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Highlights of women's earnings in 2019

In 2019, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings that were 82 percent of those of male full-time wage and salary workers. In 1979, the first year for which comparable earnings data are available, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s. Most of the growth in women’s earnings relative to men’s occurred in the 1980s (when the women’s to men’s ratio went from 64 percent to 70 percent) and in the 1990s (when the ratio went from 72 percent to 77 percent). Since 2004, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio has remained in the 80 to 83 percent range. (See chart 1 and tables 1 and 12.)

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The weekly and hourly earnings estimates in this report reflect information collected from one-fourth of the households in the monthly survey and averaged for the calendar year. The data in this report are distinct from the annual earnings estimates for full-time, year-round workers collected separately in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS and published by the U.S. Census Bureau. (See the BLS website for an explanation of the differences between these datasets.)

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization. The earnings estimates referenced throughout this report are medians. The median is the mid-point in the earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median level and half having earnings below.

See the accompanying technical notes section for more information, including a description of the of the data source and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.

Earnings of full-time workers

Below are data highlights for women and men who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week) in wage and salary jobs, with sections focusing on characteristics, such as age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, education, occupation, and more.

Earnings by age group

In 2019, median weekly earnings were $821 for all women age 16 and older. For men age 16 and older, median weekly earnings were $1,007. Women’s median weekly earnings were highest for those between the ages of 35 to 44, with earnings of $920, and those ages 45 to 54, with earnings of $904. Women ages 55 to 64 and age 65 and older had slightly lower earnings—$880 and $815, respectively. For men, earnings were highest for 35- to 64-year-olds, with little difference in the earnings of 45- to 54-year-olds and 55- to 64-year-olds ($1,169 and $1,166, respectively). Men between the ages of 35 to 44 had median weekly earnings of $1,149. Young women and men ages 16 to 24 had the lowest earnings ($540 and $607, respectively). (See chart 2 and table 1.)

In 2019, women’s earnings ranged from 76 percent to 80 percent of men’s among workers age 35 and older. For those under age 35, the earnings differences between women and men were smaller, with women earning 84 percent to 90 percent of what men did. The earnings difference between men and women has historically been smaller for those under age 35 than for those in older age groups. (See table 1 and table 12.)

Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios have grown substantially for most age groups since 1979. For young workers ages 16 to 24, the gains occurred primarily in the 1980s. For workers ages 25 to 64, the gains continued into the 2000s, but have tapered off in recent years. (See table 12.)

Earnings by race and ethnicity

Asian women and men earned more than their White, Black, and Hispanic counterparts in 2019. Among women, Whites ($840) earned 82 percent as much as Asians ($1,025); Blacks ($704) earned 69 percent; and Hispanics ($642) earned 63 percent. Among men, these earnings differences were even larger: White men ($1,036) earned 78 percent as much as Asian men ($1,336); Black men ($769) earned 58 percent as much; and Hispanic men ($747) earned 56 percent (See chart 3 and table 1.)

Earnings differences between women and men were largest among Asians and among Whites. Asian women earned 77 percent as much as Asian men in 2019, and White women earned 81 percent as much as White men. In comparison, Black women had median earnings that were 92 percent of Black men’s, and Hispanic women’s earnings were 86 percent of Hispanic men’s. (See table 1.)

Women’s earnings have increased considerably since 1979 (the first year for which comparable data for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are available), with White women experiencing the greatest earnings growth. From 1979 to 2019, inflation-adjusted median weekly earnings (also called constant-dollar earnings) increased by 39 percent for White women, by 27 percent for Black women, and by 24 percent for Hispanic women. For White and Black women, gains tapered off around 2004. Since that time, White and Black women have seen little net growth in earnings. From 2004 to 2019, White women experienced an earnings growth of 6 percent, and Black women experienced an earnings increase of 3 percent. On the other hand, Hispanic women’s earnings have remained on an upward trend, although substantial earnings growth for them did not begin until the late 1990s. (See table 18.)

The long-term trend in men’s earnings has been quite different than that for women. Inflation-adjusted earnings for White and Black men trended down from 1979 through the first part of the 1990s, followed by a period of growth that stalled in the early 2000s. For Hispanic men, earnings also declined from 1979 through the mid-1990s, then began to trend up. Over the full period, 1979 through 2019, inflation-adjusted earnings have shown little change on net for White (6 percent), Black (3 percent), and Hispanic (4 percent) men. (See table 18.)

Between 2000 and 2019, inflation-adjusted earnings for Asian women and men remained on an upward trend. (Data for Asians are not available prior to 2000.) Asian women’s earnings grew by 26 percent, and Asian men’s earnings grew by 31 percent over that period. (See table 18.)

Earnings by educational attainment

Median weekly earnings vary significantly by educational attainment. Among all workers age 25 and older, the weekly earnings of those without a high school diploma ($592) were 43 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree and higher ($1,367) in 2019. For workers with a high school diploma who had not attended college, median earnings ($746) were 55 percent of those for workers with a bachelor’s degree and higher. Those with some college or an associate’s degree (median weekly earnings of $856) made 63 percent of what workers with a bachelor’s degree and higher made. (See table 1.)

In each educational attainment category, the long-term trend in inflation-adjusted earnings has been more favorable for women than for men. The inflation-adjusted earnings of women without a high school diploma changed little between 1979 and 2019 (a 1-percent decrease). By contrast, inflation-adjusted earnings for men declined by 22 percent. For those with a bachelor’s degree or higher, inflation-adjusted earnings for women have increased by 38 percent since 1979, while earnings for men have risen by 21 percent. (Data refer to workers age 25 and older.) (See chart 4 and table 19.)

