U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Department of Labor Logo United States Department of Labor
Dot gov

The .gov means it's official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

August 2024 Report 1111

Highlights of women’s earnings in 2023

Highlights of women’s earnings in 2023 image

In 2023, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings that were 84 percent of those of male full-time wage and salary workers. In 1979, the first year for which comparable earnings data are available, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s earnings. Most of the growth in women’s earnings relative to men’s occurred in the 1980s (when the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio went from 64 percent to 70 percent) and from 1990 to 2003 (when the ratio went from 72 percent to 79 percent). From 2004 to 2023, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio remained in the 80 to 84 percent range. (See chart 1 and tables 1 and 12.)

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The weekly and hourly earnings estimates in this report reflect information collected from one-fourth of the households in the monthly survey and averaged for the calendar year. The data in this report are distinct from the annual earnings estimates for full-time, year-round workers collected separately in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS and published by the U.S. Census Bureau. (See the Current Population Survey’s frequently asked questions page for an explanation of the differences in these datasets.)

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization. The earnings estimates referenced throughout this report are medians. The median is the midpoint in the earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median level and half having earnings below.

For more information, see the accompanying technical notes section, including a description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.

Earnings of full-time workers

This report highlights data for women and men who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week) in wage and salary jobs, with sections focusing on characteristics such as age, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, education, occupation, and more. In 2023, median weekly earnings for women age 16 and older who usually work full time were $1,005, compared with $1,202 for men. (See table 1.)

Earnings by age group

In 2023, women’s median weekly earnings were highest for those ages 35 to 44 and 45 to 54, with earnings of $1,136 and $1,115, respectively. Women ages 55 to 64 had earnings that were slightly lower, at $1,065. For men, median weekly earnings were highest for those ages 35 to 64: median weekly earnings were $1,364 for men ages 35 to 44; $1,396 for men ages 45 to 54; and $1,380 for men ages 55 to 64. Young women and men ages 16 to 24 had the lowest earnings ($691 and $736, respectively). (See chart 2 and table 1.)   

The earnings difference between men and women has historically been smaller for those under age 35 than for those in older age groups. Women ages 25 to 34 earned 89 percent of what men earned, while women ages 16 to 24 earned 94 percent of what men earned. Among workers age 35 and older, women earned between 77 percent and 83 percent of what their male counterparts earned in 2023. (See tables 1 and 12.)

Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios have increased substantially for most age groups since 1979. For younger workers ages 16 to 24, the gains primarily occurred in the 1980s, but the ratio has changed little, on net, since then. For workers age 25 and over, the upward trend in the 1980s flattened out in the early 1990s, and then the upward trend resumed in the late 1990s. In recent years, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio for workers age 25 and over has risen, from 75 percent in 2000 to 83 percent in 2023. (See table 12.)

Earnings by race and ethnicity

Asian women and men earned more than their White, Black, and Hispanic counterparts in 2023. Among women, Whites ($1,021) earned 79 percent as much as Asians ($1,299), Blacks ($889) earned 68 percent, and Hispanics ($800) earned 62 percent as much. Among men, these earnings differences were even larger: White men ($1,225) earned 75 percent as much as Asian men ($1,635), Black men ($970) earned 59 percent, and Hispanic men ($915) earned 56 percent as much. (See chart 3 and table 1.)

In 2023, earnings differences between women and men were largest among Asians and Whites. Asian women earned 79 percent as much as Asian men, and White women earned 83 percent as much as White men. In comparison, Black women had median earnings that were 92 percent of Black men’s, and Hispanic women’s earnings were 87 percent of Hispanic men’s. (See table 1.)

Women’s earnings have increased considerably since 1979 (the first year for which comparable data for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are available), with White women experiencing the greatest earnings growth. From 1979 to 2023, inflation-adjusted median weekly earnings (also called constant-dollar earnings) increased by 41 percent for White women and by 34 percent and 29 percent for Black and Hispanic women, respectively. Although data for Asians are not available before 2000, it is worth noting that inflation-adjusted earnings for Asian women increased by 34 percent between 2000 and 2023. (See table 18.)

