	32	78.2
Compliance officers	278	1,296	75	149	1,165	49	129	1,450	56	80.3
Cost estimators	109	1,165	36	14	-	-	95	1,208	80	-
Human resources workers	620	1,161	29	429	1,107	48	190	1,328	127	83.4
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	48	-	-	31	-	-	17	-	-	-
Training and development specialists	111	1,092	65	64	1,086	116	47	-	-	-
Logisticians	127	1,019	49	46	-	-	81	1,131	222	-
Management analysts	635	1,532	45	279	1,437	29	356	1,642	88	87.5
Meeting, convention, and event planners	89	1,002	77	69	1,006	162	21	-	-	-
Fundraisers	82	1,262	259	60	1,168	37	22	-	-	-
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	299	1,246	50	174	1,148	32	125	1,503	183	76.4
Business operations specialists, all other	223	1,150	17	127	1,072	116	95	1,234	205	86.9
Accountants and auditors	1,615	1,209	19	969	1,108	30	646	1,404	57	78.9
Appraisers and assessors of real estate	47	-	-	22	-	-	24	-	-	-
Budget analysts	52	1,351	79	35	-	-	17	-	-	-
Credit analysts	27	-	-	14	-	-	12	-	-	-
Financial analysts	261	1,470	51	122	1,197	55	138	1,599	110	74.9
Personal financial advisors	414	1,473	89	146	1,207	107	268	1,647	59	73.3
Insurance underwriters	122	1,268	94	71	1,032	76	51	1,413	519	73.0
Financial examiners	11	-	-	9	-	-	2	-	-	-
Credit counselors and loan officers	332	1,168	47	177	948	38	155	1,443	50	65.7
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	42	-	-	29	-	-	13	-	-	-
Tax preparers	62	1,028	82	36	-	-	26	-	-	-
Financial specialists, all other	35	-	-	22	-	-	13	-	-	-
Professional and related occupations	28,945	1,176	5	15,929	1,024	6	13,017	1,425	9	71.9
Computer and mathematical occupations	4,755	1,539	15	1,184	1,345	28	3,571	1,604	22	83.9
Computer and information research scientists	20	-	-	4	-	-	16	-	-	-
Computer systems analysts	580	1,521	45	222	1,246	34	358	1,647	39	75.7
Information security analysts	93	1,635	96	18	-	-	75	1,625	176	-
Computer programmers	428	1,591	45	91	1,445	54	338	1,662	55	86.9
Software developers, applications and systems software	1,611	1,864	25	327	1,644	36	1,283	1,894	11	86.8
Web developers	164	1,333	56	49	-	-	115	1,418	105	-
Computer support specialists	516	1,085	50	140	1,015	68	376	1,114	56	91.1
Database administrators	108	1,493	95	40	-	-	67	1,573	229	-
Network and computer systems administrators	192	1,430	65	37	-	-	155	1,478	60	-
Computer network architects	112	1,765	39	10	-	-	102	1,771	50	-
Computer occupations, all other	678	1,226	57	131	1,208	64	548	1,238	89	97.6
Actuaries	35	-	-	11	-	-	24	-	-	-
Mathematicians	3	-	-	1	-	-	2	-	-	-
Operations research analysts	125	1,418	77	58	1,299	168	66	1,566	297	83.0
Statisticians	85	1,437	107	43	-	-	41	-	-	-
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations	5	-	-	2	-	-	3	-	-	-
Architecture and engineering occupations	2,994	1,484	17	453	1,259	30	2,541	1,528	16	82.4
Architects, except naval	170	1,464	37	52	1,301	74	118	1,538	87	84.6
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	35	-	-	7	-	-	28	-	-	-
Aerospace engineers	145	1,788	67	16	-	-	129	1,836	142	-
Agricultural engineers	5	-	-	0	-	-	5	-	-	-
Biomedical engineers	12	-	-	1	-	-	11	-	-	-
Chemical engineers	65	1,858	33	8	-	-	57	1,858	31	-
Civil engineers	410	1,495	55	63	1,282	48	346	1,551	47	82.7
Computer hardware engineers	70	1,772	271	11	-	-	60	1,852	86	-
Electrical and electronics engineers	282	1,646	37	31	-	-	251	1,661	35	-
Environmental engineers	35	-	-	5	-	-	30	-	-	-
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	245	1,499	39	54	1,163	57	191	1,571	57	74.0
Marine engineers and naval architects	15	-	-	0	-	-	15	-	-	-
Materials engineers	42	-	-	10	-	-	32	-	-	-
Mechanical engineers	313	1,562	47	31	-	-	282	1,581	67	-
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	8	-	-	2	-	-	6	-	-	-
Nuclear engineers	13	-	-	1	-	-	12	-	-	-
Petroleum engineers	27	-	-	5	-	-	22	-	-	-
Engineers, all other	528	1,575	36	65	1,356	113	463	1,610	58	84.2
Drafters	112	1,021	46	22	-	-	91	1,029	45	-
Engineering technicians, except drafters	398	1,129	26	66	934	73	332	1,154	22	80.9
Surveying and mapping technicians	63	984	80	3	-	-	60	995	83	-
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,308	1,270	34	575	1,156	24	733	1,357	20	85.2
Agricultural and food scientists	30	-	-	13	-	-	16	-	-	-
Biological scientists	101	1,250	82	46	-	-	55	1,164	203	-
Conservation scientists and foresters	17	-	-	8	-	-	9	-	-	-
Medical scientists	160	1,319	139	81	1,156	49	80	1,416	223	81.6
Life scientists, all other	1	-	-	1	-	-	0	-	-	-
Astronomers and physicists	14	-	-	0	-	-	14	-	-	-
Atmospheric and space scientists	7	-	-	1	-	-	6	-	-	-
Chemists and materials scientists	115	1,284	73	45	-	-	70	1,362	57	-
Environmental scientists and geoscientists	80	1,336	40	28	-	-	52	1,427	43	-
Physical scientists, all other	289	1,455	39	120	1,341	57	169	1,582	51	84.8
Economists	35	-	-	6	-	-	29	-	-	-
Survey researchers	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Psychologists	134	1,331	106	99	1,255	73	35	-	-	-
Sociologists	5	-	-	3	-	-	2	-	-	-
Urban and regional planners	28	-	-	13	-	-	15	-	-	-
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	39	-	-	14	-	-	25	-	-	-
Agricultural and food science technicians	31	-	-	7	-	-	24	-	-	-
Biological technicians	17	-	-	7	-	-	10	-	-	-
Chemical technicians	58	1,002	42	17	-	-	42	-	-	-
Geological and petroleum technicians	11	-	-	4	-	-	7	-	-	-
Nuclear technicians	11	-	-	3	-	-	8	-	-	-
Social science research assistants	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians	124	862	31	58	856	23	66	893	123	95.9
Community and social service occupations	2,223	913	10	1,469	886	11	754	984	21	90.0
Counselors	705	941	15	506	913	19	199	1,004	19	90.9
Social workers	753	907	15	611	897	15	141	958	40	93.6
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	105	944	30	60	930	34	45	-	-	-
Social and human service assistants	166	749	22	133	752	22	33	-	-	-
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers	62	881	78	48	-	-	14	-	-	-
Clergy	337	990	45	68	855	39	268	1,036	36	82.5
Directors, religious activities and education	51	927	49	25	-	-	27	-	-	-
Religious workers, all other	45	-	-	18	-	-	27	-	-	-
Legal occupations	1,466	1,467	29	815	1,243	32	651	1,910	31	65.1
Lawyers	853	1,947	70	344	1,762	26	509	2,202	187	80.0
Judicial law clerks	15	-	-	8	-	-	7	-	-	-
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	69	1,602	84	19	-	-	49	-	-	-
Paralegals and legal assistants	413	948	25	359	953	25	54	917	42	103.9
Miscellaneous legal support workers	117	1,143	46	85	1,109	58	32	-	-	-
Education, training, and library occupations	7,166	1,002	9	5,251	934	8	1,915	1,235	17	75.6
Postsecondary teachers	994	1,439	29	460	1,253	36	534	1,603	60	78.2
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	568	648	28	555	643	28	14	-	-	-
Elementary and middle school teachers	3,030	1,010	11	2,410	982	11	620	1,148	19	85.5
Secondary school teachers	948	1,141	12	556	1,092	26	392	1,226	36	89.1
Special education teachers	324	1,039	20	281	1,042	18	43	-	-	-
Other teachers and instructors	388	957	47	215	840	41	172	1,095	47	76.7
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	37	-	-	20	-	-	17	-	-	-
Librarians	127	927	79	98	910	55	29	-	-	-
Library technicians	10	-	-	7	-	-	3	-	-	-
Teacher assistants	615	556	14	553	550	17	62	584	82	94.2
Other education, training, and library workers	125	1,095	98	95	1,036	83	30	-	-	-
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,880	1,086	24	828	997	23	1,052	1,151	14	86.6
Artists and related workers	64	1,078	71	18	-	-	46	-	-	-
Designers	684	1,060	24	327	932	38	357	1,169	27	79.7
Actors	7	-	-	2	-	-	5	-	-	-
Producers and directors	147	1,224	113	49	-	-	98	1,476	204	-
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers	164	1,044	25	35	-	-	129	1,049	27	-
Dancers and choreographers	11	-	-	7	-	-	4	-	-	-
Musicians, singers, and related workers	47	-	-	19	-	-	28	-	-	-
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other	17	-	-	10	-	-	7	-	-	-
Announcers	26	-	-	4	-	-	22	-	-	-
News analysts, reporters and correspondents	59	1,012	42	30	-	-	29	-	-	-
Public relations specialists	118	1,313	92	78	1,169	78	40	-	-	-
Editors	124	1,112	35	67	1,138	129	57	1,104	34	103.1
Technical writers	60	1,318	108	35	-	-	25	-	-	-
Writers and authors	110	1,233	70	68	1,036	55	42	-	-	-
Miscellaneous media and communication workers	62	880	28	51	850	36	12	-	-	-
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators	73	1,028	67	7	-	-	66	1,038	61	-
Photographers	68	904	102	16	-	-	51	1,006	124	-
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors	35	-	-	6	-	-	30	-	-	-
Media and communication equipment workers, all other	4	-	-	0	-	-	4	-	-	-
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	7,154	1,140	8	5,354	1,078	11	1,800	1,383	27	77.9
Chiropractors	15	-	-	3	-	-	12	-	-	-
Dentists	56	1,884	40	28	-	-	27	-	-	-
Dietitians and nutritionists	70	967	45	63	940	41	8	-	-	-
Optometrists	29	-	-	15	-	-	13	-	-	-
Pharmacists	263	2,071	249	165	1,890	172	98	2,271	111	83.2
Physicians and surgeons	827	2,001	148	352	1,677	101	475	2,513	231	66.7
Physician assistants	118	1,752	37	80	1,646	585	37	-	-	-
Podiatrists	4	-	-	1	-	-	3	-	-	-
Audiologists	8	-	-	6	-	-	2	-	-	-
Occupational therapists	80	1,283	41	64	1,252	65	16	-	-	-
Physical therapists	209	1,395	46	139	1,387	53	71	1,410	79	98.4
Radiation therapists	13	-	-	8	-	-	6	-	-	-
Recreational therapists	11	-	-	10	-	-	1	-	-	-
Respiratory therapists	95	1,074	48	59	1,000	44	36	-	-	-
Speech-language pathologists	105	1,215	64	100	1,214	62	6	-	-	-
Exercise physiologists	2	-	-	2	-	-	0	-	-	-
Therapists, all other	155	1,047	37	122	1,014	75	33	-	-	-
Veterinarians	64	1,677	107	46	-	-	18	-	-	-
Registered nurses	2,584	1,167	11	2,270	1,156	11	315	1,271	31	91.0
Nurse anesthetists	22	-	-	8	-	-	13	-	-	-
Nurse midwives	2	-	-	2	-	-	0	-	-	-
Nurse practitioners	158	1,894	23	134	1,891	22	24	-	-	-
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other	10	-	-	4	-	-	6	-	-	-
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	290	893	34	215	911	34	75	819	41	111.2
Dental hygienists	75	1,047	45	72	1,055	64	3	-	-	-
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians	269	1,140	44	172	1,061	61	97	1,232	44	86.1
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics	180	894	48	59	764	24	122	943	50	81.0
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians	542	691	17	431	655	15	112	807	21	81.2
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	490	757	21	434	743	21	56	936	139	79.4
Medical records and health information technicians	140	765	40	129	739	38	11	-	-	-
Opticians, dispensing	47	-	-	36	-	-	11	-	-	-
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	117	873	97	73	791	31	44	-	-	-
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	100	1,022	52	52	961	40	48	-	-	-
Service occupations	16,288	569	3	8,340	511	2	7,948	641	6	79.7
Healthcare support occupations	2,595	561	6	2,235	548	6	361	661	21	82.9
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides	1,419	516	4	1,265	513	4	154	558	22	91.9
Occupational therapy assistants and aides	24	-	-	21	-	-	4	-	-	-
Physical therapist assistants and aides	68	848	32	43	-	-	24	-	-	-
Massage therapists	40	-	-	24	-	-	15	-	-	-
Dental assistants	197	606	13	187	598	12	9	-	-	-
Medical assistants	499	612	10	454	607	10	45	-	-	-
Medical transcriptionists	23	-	-	18	-	-	4	-	-	-
Pharmacy aides	28	-	-	23	-	-	5	-	-	-
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	49	-	-	39	-	-	10	-	-	-
Phlebotomists	96	624	16	67	602	14	29	-	-	-
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers	154	598	16	93	559	20	61	703	52	79.5
Protective service occupations	2,836	848	15	578	613	10	2,258	922	17	66.5
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	47	-	-	13	-	-	35	-	-	-
First-line supervisors of police and detectives	85	1,460	48	12	-	-	74	1,461	63	-
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers	52	1,304	65	2	-	-	50	1,321	59	-
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	74	839	212	16	-	-	58	886	61	-
Firefighters	295	1,126	43	14	-	-	280	1,133	24	-
Fire inspectors	18	-	-	2	-	-	16	-	-	-
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers	394	742	28	105	646	26	289	811	35	79.7
Detectives and criminal investigators	157	1,331	65	35	-	-	122	1,317	71	-
Fish and game wardens	6	-	-	0	-	-	5	-	-	-
Parking enforcement workers	4	-	-	4	-	-	0	-	-	-
Police and sheriff's patrol officers	728	1,092	26	106	816	80	622	1,131	24	72.1
Transit and railroad police	1	-	-	0	-	-	1	-	-	-
Animal control workers	13	-	-	8	-	-	5	-	-	-
Private detectives and investigators	89	851	69	46	-	-	43	-	-	-
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers	781	596	9	187	506	9	594	636	19	79.6
Crossing guards	28	-	-	6	-	-	22	-	-	-
Transportation security screeners	33	-	-	6	-	-	27	-	-	-
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers	31	-	-	16	-	-	15	-	-	-
Food preparation and serving related occupations	4,394	501	4	2,184	473	5	2,210	533	9	88.7
Chefs and head cooks	365	615	13	65	562	38	300	624	20	90.1
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	397	583	20	231	539	17	166	668	21	80.7
Cooks	1,325	486	6	521	437	9	804	518	8	84.4
Food preparation workers	473	463	11	267	446	13	206	486	14	91.8
Bartenders	275	581	11	151	560	23	124	601	17	93.2
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food	147	436	26	83	475	32	64	410	16	115.9
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop	41	-	-	22	-	-	19	-	-	-
Waiters and waitresses	932	496	8	611	478	9	321	551	35	86.8
Food servers, nonrestaurant	106	484	13	74	475	46	32	-	-	-
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	118	447	34	58	408	13	59	500	24	81.6
Dishwashers	111	441	22	22	-	-	89	434	22	-
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	102	471	23	78	473	22	24	-	-	-
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	2	-	-	1	-	-	1	-	-	-
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3,695	551	6	1,322	477	5	2,373	604	5	79.0
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers	193	711	27	77	615	49	116	772	34	79.7
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	95	770	20	2	-	-	93	774	34	-
Janitors and building cleaners	1,672	571	8	480	491	8	1,193	607	8	80.9
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	825	467	8	723	457	8	102	559	21	81.8
Pest control workers	75	688	94	4	-	-	70	725	82	-
Grounds maintenance workers	834	572	12	36	-	-	798	576	10	-
Personal care and service occupations	2,768	544	7	2,022	517	5	746	638	25	81.0
First-line supervisors of gaming workers	125	793	71	43	-	-	83	914	46	-
First-line supervisors of personal service workers	86	747	47	60	739	49	27	-	-	-
Animal trainers	11	-	-	7	-	-	4	-	-	-
Nonfarm animal caretakers	102	555	42	79	548	55	24	-	-	-
Gaming services workers	73	654	44	36	-	-	37	-	-	-
Motion picture projectionists	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	5	-	-	3	-	-	3	-	-	-
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers	85	523	33	28	-	-	56	518	24	-
Embalmers and funeral attendants	11	-	-	3	-	-	8	-	-	-
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors	27	-	-	7	-	-	20	-	-	-
Barbers	48	-	-	15	-	-	34	-	-	-
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	309	545	17	287	548	16	22	-	-	-
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers	258	523	22	206	512	13	52	615	40	83.3
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	73	620	16	13	-	-	59	652	103	-
Tour and travel guides	22	-	-	9	-	-	13	-	-	-
Childcare workers	437	500	10	405	492	10	32	-	-	-
Personal care aides	786	500	7	654	493	8	132	555	33	88.8
Recreation and fitness workers	208	603	24	109	543	43	100	724	57	75.0
Residential advisors	29	-	-	18	-	-	11	-	-	-
Personal care and service workers, all other	74	522	50	42	-	-	32	-	-	-
Sales and office occupations	23,714	742	3	14,166	696	4	9,548	846	8	82.3
Sales and related occupations	10,077	798	7	4,455	651	7	5,621	949	10	68.6
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	2,421	795	14	1,062	672	12	1,359	911	16	73.8
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers	893	1,153	21	305	1,054	49	588	1,199	64	87.9
Cashiers	1,390	465	7	1,013	463	8	377	468	16	98.9
Counter and rental clerks	82	729	22	30	-	-	51	769	24	-
Parts salespersons	109	702	40	11	-	-	98	718	43	-
Retail salespersons	1,860	657	12	716	543	14	1,144	764	14	71.1
Advertising sales agents	169	998	119	79	1,053	39	91	950	39	110.8
Insurance sales agents	466	859	22	261	809	20	205	1,048	189	77.2
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	197	1,440	35	66	1,047	95	131	1,639	249	63.9
Travel agents	53	789	57	43	-	-	10	-	-	-
Sales representatives, services, all other	427	1,230	89	113	933	103	315	1,345	30	69.4
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	1,112	1,161	15	295	1,009	36	817	1,239	27	81.4
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	15	-	-	11	-	-	3	-	-	-
Real estate brokers and sales agents	528	1,019	51	291	883	53	236	1,264	127	69.9
Sales engineers	38	-	-	4	-	-	34	-	-	-
Telemarketers	50	559	29	31	-	-	19	-	-	-
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	41	-	-	17	-	-	25	-	-	-
Sales and related workers, all other	227	1,036	62	109	873	40	118	1,323	57	66.0
Office and administrative support occupations	13,637	717	3	9,711	711	4	3,926	738	8	96.3
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	1,279	885	15	892	835	14	386	1,050	37	79.5
Switchboard operators, including answering service	21	-	-	19	-	-	3	-	-	-
Telephone operators	29	-	-	22	-	-	6	-	-	-
Communications equipment operators, all other	7	-	-	2	-	-	5	-	-	-
Bill and account collectors	114	711	21	85	694	20	28	-	-	-
Billing and posting clerks	417	721	22	361	725	19	56	664	27	109.2
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	679	742	10	575	739	10	104	778	52	95.0
Gaming cage workers	7	-	-	6	-	-	1	-	-	-
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	111	827	38	100	807	39	11	-	-	-
Procurement clerks	30	-	-	14	-	-	16	-	-	-
Tellers	240	584	8	206	584	8	34	-	-	-
Financial clerks, all other	77	839	166	48	-	-	30	-	-	-
Brokerage clerks	5	-	-	4	-	-	2	-	-	-
Correspondence clerks	5	-	-	3	-	-	2	-	-	-
Court, municipal, and license clerks	78	897	71	61	804	54	17	-	-	-
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	50	818	149	30	-	-	21	-	-	-
Customer service representatives	1,904	683	9	1,226	680	10	678	689	18	98.7
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	67	887	61	53	841	79	14	-	-	-
File clerks	110	650	33	86	624	26	23	-	-	-
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	85	520	28	56	505	26	29	-	-	-
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	114	702	45	96	686	53	18	-	-	-
Library assistants, clerical	34	-	-	26	-	-	8	-	-	-
Loan interviewers and clerks	115	827	42	99	797	49	16	-	-	-
New accounts clerks	21	-	-	13	-	-	8	-	-	-
Order clerks	57	659	29	29	-	-	28	-	-	-
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	53	816	126	45	-	-	7	-	-	-
Receptionists and information clerks	934	605	6	853	606	6	81	593	33	102.2
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	109	745	114	60	766	86	50	681	143	112.5
Information and record clerks, all other	95	733	22	71	724	21	24	-	-	-
Cargo and freight agents	18	-	-	12	-	-	6	-	-	-
Couriers and messengers	192	786	33	29	-	-	164	821	42	-
Dispatchers	270	783	47	162	725	29	108	926	63	78.3
Meter readers, utilities	24	-	-	2	-	-	22	-	-	-
Postal service clerks	115	765	58	63	771	80	51	758	84	101.7
Postal service mail carriers	288	931	28	118	808	51	170	983	30	82.2
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	53	980	139	32	-	-	22	-	-	-
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	252	870	39	134	790	49	119	1,004	88	78.7
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks	524	632	16	160	590	24	365	654	20	90.2
Stock clerks and order fillers	988	562	11	359	570	16	629	558	15	102.2
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	44	-	-	14	-	-	30	-	-	-
Secretaries and administrative assistants	1,977	759	7	1,855	753	7	122	903	54	83.4
Computer operators	67	763	31	40	-	-	27	-	-	-
Data entry keyers	224	655	22	173	643	25	52	730	68	88.1
Word processors and typists	53	858	69	43	-	-	9	-	-	-
Desktop publishers	1	-	-	0	-	-	1	-	-	-
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	211	719	20	175	713	26	36	-	-	-
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	44	-	-	13	-	-	31	-	-	-
Office clerks, general	925	697	11	797	701	11	128	670	29	104.6
Office machine operators, except computer	13	-	-	9	-	-	5	-	-	-
Proofreaders and copy markers	7	-	-	4	-	-	2	-	-	-
Statistical assistants	41	-	-	25	-	-	16	-	-	-
Office and administrative support workers, all other	456	794	25	352	762	15	104	920	38	82.8
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	11,546	824	6	516	638	28	11,030	834	7	76.5
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	850	581	7	183	483	12	667	602	8	80.2
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	45	-	-	7	-	-	37	-	-	-
Agricultural inspectors	18	-	-	6	-	-	13	-	-	-
Animal breeders	2	-	-	0	-	-	2	-	-	-
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	75	593	26	37	-	-	38	-	-	-
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	641	552	13	130	474	13	512	578	9	82.0
Fishers and related fishing workers	12	-	-	0	-	-	12	-	-	-
Hunters and trappers	3	-	-	0	-	-	3	-	-	-
Forest and conservation workers	17	-	-	3	-	-	15	-	-	-
Logging workers	36	-	-	0	-	-	36	-	-	-
Construction and extraction occupations	6,414	808	5	191	785	41	6,223	809	6	97.0
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	541	1,059	36	20	-	-	521	1,073	37	-
Boilermakers	16	-	-	0	-	-	16	-	-	-
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	102	763	48	2	-	-	100	761	48	-
Carpenters	973	756	15	20	-	-	953	759	15	-
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	108	692	31	4	-	-	105	682	31	-
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	46	-	-	0	-	-	46	-	-	-
Construction laborers	1,470	717	8	49	-	-	1,421	717	8	-
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	19	-	-	0	-	-	18	-	-	-
Pile-driver operators	1	-	-	0	-	-	1	-	-	-
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	328	905	21	5	-	-	323	905	21	-
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	125	704	26	1	-	-	124	707	26	-
Electricians	781	965	22	16	-	-	766	966	22	-
Glaziers	35	-	-	0	-	-	35	-	-	-
Insulation workers	49	-	-	1	-	-	48	-	-	-
Painters, construction and maintenance	380	679	15	20	-	-	360	679	14	-
Paperhangers	3	-	-	0	-	-	3	-	-	-
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	531	921	31	17	-	-	514	916	26	-
Plasterers and stucco masons	15	-	-	1	-	-	14	-	-	-
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	3	-	-	0	-	-	3	-	-	-
Roofers	148	687	18	2	-	-	146	686	19	-
Sheet metal workers	129	881	24	2	-	-	127	882	23	-
Structural iron and steel workers	52	934	52	1	-	-	51	941	52	-
Solar photovoltaic installers	9	-	-	0	-	-	9	-	-	-
Helpers, construction trades	68	620	18	1	-	-	67	622	18	-
Construction and building inspectors	82	996	121	14	-	-	68	1,015	93	-
Elevator installers and repairers	25	-	-	2	-	-	23	-	-	-
Fence erectors	21	-	-	0	-	-	21	-	-	-
Hazardous materials removal workers	30	-	-	3	-	-	27	-	-	-
Highway maintenance workers	109	781	35	4	-	-	105	772	39	-
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	12	-	-	0	-	-	12	-	-	-
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	6	-	-	0	-	-	6	-	-	-
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	25	-	-	0	-	-	24	-	-	-
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	29	-	-	1	-	-	28	-	-	-
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	23	-	-	0	-	-	23	-	-	-
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	14	-	-	0	-	-	14	-	-	-
Mining machine operators	59	1,402	81	4	-	-	55	1,389	79	-
Roof bolters, mining	1	-	-	0	-	-	1	-	-	-
Roustabouts, oil and gas	9	-	-	0	-	-	9	-	-	-
Helpers--extraction workers	2	-	-	0	-	-	2	-	-	-
Other extraction workers	35	-	-	0	-	-	34	-	-	-
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,282	934	9	142	823	62	4,140	936	9	87.9
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	270	1,087	75	15	-	-	255	1,111	77	-
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	157	932	25	20	-	-	137	940	24	-
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	125	1,131	50	18	-	-	108	1,134	37	-
Avionics technicians	11	-	-	1	-	-	10	-	-	-
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	22	-	-	2	-	-	20	-	-	-
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility	12	-	-	2	-	-	10	-	-	-
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	5	-	-	0	-	-	5	-	-	-
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers	29	-	-	0	-	-	29	-	-	-
Security and fire alarm systems installers	47	-	-	0	-	-	47	-	-	-
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	155	1,117	34	7	-	-	147	1,141	51	-
Automotive body and related repairers	114	820	42	0	-	-	114	820	44	-
Automotive glass installers and repairers	22	-	-	1	-	-	21	-	-	-
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	709	800	12	10	-	-	698	802	13	-
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	358	942	31	5	-	-	352	943	31	-
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	199	1,013	26	3	-	-	196	1,011	26	-
Small engine mechanics	28	-	-	0	-	-	28	-	-	-
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	68	611	38	3	-	-	65	612	37	-
Control and valve installers and repairers	20	-	-	2	-	-	18	-	-	-
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	384	890	38	3	-	-	381	891	38	-
Home appliance repairers	28	-	-	0	-	-	28	-	-	-
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics	424	981	32	6	-	-	418	982	32	-
Maintenance and repair workers, general	456	870	30	16	-	-	439	874	29	-
Maintenance workers, machinery	23	-	-	0	-	-	23	-	-	-
Millwrights	40	-	-	1	-	-	39	-	-	-
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	129	1,300	55	5	-	-	124	1,292	54	-
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	196	1,014	46	9	-	-	187	1,026	51	-
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	46	-	-	6	-	-	39	-	-	-
Wind turbine service technicians	2	-	-	0	-	-	2	-	-	-
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	25	-	-	2	-	-	23	-	-	-
Commercial divers	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Locksmiths and safe repairers	18	-	-	0	-	-	18	-	-	-
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	5	-	-	0	-	-	5	-	-	-
Riggers	13	-	-	0	-	-	13	-	-	-
Signal and track switch repairers	14	-	-	0	-	-	14	-	-	-
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers	17	-	-	1	-	-	17	-	-	-
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers	111	827	68	3	-	-	108	837	83	-
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	15,210	707	4	3,279	561	6	11,932	762	5	73.6
Production occupations	7,668	723	5	2,041	575	6	5,627	793	6	72.5
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers	792	980	28	150	745	37	642	1,050	38	71.0
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	6	-	-	1	-	-	5	-	-	-
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	110	605	27	53	518	20	57	706	200	73.4
Engine and other machine assemblers	7	-	-	2	-	-	5	-	-	-
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	27	-	-	0	-	-	27	-	-	-
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	989	663	13	348	583	10	641	723	15	80.6
Bakers	151	549	16	89	533	23	61	565	21	94.3
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	223	606	11	65	557	56	158	632	31	88.1
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	3	-	-	0	-	-	3	-	-	-
Food batchmakers	55	557	22	34	-	-	21	-	-	-
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	8	-	-	5	-	-	3	-	-	-
Food processing workers, all other	142	624	31	52	539	24	90	749	55	72.0
Computer control programmers and operators	106	882	29	12	-	-	94	890	30	-
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	17	-	-	4	-	-	12	-	-	-
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	-	-	0	-	-	5	-	-	-
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	11	-	-	3	-	-	7	-	-	-
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	58	745	35	5	-	-	53	766	39	-
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	6	-	-	0	-	-	6	-	-	-
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	35	-	-	2	-	-	33	-	-	-
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	7	-	-	0	-	-	7	-	-	-
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	2	-	-	0	-	-	2	-	-	-
Machinists	309	863	29	16	-	-	293	878	26	-
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters	17	-	-	1	-	-	16	-	-	-
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	5	-	-	0	-	-	5	-	-	-
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	35	-	-	3	-	-	32	-	-	-
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	4	-	-	0	-	-	4	-	-	-
Tool and die makers	47	-	-	2	-	-	45	-	-	-
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	562	840	23	32	-	-	530	847	23	-
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	10	-	-	2	-	-	8	-	-	-
Layout workers, metal and plastic	10	-	-	1	-	-	9	-	-	-
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	17	-	-	4	-	-	13	-	-	-
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	1	-	-	0	-	-	1	-	-	-
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other	356	698	18	66	611	14	290	724	29	84.4
Prepress technicians and workers	14	-	-	3	-	-	11	-	-	-
Printing press operators	137	754	48	26	-	-	111	804	55	-
Print binding and finishing workers	12	-	-	6	-	-	6	-	-	-
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	108	432	23	76	416	13	32	-	-	-
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	28	-	-	18	-	-	11	-	-	-
Sewing machine operators	131	498	9	94	497	11	37	-	-	-
Shoe and leather workers and repairers	1	-	-	0	-	-	1	-	-	-
Shoe machine operators and tenders	6	-	-	3	-	-	2	-	-	-
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	43	-	-	24	-	-	19	-	-	-
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	7	-	-	0	-	-	7	-	-	-
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders	5	-	-	3	-	-	2	-	-	-
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders	3	-	-	1	-	-	2	-	-	-
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Fabric and apparel patternmakers	3	-	-	3	-	-	0	-	-	-
Upholsterers	19	-	-	5	-	-	14	-	-	-
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other	14	-	-	7	-	-	7	-	-	-
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	47	-	-	3	-	-	44	-	-	-
Furniture finishers	15	-	-	2	-	-	13	-	-	-
Model makers and patternmakers, wood	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	32	-	-	4	-	-	27	-	-	-
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	23	-	-	10	-	-	13	-	-	-
Woodworkers, all other	11	-	-	0	-	-	11	-	-	-
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	33	-	-	1	-	-	32	-	-	-
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	84	1,073	96	2	-	-	82	1,086	72	-
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	99	943	45	5	-	-	94	940	44	-
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	35	-	-	0	-	-	35	-	-	-
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	65	894	35	8	-	-	57	899	34	-
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	83	672	37	5	-	-	78	673	51	-
Cutting workers	56	595	35	12	-	-	43	-	-	-
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	17	-	-	3	-	-	14	-	-	-
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	20	-	-	4	-	-	15	-	-	-
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	756	771	17	267	679	23	490	868	38	78.2
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers	20	-	-	7	-	-	13	-	-	-
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians	74	741	31	41	-	-	33	-	-	-
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	250	529	25	140	496	14	110	602	27	82.4
Painting workers	159	710	24	16	-	-	142	725	35	-
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	15	-	-	4	-	-	11	-	-	-
Semiconductor processors	1	-	-	0	-	-	1	-	-	-
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders	8	-	-	3	-	-	5	-	-	-
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders	6	-	-	0	-	-	6	-	-	-
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders	4	-	-	0	-	-	4	-	-	-
Etchers and engravers	8	-	-	2	-	-	6	-	-	-
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	28	-	-	0	-	-	27	-	-	-
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	20	-	-	4	-	-	16	-	-	-
Tire builders	5	-	-	0	-	-	5	-	-	-
Helpers--production workers	37	-	-	10	-	-	26	-	-	-
Production workers, all other	992	678	13	263	566	18	729	725	16	78.1
Transportation and material moving occupations	7,542	689	5	1,237	538	9	6,305	724	7	74.3
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers	197	850	39	45	-	-	152	878	66	-
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	98	1,743	593	7	-	-	91	1,837	291	-
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists	38	-	-	3	-	-	35	-	-	-
Flight attendants	74	878	82	53	822	60	21	-	-	-
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	8	-	-	0	-	-	8	-	-	-
Bus drivers	361	655	23	144	599	14	216	735	33	81.5
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	2,791	817	10	155	559	39	2,636	829	12	67.4
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs	399	611	13	58	450	32	341	628	19	71.7
Motor vehicle operators, all other	39	-	-	5	-	-	34	-	-	-
Locomotive engineers and operators	34	-	-	5	-	-	30	-	-	-
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	3	-	-	0	-	-	3	-	-	-
Railroad conductors and yardmasters	54	1,132	65	4	-	-	50	1,143	56	-
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers	17	-	-	0	-	-	17	-	-	-
Sailors and marine oilers	21	-	-	1	-	-	20	-	-	-
Ship and boat captains and operators	30	-	-	1	-	-	29	-	-	-
Ship engineers	7	-	-	0	-	-	7	-	-	-
Bridge and lock tenders	5	-	-	0	-	-	5	-	-	-
Parking lot attendants	61	575	46	8	-	-	54	575	45	-
Automotive and watercraft service attendants	70	570	68	14	-	-	56	575	54	-
Transportation inspectors	37	-	-	3	-	-	34	-	-	-
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants	19	-	-	13	-	-	5	-	-	-
Other transportation workers	19	-	-	0	-	-	18	-	-	-
Conveyor operators and tenders	4	-	-	0	-	-	4	-	-	-
Crane and tower operators	64	1,122	108	3	-	-	60	1,079	271	-
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators	19	-	-	0	-	-	19	-	-	-
Hoist and winch operators	8	-	-	0	-	-	8	-	-	-
Industrial truck and tractor operators	596	641	15	48	-	-	549	641	16	-
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	232	538	22	40	-	-	192	536	25	-
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	1,595	603	6	318	541	12	1,277	620	7	87.3
Machine feeders and offbearers	25	-	-	10	-	-	15	-	-	-
Packers and packagers, hand	490	495	6	285	484	6	205	516	11	93.8
Pumping station operators	16	-	-	0	-	-	16	-	-	-
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	63	524	30	8	-	-	55	536	45	-
Mine shuttle car operators	0	-	-	0	-	-	0	-	-	-
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders	6	-	-	0	-	-	6	-	-	-
Material moving workers, all other	41	-	-	4	-	-	37	-	-	-
Note: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
State	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
State	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
United States	115,567	$886	$2	51,425	$789	$3	64,142	$973	$3	81.1