Earnings by occupation

Women and men working full time in management, business, and financial operations occupations had higher median weekly earnings than workers in any other major occupational category in 2019 ($1,221 for women and $1,598 for men). Within this category, the highest earning women and men were chief executives ($2,019 and $2,509, respectively) and computer and information systems managers ($1,892 and $2,019, respectively). (See table 2.)

The second-highest paying occupational category for women and men was professional and related occupations ($1,085 for women and $1,493 for men). This is a broad occupational category made up of several distinct job groupings for specialized fields such as computer science and math, architecture and engineering, law, education, and healthcare. Within this diverse category, women who were veterinarians ($1,985), lawyers ($1,878), and physicians and surgeons ($1,878) had the highest median weekly earnings in 2019. For men, those who were physicians and surgeons ($2,500), pharmacists ($2,245), and lawyers ($2,202) earned the most. (See table 2.)

Women and men employed in service occupations earned the least in 2019 ($537 for women and $659 for men). Within this category, women who were employed as hostesses at restaurants, lounges, and coffee shops ($441) and food preparation workers ($463) had the lowest median weekly earnings. For men, those who were employed as combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ($457) and dishwashers ($464) earned the least. 

Occupational distributions of women and men

The occupational distributions of female and male full-time workers differ considerably. Compared with men, relatively few women work in construction, production, or transportation occupations, and women are far more concentrated in office and administrative support jobs. (See chart 5 and table 2.)

Women also are more likely than men to work in professional and related occupations. In 2019, 31 percent of women worked in professional and related occupations, compared with 20 percent of men. Within the professional category, though, the proportion of women employed in the higher paying jobs is much smaller than the proportion of men employed in them. In 2019, 11 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the relatively high-paying computer (median weekly earnings of $1,353 for women and $1,658 for men) and engineering ($1,339 for women and $1,589 for men) occupations, compared with 47 percent of men. Women were over twice as likely to work in education ($987 for women and $1,265 for men) and healthcare ($1,130 for women and $1,422 for men) jobs, which generally pay less than computer and engineering jobs. Sixty-seven percent of women in professional occupations worked in education and healthcare jobs in 2019, compared with 29 percent of men. (See table 2.)

Across all occupational categories, the three most common jobs for women were registered nurse ($1,217), elementary and middle school teacher ($1,042), and secretary or administrative assistant ($763). Collectively, these occupations employed 6.8 million women in 2019, representing 13 percent of women in full-time wage and salary jobs.

Among men, the most common job by far was truck driver (driver/sales workers and truck drivers, $861). In 2019, 2.6 million, or 4 percent, of all male full-wage and salary workers were truck drivers. Although engineering jobs are shown separately by specialty (civil, mechanical, etc.) in this report, if combined, engineer would be the second most common job for men. In 2019, a total of 1.9 million men were employed full time in the 16 designated engineering specialties (median weekly earnings ranging from $1,616 to $2,018). (See table 2.)

Earnings for workers with and without children under 18

In 2019, about one-third of full-time wage and salary workers were parents of children under age 18. (As defined here, “children” include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household.) Median weekly earnings for mothers of children under age 18 ($842) were higher than the earnings for women without children under 18 ($812). Earnings for fathers of children under 18, at $1,140, were higher than the earnings of $951 for men without children under 18. (See table 7.)

Earnings by state of residence

Median weekly earnings and women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios vary by state of residence. (In this report, “state” refers to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.) The differences among the states reflect, in part, variation in the occupations and industries found in each state and differences in the demographic composition of each state’s labor force. Readers should note that sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates. (See the technical notes section for an explanation of sampling error.) Consequently, earnings comparisons between states should be made with caution. Readers also should note that the state estimates are based on workers’ state of residence; their reported earnings are not necessarily from a job located in the same state. (See table 3.)

Weekly work hours of full-time workers

As mentioned earlier, among full-time workers, those usually working at a job 35 hours or more per week, men are more likely than women to work more than 40 hours per week. In 2019, 25 percent of men who usually work full time worked 41 or more hours per week, compared with 14 percent of women. Women were more likely than men to work 35 to 39 hours per week: 10 percent of women worked such hours in 2019, while 4 percent of men did. A majority of both male (71 percent) and female (75 percent) full-time workers had a 40-hour workweek. Among these workers, women earned 87 percent as much as men. (This analysis excludes people who usually work 35 or more hours per week but whose hours vary.) (See table 5.)

Earnings of part-time workers

Women are more likely than men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week on a sole or main job. Women who worked part time made up 23 percent of all female wage and salary workers in 2019. In comparison, 11 percent of men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Median weekly earnings for female part-timers were $284 in 2019, slightly higher than the $269 median for men. (See table 4.)

Part-time workers are more likely to be under age 25 than full-time workers. Among part-timers, 29 percent of women and 43 percent of men were under age 25 in 2019. Among full-time workers, 9 percent of women and 9 percent of men were under age 25 (See tables 1 and 4.)

Earnings of workers paid by the hour

In 2019, 61 percent of women and 56 percent of men in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour. Women who were paid hourly rates had median hourly earnings of $14.85 in 2019, which were 89 percent of the $16.76 median for men. (See tables 8 and 11.)

Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2019, 3 percent of women and 1 percent of men had hourly earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25. (See tables 10 and 11.) See the technical notes section for information about BLS estimates of the number of minimum wage workers.