In 2023, constant-dollar earnings for White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic women showed some improvement. Constant-dollar earnings for Black women had an increase of 2.2 percentage points over the year, and Asian women’s earnings had an increase of 1.1 percentage points. Hispanic and White women’s earnings had a more modest increase of less than one percentage point each. Constant-dollar earnings for White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic women had sharp increases from 2019 to 2020, mainly due to steep job losses among lower-paid workers with the onset of the pandemic, which put upward pressure on (nominal) median weekly earnings. From 2020 to 2022, women’s earnings for all race and ethnicity groups declined slightly. This decline in earnings emerged as the economy experienced major changes tied to the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery, including the impacts of high inflation. Taking both rapidly evolving labor market conditions and inflation into account, constant-dollar earnings for White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic women were higher in 2023 than their prepandemic (2019) levels. (See table 18.)

The long-term trend in men’s earnings has been quite different than that for women. Inflation-adjusted earnings for White and Black men trended down from 1979 through the early 1990s, followed by a period of growth that stalled in the early 2000s. For Hispanic men, earnings also declined from 1979 through the mid-1990s, then began to trend upwards. Over the full period from 1979 through 2023, inflation-adjusted earnings among men have seen a net increase for Whites (4 percent), Blacks (9 percent), and Hispanics (6 percent). Over the 2000–23 period, for which earnings data for Asians are available, inflation-adjusted earnings for Asian men grew by 34 percent. In general, women and men’s weekly earnings were similarly impacted by inflation and the pandemic. Women’s earnings, however, have increased since 2019, while men’s earnings have changed little. (See table 18.)

Earnings by educational attainment

Median weekly earnings vary significantly by educational attainment. Among all workers age 25 and older, the weekly earnings of those without a high school diploma ($708) were 44 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree and higher ($1,609) in 2023. For workers with a high school diploma who had not attended college, median earnings ($899) were 56 percent of the median earnings of workers with a bachelor’s degree and higher. Those with some college or an associate’s degree ($1,016) made 63 percent of what workers with a bachelor’s degree and higher made. (See table 1.)

In each educational attainment category, inflation-adjusted earnings have increased more for women than for men between 1979 and 2023. The inflation-adjusted earnings of women without a high school diploma increased by 4 percent. By contrast, inflation-adjusted earnings for men without a high school diploma declined by 23 percent over the same period. For those with a bachelor’s degree or higher, since 1979, inflation-adjusted earnings for women have increased by 38 percent, while earnings for men have risen by 20 percent. (See chart 4 and table 19.)

Earnings by occupation

Women and men working in full-time management, business, and financial operations occupations had higher median weekly earnings than workers in any other major occupational category in 2023 ($1,449 for women and $1,868 for men). Within this category, women who were chief executives ($2,520) and computer and information systems managers ($2,192) had the highest median weekly earnings. Among men, those who were chief executives ($2,983) and architectural and engineering managers ($2,887) earned the most. (See table 2.)

The second-highest paying intermediate occupational category for women and men was professional and related occupations ($1,278 for women and $1,736 for men). This is a broad occupational category, made up of several distinct job groupings for specialized fields, such as computer science and math, architecture and engineering, law, education, and healthcare. Within this diverse category, women who were other physicians ($2,907) (such as gastroenterologists, oncologists, and pulmonologists), lawyers ($2,330), pharmacists ($2,180), nurse practitioners ($2,031), and software developers ($2,020) had the highest median weekly earnings in 2023. For men, those who were other physicians ($2,920), lawyers ($2,505), information security analysts ($2,306), and chemical engineers ($2,300) had the highest weekly earnings. (See table 2.)

Women and men employed in service occupations earned the least in 2023 ($676 for women and $801 for men). Within this category, women and men who were in the food preparation and serving related occupations, including fast food and counter workers earned the least, $618 and $700, respectively. Within service occupations, women and men who were police officers earned the most at, $1,034 and $1,363, respectively.