Alabama	1,658	805	18	749	688	23	910	922	23	74.6
Alaska	251	972	18	113	857	29	138	1,081	41	79.3
Arizona	2,404	826	12	1,062	762	17	1,342	910	26	83.7
Arkansas	991	739	13	462	681	16	529	809	22	84.2
California	13,536	934	9	5,800	876	12	7,736	992	12	88.3
Colorado	2,144	975	17	922	908	18	1,221	1,069	36	84.9
Connecticut	1,330	1,029	23	597	923	36	733	1,140	29	81.0
Delaware	366	882	20	174	789	28	192	982	13	80.3
District of Columbia	315	1,355	23	160	1,259	25	155	1,445	35	87.1
Florida	7,251	786	8	3,357	716	9	3,894	867	13	82.6
Georgia	3,812	831	15	1,749	744	15	2,063	919	21	81.0
Hawaii	497	889	16	234	797	23	263	965	31	82.6
Idaho	581	788	13	234	702	17	348	883	17	79.5
Illinois	4,606	943	12	2,049	831	16	2,557	1,069	21	77.7
Indiana	2,517	824	14	1,092	726	21	1,425	910	28	79.8
Iowa	1,172	858	14	523	753	17	649	977	27	77.1
Kansas	1,060	836	18	467	753	21	593	908	24	82.9
Kentucky	1,511	772	15	691	696	20	820	847	24	82.2
Louisiana	1,498	808	19	690	698	19	808	918	21	76.0
Maine	450	876	19	209	814	21	241	934	34	87.2
Maryland	2,353	1,042	30	1,085	950	39	1,268	1,147	35	82.8
Massachusetts	2,704	1,080	24	1,231	995	17	1,473	1,170	22	85.0
Michigan	3,436	902	11	1,483	811	17	1,952	987	17	82.2
Minnesota	2,083	1,022	18	948	937	32	1,135	1,096	43	85.5
Mississippi	965	734	13	458	637	19	506	831	23	76.7
Missouri	2,190	868	19	1,013	763	24	1,177	946	28	80.7
Montana	330	825	16	143	722	19	187	918	22	78.6
Nebraska	703	830	16	318	747	17	386	931	26	80.2
Nevada	1,154	775	11	501	720	13	653	827	16	87.1
New Hampshire	532	997	20	234	898	21	298	1,104	41	81.3
New Jersey	3,321	1,034	15	1,487	933	16	1,834	1,148	20	81.3
New Mexico	658	788	21	293	711	24	365	873	25	81.4
New York	6,994	928	10	3,230	849	10	3,764	993	14	85.5
North Carolina	3,679	815	11	1,700	739	13	1,979	885	13	83.5
North Dakota	283	889	17	122	749	16	161	1,013	24	73.9
Ohio	4,042	873	11	1,822	764	12	2,220	965	17	79.2
Oklahoma	1,338	828	15	579	712	17	760	946	19	75.3
Oregon	1,372	900	13	598	808	19	774	985	32	82.0
Pennsylvania	4,465	909	12	1,991	804	12	2,474	998	15	80.6
Rhode Island	389	942	29	181	781	28	208	1,088	32	71.8
South Carolina	1,692	822	18	773	739	13	919	922	21	80.2
South Dakota	312	803	11	143	731	11	169	884	14	82.7
Tennessee	2,357	792	16	1,051	719	14	1,306	894	21	80.4
Texas	10,168	824	9	4,362	739	8	5,806	918	13	80.5
Utah	1,036	879	13	394	729	15	641	1,016	18	71.8
Vermont	233	901	19	105	821	25	128	954	24	86.1
Virginia	3,276	948	15	1,464	851	21	1,812	1,069	35	79.6
Washington	2,685	1,019	20	1,114	860	29	1,571	1,140	21	75.4
West Virginia	575	771	15	259	662	16	316	879	24	75.3
Wisconsin	2,101	892	14	933	795	20	1,168	985	19	80.7
Wyoming	190	880	17	77	708	16	112	1,044	35	67.8
Note: In general, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates; thus, comparisons of state estimates should be made with caution. Data shown are based on workers' state of residence; workers' reported earnings, however, may or may not be from a job located in the same state. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	24,346	$271	$1	15,968	$275	$2	8,378	$263	$2	104.6
16 to 24 years	8,242	206	2	4,708	204	2	3,534	209	3	97.6
16 to 19 years	3,619	171	2	2,050	170	3	1,570	172	3	98.8
20 to 24 years	4,623	239	2	2,658	235	3	1,965	244	4	96.3
25 years and older	16,103	315	2	11,260	314	2	4,843	316	3	99.4
25 to 34 years	4,312	316	3	2,821	316	5	1,490	316	5	100.0
35 to 44 years	2,946	338	6	2,272	332	7	673	360	14	92.2
45 to 54 years	2,922	343	6	2,296	344	6	626	338	15	101.8
55 to 64 years	3,226	311	4	2,317	307	5	909	321	9	95.6
65 years and older	2,697	270	5	1,552	257	7	1,145	286	6	89.9

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	19,054	274	2	12,590	280	2	6,463	264	3	106.1
Black or African American	2,935	254	3	1,896	254	4	1,038	254	5	100.0
Asian	1,326	279	6	843	277	8	483	282	9	98.2
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4,265	267	3	2,735	265	3	1,530	271	6	97.8

Marital Status
Never married	11,914	231	2	6,726	229	2	5,188	233	3	98.3
Married, spouse present(1)	9,158	330	4	6,769	329	4	2,388	333	8	98.8
Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)	3,274	292	4	2,473	287	4	802	308	8	93.2
Widowed	731	266	8	616	261	9	115	288	21	90.6
Divorced	1,820	308	5	1,349	301	5	471	335	14	89.9
Separated(2)	724	279	7	508	280	8	216	277	16	101.1
Footnotes (1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Hours of work	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Hours of work	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Total, 16 years and older	140,099	$764	$2	67,467	$660	$2	72,632	$884	$3	74.7
0 to 34 hours	22,288	274	1	14,701	278	2	7,587	267	2	104.1
0 to 4 hours	543	60	3	365	58	3	177	66	5	87.9
5 to 9 hours	1,237	96	2	816	97	3	420	94	4	103.2
10 to 14 hours	1,882	127	3	1,211	131	3	671	122	2	107.4
15 to 19 hours	2,625	179	2	1,750	184	2	875	171	2	107.6
20 to 24 hours	6,733	252	2	4,397	259	2	2,336	241	3	107.5
25 to 29 hours	3,234	311	2	2,172	313	3	1,063	307	3	102.0
30 to 34 hours	6,034	396	3	3,990	399	4	2,044	391	4	102.0
35 hours and over	110,872	890	2	49,546	795	3	61,326	977	3	81.4
35 to 39 hours	7,805	565	5	5,151	571	6	2,653	551	10	103.6
40 hours	80,619	823	2	37,320	765	3	43,300	886	3	86.3
41 hours and over	22,448	1,302	10	7,075	1,191	13	15,373	1,362	8	87.4
41 to 44 hours	1,233	982	16	496	950	26	737	1,003	20	94.7
45 to 48 hours	6,225	1,150	8	2,259	1,069	17	3,966	1,187	16	90.1
49 to 59 hours	10,172	1,389	10	3,066	1,272	23	7,105	1,429	12	89.0
60 hours and over	4,818	1,476	16	1,254	1,354	27	3,564	1,526	17	88.7
Hours vary	6,939	532	12	3,219	393	7	3,720	702	12	56.0
Usually less than 35 hours	2,058	231	5	1,267	235	7	791	224	8	104.9
Usually 35 or more hours	4,695	745	11	1,878	578	15	2,816	885	18	65.3
Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers. Estimates for the "hours vary" groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [In thousands]
Characteristic	Total employed	Number of workers by usual weekly earnings
Characteristic	Total employed	Under $350.00	$350.00 to $499.99	$500.00 to $599.99	$600.00 to $749.99	$750.00 to $999.99	$1,000.00 to $1,199.99	$1,200.00 to $1,999.99	$2,000.00 or more
Age
Total, 16 years and older	115,567	4,463	13,817	10,511	16,216	20,098	12,372	24,140	13,948
16 to 24 years	10,428	1,099	3,151	1,634	1,928	1,326	587	597	108
16 to 19 years	1,382	291	588	189	173	74	29	31	7
20 to 24 years	9,046	807	2,562	1,445	1,755	1,252	558	565	101
25 years and older	105,138	3,365	10,667	8,877	14,288	18,772	11,785	23,543	13,840
25 to 34 years	28,874	1,048	3,567	3,024	4,911	5,697	3,271	5,386	1,971
35 to 44 years	26,452	744	2,480	1,980	3,380	4,600	2,891	6,350	4,027
45 to 54 years	25,565	718	2,393	1,940	3,056	4,363	2,848	6,196	4,052
55 to 64 years	19,585	573	1,673	1,525	2,443	3,419	2,266	4,632	3,054
65 years and older	4,662	282	554	409	499	693	510	979	736

Women, 16 years and older	51,425	2,553	7,492	5,451	7,896	9,271	5,300	9,281	4,182
16 to 24 years	4,611	562	1,473	762	806	538	243	202	26
16 to 19 years	545	149	240	65	47	27	11	6	1
20 to 24 years	4,065	413	1,234	697	759	511	232	196	24
25 years and older	46,814	1,991	6,019	4,689	7,090	8,734	5,057	9,079	4,156
25 to 34 years	12,681	596	1,857	1,467	2,271	2,552	1,350	1,988	601
35 to 44 years	11,528	448	1,406	1,032	1,634	2,104	1,221	2,458	1,225
45 to 54 years	11,621	443	1,400	1,113	1,618	2,107	1,232	2,474	1,235
55 to 64 years	8,937	349	1,054	873	1,307	1,667	1,010	1,783	894
65 years and older	2,046	154	301	204	261	304	245	375	201

Men, 16 years and older	64,142	1,911	6,326	5,060	8,320	10,827	7,072	14,860	9,766
16 to 24 years	5,818	537	1,677	872	1,122	789	344	395	82
16 to 19 years	837	142	349	124	126	47	18	25	5
20 to 24 years	4,981	394	1,329	748	996	742	325	370	77
25 years and older	58,324	1,374	4,648	4,189	7,198	10,038	6,729	14,465	9,684
25 to 34 years	16,193	452	1,710	1,557	2,640	3,145	1,921	3,398	1,371
35 to 44 years	14,924	296	1,074	948	1,746	2,496	1,670	3,892	2,802
45 to 54 years	13,944	275	993	827	1,438	2,256	1,617	3,722	2,817
55 to 64 years	10,647	224	619	652	1,136	1,752	1,256	2,850	2,159
65 years and older	2,616	128	253	205	239	389	265	604	535

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	88,953	3,109	9,677	7,567	12,247	15,810	9,897	19,427	11,220
Women	38,384	1,763	5,160	3,771	5,908	7,199	4,179	7,210	3,192
Men	50,570	1,346	4,516	3,796	6,338	8,611	5,717	12,216	8,029
Black or African American	15,041	908	2,812	1,945	2,493	2,464	1,353	2,124	942
Women	7,760	550	1,562	1,129	1,271	1,229	602	992	424
Men	7,282	359	1,250	816	1,222	1,235	751	1,132	518
Asian	7,643	259	712	547	783	1,108	761	1,974	1,499
Women	3,474	136	418	299	429	528	371	826	466
Men	4,169	122	294	248	353	580	390	1,148	1,033
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	20,297	1,141	3,961	2,583	3,747	3,483	1,712	2,572	1,097
Women	8,071	634	1,923	1,155	1,389	1,273	569	830	299
Men	12,226	508	2,038	1,429	2,358	2,210	1,143	1,742	798
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2018 annual averages
Characteristic	Number of workers (in thousands)	Median weekly earnings	Standard error of median
Women
Total, all marital statuses	51,425	$789	$3
With children under 18 years old	17,678	799	6
With children 6 to 17, none younger	10,908	809	7
With children under 6 years old	6,770	780	9
With no children under 18 years old	33,747	784	3

Total, married, spouse present(1)	25,643	880	4
With children under 18 years old	11,663	903	6
With children 6 to 17, none younger	7,129	891	7
With children under 6 years old	4,534	927	10
With no children under 18 years old	13,980	858	6

Total, other marital statuses(2)	25,781	714	3
With children under 18 years old	6,015	640	5
With children 6 to 17, none younger	3,778	687	8
With children under 6 years old	2,236	588	5
With no children under 18 years old	19,767	739	4

Men
Total, all marital statuses	64,142	973	3
With children under 18 years old	22,264	1,098	8
With children 6 to 17, none younger	12,069	1,146	8
With children under 6 years old	10,195	1,033	10
With no children under 18 years old	41,878	919	4

Total, married, spouse present(1)	36,766	1,140	4
With children under 18 years old	19,416	1,147	6
With children 6 to 17, none younger	10,679	1,175	11
With children under 6 years old	8,737	1,115	11
With no children under 18 years old	17,350	1,132	6

Total, other marital statuses(2)	27,376	793	4
With children under 18 years old	2,848	807	11
With children 6 to 17, none younger	1,390	923	20
With children under 6 years old	1,458	723	12
With no children under 18 years old	24,528	791	4
Footnotes (1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.
Note: Children refer to "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, as well as unrelated children. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Total			Women			Men			Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Characteristic	Number of workers	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Number of workers	Median hourly earnings	Standard error of median	Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Age
Total, 16 years and older	81,915	$14.99	$0.01	41,223	$14.06	$0.03	40,691	$16.01	$0.04	87.8
16 to 24 years	15,963	11.16	0.02	7,969	10.93	0.03	7,994	11.74	0.06	93.1
16 to 19 years	4,751	10.03	0.02	2,491	9.91	0.03	2,261	10.15	0.03	97.6
20 to 24 years	11,211	11.96	0.02	5,479	11.68	0.08	5,733	12.18	0.03	95.9
25 years and older	65,952	16.11	0.03	33,254	15.04	0.02	32,698	17.76	0.07	84.7
25 to 34 years	19,831	15.10	0.02	9,460	14.64	0.10	10,371	15.87	0.06	92.2
35 to 44 years	15,181	16.94	0.07	7,433	15.22	0.10	7,748	18.44	0.17	82.5
45 to 54 years	14,610	17.02	0.07	7,645	15.20	0.06	6,966	18.99	0.14	80.0
55 to 64 years	12,303	17.26	0.14	6,542	15.62	0.13	5,761	19.56	0.22	79.9
65 years and older	4,027	14.35	0.17	2,175	13.77	0.21	1,852	14.90	0.10	92.4

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	62,204	15.16	0.02	30,695	14.27	0.06	31,509	16.53	0.09	86.3
Black or African American	12,135	13.64	0.11	6,598	13.02	0.05	5,537	14.22	0.11	91.6
Asian	4,130	15.24	0.18	2,221	14.95	0.08	1,909	16.69	0.42	89.6
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	17,452	13.99	0.05	7,909	12.80	0.06	9,543	15.01	0.04	85.3

Marital Status
Never married	33,131	12.85	0.03	15,843	12.15	0.03	17,289	13.68	0.10	88.8
Married, spouse present(1)	35,753	17.17	0.06	17,405	15.54	0.10	18,348	18.88	0.09	82.3
Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)	13,030	15.20	0.06	7,975	14.63	0.12	5,055	17.23	0.18	84.9
Widowed	1,612	14.42	0.31	1,251	13.95	0.16	361	17.76	1.22	78.5
Divorced	8,150	16.02	0.09	4,897	15.05	0.06	3,253	17.94	0.12	83.9
Separated(2)	3,268	14.25	0.22	1,827	13.22	0.16	1,441	15.89	0.21	83.2

Union Affiliation(3)
Members of unions(4)	8,638	20.23	0.19	3,314	17.85	0.15	5,324	22.17	0.16	80.5
Represented by unions(5)	9,488	20.08	0.06	3,726	17.70	0.18	5,762	21.96	0.11	80.6
Not represented by a union	72,426	14.75	0.04	37,497	13.79	0.04	34,929	15.19	0.03	90.8

Educational Attainment
Total, 25 years and older	65,952	16.11	0.03	33,254	15.04	0.02	32,698	17.76	0.07	84.7
Less than a high school diploma	6,631	12.79	0.07	2,641	11.19	0.04	3,990	14.17	0.07	79.0
High school graduates, no college	22,206	15.16	0.03	9,807	13.62	0.09	12,399	17.17	0.09	79.3
Some college or associate degree	21,568	16.22	0.07	11,570	15.09	0.03	9,998	18.20	0.10	82.9
Bachelor's degree and higher	15,546	20.16	0.07	9,236	20.01	0.06	6,310	20.99	0.27	95.3
Footnotes (1) Refers to people in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent. (3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region. (4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. (5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [In thousands]
Characteristic	Total employed	Number of workers by hourly earnings
Characteristic	Total employed	Under $6.00	$6.00 to $7.99	$8.00 to $9.99	$10.00 to $11.99	$12.00 to $14.99	$15.00 to $19.99	$20.00 or more
Age
Total, 16 years and older	81,915	1,004	1,366	6,562	13,489	16,440	19,099	23,955
16 to 24 years	15,963	431	717	2,991	4,674	3,728	2,356	1,065
16 to 19 years	4,751	145	410	1,420	1,661	756	272	88
20 to 24 years	11,211	286	307	1,572	3,014	2,972	2,084	977
25 years and older	65,952	572	650	3,570	8,815	12,712	16,743	22,890
25 to 34 years	19,831	220	244	1,215	2,834	4,457	5,567	5,295
35 to 44 years	15,181	144	143	677	1,901	2,687	3,819	5,808
45 to 54 years	14,610	111	115	665	1,774	2,650	3,670	5,626
55 to 64 years	12,303	67	91	608	1,493	2,121	2,928	4,995
65 years and older	4,027	30	57	405	813	797	760	1,165
Women, 16 years and older	41,223	669	812	4,054	7,815	8,839	9,162	9,872
16 to 24 years	7,969	291	422	1,670	2,402	1,863	950	373
16 to 19 years	2,491	99	248	785	867	365	96	31
20 to 24 years	5,479	192	174	884	1,535	1,498	854	342
25 years and older	33,254	378	390	2,384	5,414	6,976	8,212	9,500
25 to 34 years	9,460	143	152	750	1,596	2,195	2,501	2,122
35 to 44 years	7,433	90	76	472	1,218	1,461	1,818	2,298
45 to 54 years	7,645	74	70	474	1,161	1,628	1,897	2,341
55 to 64 years	6,542	47	55	439	980	1,258	1,610	2,153
65 years and older	2,175	24	37	249	459	435	384	586
Men, 16 years and older	40,691	334	555	2,508	5,674	7,600	9,937	14,083
16 to 24 years	7,994	140	295	1,322	2,273	1,865	1,406	693
16 to 19 years	2,261	46	162	634	794	392	176	57
20 to 24 years	5,733	95	133	688	1,479	1,474	1,231	635
25 years and older	32,698	194	260	1,186	3,401	5,735	8,531	13,391
25 to 34 years	10,371	77	92	465	1,238	2,262	3,065	3,174
35 to 44 years	7,748	54	68	205	683	1,226	2,000	3,511
45 to 54 years	6,966	37	45	192	613	1,022	1,773	3,285
55 to 64 years	5,761	20	36	169	514	863	1,317	2,842
65 years and older	1,852	6	20	156	354	362	375	579

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	62,204	779	949	4,596	9,789	12,098	14,710	19,283
Women	30,695	538	552	2,851	5,658	6,415	6,969	7,712
Men	31,509	241	397	1,746	4,132	5,683	7,741	11,570
Black or African American	12,135	126	308	1,403	2,409	2,773	2,719	2,396
Women	6,598	69	192	886	1,387	1,561	1,363	1,139
Men	5,537	57	116	517	1,022	1,212	1,356	1,257
Asian	4,130	44	41	280	651	780	857	1,477
Women	2,221	31	24	160	384	450	468	704
Men	1,909	13	17	120	267	329	390	773
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	17,452	197	247	1,332	3,531	4,180	4,283	3,682
Women	7,909	122	143	840	1,942	2,019	1,683	1,160
Men	9,543	75	104	493	1,589	2,160	2,600	2,522
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Workers paid hourly rates
	Total	Below prevailing federal minimum wage	At prevailing federal minimum wage	Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
	Total	Below prevailing federal minimum wage	At prevailing federal minimum wage	Number	Percentage of workers paid hourly rates
Age
Total, 16 years and older	81,915	1,276	434	1,711	2.1
16 to 24 years	15,963	534	271	805	5.0
16 to 19 years	4,751	195	166	361	7.6
20 to 24 years	11,211	339	106	444	4.0
25 years and older	65,952	742	163	905	1.4
25 to 34 years	19,831	285	65	349	1.8
35 to 44 years	15,181	181	38	219	1.4
45 to 54 years	14,610	136	25	161	1.1
55 to 64 years	12,303	98	18	116	0.9
65 years and older	4,027	43	17	60	1.5
Women, 16 years and older	41,223	812	267	1,078	2.6
16 to 24 years	7,969	348	156	504	6.3
16 to 19 years	2,491	125	103	228	9.2
20 to 24 years	5,479	222	53	276	5.0
25 years and older	33,254	464	110	575	1.7
25 to 34 years	9,460	170	48	217	2.3
35 to 44 years	7,433	109	21	130	1.7
45 to 54 years	7,645	90	16	105	1.4
55 to 64 years	6,542	64	11	75	1.1
65 years and older	2,175	33	14	47	2.2
Men, 16 years and older	40,691	464	168	632	1.6
16 to 24 years	7,994	186	115	301	3.8
16 to 19 years	2,261	69	63	133	5.9
20 to 24 years	5,733	117	52	169	2.9
25 years and older	32,698	278	52	331	1.0
25 to 34 years	10,371	115	17	132	1.3
35 to 44 years	7,748	72	17	89	1.2
45 to 54 years	6,966	46	10	56	0.8
55 to 64 years	5,761	34	6	41	0.7
65 years and older	1,852	11	2	13	0.7

Race and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
White	62,204	958	283	1,242	2.0
Women	30,695	626	182	808	2.6
Men	31,509	333	101	434	1.4
Black or African American	12,135	198	114	313	2.6
Women	6,598	113	63	175	2.7
Men	5,537	85	52	137	2.5
Asian	4,130	53	16	69	1.7
Women	2,221	36	10	46	2.1
Men	1,909	17	6	23	1.2
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	17,452	246	78	324	1.9
Women	7,909	141	52	194	2.4
Men	9,543	105	26	131	1.4