Occupational distributions of women and men

The occupational distributions of female and male full-time workers differ considerably. Relatively few women work in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations compared with men (575,000 or 1 percent versus 10.8 million or 16 percent, respectively). In addition, compared with men, women are far more concentrated in office and administrative support occupations (16 percent and 6 percent, respectively). Women are equally as likely as men to work in management occupations (13 percent each). (See chart 5 and table 2.)

In 2023, 32 percent of women worked in professional and related occupations, compared with 22 percent of men. Within this category, though, the proportion of women employed in the higher paying jobs is much smaller than the proportion of men employed in these types of jobs. In 2023, 12 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the relatively high-paying computer and mathematical (median weekly earnings of $1,628 for women and $1,976 for men) and architecture and engineering ($1,635 for women and $1,864 for men) occupations, compared with 50 percent of men.

Sixty-five percent of women in professional occupations worked in education and healthcare jobs in 2023, compared with 28 percent of men. Women earned less than men in education ($1,134 for women and $1,376 for men) and healthcare ($1,341 for women and $1,682 for men) occupations. (See table 2.)

Across all occupational categories, the three most common jobs for women were elementary and middle school teacher ($1,220), registered nurse ($1,409), and customer service representative ($799). Collectively, these occupations employed 6.3 million women in 2023, representing 12 percent of women in full-time wage and salary jobs.

Among men, the most common job by far was truck driver (driver/sales workers and truck drivers, $1,016). In 2023, 2.6 million, or 4 percent, of all male full-time wage and salary workers were truck drivers. Although engineering jobs are shown separately by specialty (civil, mechanical, etc.) in this report, if combined, engineer would be the second most common job for men. In 2023, a total of 2.1 million men were employed full time in the 16 designated engineering specialties (median weekly earnings ranging from $1,766 to $2,300). (See table 2.)

Earnings for those with and without children under 18

In 2023, one-third of full-time wage and salary workers were parents of children under age 18. (As defined here, “children” include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household.) Median weekly earnings for mothers of children under age 18 ($1,063) were higher than the earnings for women without children under 18 ($982). Earnings for fathers of children under age 18 ($1,390) were higher than the earnings for men without children under 18 ($1,132). (See table 7.)

Earnings by state of residence

Median weekly earnings and women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios vary by state of residence. (In this report, “state” refers to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.) The differences among the states reflect, in part, variation in the occupations and industries found in each state and differences in the demographic composition of each state’s labor force. Readers should note that sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates. (See the technical notes section for an explanation of sampling error.) Consequently, earnings comparisons between states should be made with caution. Readers should also note that the state estimates are based on workers’ states of residence: a worker’s reported earnings are not necessarily from a job located in the same state. (See table 3.)

Weekly work hours of full-time workers

Among full-time workers (those usually working at a job 35 hours or more per week), men continued to be more likely than women to work more than 40 hours per week. In 2023, the proportion of men (21 percent) who usually worked 41 or more hours per week was almost double that of women (12 percent). Full-time women workers were more likely than men to work 35 to 39 hours per week: 10 percent of women and 4 percent of men worked such hours in 2023. A majority of both female (78 percent) and male (74 percent) full-time workers had a 40-hour workweek. Among these workers, women earned 87 percent as much as men. (This analysis excludes people who usually work 35 or more hours per week but whose hours vary.) (See table 5.)

Earnings of part-time workers

Women were more likely than men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week on a sole or main job. In 2023, women were twice as likely to work 0 to 34 hours per week than their male counterparts (20 percent versus 10 percent). Median weekly earnings for female part-time workers were $369 in 2023, higher than the $358 median for men. (See table 5.)

Part-time workers are much more likely to be under age 25 than full-time workers. Among part-time workers, 32 percent of women and 42 percent of men were under age 25 in 2023. By comparison, among full-time workers, 9 percent of women and 10 percent of men were under age 25. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Earnings of workers paid by the hour

In 2023, 58 percent of women and 54 percent of men in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour. Women who were paid hourly rates had median hourly earnings of $18.11, which were 90 percent of the $20.16 median hourly earnings for men. (See tables 8 and 11.)

Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2023, 2 percent of women and 1 percent of men had hourly earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25. The proportion of women who had hourly earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage has declined from 20 percent in 1979, while the rate for men has declined from 8 percent over the same period. (See tables 10 and 11.) (See the technical notes section for information about BLS estimates of the number of minimum wage workers.)

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2023 annual averages
Characteristic Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 120,907 $1,117 $3 54,207 $1,005 $3 66,700 $1,202 $4 83.6

16 to 24 years

 11,426 714 2 5,069 691 3 6,356 736 5 93.9

16 to 19 years

 1,550 613 5 605 576 8 945 642 10 89.7

20 to 24 years

 9,875 731 4 4,464 706 4 5,411 763 6 92.5

25 years and older

 109,482 1,170 3 49,138 1,060 4 60,344 1,273 5 83.3

25 to 34 years

 29,749 1,045 5 13,388 985 5 16,361 1,107 7 89.0

35 to 44 years

 28,702 1,250 6 12,666 1,136 7 16,036 1,364 8 83.3

45 to 54 years

 25,611 1,255 7 11,673 1,115 9 13,938 1,396 10 79.9

55 to 64 years

 20,031 1,217 7 9,044 1,065 12 10,987 1,380 10 77.2

65 years and older

 5,389 1,080 18 2,366 977 13 3,023 1,181 17 82.7

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

 91,336 1,138 3 39,752 1,021 4 51,583 1,225 5 83.3

Black or African American

 16,452 920 5 8,508 889 6 7,943 970 9 91.6

Asian

 8,597 1,474 15 3,867 1,299 21 4,730 1,635 27 79.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 22,834 874 5 9,399 800 6 13,434 915 5 87.4

Marital Status

Never married

 39,657 910 3 17,541 876 5 22,116 945 6 92.7

Married, spouse present1

 63,919 1,290 6 26,956 1,143 4 36,963 1,421 6 80.4

Widowed, divorced, or separated2

 17,331 1,051 8 9,710 976 7 7,621 1,154 8 84.6

Widowed

 1,762 942 20 1,229 895 19 533 1,082 45 82.7

Divorced

 11,386 1,119 8 6,451 1,041 11 4,935 1,201 13 86.7

Separated2

 4,183 930 13 2,030 832 14 2,153 1,046 20 79.5

Union Affiliation3

Members of unions4

 13,197 1,263 8 5,769 1,174 10 7,428 1,341 11 87.5

Represented by unions5

 14,783 1,253 7 6,541 1,165 8 8,242 1,333 10 87.4

Not represented by a union

 106,125 1,090 3 47,666 983 3 58,459 1,180 4 83.3

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and older

 109,482 1,170 3 49,138 1,060 4 60,344 1,273 5 83.3

Less than a high school diploma

 6,047 708 3 1,922 619 4 4,125 768 7 80.6

High school graduates, no college

 26,327 899 3 9,995 770 4 16,331 991 4 77.7

Some college or associate degree

 26,526 1,016 4 12,210 895 4 14,316 1,165 6 76.8

Bachelor's degree and higher

 50,582 1,609 6 25,010 1,437 6 25,572 1,870 7 76.8

Footnotes
1 Includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages.
2 Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
3 Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region.
4 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
5 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2023 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number of workers Median weekly earnings Standard error of median Number of workers Median weekly earnings Standard error of median Number of workers Median weekly earnings Standard error of median