Full- and Part-time Status(1)
Full-time workers	61,650	621	121	742	1.2
Women	27,913	377	76	454	1.6
Men	33,736	244	45	288	0.9
Part-time workers	20,155	653	312	965	4.8
Women	13,260	434	190	624	4.7
Men	6,895	219	122	341	4.9
Footnotes (1) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data do not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
Note: See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979-2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Year	Total wage and salary workers	Workers paid hourly rates
		Total	Percentage of total wage and salary workers	Below prevailing federal minimum wage(1)	At prevailing federal minimum wage(1)	Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
		Total	Percentage of total wage and salary workers	Below prevailing federal minimum wage(1)	At prevailing federal minimum wage(1)	Number	Percentage of workers paid hourly rates
Total
1979	87,529	51,721	59.1	2,916	3,997	6,912	13.4
1980	87,644	51,335	58.6	3,087	4,686	7,773	15.1
1981	88,516	51,869	58.6	3,513	4,311	7,824	15.1
1982	87,368	50,846	58.2	2,348	4,148	6,496	12.8
1983	88,290	51,820	58.7	2,077	4,261	6,338	12.2
1984	92,194	54,143	58.7	1,838	4,125	5,963	11.0
1985	94,521	55,762	59.0	1,639	3,899	5,538	9.9
1986	96,903	57,529	59.4	1,599	3,461	5,060	8.8
1987	99,303	59,552	60.0	1,468	3,229	4,698	7.9
1988	101,407	60,878	60.0	1,319	2,608	3,927	6.5
1989	103,480	62,389	60.3	1,372	1,790	3,162	5.1
1990	104,876	63,172	60.2	2,132	1,096	3,228	5.1
1991	103,723	62,627	60.4	2,377	2,906	5,283	8.4
1992	104,668	63,610	60.8	1,939	2,982	4,921	7.7
1993	106,101	64,274	60.6	1,707	2,625	4,332	6.7
1994	107,989	66,549	61.6	1,995	2,132	4,128	6.2
1995	110,038	68,354	62.1	1,699	1,956	3,656	5.3
1996	111,960	69,255	61.9	1,863	1,861	3,724	5.4
1997	114,533	70,735	61.8	2,990	1,764	4,754	6.7
1998	116,730	71,440	61.2	2,834	1,593	4,427	6.2
1999	118,963	72,306	60.8	2,194	1,146	3,340	4.6
2000	122,089	73,496	60.2	1,752	898	2,650	3.6
2001	122,229	73,392	60.0	1,518	656	2,174	3.0
2002	121,826	72,508	59.5	1,579	567	2,146	3.0
2003	122,358	72,946	59.6	1,555	545	2,100	2.9
2004	123,554	73,939	59.8	1,483	520	2,003	2.7
2005	125,889	75,609	60.1	1,403	479	1,882	2.5
2006	128,237	76,514	59.7	1,283	409	1,692	2.2
2007	129,767	75,873	58.5	1,462	267	1,729	2.3
2008	129,377	75,305	58.2	1,940	286	2,226	3.0
2009	124,490	72,611	58.3	2,592	980	3,572	4.9
2010	124,073	72,902	58.8	2,541	1,820	4,361	6.0
2011	125,187	73,926	59.1	2,152	1,677	3,829	5.2
2012	127,577	75,276	59.0	1,984	1,566	3,550	4.7
2013	129,110	75,948	58.8	1,768	1,532	3,301	4.3
2014	131,431	77,207	58.7	1,737	1,255	2,992	3.9
2015	133,743	78,232	58.5	1,691	870	2,561	3.3
2016	136,101	79,883	58.7	1,451	701	2,153	2.7
2017	137,890	80,439	58.3	1,282	542	1,824	2.3
2018	140,099	81,915	58.5	1,276	434	1,711	2.1

Women
1979	38,129	23,329	61.2	2,070	2,644	4,714	20.2
1980	38,944	23,626	60.7	2,104	2,990	5,095	21.6
1981	39,672	24,294	61.2	2,394	2,778	5,172	21.3
1982	39,777	24,365	61.3	1,651	2,561	4,212	17.3
1983	40,433	24,989	61.8	1,492	2,603	4,095	16.4
1984	42,172	26,003	61.7	1,348	2,499	3,847	14.8
1985	43,506	26,869	61.8	1,198	2,356	3,554	13.2
1986	44,961	27,863	62.0	1,192	2,125	3,317	11.9
1987	46,365	29,078	62.7	1,105	1,946	3,051	10.5
1988	47,495	29,820	62.8	1,008	1,542	2,550	8.6
1989	48,691	30,702	63.1	994	1,056	2,050	6.7
1990	49,323	31,069	63.0	1,420	711	2,131	6.9
1991	49,105	30,988	63.1	1,582	1,792	3,374	10.9
1992	49,842	31,454	63.1	1,286	1,751	3,036	9.7
1993	50,626	31,937	63.1	1,133	1,534	2,667	8.4
1994	51,419	33,021	64.2	1,322	1,241	2,563	7.8
1995	52,369	33,934	64.8	1,157	1,161	2,318	6.8
1996	53,488	34,418	64.3	1,244	1,106	2,350	6.8
1997	54,708	35,214	64.4	1,843	1,092	2,935	8.3
1998	55,757	35,680	64.0	1,794	965	2,760	7.7
1999	57,050	36,233	63.5	1,426	700	2,126	5.9
2000	58,427	36,777	62.9	1,170	579	1,749	4.8
2001	58,582	36,848	62.9	1,021	409	1,430	3.9
2002	58,555	36,508	62.3	997	350	1,347	3.7
2003	59,122	37,093	62.7	1,062	332	1,394	3.8
2004	59,408	37,133	62.5	1,013	310	1,323	3.6
2005	60,423	37,957	62.8	944	290	1,234	3.3
2006	61,426	38,321	62.4	861	263	1,124	2.9
2007	62,299	38,082	61.1	1,002	181	1,183	3.1
2008	62,532	37,972	60.7	1,302	196	1,498	3.9
2009	60,951	37,426	61.4	1,603	612	2,215	5.9
2010	60,542	37,404	61.8	1,598	1,151	2,749	7.3
2011	60,502	37,469	61.9	1,366	1,029	2,395	6.4
2012	61,679	38,163	61.9	1,288	999	2,287	6.0
2013	62,316	38,404	61.6	1,148	910	2,058	5.4
2014	63,383	38,802	61.2	1,139	739	1,878	4.8
2015	64,445	39,500	61.3	1,062	540	1,602	4.1
2016	65,512	40,315	61.5	952	432	1,384	3.4
2017	66,421	40,658	61.2	829	316	1,146	2.8
2018	67,467	41,223	61.1	812	267	1,078	2.6

Men
1979	49,400	28,392	57.5	846	1,353	2,199	7.7
1980	48,700	27,709	56.9	983	1,696	2,678	9.7
1981	48,844	27,576	56.5	1,119	1,533	2,652	9.6
1982	47,591	26,481	55.6	697	1,587	2,284	8.6
1983	47,856	26,831	56.1	585	1,658	2,243	8.4
1984	50,022	28,140	56.3	490	1,626	2,116	7.5
1985	51,015	28,893	56.6	440	1,544	1,984	6.9
1986	51,942	29,666	57.1	408	1,336	1,743	5.9
1987	52,938	30,474	57.6	364	1,283	1,647	5.4
1988	53,912	31,058	57.6	311	1,066	1,377	4.4
1989	54,789	31,687	57.8	379	733	1,112	3.5
1990	55,553	32,104	57.8	712	385	1,097	3.4
1991	54,618	31,639	57.9	795	1,114	1,909	6.0
1992	54,826	32,155	58.6	653	1,231	1,885	5.9
1993	55,475	32,337	58.3	573	1,091	1,664	5.1
1994	56,570	33,528	59.3	674	891	1,565	4.7
1995	57,669	34,420	59.7	542	796	1,338	3.9
1996	58,473	34,838	59.6	619	755	1,374	3.9
1997	59,825	35,521	59.4	1,147	673	1,820	5.1
1998	60,973	35,761	58.7	1,039	628	1,667	4.7
1999	61,914	36,073	58.3	768	446	1,214	3.4
2000	63,662	36,720	57.7	582	319	901	2.5
2001	63,647	36,544	57.4	497	247	744	2.0
2002	63,272	36,000	56.9	582	217	799	2.2
2003	63,236	35,853	56.7	493	213	706	2.0
2004	64,145	36,806	57.4	470	210	680	1.8
2005	65,466	37,652	57.5	459	189	648	1.7
2006	66,811	38,193	57.2	422	146	568	1.5
2007	67,468	37,790	56.0	460	86	546	1.4
2008	66,846	37,334	55.9	638	90	728	1.9
2009	63,539	35,185	55.4	990	368	1,358	3.9
2010	63,531	35,498	55.9	943	669	1,612	4.5
2011	64,686	36,457	56.4	785	648	1,433	3.9
2012	65,898	37,113	56.3	696	567	1,263	3.4
2013	66,794	37,544	56.2	621	622	1,243	3.3
2014	68,048	38,405	56.4	598	516	1,114	2.9
2015	69,298	38,732	55.9	629	330	959	2.5
2016	70,589	39,568	56.1	499	270	769	1.9
2017	71,469	39,781	55.7	452	226	678	1.7
2018	72,632	40,691	56.0	464	168	632	1.6
Footnotes (1) Data for 1990-91, 1996-97, and 2007-09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older

1979	62.3	78.6	85.2	76.3	62.1	67.5	58.3	56.8	60.6	77.6
1980	64.2	80.3	89.5	78.1	62.8	69.4	58.3	56.9	59.4	76.4
1981	64.4	82.6	91.7	80.6	62.6	70.3	59.9	56.8	58.9	71.1
1982	65.7	85.3	92.9	82.4	64.9	72.1	61.1	60.1	61.4	70.3
1983	66.5	88.8	94.0	85.5	65.8	73.3	61.5	59.5	61.8	68.8
1984	67.6	87.9	93.1	85.2	67.1	74.6	62.0	59.4	61.5	66.8
1985	68.1	87.6	90.7	85.7	66.8	75.1	63.0	59.7	61.0	65.9
1986	69.5	89.0	91.4	87.5	66.5	76.1	63.9	60.9	61.2	71.5
1987	69.8	88.3	87.8	88.0	67.3	76.7	66.1	62.3	62.2	68.7
1988	70.2	89.7	89.8	90.0	68.8	77.7	68.5	61.7	62.3	70.9
1989	70.1	90.8	94.3	89.7	70.2	78.3	68.3	62.7	63.9	74.3
1990	71.9	90.1	90.8	90.3	72.1	79.3	69.6	63.8	63.7	74.4
1991	74.2	93.3	93.6	93.3	74.0	81.0	70.7	65.0	64.5	68.3
1992	75.8	94.0	94.0	94.3	74.6	82.0	71.9	65.8	64.9	77.9
1993	77.1	94.8	92.8	95.4	74.8	83.0	73.0	67.4	67.4	74.3
1994	76.4	93.9	92.5	94.5	73.1	82.9	72.6	67.1	66.0	76.2
1995	75.5	90.8	88.1	92.4	72.8	82.2	72.6	67.7	64.7	80.0
1996	75.0	92.5	88.8	92.8	74.1	83.2	73.3	68.9	65.3	70.0
1997	74.4	92.1	91.6	90.5	75.1	82.9	74.0	69.4	64.7	77.0
1998	76.3	91.3	88.6	89.4	75.9	82.9	73.6	70.5	68.1	72.6
1999	76.5	91.0	91.4	90.5	74.4	81.5	71.7	70.0	67.9	78.7
2000	76.9	91.7	92.5	92.7	74.5	82.4	71.6	73.2	69.1	75.1
2001	76.4	90.3	90.3	91.9	75.4	83.0	72.5	73.5	70.5	69.0
2002	77.9	93.9	94.6	93.9	77.6	84.5	75.2	74.6	71.6	73.8
2003	79.4	93.2	93.1	93.9	78.5	86.9	76.1	73.0	72.7	71.1
2004	80.4	93.8	92.1	93.8	78.6	87.8	75.6	72.9	73.0	74.6
2005	81.0	93.2	92.1	93.8	79.4	89.0	75.5	75.5	74.7	76.4
2006	80.8	94.5	87.6	94.9	78.7	88.2	77.2	73.5	72.9	77.5
2007	80.2	92.3	89.1	90.3	78.5	86.9	76.5	74.5	72.8	77.8
2008	79.9	91.1	87.3	92.5	78.2	88.5	74.5	74.9	75.4	74.8
2009	80.2	92.6	90.7	92.9	78.7	88.7	77.4	73.6	75.3	76.1
2010	81.2	95.3	94.6	93.8	80.5	90.8	79.9	76.5	75.2	75.7
2011	82.2	92.5	88.6	93.2	81.0	92.3	78.5	76.0	75.1	80.9
2012	80.9	88.9	88.5	89.0	79.9	90.2	78.1	75.1	76.2	77.6
2013	82.1	88.3	89.7	89.8	81.1	89.4	80.2	76.6	77.1	73.7
2014	82.5	91.5	91.1	92.3	81.6	89.9	81.0	77.2	76.4	78.6
2015	81.1	88.2	89.4	89.7	80.4	89.6	81.8	76.8	73.7	73.8
2016	81.9	94.9	92.6	95.6	80.9	88.8	83.3	77.8	73.7	75.5
2017	81.8	91.2	87.6	90.2	81.3	88.2	81.0	77.5	78.0	77.0
2018	81.1	90.8	89.4	92.2	80.9	87.0	79.6	77.0	75.0	77.2
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 22. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
1979	62.3	61.7	74.4	-	71.7
1980	64.2	63.4	75.8	-	73.5
1981	64.4	63.1	76.9	-	75.7
1982	65.7	64.5	78.1	-	75.5
1983	66.5	65.6	78.9	-	78.5
1984	67.6	66.8	79.5	-	77.7
1985	68.1	67.2	82.6	-	77.7
1986	69.5	67.9	82.8	-	80.6
1987	69.8	68.2	84.4	-	82.0
1988	70.2	68.4	82.8	-	84.4
1989	70.1	69.3	86.5	-	85.4
1990	71.9	71.5	85.3	-	87.4
1991	74.2	73.7	86.1	-	90.4
1992	75.8	75.3	88.2	-	89.1
1993	77.1	76.5	88.8	-	90.5
1994	76.4	74.6	86.5	-	88.9
1995	75.5	73.3	86.4	-	87.1
1996	75.0	73.8	87.9	-	88.8
1997	74.4	74.6	86.8	-	85.7
1998	76.3	76.1	85.5	-	86.4
1999	76.5	75.7	83.8	-	85.7
2000	76.9	75.8	84.1	79.9	87.8
2001	76.4	75.8	85.8	76.9	88.2
2002	77.9	77.9	90.3	74.9	88.0
2003	79.4	79.3	88.5	77.5	88.4
2004	80.4	79.8	88.8	76.4	87.3
2005	81.0	80.2	89.3	80.6	87.7
2006	80.8	80.0	87.8	79.3	87.1
2007	80.2	79.4	88.8	78.1	91.0
2008	79.9	79.3	89.4	78.0	89.6
2009	80.2	79.2	93.7	81.8	89.5
2010	81.2	80.5	93.5	82.6	90.7
2011	82.2	82.1	91.1	77.4	90.7
2012	80.9	80.8	90.1	73.0	88.0
2013	82.1	81.7	91.3	77.3	91.1
2014	82.5	81.8	89.9	77.9	89.0
2015	81.1	80.8	90.4	77.7	89.7
2016	81.9	81.3	89.3	78.4	88.4
2017	81.8	81.9	92.5	74.8	87.4
2018	81.1	81.5	89.0	75.5	85.7
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 23. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979-2018
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
1979	62.1	60.3	60.1	64.1	66.7
1980	62.8	61.4	61.5	64.5	67.9
1981	62.6	61.2	61.0	65.6	66.9
1982	64.9	62.8	63.1	66.7	68.8
1983	65.8	64.8	63.4	68.2	71.2
1984	67.1	64.9	64.9	68.4	69.4
1985	66.8	64.3	65.8	67.2	70.2
1986	66.5	64.8	66.6	68.0	70.6
1987	67.3	66.0	68.1	69.8	71.4
1988	68.8	66.6	68.2	71.6	71.4
1989	70.2	66.8	67.6	73.3	71.9
1990	72.1	68.8	68.6	72.9	72.2
1991	74.0	71.6	69.8	72.6	73.6
1992	74.6	72.9	70.4	73.3	75.1
1993	74.8	73.9	71.3	73.8	75.8
1994	73.1	75.1	70.8	72.1	76.8
1995	72.8	75.5	70.2	71.6	76.2
1996	74.1	75.1	70.7	73.2	75.2
1997	75.1	75.3	70.7	73.9	75.0
1998	75.9	73.9	70.8	74.0	75.3
1999	74.4	73.4	69.8	73.4	75.7
2000	74.5	74.9	71.1	73.1	74.1
2001	75.4	75.4	72.7	71.9	73.7
2002	77.6	77.2	74.2	74.3	74.2
2003	78.5	76.7	75.5	75.7	73.6
2004	78.6	74.9	75.7	75.8	75.2
2005	79.4	74.9	75.6	76.6	75.7
2006	78.7	76.3	73.7	75.6	75.1
2007	78.5	76.7	74.3	75.2	75.0
2008	78.2	76.1	73.3	75.7	74.3
2009	78.7	76.4	75.7	75.4	73.1
2010	80.5	79.8	76.5	75.5	74.1
2011	81.0	80.9	76.9	76.8	74.9
2012	79.9	76.0	76.3	76.9	73.0
2013	81.1	80.0	78.3	76.6	74.8
2014	81.6	79.1	77.0	75.8	75.7
2015	80.4	80.4	77.2	75.2	74.9
2016	80.9	76.8	77.9	76.8	75.2
2017	81.3	76.5	76.5	76.3	76.4
2018	80.9	77.3	75.2	75.4	75.1
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in table 24. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
1979	64.1	81.8	95.0	75.9	58.3	63.3	55.8	54.1	56.9	87.6
1980	64.8	84.1	93.2	77.0	58.7	64.1	54.9	54.4	56.4	89.2
1981	65.1	86.1	96.7	80.0	60.3	66.7	57.5	54.1	56.2	88.1
1982	67.3	86.3	97.0	81.8	62.1	67.7	57.1	55.7	59.0	88.1
1983	69.4	87.2	96.7	84.4	62.9	70.3	57.6	56.7	58.0	87.6
1984	69.8	86.0	96.5	84.5	63.7	71.1	59.0	56.9	59.5	89.0
1985	70.0	85.7	96.3	87.2	64.7	72.4	60.3	57.8	60.4	88.8
1986	70.2	85.8	95.5	86.7	66.0	74.1	61.4	59.0	60.3	91.3
1987	72.1	85.9	93.9	86.1	67.2	74.3	62.9	61.3	62.0	91.2
1988	73.8	89.1	94.4	87.2	68.7	75.6	66.1	61.6	62.4	92.8
1989	75.4	90.7	93.4	86.9	69.8	78.0	67.0	63.4	63.8	87.1
1990	77.9	91.0	93.8	90.1	71.8	79.4	68.7	64.3	66.2	89.6
1991	78.6	91.0	97.9	91.7	73.5	80.4	70.4	65.0	68.9	92.6
1992	80.3	91.3	97.7	92.5	76.0	82.6	73.1	66.1	69.3	92.6
1993	80.4	91.7	97.1	94.2	77.3	83.6	73.1	67.3	69.0	92.1
1994	80.6	90.5	97.0	91.2	78.2	85.5	73.4	69.9	70.7	94.0
1995	80.8	90.9	96.1	89.3	76.1	83.7	72.6	70.8	71.4	94.2
1996	81.2	92.1	97.0	89.6	78.2	83.1	74.6	72.1	72.4	91.6
1997	80.8	92.2	96.6	91.2	78.8	82.7	75.7	72.3	70.5	98.1
1998	81.8	90.3	96.7	89.1	77.9	86.1	77.4	75.0	72.4	93.2
1999	83.8	92.7	96.8	89.9	79.4	83.9	76.9	72.7	76.4	95.4
2000	83.8	91.7	93.8	93.0	80.8	88.3	76.3	73.2	76.8	94.7
2001	85.2	90.5	95.8	89.7	79.2	85.8	75.0	76.1	80.2	90.4
2002	85.0	92.5	96.9	91.3	82.1	85.1	78.7	77.6	80.8	89.3
2003	84.8	93.2	97.6	91.0	83.1	87.5	79.1	79.0	78.4	90.3
2004	84.6	93.9	95.9	91.7	81.7	88.3	78.4	79.1	79.6	92.5
2005	84.8	92.6	96.0	92.4	83.2	89.2	79.6	80.2	80.2	97.8
2006	84.0	90.9	95.7	90.5	83.2	87.6	80.0	76.4	80.6	93.0
2007	84.8	89.3	95.4	90.4	81.7	87.4	81.5	79.6	79.2	92.2
2008	85.4	91.2	96.6	91.6	83.0	87.0	80.5	78.2	81.8	91.6
2009	85.5	93.1	97.1	92.0	84.7	90.6	80.7	77.0	84.5	92.6
2010	86.0	93.6	97.8	91.7	85.6	91.9	82.9	79.9	83.2	93.8
2011	86.8	94.6	97.5	92.5	86.7	92.0	83.8	81.5	82.2	91.5
2012	86.4	93.0	97.9	92.0	86.8	91.5	83.9	81.2	83.1	90.9
2013	86.6	92.3	96.7	94.0	87.5	91.1	84.9	81.2	84.1	94.9
2014	84.6	92.4	96.1	96.3	85.7	87.0	84.6	81.2	81.3	89.2
2015	85.6	95.1	97.5	93.5	87.8	91.0	85.7	84.3	82.1	89.5
2016	87.0	97.7	95.7	91.9	87.6	88.2	85.8	83.0	83.7	88.1
2017	89.2	93.5	97.1	92.6	87.2	92.4	83.4	80.9	81.8	93.0
2018	87.8	93.1	97.6	95.9	84.7	92.2	82.5	80.0	79.9	92.4
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information on historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of workers paid hourly rates in table 25. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
1979	64.1	62.5	72.6	-	71.8
1980	64.8	63.6	74.9	-	75.1
1981	65.1	63.8	72.1	-	76.4
1982	67.3	66.0	75.2	-	75.6
1983	69.4	68.0	79.2	-	76.1
1984	69.8	68.6	79.1	-	77.0
1985	70.0	67.8	82.0	-	79.4
1986	70.2	68.8	78.7	-	80.8
1987	72.1	70.9	80.1	-	80.2
1988	73.8	72.7	80.8	-	81.1
1989	75.4	74.0	83.2	-	83.0
1990	77.9	75.6	84.5	-	86.1
1991	78.6	76.6	86.5	-	86.9
1992	80.3	78.6	87.1	-	88.3
1993	80.4	78.9	89.6	-	88.6
1994	80.6	79.7	87.5	-	89.3
1995	80.8	78.4	87.3	-	90.9
1996	81.2	79.6	88.0	-	88.8
1997	80.8	80.3	87.5	-	86.3
1998	81.8	81.8	86.9	-	87.6
1999	83.8	82.3	83.2	-	86.6
2000	83.8	83.0	88.8	90.5	87.3
2001	85.2	83.8	89.9	85.1	85.6
2002	85.0	83.8	92.3	91.7	86.1
2003	84.8	84.0	91.7	89.8	88.5
2004	84.6	84.0	91.3	88.8	90.2
2005	84.8	84.2	91.1	91.3	90.1
2006	84.0	83.6	88.5	90.7	87.6
2007	84.8	83.7	90.3	89.5	88.5
2008	85.4	84.5	89.9	87.3	85.1
2009	85.5	84.8	89.7	90.4	84.6
2010	86.0	85.0	92.1	88.0	86.2
2011	86.8	85.9	93.5	89.8	86.8
2012	86.4	85.3	92.0	90.1	85.4
2013	86.6	85.7	94.9	91.6	87.5
2014	84.6	83.3	94.8	90.2	86.6
2015	85.6	85.9	92.4	92.8	85.8
2016	87.0	87.2	92.6	93.6	85.2
2017	89.2	87.8	94.1	85.5	84.1
2018	87.8	86.3	91.6	89.6	85.3
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in table 26. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$780	$557	$466	$602	$858	$825	$906	$893	$848	$641
1980	762	544	448	581	831	802	878	866	828	590
1981	755	532	428	566	819	787	867	851	822	590
1982	757	521	411	551	820	779	887	865	815	634
1983	752	507	394	536	825	772	889	882	832	627
1984	753	501	390	533	836	774	898	889	845	628
1985	768	500	388	536	846	779	906	893	850	663
1986	787	509	390	544	857	789	919	912	871	654
1987	792	515	394	549	854	790	922	909	858	657
1988	787	509	401	544	847	783	920	926	857	661
1989	782	508	400	541	837	773	925	925	845	655
1990	770	503	391	533	839	761	908	914	854	641
1991	768	499	384	524	841	748	897	914	845	686
1992	775	486	373	511	843	743	886	919	850	665
1993	787	484	367	509	842	748	887	930	844	674
1994	785	481	371	504	840	738	903	951	842	645
1995	787	479	379	502	837	741	903	956	844	639
1996	784	477	384	499	832	741	894	950	856	614
1997	787	479	394	502	845	753	906	950	873	615
1998	807	492	414	523	883	775	921	957	914	625
1999	831	516	425	549	896	784	924	986	914	611
2000	842	528	434	560	890	803	914	978	906	677
2001	848	533	434	560	896	819	935	986	908	694
2002	852	534	427	559	905	828	936	989	944	703
2003	848	529	425	550	906	813	940	989	969	706
2004	851	520	412	541	911	805	951	991	967	747
2005	839	512	410	530	897	786	942	964	956	733
2006	838	511	404	528	896	775	934	965	955	728
2007	843	515	409	546	896	780	933	959	975	734
2008	844	518	408	546	890	779	940	961	965	753
2009	867	519	404	545	908	796	959	984	987	803
2010	863	499	401	524	903	788	952	975	993	790
2011	846	492	394	511	891	775	936	969	985	830
2012	841	486	390	508	893	774	940	962	982	829
2013	838	490	403	510	893	765	944	954	976	865
2014	840	506	401	521	891	771	935	954	967	875
2015	858	516	413	531	912	779	954	979	983	926
2016	870	524	424	537	926	786	977	999	996	906
2017	881	532	434	553	929	792	988	1,001	998	931
2018	886	548	449	576	932	808	986	1,002	994	944
Women
1979	$589	$498	$427	$521	$631	$644	$634	$621	$612	$550
1980	584	485	422	509	619	634	622	608	596	509
1981	582	479	410	508	620	636	633	598	590	503
1982	599	481	396	504	639	647	647	632	614	529
1983	606	476	380	498	644	654	654	635	618	510
1984	612	469	374	492	654	658	674	644	624	506
1985	618	471	371	493	661	661	685	652	636	540
1986	638	480	373	507	675	671	700	675	649	561
1987	642	481	364	513	680	669	714	686	653	553
1988	644	481	376	513	685	669	724	693	648	573
1989	643	482	386	510	688	667	725	700	653	573
1990	647	475	370	503	690	665	729	705	650	561
1991	659	479	369	505	697	668	733	717	654	575
1992	669	470	361	493	704	673	736	734	662	577
1993	674	468	352	496	712	678	746	755	678	575
1994	671	464	355	487	708	667	753	756	669	565
1995	667	452	353	478	703	662	744	762	662	580
1996	669	454	357	477	710	664	741	770	672	534
1997	674	457	376	479	723	668	754	775	678	545
1998	704	471	384	492	748	696	769	796	735	540
1999	716	490	402	519	752	711	761	808	744	560
2000	721	503	414	535	754	721	762	825	743	573
2001	728	502	410	533	772	728	778	835	762	555
2002	741	514	413	539	796	742	800	843	804	602
2003	755	508	409	529	799	747	807	833	822	595
2004	764	500	391	521	799	748	811	833	820	637
2005	754	491	392	510	789	738	800	830	823	634
2006	749	493	381	516	783	728	805	823	821	637
2007	745	496	386	517	784	725	811	822	824	648
2008	746	491	377	520	784	729	798	827	832	658
2009	771	498	379	522	806	744	832	836	853	707
2010	773	487	388	507	813	748	844	843	850	694
2011	765	471	367	490	803	740	821	832	838	743
2012	757	456	361	470	796	729	818	817	839	731
2013	762	457	378	477	799	718	828	822	841	746
2014	763	479	379	497	798	721	829	828	828	786
2015	770	477	386	496	807	732	853	847	831	785
2016	783	508	406	523	820	737	878	874	849	783
2017	789	511	412	527	830	742	881	876	877	801
2018	789	522	421	546	830	750	876	876	853	811
Men
1979	$945	$634	$502	$683	$1,016	$955	$1,087	$1,094	$1,010	$709
1980	910	605	471	651	985	913	1,067	1,067	1,003	666
1981	904	580	447	630	989	904	1,056	1,053	1,003	707
1982	912	564	426	612	985	897	1,058	1,050	1,000	752
1983	911	536	404	582	978	892	1,062	1,067	1,000	740
1984	905	533	402	577	975	882	1,088	1,085	1,014	758
1985	908	538	408	576	989	879	1,087	1,092	1,042	819
1986	919	539	408	579	1,015	882	1,094	1,110	1,061	785
1987	919	544	415	583	1,011	873	1,081	1,102	1,049	805
1988	918	536	419	571	996	861	1,057	1,123	1,041	808
1989	918	531	410	569	980	851	1,063	1,116	1,022	771
1990	899	527	407	557	957	839	1,047	1,105	1,021	753
1991	888	514	395	541	942	825	1,038	1,103	1,014	841
1992	882	500	384	523	944	820	1,023	1,116	1,019	741
1993	875	494	379	520	952	816	1,022	1,120	1,005	774
1994	877	494	383	516	968	805	1,037	1,128	1,013	741
1995	883	498	401	517	966	805	1,025	1,125	1,023	724
1996	891	491	402	514	958	798	1,011	1,117	1,029	763
1997	906	496	410	529	962	806	1,019	1,116	1,047	707
1998	923	515	434	551	986	840	1,045	1,130	1,079	744
1999	935	539	440	573	1,011	873	1,062	1,154	1,097	711
2000	937	548	447	577	1,013	874	1,064	1,127	1,075	763
2001	953	556	454	580	1,024	878	1,073	1,137	1,081	804
2002	951	548	437	574	1,025	878	1,063	1,130	1,123	817
2003	951	544	439	564	1,018	859	1,060	1,141	1,131	837
2004	951	533	424	556	1,016	852	1,072	1,143	1,124	855
2005	930	527	425	544	994	830	1,059	1,099	1,102	830
2006	928	522	434	543	995	825	1,044	1,120	1,126	821
2007	930	538	433	573	999	834	1,059	1,103	1,132	833
2008	933	539	432	563	1,002	823	1,070	1,104	1,103	881
2009	961	538	418	562	1,025	839	1,075	1,135	1,133	928
2010	952	512	410	540	1,009	824	1,057	1,102	1,130	917
2011	931	509	414	526	991	802	1,046	1,095	1,115	918
2012	935	513	409	528	997	808	1,048	1,089	1,101	942
2013	929	517	421	531	985	803	1,032	1,073	1,092	1,012
2014	925	523	416	538	979	801	1,023	1,073	1,084	1,000
2015	949	541	432	554	1,004	817	1,042	1,103	1,128	1,064
2016	957	536	438	547	1,014	831	1,053	1,124	1,153	1,038
2017	964	560	470	584	1,020	841	1,088	1,130	1,125	1,041
2018	973	575	471	592	1,026	862	1,101	1,137	1,137	1,050
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$780	$803	$644	-	$628
1980	762	782	616	-	608
1981	755	774	625	-	593
1982	757	777	614	-	602
1983	752	769	627	-	601
1984	753	776	621	-	598
1985	768	795	618	-	603
1986	787	814	638	-	607
1987	792	814	638	-	604
1988	787	808	642	-	593
1989	782	802	625	-	584
1990	770	793	615	-	568
1991	768	796	627	-	562
1992	775	806	629	-	565
1993	787	815	633	-	568
1994	785	813	624	-	545
1995	787	811	629	-	540
1996	784	810	619	-	542
1997	787	812	626	-	549
1998	807	841	657	-	571
1999	831	867	673	-	582
2000	842	863	693	$899	583
2001	848	868	698	909	593
2002	852	873	697	922	594
2003	848	870	703	948	602
2004	851	876	700	944	608
2005	839	866	670	970	607
2006	838	861	692	979	607
2007	843	869	691	1,007	610
2008	844	868	689	1,007	619
2009	867	888	705	1,033	635
2010	863	883	706	987	618
2011	846	867	688	969	614
2012	841	867	680	1,008	622
2013	838	866	679	1,017	624
2014	840	866	678	1,012	631
2015	858	885	680	1,053	641
2016	870	902	709	1,068	653
2017	881	912	699	1,069	671
2018	886	916	694	1,095	680

Women
1979	$589	$595	$547	-	$508
1980	584	590	538	-	500
1981	582	588	548	-	505
1982	599	607	544	-	509
1983	606	611	558	-	517
1984	612	619	557	-	515
1985	618	627	562	-	513
1986	638	645	579	-	529
1987	642	650	585	-	532
1988	644	650	589	-	532
1989	643	655	590	-	527
1990	647	660	576	-	520
1991	659	672	582	-	526
1992	669	681	590	-	532
1993	674	688	597	-	537
1994	671	686	582	-	513
1995	667	681	583	-	501
1996	669	685	579	-	506
1997	674	695	587	-	498
1998	704	722	617	-	520
1999	716	731	619	-	526
2000	721	734	627	$800	535
2001	728	743	646	801	552
2002	741	766	662	793	556
2003	755	776	672	818	561
2004	764	779	673	817	559
2005	754	768	643	857	553
2006	749	760	648	873	549
2007	745	760	647	887	574
2008	746	765	648	881	586
2009	771	785	683	914	597
2010	773	790	684	893	587
2011	765	786	666	840	579
2012	757	778	656	843	571
2013	762	780	654	884	584
2014	763	779	649	893	582
2015	770	788	652	930	600
2016	783	801	671	944	613
2017	789	815	673	925	618
2018	789	817	654	937	617

Men
1979	$945	$964	$735	-	$709
1980	910	930	709	-	680
1981	904	931	713	-	668
1982	912	940	697	-	674
1983	911	930	707	-	659
1984	905	926	700	-	663
1985	908	933	681	-	661
1986	919	950	700	-	656
1987	919	953	693	-	648
1988	918	951	712	-	630
1989	918	945	682	-	618
1990	899	923	675	-	594
1991	888	912	676	-	582
1992	882	905	669	-	597
1993	875	899	672	-	593
1994	877	919	672	-	576
1995	883	929	675	-	575
1996	891	928	659	-	570
1997	906	931	676	-	581
1998	923	949	722	-	602
1999	935	965	738	-	614
2000	937	968	746	$1,001	610
2001	953	980	752	1,041	626
2002	951	983	734	1,059	632
2003	951	978	759	1,056	635
2004	951	976	759	1,069	640
2005	930	957	720	1,063	630
2006	928	950	738	1,101	630
2007	930	956	728	1,136	631
2008	933	965	725	1,130	654
2009	961	992	729	1,117	668
2010	952	982	731	1,081	647
2011	931	957	730	1,085	639
2012	935	963	728	1,156	648
2013	929	955	717	1,144	641
2014	925	952	722	1,146	654
2015	949	976	721	1,197	669
2016	957	985	751	1,204	694
2017	964	995	727	1,237	707
2018	973	1,002	735	1,241	720
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Total
1979	$858	$680	$806	$913	$1,113
1980	831	645	773	884	1,093
1981	819	638	761	862	1,082
1982	820	622	757	880	1,098
1983	825	615	748	873	1,108
1984	836	607	746	882	1,122
1985	846	603	743	891	1,129
1986	857	610	754	897	1,151
1987	854	602	754	892	1,195
1988	847	589	753	879	1,196
1989	837	582	735	886	1,194
1990	839	566	721	890	1,193
1991	841	553	715	881	1,200
1992	843	548	710	852	1,225
1993	842	539	712	847	1,226
1994	840	516	708	839	1,232
1995	837	507	709	834	1,227
1996	832	507	709	829	1,213
1997	845	502	721	837	1,219
1998	883	520	739	861	1,267
1999	896	523	741	877	1,301
2000	890	529	738	871	1,303
2001	896	543	740	878	1,310
2002	905	543	749	881	1,318
2003	906	542	758	874	1,319
2004	911	535	765	881	1,315
2005	897	527	751	863	1,305
2006	896	523	743	864	1,297
2007	896	519	733	854	1,301
2008	890	530	723	844	1,304
2009	908	533	735	852	1,335
2010	903	513	723	848	1,321
2011	891	504	714	827	1,286
2012	893	516	714	820	1,276
2013	893	510	703	808	1,289
2014	891	518	709	808	1,266
2015	912	523	719	808	1,304
2016	926	527	724	815	1,317
2017	929	533	730	818	1,310
2018	932	553	730	826	1,324
Women
1979	$631	$492	$599	$683	$854
1980	619	477	584	672	843
1981	620	465	577	678	846
1982	639	461	591	687	867
1983	644	469	591	692	887
1984	654	462	598	704	901
1985	661	451	598	708	924
1986	675	456	607	724	956
1987	680	453	610	735	987
1988	685	452	609	736	992
1989	688	453	596	743	994
1990	690	449	589	738	1,000
1991	697	450	591	737	1,013
1992	704	451	593	717	1,046
1993	712	451	595	724	1,048
1994	708	432	590	711	1,066
1995	703	430	585	701	1,057
1996	710	429	584	707	1,051
1997	723	430	592	718	1,052
1998	748	437	611	735	1,091
1999	752	439	613	738	1,120
2000	754	444	614	738	1,105
2001	772	450	630	740	1,118
2002	796	455	641	761	1,133
2003	799	450	648	766	1,138
2004	799	445	651	769	1,147
2005	789	439	635	756	1,138
2006	783	447	624	752	1,130
2007	784	448	621	739	1,131
2008	784	442	608	735	1,117
2009	806	448	636	739	1,138
2010	813	448	627	737	1,139
2011	803	442	620	721	1,116
2012	796	423	614	722	1,096
2013	799	432	619	710	1,126
2014	798	434	614	702	1,114
2015	807	443	621	704	1,128
2016	820	442	627	720	1,152
2017	830	458	625	717	1,159
2018	830	469	616	717	1,145
Men
1979	$1,016	$816	$997	$1,065	$1,282
1980	985	776	951	1,041	1,241
1981	989	761	947	1,035	1,263
1982	985	734	937	1,030	1,261
1983	978	724	933	1,014	1,245
1984	975	711	921	1,030	1,298
1985	989	701	908	1,054	1,317
1986	1,015	704	912	1,064	1,355
1987	1,011	686	896	1,053	1,383
1988	996	679	894	1,029	1,389
1989	980	678	882	1,014	1,382
1990	957	652	858	1,013	1,385
1991	942	629	847	1,014	1,377
1992	944	618	843	977	1,393
1993	952	611	835	981	1,383
1994	968	575	834	987	1,388
1995	966	570	833	979	1,388
1996	958	571	826	966	1,398
1997	962	571	837	972	1,402
1998	986	591	863	992	1,449
1999	1,011	598	877	1,006	1,478
2000	1,013	594	864	1,010	1,491
2001	1,024	596	866	1,028	1,518
2002	1,025	590	864	1,024	1,527
2003	1,018	587	859	1,012	1,547
2004	1,016	595	860	1,015	1,524
2005	994	586	840	987	1,504
2006	995	586	846	994	1,504
2007	999	584	836	983	1,508
2008	1,002	581	829	971	1,503
2009	1,025	587	840	980	1,558
2010	1,009	561	820	976	1,536
2011	991	546	805	940	1,490
2012	997	556	805	939	1,502
2013	985	540	790	927	1,506
2014	979	549	797	926	1,470
2015	1,004	551	805	936	1,506
2016	1,014	576	804	937	1,531
2017	1,020	598	817	940	1,517
2018	1,026	607	819	951	1,524
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$14.37	$11.29	$10.03	$13.01	$16.54	$16.83	$17.12	$16.70	$16.08	$10.45
1980	14.01	10.78	9.36	12.47	16.13	16.45	16.74	16.42	15.67	10.35
1981	13.70	10.56	9.52	12.26	15.93	16.20	16.49	15.98	15.45	10.43
1982	13.53	10.15	9.02	11.68	15.74	15.91	16.57	16.09	15.31	10.33
1983	13.44	9.81	8.68	11.27	15.75	15.62	16.61	16.18	15.41	10.58
1984	13.46	9.65	8.43	11.13	15.80	15.64	16.56	16.35	15.29	10.69
1985	13.46	9.51	8.19	11.03	15.74	15.45	16.72	16.45	15.42	10.58
1986	13.60	9.67	8.14	11.10	15.86	15.37	17.08	16.95	15.72	10.90
1987	13.71	9.72	8.07	11.04	15.81	15.23	16.82	16.65	15.72	10.76
1988	13.76	9.80	8.24	11.00	15.83	15.19	16.71	16.69	15.30	10.70
1989	13.71	9.71	8.27	11.08	15.57	14.98	16.78	16.51	15.33	10.63
1990	13.51	9.64	8.39	11.05	15.25	14.77	16.49	16.43	14.99	10.75
1991	13.51	9.48	8.45	10.81	15.28	14.49	16.52	16.41	14.76	10.70
1992	13.59	9.45	8.33	10.62	15.37	14.38	16.51	16.76	14.93	10.81
1993	13.50	9.45	8.23	10.55	15.35	14.19	16.48	16.91	15.27	10.96
1994	13.46	9.45	8.25	10.45	15.33	14.08	16.67	16.84	15.16	10.74
1995	13.42	9.52	8.28	10.54	15.37	14.30	16.45	16.63	15.11	10.92
1996	13.44	9.50	8.27	10.70	15.39	14.11	16.22	16.38	15.02	10.83
1997	13.69	9.62	8.62	10.81	15.45	14.15	16.21	16.59	15.23	10.78
1998	14.04	10.15	9.07	11.17	15.63	14.89	16.76	16.91	15.56	11.42
1999	14.42	10.39	9.20	11.71	15.84	15.10	16.67	17.14	15.70	11.65
2000	14.49	10.58	9.37	11.80	15.91	14.88	16.59	17.28	15.82	11.77
2001	14.50	10.94	9.62	11.92	16.22	15.18	17.03	17.31	16.17	12.13
2002	14.66	10.94	9.68	11.86	16.57	15.38	17.06	17.45	16.60	12.70
2003	14.84	10.81	9.48	11.85	16.48	15.39	17.05	17.74	16.68	12.57
2004	14.67	10.64	9.33	11.71	16.31	15.16	17.19	17.64	16.77	12.83
2005	14.42	10.40	9.09	11.48	16.08	15.15	16.89	17.37	16.69	12.80
2006	14.68	10.29	9.03	11.44	16.15	14.92	16.84	17.52	16.64	12.67
2007	14.50	10.50	9.19	11.72	15.97	14.62	16.91	17.46	16.64	12.58
2008	14.30	10.37	9.17	11.42	16.15	14.62	16.82	17.39	16.61	12.74
2009	14.60	10.45	9.30	11.47	16.33	14.79	17.12	17.43	17.25	13.49
2010	14.43	10.28	9.24	11.00	16.14	14.47	16.87	17.30	17.19	13.34
2011	14.22	10.03	9.02	10.75	15.79	14.22	16.59	16.78	16.86	13.64
2012	14.02	9.91	8.87	10.62	15.61	14.04	16.28	16.51	16.86	13.37
2013	13.96	9.89	8.84	10.62	15.66	13.91	16.18	16.38	16.87	13.47
2014	13.95	10.14	8.95	10.59	15.71	13.94	16.04	16.34	16.31	13.82
2015	14.25	10.45	9.38	10.75	15.81	14.42	16.08	16.80	16.87	13.87
2016	14.64	10.59	9.62	11.29	15.83	14.64	16.50	17.04	16.95	14.40
2017	14.99	10.94	10.03	11.63	16.03	15.19	16.50	17.13	17.23	14.67
2018	14.99	11.16	10.03	11.96	16.11	15.10	16.94	17.02	17.26	14.35
Women
1979	$11.72	$10.32	$9.81	$11.39	$12.62	$13.07	$12.85	$12.43	$12.14	$10.10
1980	11.48	10.03	9.13	11.02	12.33	12.91	12.47	12.30	11.86	9.83
1981	11.38	9.87	9.36	10.88	12.47	13.01	12.69	12.21	11.78	9.87
1982	11.55	9.47	8.90	10.50	12.58	13.01	12.73	12.41	12.03	9.85
1983	11.54	9.18	8.53	10.24	12.57	13.08	12.76	12.48	12.19	10.00
1984	11.48	9.08	8.29	10.07	12.66	12.93	12.96	12.73	12.17	10.09
1985	11.45	8.95	8.06	10.18	12.79	12.92	13.19	12.86	12.19	9.89
1986	11.69	9.01	8.00	10.33	13.05	13.05	13.44	13.14	12.61	10.37
1987	11.86	8.94	7.86	10.36	13.05	13.01	13.45	13.31	12.78	10.28
1988	11.94	9.16	8.00	10.33	13.17	13.01	13.82	13.48	12.43	10.47
1989	11.98	9.20	8.04	10.25	13.29	13.10	13.92	13.53	12.51	10.08
1990	12.04	9.25	8.13	10.41	13.21	13.10	13.78	13.38	12.58	10.19
1991	12.16	9.15	8.36	10.29	13.23	12.95	13.93	13.71	12.52	10.38
1992	12.25	9.08	8.26	10.16	13.47	13.12	14.07	13.98	12.68	10.51
1993	12.21	9.04	8.11	10.22	13.50	13.05	14.00	14.03	12.97	10.60
1994	12.18	8.94	8.12	10.05	13.53	13.08	14.18	14.22	13.14	10.49
1995	12.25	9.01	8.11	10.00	13.42	13.00	14.17	14.32	13.02	10.59
1996	12.37	9.09	8.14	10.02	13.49	12.90	14.22	14.30	12.91	10.32
1997	12.43	9.31	8.48	10.25	13.69	12.83	14.30	14.49	13.00	10.69
1998	12.70	9.63	8.92	10.69	14.09	13.58	14.91	15.09	13.66	11.13
1999	13.07	9.98	9.05	10.92	14.42	13.77	14.87	15.05	14.11	11.35
2000	13.25	10.23	9.11	11.40	14.46	14.17	14.66	14.88	14.39	11.51
2001	13.71	10.31	9.40	11.38	14.51	14.14	14.85	15.43	14.78	11.58
2002	13.85	10.43	9.52	11.36	15.00	14.17	15.38	15.66	15.14	12.23
2003	13.79	10.38	9.37	11.20	15.06	14.38	15.28	16.13	15.12	12.09
2004	13.56	10.28	9.15	11.09	14.97	14.16	15.27	15.93	15.43	12.21
2005	13.29	10.05	8.92	10.95	14.92	13.99	15.26	15.63	15.28	12.65
2006	13.30	9.98	8.88	11.01	14.82	13.82	15.04	15.31	15.13	12.45
2007	13.33	9.89	8.99	10.92	14.62	13.60	15.00	15.59	14.84	12.32
2008	13.44	9.86	9.02	10.71	14.60	13.71	15.08	15.39	15.20	12.32
2009	13.80	10.07	9.18	10.79	14.98	14.04	15.26	15.36	15.95	13.04
2010	13.66	9.95	9.13	10.48	14.87	13.90	15.15	15.59	15.80	12.91
2011	13.40	9.77	8.90	10.25	14.65	13.56	15.03	15.39	15.69	13.15
2012	13.13	9.62	8.78	10.04	14.42	13.31	14.74	15.12	15.73	12.97
2013	13.09	9.64	8.74	10.15	14.43	13.21	14.87	15.05	15.69	13.20
2014	12.93	9.70	8.80	10.37	14.33	13.00	14.86	15.01	15.06	13.24
2015	13.32	10.12	9.28	10.55	14.76	13.67	14.98	15.69	15.66	13.43
2016	13.61	10.46	9.49	10.72	14.88	13.68	15.43	15.66	15.79	13.62
2017	13.89	10.53	9.83	11.27	15.19	14.34	15.29	15.53	15.58	14.22
2018	14.06	10.93	9.91	11.68	15.04	14.64	15.22	15.20	15.62	13.77
Men
1979	$18.28	$12.62	$10.32	$15.02	$21.65	$20.65	$23.04	$22.98	$21.33	$11.52
1980	17.73	11.92	9.80	14.30	20.99	20.15	22.70	22.62	21.05	11.02
1981	17.47	11.46	9.68	13.59	20.69	19.49	22.07	22.58	20.96	11.20
1982	17.17	10.98	9.17	12.83	20.25	19.22	22.28	22.26	20.40	11.18
1983	16.63	10.53	8.82	12.14	19.98	18.61	22.16	22.02	21.01	11.42
1984	16.44	10.55	8.59	11.92	19.86	18.20	21.96	22.38	20.46	11.34
1985	16.36	10.45	8.37	11.67	19.75	17.86	21.88	22.25	20.18	11.14
1986	16.64	10.50	8.38	11.91	19.78	17.61	21.91	22.26	20.92	11.36
1987	16.46	10.40	8.37	12.03	19.41	17.50	21.40	21.69	20.59	11.27
1988	16.18	10.29	8.47	11.84	19.18	17.20	20.90	21.86	19.92	11.29
1989	15.88	10.14	8.61	11.80	19.04	16.78	20.76	21.33	19.61	11.57
1990	15.46	10.17	8.67	11.55	18.39	16.50	20.06	20.80	19.01	11.36
1991	15.48	10.05	8.54	11.23	17.98	16.11	19.78	21.10	18.16	11.21
1992	15.26	9.95	8.45	10.99	17.71	15.88	19.24	21.16	18.29	11.36
1993	15.20	9.86	8.35	10.86	17.46	15.61	19.14	20.84	18.80	11.51
1994	15.13	9.88	8.37	11.03	17.29	15.29	19.33	20.34	18.59	11.16
1995	15.16	9.92	8.44	11.20	17.62	15.53	19.52	20.23	18.24	11.25
1996	15.23	9.87	8.40	11.18	17.25	15.52	19.06	19.84	17.84	11.26
1997	15.38	10.09	8.78	11.24	17.37	15.52	18.89	20.03	18.45	10.89
1998	15.52	10.66	9.23	12.01	18.09	15.77	19.26	20.12	18.86	11.94
1999	15.60	10.77	9.35	12.15	18.15	16.40	19.33	20.70	18.47	11.89
2000	15.80	11.15	9.71	12.27	17.89	16.04	19.21	20.32	18.73	12.15
2001	16.10	11.39	9.82	12.69	18.32	16.47	19.80	20.27	18.42	12.80
2002	16.30	11.27	9.83	12.44	18.28	16.65	19.55	20.17	18.74	13.70
2003	16.27	11.14	9.60	12.31	18.13	16.43	19.33	20.42	19.27	13.39
2004	16.03	10.95	9.53	12.09	18.32	16.04	19.47	20.15	19.39	13.20
2005	15.67	10.85	9.29	11.86	17.93	15.68	19.18	19.50	19.06	12.94
2006	15.83	10.97	9.28	12.17	17.82	15.77	18.80	20.02	18.78	13.38
2007	15.72	11.08	9.43	12.09	17.90	15.57	18.41	19.60	18.75	13.36
2008	15.74	10.81	9.33	11.70	17.58	15.75	18.74	19.67	18.60	13.45
2009	16.15	10.82	9.45	11.73	17.69	15.49	18.90	19.94	18.88	14.08
2010	15.89	10.64	9.34	11.43	17.37	15.13	18.28	19.50	19.00	13.76
2011	15.44	10.32	9.13	11.07	16.90	14.74	17.93	18.88	19.09	14.37
2012	15.20	10.34	8.97	10.92	16.62	14.55	17.58	18.61	18.93	14.27
2013	15.12	10.44	9.04	10.80	16.49	14.49	17.51	18.54	18.66	13.91
2014	15.28	10.50	9.16	10.77	16.73	14.95	17.57	18.48	18.54	14.84
2015	15.56	10.64	9.51	11.28	16.82	15.03	17.48	18.61	19.08	15.01
2016	15.65	10.71	9.92	11.66	17.00	15.51	17.99	18.86	18.88	15.46
2017	15.57	11.26	10.12	12.17	17.42	15.52	18.33	19.20	19.06	15.30
2018	16.01	11.74	10.15	12.18	17.76	15.87	18.44	18.99	19.56	14.90
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$14.37	$14.60	$13.30	-	$13.20
1980	14.01	14.19	12.91	-	12.91
1981	13.70	13.78	13.03	-	12.79
1982	13.53	13.71	12.68	-	12.56
1983	13.44	13.61	12.38	-	12.24
1984	13.46	13.63	12.38	-	12.17
1985	13.46	13.62	12.28	-	12.21
1986	13.60	13.77	12.72	-	12.39
1987	13.71	13.90	12.69	-	12.33
1988	13.76	13.93	12.58	-	12.17
1989	13.71	13.88	12.61	-	11.90
1990	13.51	13.70	12.73	-	11.74
1991	13.51	13.71	12.61	-	11.64
1992	13.59	13.77	12.43	-	11.71
1993	13.50	13.67	12.32	-	11.72
1994	13.46	13.63	12.25	-	11.65
1995	13.42	13.66	12.58	-	11.49
1996	13.44	13.71	12.42	-	11.47
1997	13.69	13.90	12.54	-	11.56
1998	14.04	14.23	12.95	-	12.22
1999	14.42	14.74	13.39	-	12.21
2000	14.49	14.56	13.65	$14.72	12.49
2001	14.50	14.59	13.91	15.29	12.89
2002	14.66	15.00	13.91	14.51	12.91
2003	14.84	15.01	13.89	15.21	13.35
2004	14.67	14.84	13.59	14.80	13.08
2005	14.42	14.79	13.11	15.48	12.82
2006	14.68	14.81	13.31	15.64	12.63
2007	14.50	14.66	13.22	14.83	12.43
2008	14.30	14.67	13.10	15.22	12.83
2009	14.60	14.86	13.66	15.45	12.96
2010	14.43	14.71	13.59	15.27	12.56
2011	14.22	14.44	13.19	14.93	12.36
2012	14.02	14.28	12.97	14.49	12.18
2013	13.96	14.20	12.85	14.71	12.15
2014	13.95	14.41	12.61	14.86	12.56
2015	14.25	14.71	12.79	15.05	12.77
2016	14.64	14.90	13.06	15.47	13.27
2017	14.99	15.26	13.22	15.43	13.48
2018	14.99	15.16	13.64	15.24	13.99

Women
1979	$11.72	$11.72	$11.49	-	$11.13
1980	11.48	11.51	11.28	-	10.99
1981	11.38	11.38	11.14	-	10.90
1982	11.55	11.55	11.25	-	10.85
1983	11.54	11.56	11.35	-	10.62
1984	11.48	11.50	11.25	-	10.74
1985	11.45	11.47	11.25	-	10.76
1986	11.69	11.73	11.34	-	10.96
1987	11.86	11.91	11.44	-	10.83
1988	11.94	11.98	11.47	-	10.80
1989	11.98	12.02	11.53	-	10.84
1990	12.04	12.07	11.64	-	10.84
1991	12.16	12.18	11.80	-	10.77
1992	12.25	12.31	11.69	-	10.86
1993	12.21	12.28	11.78	-	10.82
1994	12.18	12.34	11.65	-	10.76
1995	12.25	12.38	11.69	-	10.84
1996	12.37	12.46	11.52	-	10.83
1997	12.43	12.52	11.88	-	10.67
1998	12.70	12.85	12.19	-	11.14
1999	13.07	13.21	12.30	-	11.29
2000	13.25	13.29	12.95	$14.28	11.54
2001	13.71	13.84	13.02	14.32	11.78
2002	13.85	13.92	13.24	14.15	11.96
2003	13.79	13.83	13.56	14.61	12.15
2004	13.56	13.61	13.24	14.09	12.05
2005	13.29	13.53	12.80	15.00	11.83
2006	13.30	13.45	12.62	14.92	11.86
2007	13.33	13.42	12.68	14.36	11.89
2008	13.44	13.68	12.61	14.33	11.78
2009	13.80	13.88	12.92	14.87	11.84
2010	13.66	13.72	12.93	14.33	11.67
2011	13.40	13.48	12.62	14.32	11.47
2012	13.13	13.23	12.30	13.96	11.18
2013	13.09	13.19	12.46	14.08	11.33
2014	12.93	13.14	12.28	14.04	11.38
2015	13.32	13.59	12.41	14.63	11.75
2016	13.61	13.81	12.65	14.72	12.33
2017	13.89	14.21	12.86	14.58	12.39
2018	14.06	14.27	13.02	14.95	12.80

Men
1979	$18.28	$18.74	$15.83	-	$15.50
1980	17.73	18.11	15.06	-	14.62
1981	17.47	17.85	15.45	-	14.28
1982	17.17	17.49	14.96	-	14.36
1983	16.63	17.00	14.33	-	13.97
1984	16.44	16.77	14.23	-	13.95
1985	16.36	16.92	13.73	-	13.55
1986	16.64	17.06	14.41	-	13.57
1987	16.46	16.80	14.28	-	13.50
1988	16.18	16.48	14.19	-	13.31
1989	15.88	16.24	13.86	-	13.06
1990	15.46	15.98	13.78	-	12.60
1991	15.48	15.89	13.64	-	12.40
1992	15.26	15.65	13.42	-	12.31
1993	15.20	15.56	13.16	-	12.21
1994	15.13	15.48	13.31	-	12.05
1995	15.16	15.80	13.40	-	11.92
1996	15.23	15.66	13.09	-	12.19
1997	15.38	15.59	13.57	-	12.36
1998	15.52	15.71	14.03	-	12.72
1999	15.60	16.05	14.78	-	13.03
2000	15.80	16.01	14.59	$15.77	13.22
2001	16.10	16.51	14.48	16.84	13.76
2002	16.30	16.61	14.34	15.43	13.89
2003	16.27	16.46	14.79	16.27	13.72
2004	16.03	16.21	14.51	15.87	13.36
2005	15.67	16.07	14.05	16.43	13.13
2006	15.83	16.08	14.26	16.45	13.53
2007	15.72	16.04	14.04	16.04	13.43
2008	15.74	16.20	14.02	16.41	13.84
2009	16.15	16.37	14.40	16.44	13.99
2010	15.89	16.13	14.04	16.29	13.55
2011	15.44	15.68	13.49	15.94	13.21
2012	15.20	15.52	13.36	15.50	13.10
2013	15.12	15.38	13.13	15.38	12.95
2014	15.28	15.77	12.96	15.56	13.14
2015	15.56	15.83	13.43	15.77	13.70
2016	15.65	15.83	13.66	15.73	14.47
2017	15.57	16.18	13.67	17.06	14.72
2018	16.01	16.53	14.22	16.69	15.01
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$241	$172	$144	$186	$265	$255	$280	$276	$262	$198
1980	262	187	154	200	286	276	302	298	285	203
1981	284	200	161	213	308	296	326	320	309	222
1982	302	208	164	220	327	311	354	345	325	253
1983	313	211	164	223	343	321	370	367	346	261
1984	326	217	169	231	362	335	389	385	366	272
1985	344	224	174	240	379	349	406	400	381	297
1986	359	232	178	248	391	360	419	416	397	298
1987	374	243	186	259	403	373	435	429	405	310
1988	385	249	196	266	414	383	450	453	419	323
1989	399	259	204	276	427	394	472	472	431	334
1990	412	269	209	285	449	407	486	489	457	343
1991	426	277	213	291	467	415	498	507	469	381
1992	440	276	212	290	479	422	503	522	483	378
1993	459	282	214	297	491	436	517	542	492	393
1994	467	286	221	300	500	439	537	566	501	384
1995	479	292	231	306	510	451	550	582	514	389
1996	490	298	240	312	520	463	559	594	535	384
1997	503	306	252	321	540	481	579	607	558	393
1998	523	319	268	339	572	502	597	620	592	405
1999	549	341	281	363	592	518	611	652	604	404
2000	576	361	297	383	609	549	625	669	620	463
2001	596	375	305	394	630	576	657	693	638	488
2002	608	381	305	399	646	591	668	706	674	502
2003	620	387	311	402	662	594	687	723	708	516
2004	638	390	309	406	683	604	713	743	725	560
2005	651	397	318	411	696	610	731	748	742	569
2006	671	409	324	423	718	621	748	773	765	583
2007	695	424	337	450	738	643	769	790	803	605
2008	722	443	349	467	761	666	804	822	825	644
2009	739	442	344	464	774	678	817	838	841	684
2010	747	432	347	454	782	682	824	844	860	684
2011	756	440	352	457	797	693	837	866	881	742
2012	768	444	356	464	815	707	858	878	897	757
2013	776	454	373	472	827	708	874	883	904	801
2014	791	477	378	491	839	726	881	899	911	824
2015	809	487	389	501	860	735	900	923	927	873
2016	832	501	405	513	885	751	934	955	952	866
2017	860	519	424	540	907	773	964	977	974	909
2018	886	548	449	576	932	808	986	1,002	994	944

Women
1979	$182	$154	$132	$161	$195	$199	$196	$192	$189	$170
1980	201	167	145	175	213	218	214	209	205	175
1981	219	180	154	191	233	239	238	225	222	189
1982	239	192	158	201	255	258	258	252	245	211
1983	252	198	158	207	268	272	272	264	257	212
1984	265	203	162	213	283	285	292	279	270	219
1985	277	211	166	221	296	296	307	292	285	242
1986	291	219	170	231	308	306	319	308	296	256
1987	303	227	172	242	321	316	337	324	308	261
1988	315	235	184	251	335	327	354	339	317	280
1989	328	246	197	260	351	340	370	357	333	292
1990	346	254	198	269	369	356	390	377	348	300
1991	366	266	205	280	387	371	407	398	363	319
1992	380	267	205	280	400	382	418	417	376	328
1993	393	273	205	289	415	395	435	440	395	335
1994	399	276	211	290	421	397	448	450	398	336
1995	406	275	215	291	428	403	453	464	403	353
1996	418	284	223	298	444	415	463	481	420	334
1997	431	292	240	306	462	427	482	495	433	348
1998	456	305	249	319	485	451	498	516	476	350
1999	473	324	266	343	497	470	503	534	492	370
2000	493	344	283	366	516	493	521	564	508	392
2001	512	353	288	375	543	512	547	587	536	390
2002	529	367	295	385	568	530	571	602	574	430
2003	552	371	299	387	584	546	590	609	601	435
2004	573	375	293	391	599	561	608	625	615	478
2005	585	381	304	396	612	573	621	644	639	492
2006	600	395	305	413	627	583	645	659	658	510
2007	614	409	318	426	646	597	668	677	679	534
2008	638	420	322	445	670	623	682	707	711	563
2009	657	424	323	445	687	634	709	712	727	602
2010	669	422	336	439	704	648	731	730	736	601
2011	684	421	328	438	718	662	734	744	749	664
2012	691	416	330	429	727	666	747	746	766	667
2013	706	423	350	442	740	665	767	761	779	691
2014	719	451	357	468	752	679	781	780	780	740
2015	726	450	364	468	761	690	804	799	784	740
2016	749	486	388	500	784	705	839	836	812	749
2017	770	499	402	514	810	724	860	855	856	782
2018	789	522	421	546	830	750	876	876	853	811

Men
1979	$292	$196	$155	$211	$314	$295	$336	$338	$312	$219
1980	313	208	162	224	339	314	367	367	345	229
1981	340	218	168	237	372	340	397	396	377	266
1982	364	225	170	244	393	358	422	419	399	300
1983	379	223	168	242	407	371	442	444	416	308
1984	392	231	174	250	422	382	471	470	439	328
1985	407	241	183	258	443	394	487	489	467	367
1986	419	246	186	264	463	402	499	506	484	358
1987	434	257	196	275	477	412	510	520	495	380
1988	449	262	205	279	487	421	517	549	509	395
1989	468	271	209	290	500	434	542	569	521	393
1990	481	282	218	298	512	449	560	591	546	403
1991	493	285	219	300	523	458	576	612	563	467
1992	501	284	218	297	536	466	581	634	579	421
1993	510	288	221	303	555	476	596	653	586	451
1994	522	294	228	307	576	479	617	671	603	441
1995	538	303	244	315	588	490	624	685	623	441
1996	557	307	251	321	599	499	632	698	643	477
1997	579	317	262	338	615	515	651	713	669	452
1998	598	334	281	357	639	544	677	732	699	482
1999	618	356	291	379	668	577	702	763	725	470
2000	641	375	306	395	693	598	728	771	735	522
2001	670	391	319	408	720	617	754	799	760	565
2002	679	391	312	410	732	627	759	807	802	583
2003	695	398	321	412	744	628	775	834	827	612
2004	713	400	318	417	762	639	804	857	843	641
2005	722	409	330	422	771	644	822	853	855	644
2006	743	418	348	435	797	661	836	897	902	658
2007	766	443	357	472	823	687	873	909	933	686
2008	798	461	369	481	857	704	915	944	943	753
2009	819	458	356	479	873	715	916	967	965	791
2010	824	443	355	468	874	714	915	954	979	794
2011	832	455	370	470	886	717	935	979	997	821
2012	854	468	373	482	910	738	957	994	1,005	860
2013	860	479	390	492	912	744	956	994	1,011	937
2014	871	493	392	507	922	755	964	1,011	1,021	942
2015	895	510	407	522	947	770	983	1,040	1,064	1,003
2016	915	512	419	523	969	794	1,007	1,075	1,102	992
2017	941	547	459	570	996	821	1,062	1,103	1,098	1,016
2018	973	575	471	592	1,026	862	1,101	1,137	1,137	1,050
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$241	$248	$199	-	$194
1980	262	269	212	-	209
1981	284	291	235	-	223
1982	302	310	245	-	240
1983	313	320	261	-	250
1984	326	336	269	-	259
1985	344	356	277	-	270
1986	359	371	291	-	277
1987	374	384	301	-	285
1988	385	395	314	-	290
1989	399	409	319	-	298
1990	412	424	329	-	304
1991	426	442	348	-	312
1992	440	458	357	-	321
1993	459	475	369	-	331
1994	467	484	371	-	324
1995	479	494	383	-	329
1996	490	506	387	-	339
1997	503	519	400	-	351
1998	523	545	426	-	370
1999	549	573	445	-	385
2000	576	590	474	$615	399
2001	596	610	491	639	417
2002	608	623	498	658	424
2003	620	636	514	693	440
2004	638	657	525	708	456
2005	651	672	520	753	471
2006	671	690	554	784	486
2007	695	716	569	830	503
2008	722	742	589	861	529
2009	739	757	601	880	541
2010	747	765	611	855	535
2011	756	775	615	866	549
2012	768	792	621	920	568
2013	776	802	629	942	578
2014	791	816	639	953	594
2015	809	835	641	993	604
2016	832	862	678	1,021	624
2017	860	890	682	1,043	655
2018	886	916	694	1,095	680

Women
1979	$182	$184	$169	-	$157
1980	201	203	185	-	172
1981	219	221	206	-	190
1982	239	242	217	-	203
1983	252	254	232	-	215
1984	265	268	241	-	223
1985	277	281	252	-	230
1986	291	294	264	-	241
1987	303	307	276	-	251
1988	315	318	288	-	260
1989	328	334	301	-	269
1990	346	353	308	-	278
1991	366	373	323	-	292
1992	380	387	335	-	302
1993	393	401	348	-	313
1994	399	408	346	-	305
1995	406	415	355	-	305
1996	418	428	362	-	316
1997	431	444	375	-	318
1998	456	468	400	-	337
1999	473	483	409	-	348
2000	493	502	429	$547	366
2001	512	522	454	563	388
2002	529	547	473	566	397
2003	552	567	491	598	410
2004	573	584	505	613	419
2005	585	596	499	665	429
2006	600	609	519	699	440
2007	614	626	533	731	473
2008	638	654	554	753	501
2009	657	669	582	779	509
2010	669	684	592	773	508
2011	684	703	595	751	518
2012	691	710	599	770	521
2013	706	722	606	819	541
2014	719	734	611	841	548
2015	726	743	615	877	566
2016	749	766	641	902	586
2017	770	795	657	903	603
2018	789	817	654	937	617

Men
1979	$292	$298	$227	-	$219
1980	313	320	244	-	234
1981	340	350	268	-	251
1982	364	375	278	-	269
1983	379	387	294	-	274
1984	392	401	303	-	287
1985	407	418	305	-	296
1986	419	433	319	-	299
1987	434	450	327	-	306
1988	449	465	348	-	308
1989	468	482	348	-	315
1990	481	494	361	-	318
1991	493	506	375	-	323
1992	501	514	380	-	339
1993	510	524	392	-	346
1994	522	547	400	-	343
1995	538	566	411	-	350
1996	557	580	412	-	356
1997	579	595	432	-	371
1998	598	615	468	-	390
1999	618	638	488	-	406
2000	641	662	510	$685	417
2001	670	689	529	732	440
2002	679	702	524	756	451
2003	695	715	555	772	464
2004	713	732	569	802	480
2005	722	743	559	825	489
2006	743	761	591	882	505
2007	766	788	600	936	520
2008	798	825	620	966	559
2009	819	845	621	952	569
2010	824	850	633	936	560
2011	832	856	653	970	571
2012	854	879	665	1,055	592
2013	860	884	664	1,059	594
2014	871	897	680	1,080	616
2015	895	920	680	1,129	631
2016	915	942	718	1,151	663
2017	941	971	710	1,207	690
2018	973	1,002	735	1,241	720
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college or associate degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Total
1979	$265	$210	$249	$282	$344
1980	286	222	266	304	376
1981	308	240	286	324	407
1982	327	248	302	351	438
1983	343	256	311	363	461
1984	362	263	323	382	486
1985	379	270	333	399	506
1986	391	278	344	409	525
1987	403	284	356	421	564
1988	414	288	368	430	585
1989	427	297	375	452	609
1990	449	303	386	476	638
1991	467	307	397	489	666
1992	479	311	403	484	696
1993	491	314	415	494	715
1994	500	307	421	499	733
1995	510	309	432	508	747
1996	520	317	443	518	758
1997	540	321	461	535	779
1998	572	337	479	558	821
1999	592	346	490	580	860
2000	609	362	505	596	891
2001	630	382	520	617	921
2002	646	388	535	629	941
2003	662	396	554	639	964
2004	683	401	574	661	986
2005	696	409	583	670	1,013
2006	718	419	595	692	1,039
2007	738	428	604	704	1,072
2008	761	453	618	722	1,115
2009	774	454	626	726	1,137
2010	782	444	626	734	1,144
2011	797	451	638	739	1,150
2012	815	471	652	749	1,165
2013	827	472	651	748	1,194
2014	839	488	668	761	1,193
2015	860	493	678	762	1,230
2016	885	504	692	779	1,259
2017	907	520	712	798	1,279
2018	932	553	730	826	1,324

Women
1979	$195	$152	$185	$211	$264
1980	213	164	201	231	290
1981	233	175	217	255	318
1982	255	184	236	274	346
1983	268	195	246	288	369
1984	283	200	259	305	390
1985	296	202	268	317	414
1986	308	208	277	330	436
1987	321	214	288	347	466
1988	335	221	298	360	485
1989	351	231	304	379	507
1990	369	240	315	395	535
1991	387	250	328	409	562
1992	400	256	337	407	594
1993	415	263	347	422	611
1994	421	257	351	423	634
1995	428	262	356	427	644
1996	444	268	365	442	657
1997	462	275	378	459	672
1998	485	283	396	476	707
1999	497	290	405	488	740
2000	516	304	420	505	756
2001	543	316	443	520	786
2002	568	325	458	543	809
2003	584	329	474	560	832
2004	599	334	488	577	860
2005	612	341	493	587	883
2006	627	358	500	602	905
2007	646	369	512	609	932
2008	670	378	520	628	955
2009	687	382	542	630	970
2010	704	388	543	638	986
2011	718	395	554	645	998
2012	727	386	561	659	1,001
2013	740	400	573	657	1,043
2014	752	409	578	661	1,049
2015	761	418	586	664	1,064
2016	784	423	599	688	1,101
2017	810	447	610	700	1,131
2018	830	469	616	717	1,145

Men
1979	$314	$252	$308	$329	$396
1980	339	267	327	358	427
1981	372	286	356	389	475
1982	393	293	374	411	503
1983	407	301	388	422	518
1984	422	308	399	446	562
1985	443	314	407	472	590
1986	463	321	416	485	618
1987	477	324	423	497	653
1988	487	332	437	503	679
1989	500	346	450	517	705
1990	512	349	459	542	741
1991	523	349	470	563	764
1992	536	351	479	555	791
1993	555	356	487	572	806
1994	576	342	496	587	826
1995	588	347	507	596	845
1996	599	357	516	604	874
1997	615	365	535	621	896
1998	639	383	559	643	939
1999	668	395	580	665	977
2000	693	406	591	691	1,020
2001	720	419	609	723	1,067
2002	732	421	617	731	1,090
2003	744	429	628	740	1,131
2004	762	446	645	761	1,143
2005	771	455	652	766	1,167
2006	797	469	678	796	1,205
2007	823	481	689	810	1,243
2008	857	497	709	830	1,285
2009	873	500	716	835	1,327
2010	874	486	710	845	1,330
2011	886	488	720	840	1,332
2012	910	508	735	857	1,371
2013	912	500	732	858	1,395
2014	922	517	751	872	1,385
2015	947	520	759	883	1,420
2016	969	551	769	896	1,464
2017	996	584	797	917	1,481
2018	1,026	607	819	951	1,524
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	16 to 24 years			25 years and older
Year	Total, 16 years and older	Total	16 to 19 years	20 to 24 years	Total	25 to 34 years	35 to 44 years	45 to 54 years	55 to 64 years	65 years and older
Total
1979	$4.44	$3.49	$3.10	$4.02	$5.11	$5.20	$5.29	$5.16	$4.97	$3.23
1980	4.82	3.71	3.22	4.29	5.55	5.66	5.76	5.65	5.39	3.56
1981	5.15	3.97	3.58	4.61	5.99	6.09	6.20	6.01	5.81	3.92
1982	5.40	4.05	3.60	4.66	6.28	6.35	6.61	6.42	6.11	4.12
1983	5.59	4.08	3.61	4.69	6.55	6.50	6.91	6.73	6.41	4.40
1984	5.83	4.18	3.65	4.82	6.84	6.77	7.17	7.08	6.62	4.63
1985	6.03	4.26	3.67	4.94	7.05	6.92	7.49	7.37	6.91	4.74
1986	6.20	4.41	3.71	5.06	7.23	7.01	7.79	7.73	7.17	4.97
1987	6.47	4.59	3.81	5.21	7.46	7.19	7.94	7.86	7.42	5.08
1988	6.73	4.79	4.03	5.38	7.74	7.43	8.17	8.16	7.48	5.23
1989	6.99	4.95	4.22	5.65	7.94	7.64	8.56	8.42	7.82	5.42
1990	7.23	5.16	4.49	5.91	8.16	7.90	8.82	8.79	8.02	5.75
1991	7.50	5.26	4.69	6.00	8.48	8.04	9.17	9.11	8.19	5.94
1992	7.72	5.37	4.73	6.03	8.73	8.17	9.38	9.52	8.48	6.14
1993	7.87	5.51	4.80	6.15	8.95	8.27	9.61	9.86	8.90	6.39
1994	8.01	5.62	4.91	6.22	9.12	8.38	9.92	10.02	9.02	6.39
1995	8.17	5.80	5.04	6.42	9.36	8.71	10.02	10.13	9.20	6.65
1996	8.40	5.94	5.17	6.69	9.62	8.82	10.14	10.24	9.39	6.77
1997	8.75	6.15	5.51	6.91	9.87	9.04	10.36	10.60	9.73	6.89
1998	9.10	6.58	5.88	7.24	10.13	9.65	10.86	10.96	10.08	7.40
1999	9.53	6.87	6.08	7.74	10.47	9.98	11.02	11.33	10.38	7.70
2000	9.91	7.24	6.41	8.07	10.88	10.18	11.35	11.82	10.82	8.05
2001	10.19	7.69	6.76	8.38	11.40	10.67	11.97	12.17	11.37	8.53
2002	10.47	7.81	6.91	8.47	11.83	10.98	12.18	12.46	11.85	9.07
2003	10.85	7.90	6.93	8.66	12.05	11.25	12.46	12.97	12.19	9.19
2004	11.00	7.98	7.00	8.78	12.23	11.37	12.89	13.23	12.58	9.62
2005	11.19	8.07	7.05	8.91	12.48	11.76	13.11	13.48	12.95	9.93
2006	11.76	8.24	7.23	9.16	12.94	11.95	13.49	14.03	13.33	10.15
2007	11.95	8.65	7.57	9.66	13.16	12.05	13.93	14.39	13.71	10.37
2008	12.23	8.87	7.84	9.76	13.81	12.50	14.38	14.87	14.20	10.89
2009	12.44	8.90	7.92	9.77	13.91	12.60	14.59	14.85	14.70	11.49
2010	12.50	8.90	8.00	9.53	13.98	12.53	14.61	14.98	14.89	11.55
2011	12.71	8.97	8.06	9.61	14.12	12.71	14.83	15.00	15.07	12.19
2012	12.80	9.05	8.10	9.70	14.25	12.82	14.86	15.07	15.39	12.21
2013	12.93	9.16	8.19	9.83	14.50	12.88	14.98	15.17	15.62	12.47
2014	13.14	9.55	8.43	9.98	14.80	13.13	15.11	15.39	15.36	13.02
2015	13.44	9.85	8.85	10.14	14.91	13.60	15.16	15.84	15.91	13.08
2016	14.00	10.12	9.20	10.79	15.13	14.00	15.77	16.29	16.20	13.77
2017	14.63	10.68	9.79	11.35	15.65	14.83	16.10	16.72	16.82	14.32
2018	14.99	11.16	10.03	11.96	16.11	15.10	16.94	17.02	17.26	14.35
Women
1979	$3.62	$3.19	$3.03	$3.52	$3.90	$4.04	$3.97	$3.84	$3.75	$3.12
1980	3.95	3.45	3.14	3.79	4.24	4.44	4.29	4.23	4.08	3.38
1981	4.28	3.71	3.52	4.09	4.69	4.89	4.77	4.59	4.43	3.71
1982	4.61	3.78	3.55	4.19	5.02	5.19	5.08	4.95	4.80	3.93
1983	4.80	3.82	3.55	4.26	5.23	5.44	5.31	5.19	5.07	4.16
1984	4.97	3.93	3.59	4.36	5.48	5.60	5.61	5.51	5.27	4.37
1985	5.13	4.01	3.61	4.56	5.73	5.79	5.91	5.76	5.46	4.43
1986	5.33	4.11	3.65	4.71	5.95	5.95	6.13	5.99	5.75	4.73
1987	5.60	4.22	3.71	4.89	6.16	6.14	6.35	6.28	6.03	4.85
1988	5.84	4.48	3.91	5.05	6.44	6.36	6.76	6.59	6.08	5.12
1989	6.11	4.69	4.10	5.23	6.78	6.68	7.10	6.90	6.38	5.14
1990	6.44	4.95	4.35	5.57	7.07	7.01	7.37	7.16	6.73	5.45
1991	6.75	5.08	4.64	5.71	7.34	7.19	7.73	7.61	6.95	5.76
1992	6.96	5.16	4.69	5.77	7.65	7.45	7.99	7.94	7.20	5.97
1993	7.12	5.27	4.73	5.96	7.87	7.61	8.16	8.18	7.56	6.18
1994	7.25	5.32	4.83	5.98	8.05	7.78	8.44	8.46	7.82	6.24
1995	7.46	5.49	4.94	6.09	8.17	7.92	8.63	8.72	7.93	6.45
1996	7.73	5.68	5.09	6.26	8.43	8.06	8.89	8.94	8.07	6.45
1997	7.94	5.95	5.42	6.55	8.75	8.20	9.14	9.26	8.31	6.83
1998	8.23	6.24	5.78	6.93	9.13	8.80	9.66	9.78	8.85	7.21
1999	8.64	6.60	5.98	7.22	9.53	9.10	9.83	9.95	9.33	7.50
2000	9.06	7.00	6.23	7.80	9.89	9.69	10.03	10.18	9.84	7.87
2001	9.64	7.25	6.61	8.00	10.20	9.94	10.44	10.85	10.39	8.14
2002	9.89	7.45	6.80	8.11	10.71	10.12	10.98	11.18	10.81	8.73
2003	10.08	7.59	6.85	8.19	11.01	10.51	11.17	11.79	11.05	8.84
2004	10.17	7.71	6.86	8.32	11.23	10.62	11.45	11.95	11.57	9.16
2005	10.31	7.80	6.92	8.50	11.58	10.86	11.84	12.13	11.86	9.82
2006	10.65	7.99	7.11	8.82	11.87	11.07	12.05	12.26	12.12	9.97
2007	10.98	8.15	7.41	9.00	12.05	11.21	12.36	12.85	12.23	10.15
2008	11.49	8.43	7.71	9.16	12.48	11.72	12.89	13.16	13.00	10.53
2009	11.76	8.58	7.82	9.19	12.76	11.96	13.00	13.09	13.59	11.11
2010	11.83	8.62	7.91	9.08	12.88	12.04	13.12	13.50	13.68	11.18
2011	11.98	8.73	7.96	9.16	13.10	12.12	13.44	13.76	14.03	11.76
2012	11.99	8.78	8.02	9.17	13.17	12.15	13.46	13.80	14.36	11.84
2013	12.12	8.93	8.09	9.40	13.36	12.23	13.77	13.94	14.53	12.22
2014	12.18	9.14	8.29	9.77	13.50	12.25	14.00	14.14	14.19	12.47
2015	12.56	9.54	8.75	9.95	13.92	12.89	14.13	14.80	14.77	12.66
2016	13.01	10.00	9.07	10.25	14.23	13.08	14.75	14.97	15.10	13.02
2017	13.56	10.28	9.59	11.00	14.83	14.00	14.92	15.16	15.21	13.88
2018	14.06	10.93	9.91	11.68	15.04	14.64	15.22	15.20	15.62	13.77
Men
1979	$5.65	$3.90	$3.19	$4.64	$6.69	$6.38	$7.12	$7.10	$6.59	$3.56
1980	6.10	4.10	3.37	4.92	7.22	6.93	7.81	7.78	7.24	3.79
1981	6.57	4.31	3.64	5.11	7.78	7.33	8.30	8.49	7.88	4.21
1982	6.85	4.38	3.66	5.12	8.08	7.67	8.89	8.88	8.14	4.46
1983	6.92	4.38	3.67	5.05	8.31	7.74	9.22	9.16	8.74	4.75
1984	7.12	4.57	3.72	5.16	8.60	7.88	9.51	9.69	8.86	4.91
1985	7.33	4.68	3.75	5.23	8.85	8.00	9.80	9.97	9.04	4.99
1986	7.59	4.79	3.82	5.43	9.02	8.03	9.99	10.15	9.54	5.18
1987	7.77	4.91	3.95	5.68	9.16	8.26	10.10	10.24	9.72	5.32
1988	7.91	5.03	4.14	5.79	9.38	8.41	10.22	10.69	9.74	5.52
1989	8.10	5.17	4.39	6.02	9.71	8.56	10.59	10.88	10.00	5.90
1990	8.27	5.44	4.64	6.18	9.84	8.83	10.73	11.13	10.17	6.08
1991	8.59	5.58	4.74	6.23	9.98	8.94	10.98	11.71	10.08	6.22
1992	8.67	5.65	4.80	6.24	10.06	9.02	10.93	12.02	10.39	6.45
1993	8.86	5.75	4.87	6.33	10.18	9.10	11.16	12.15	10.96	6.71
1994	9.00	5.88	4.98	6.56	10.29	9.10	11.50	12.10	11.06	6.64
1995	9.23	6.04	5.14	6.82	10.73	9.46	11.89	12.32	11.11	6.85
1996	9.52	6.17	5.25	6.99	10.78	9.70	11.91	12.40	11.15	7.04
1997	9.83	6.45	5.61	7.18	11.10	9.92	12.07	12.80	11.79	6.96
1998	10.06	6.91	5.98	7.78	11.72	10.22	12.48	13.04	12.22	7.74
1999	10.31	7.12	6.18	8.03	12.00	10.84	12.78	13.68	12.21	7.86
2000	10.81	7.63	6.64	8.39	12.24	10.97	13.14	13.90	12.81	8.31
2001	11.32	8.01	6.90	8.92	12.88	11.58	13.92	14.25	12.95	9.00
2002	11.64	8.05	7.02	8.88	13.05	11.89	13.96	14.40	13.38	9.78
2003	11.89	8.14	7.02	9.00	13.25	12.01	14.13	14.93	14.09	9.79
2004	12.02	8.21	7.15	9.07	13.74	12.03	14.60	15.11	14.54	9.90
2005	12.16	8.42	7.21	9.20	13.91	12.17	14.88	15.13	14.79	10.04
2006	12.68	8.79	7.43	9.75	14.27	12.63	15.06	16.04	15.04	10.72
2007	12.95	9.13	7.77	9.96	14.75	12.83	15.17	16.15	15.45	11.01
2008	13.46	9.24	7.98	10.00	15.03	13.47	16.02	16.82	15.90	11.50
2009	13.76	9.22	8.05	9.99	15.07	13.20	16.10	16.99	16.09	12.00
2010	13.76	9.21	8.09	9.90	15.04	13.10	15.83	16.89	16.45	11.92
2011	13.80	9.23	8.16	9.90	15.11	13.18	16.03	16.88	17.07	12.85
2012	13.88	9.44	8.19	9.97	15.17	13.28	16.05	16.99	17.28	13.03
2013	14.00	9.67	8.37	10.00	15.27	13.42	16.21	17.17	17.28	12.88
2014	14.39	9.89	8.63	10.15	15.76	14.08	16.55	17.41	17.46	13.98
2015	14.67	10.03	8.97	10.64	15.86	14.17	16.48	17.55	17.99	14.15
2016	14.96	10.24	9.48	11.15	16.25	14.83	17.20	18.03	18.05	14.78
2017	15.20	10.99	9.88	11.88	17.00	15.15	17.89	18.74	18.60	14.93
2018	16.01	11.74	10.15	12.18	17.76	15.87	18.44	18.99	19.56	14.90
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2018 annual averages [In current dollars]
Year	Total, 16 years and older	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$4.44	$4.51	$4.11	-	$4.08
1980	4.82	4.88	4.44	-	4.44
1981	5.15	5.18	4.90	-	4.81
1982	5.40	5.47	5.06	-	5.01
1983	5.59	5.66	5.15	-	5.09
1984	5.83	5.90	5.36	-	5.27
1985	6.03	6.10	5.50	-	5.47
1986	6.20	6.28	5.80	-	5.65
1987	6.47	6.56	5.99	-	5.82
1988	6.73	6.81	6.15	-	5.95
1989	6.99	7.08	6.43	-	6.07
1990	7.23	7.33	6.81	-	6.28
1991	7.50	7.61	7.00	-	6.46
1992	7.72	7.82	7.06	-	6.65
1993	7.87	7.97	7.18	-	6.83
1994	8.01	8.11	7.29	-	6.93
1995	8.17	8.32	7.66	-	7.00
1996	8.40	8.57	7.76	-	7.17
1997	8.75	8.88	8.01	-	7.39
1998	9.10	9.22	8.39	-	7.92
1999	9.53	9.74	8.85	-	8.07
2000	9.91	9.96	9.34	$10.07	8.54
2001	10.19	10.26	9.78	10.75	9.06
2002	10.47	10.71	9.93	10.36	9.22
2003	10.85	10.97	10.15	11.12	9.76
2004	11.00	11.13	10.19	11.10	9.81
2005	11.19	11.48	10.17	12.01	9.95
2006	11.76	11.86	10.66	12.53	10.12
2007	11.95	12.08	10.89	12.22	10.24
2008	12.23	12.54	11.20	13.01	10.97
2009	12.44	12.66	11.64	13.16	11.04
2010	12.50	12.74	11.77	13.22	10.88
2011	12.71	12.91	11.79	13.35	11.05
2012	12.80	13.04	11.84	13.23	11.12
2013	12.93	13.15	11.90	13.62	11.25
2014	13.14	13.57	11.88	14.00	11.83
2015	13.44	13.87	12.06	14.19	12.04
2016	14.00	14.24	12.49	14.79	12.69
2017	14.63	14.89	12.90	15.06	13.16
2018	14.99	15.16	13.64	15.24	13.99
Women
1979	$3.62	$3.62	$3.55	-	$3.44
1980	3.95	3.96	3.88	-	3.78
1981	4.28	4.28	4.19	-	4.10
1982	4.61	4.61	4.49	-	4.33
1983	4.80	4.81	4.72	-	4.42
1984	4.97	4.98	4.87	-	4.65
1985	5.13	5.14	5.04	-	4.82
1986	5.33	5.35	5.17	-	5.00
1987	5.60	5.62	5.40	-	5.11
1988	5.84	5.86	5.61	-	5.28
1989	6.11	6.13	5.88	-	5.53
1990	6.44	6.46	6.23	-	5.80
1991	6.75	6.76	6.55	-	5.98
1992	6.96	6.99	6.64	-	6.17
1993	7.12	7.16	6.87	-	6.31
1994	7.25	7.34	6.93	-	6.40
1995	7.46	7.54	7.12	-	6.60
1996	7.73	7.79	7.20	-	6.77
1997	7.94	8.00	7.59	-	6.82
1998	8.23	8.33	7.90	-	7.22
1999	8.64	8.73	8.13	-	7.46
2000	9.06	9.09	8.86	$9.77	7.89
2001	9.64	9.73	9.15	10.07	8.28
2002	9.89	9.94	9.45	10.10	8.54
2003	10.08	10.11	9.91	10.68	8.88
2004	10.17	10.21	9.93	10.57	9.04
2005	10.31	10.50	9.93	11.64	9.18
2006	10.65	10.77	10.11	11.95	9.50
2007	10.98	11.06	10.45	11.83	9.80
2008	11.49	11.70	10.78	12.25	10.07
2009	11.76	11.83	11.01	12.67	10.09
2010	11.83	11.88	11.20	12.41	10.11
2011	11.98	12.05	11.28	12.80	10.25
2012	11.99	12.08	11.23	12.75	10.21
2013	12.12	12.21	11.54	13.04	10.49
2014	12.18	12.38	11.57	13.23	10.72
2015	12.56	12.82	11.70	13.80	11.08
2016	13.01	13.20	12.09	14.07	11.79
2017	13.56	13.87	12.55	14.23	12.09
2018	14.06	14.27	13.02	14.95	12.80
Men
1979	$5.65	$5.79	$4.89	-	$4.79
1980	6.10	6.23	5.18	-	5.03
1981	6.57	6.71	5.81	-	5.37
1982	6.85	6.98	5.97	-	5.73
1983	6.92	7.07	5.96	-	5.81
1984	7.12	7.26	6.16	-	6.04
1985	7.33	7.58	6.15	-	6.07
1986	7.59	7.78	6.57	-	6.19
1987	7.77	7.93	6.74	-	6.37
1988	7.91	8.06	6.94	-	6.51
1989	8.10	8.28	7.07	-	6.66
1990	8.27	8.55	7.37	-	6.74
1991	8.59	8.82	7.57	-	6.88
1992	8.67	8.89	7.62	-	6.99
1993	8.86	9.07	7.67	-	7.12
1994	9.00	9.21	7.92	-	7.17
1995	9.23	9.62	8.16	-	7.26
1996	9.52	9.79	8.18	-	7.62
1997	9.83	9.96	8.67	-	7.90
1998	10.06	10.18	9.09	-	8.24
1999	10.31	10.61	9.77	-	8.61
2000	10.81	10.95	9.98	$10.79	9.04
2001	11.32	11.61	10.18	11.84	9.67
2002	11.64	11.86	10.24	11.02	9.92
2003	11.89	12.03	10.81	11.89	10.03
2004	12.02	12.16	10.88	11.90	10.02
2005	12.16	12.47	10.90	12.75	10.19
2006	12.68	12.88	11.42	13.18	10.84
2007	12.95	13.22	11.57	13.22	11.07
2008	13.46	13.85	11.99	14.03	11.83
2009	13.76	13.95	12.27	14.01	11.92
2010	13.76	13.97	12.16	14.11	11.73
2011	13.80	14.02	12.06	14.25	11.81
2012	13.88	14.17	12.20	14.15	11.96
2013	14.00	14.24	12.16	14.24	11.99
2014	14.39	14.86	12.21	14.66	12.38
2015	14.67	14.93	12.66	14.87	12.92
2016	14.96	15.13	13.06	15.04	13.83
2017	15.20	15.79	13.34	16.65	14.37
2018	16.01	16.53	14.22	16.69	15.01
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households representing all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey data on earnings are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, are excluded from the data presented in this report.

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can help explain earnings differences. This includes the direct comparisons of earnings levels among demographic groups and the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios shown in the tables (that is, women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s). For example, the overall ratio of women’s-to-men’s earnings for full-time workers presented here is not controlled for differences in important determinants of earnings such as age, occupation, and educational attainment. The earnings comparisons in this report are not restricted to workers with otherwise comparable characteristics and comparable jobs. Even controlling for one of the factors may not fully explain earnings differences. Comparisons of women’s and men’s earnings by detailed occupation, for example, are not simultaneously controlled for differences in key factors such as age, job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be used without permission. Information in this report will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice telephone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1 (800) 877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

The principal concepts and definitions used in this report are described briefly below.

Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the public and private sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Part-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Before 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

The median of usual weekly earnings reflects the midpoint in a given earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median and the other half having earnings below the median.

The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. The median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.

Changes over time in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall median boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly are as follows:

There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the median earnings of 16- to 24-year olds and the median earnings of those 25 years and older may rise, but if the lower earning 16- to 24-age group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall.
There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a median boundary. This change could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, such as $700 or $800. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Consider, for example, the calculation of the median for a multipeaked earnings distribution that shifts over time. As such a distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported earnings interval, but once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements; however, users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians and in ratios of the medians.

Workers paid by the hour are employed wage and salary workers who report that they are paid at an hourly rate on their job. Typically, workers paid an hourly wage have made up around 60 percent of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of workers paid by the hour include both full- and part-time workers unless otherwise specified.

Hourly earnings data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and pertain to earnings from a person’s sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.

Workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the federal minimum wage.

The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when in fact they earn the minimum wage.

Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws.

The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.

Regular collection of earnings data in the basic CPS began in 1979. The prevailing federal minimum wage from 1979 to the present is as follows, with the last change occurring in 2009.

Federal minimum wage	Effective date
$2.90	January 1, 1979
$3.10	January 1, 1980
$3.35	January 1, 1981
$3.80	April 1, 1990
$4.25	April 1, 1991
$4.75	October 1, 1996
$5.15	September 1, 1997
$5.85	July 24, 2007
$6.55	July 24, 2008
$7.25	July 24, 2009

When the minimum wage has increased during a given year, the annual average estimates of the number of minimum wage workers reflect both minimum wage levels in effect during the year. For example, data for 2007 reflect the number of workers who earned the federal minimum wage of $5.15 for January to July and the number of workers who earned the minimum wage of $5.85 for August to December.

Race is reported by the household respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. Before 2003, people of Two or More Races identified one group as their main race. For more information on the 2003 changes to questions on race, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003.” Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of acceptable reliability.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.

Married, spouse present refers to people in opposite-sex marriages living together in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or for other reasons.

Other marital status refers to people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; married, spouse absent; as well as people in same-sex marriages. Separated includes people with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other people permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord. Married, spouse absent, includes opposite-sex married people living apart because either the husband or wife was employed and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for any other reason except those listed in the separated definition above.

Inflation-adjusted earnings shown in this report use the Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) to convert current dollars to constant, or inflation-adjusted, dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the years. Although these improvements make the CPI more accurate, the histories of official CPI series are not adjusted to reflect the improvements. Because many researchers need a historical series that measures price change consistently over time, BLS developed the CPI-U-RS to provide an estimate of the CPI that incorporates most of the methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see the CPI research series webpage.

This report uses the most recent version of the CPI-U-RS available at the time of production. Users should note that the CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As a result, the rate of inflation incorporated into the inflation-adjusted median earnings estimates in this report may differ from the rate used in previous reports in this series or in other publications.

Reliability

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.645 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

Readers should be aware that because of sampling error, apparent differences between estimates for two or more groups or categories may not be statistically significant, and therefore not meaningfully different from one another. Standard errors are shown with many of the median earnings estimates in this report to help readers evaluate differences in earnings estimates.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information on all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. Further information about the reliability of data from the CPS is available on the CPS Technical Documentation page of the BLS website.