Total, full-time wage and salary workers

 120,907 $1,117 $3 54,207 $1,005 $3 66,700 $1,202 $4 83.6

Management, professional, and related occupations

 56,077 1,527 4 29,007 1,349 5 27,070 1,778 11 75.9

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

 23,989 1,630 9 11,564 1,449 9 12,425 1,868 10 77.6

Management occupations

 15,762 1,730 15 7,032 1,483 15 8,731 1,900 6 78.1

Chief executives

 1,261 2,901 11 407 2,520 244 854 2,983 90 84.5

General and operations managers

 1,222 1,544 22 456 1,347 27 767 1,689 70 79.8

Legislators

 6 - - 3 - - 3 - - -

Advertising and promotions managers

 47 - - 18 - - 29 - - -

Marketing managers

 508 1,812 81 320 1,746 33 188 1,911 40 91.4

Sales managers

 566 2,004 28 176 1,688 138 390 2,297 56 73.5

Public relations and fundraising managers

 114 1,889 66 75 1,733 65 39 - - -

Administrative services managers

 75 1,405 67 49 - - 25 - - -

Facilities managers

 145 1,436 84 32 - - 114 1,575 188 -

Computer and information systems managers

 781 2,303 20 212 2,192 175 569 2,313 18 94.8

Financial managers

 1,355 1,757 23 748 1,497 52 607 2,100 21 71.3

Compensation and benefits managers

 16 - - 12 - - 4 - - -

Human resources managers

 324 1,756 32 245 1,706 54 79 1,891 47 90.2

Training and development managers

 58 1,976 785 31 - - 27 - - -

Industrial production managers

 260 1,875 47 48 - - 212 1,884 27 -

Purchasing managers

 234 1,741 52 105 1,585 37 129 1,879 37 84.4

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

 360 1,262 31 83 1,219 44 277 1,318 103 92.5

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers

 116 1,171 49 30 - - 86 1,216 50 -

Construction managers

 693 1,680 75 82 1,431 233 611 1,747 27 81.9

Education and childcare administrators

 941 1,565 27 647 1,469 44 294 1,870 30 78.6

Architectural and engineering managers

 174 2,904 33 24 - - 150 2,887 35 -

Food service managers

 720 988 19 336 924 36 384 1,121 40 82.4

Funeral home managers

 5 - - 2 - - 3 - - -

Entertainment and recreation managers

 53 1,035 35 21 - - 32 - - -

Lodging managers

 116 1,257 38 74 1,069 240 42 - - -

Medical and health services managers

 767 1,634 55 543 1,540 26 224 1,914 30 80.5

Natural sciences managers

 36 - - 22 - - 14 - - -

Postmasters and mail superintendents

 16 - - 12 - - 4 - - -

Property, real estate, and community association managers

 489 1,263 45 300 1,143 41 189 1,521 146 75.1

Social and community service managers

 410 1,382 21 297 1,341 53 113 1,501 128 89.3

Emergency management directors

 13 - - 4 - - 8 - - -

Personal service managers, all other

 10 - - 9 - - 2 - - -

Managers, all other

 3,872 1,738 28 1,609 1,536 26 2,263 1,887 15 81.4

Business and financial operations occupations

 8,227 1,517 11 4,533 1,406 14 3,694 1,674 31 84.0

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes

 29 - - 14 - - 15 - - -

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products

 8 - - 3 - - 5 - - -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products

 141 1,125 43 84 1,029 42 57 1,270 416 81.0

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products

 287 1,370 55 153 1,216 78 134 1,514 60 80.3

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators

 367 1,370 39 214 1,306 34 153 1,468 48 89.0

Compliance officers

 314 1,458 78 169 1,377 101 145 1,597 152 86.2

Cost estimators

 134 1,355 64 20 - - 114 1,401 154 -

Human resources workers

 893 1,273 33 667 1,259 15 226 1,367 38 92.1

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists

 68 1,252 48 51 1,266 124 16 - - -

Training and development specialists

 144 1,342 42 80 1,222 72 63 1,648 128 74.2

Logisticians

 182 1,130 36 78 994 37 105 1,207 94 82.4

Project management specialists

 886 1,811 69 405 1,661 27 481 1,919 87 86.6

Management analysts

 714 1,890 21 354 1,817 92 360 1,993 218 91.2

Meeting, convention, and event planners

 98 1,234 60 73 1,203 54 25 - - -

Fundraisers

 91 1,481 199 69 1,489 404 22 - - -

Market research analysts and marketing specialists

 416 1,590 82 252 1,552 32 164 1,771 206 87.6

Business operations specialists, all other

 474 1,465 64 262 1,224 48 212 1,737 90 70.5

Accountants and auditors

 1,394 1,553 21 807 1,504 40 587 1,644 54 91.5

Property appraisers and assessors

 53 1,568 96 19 - - 34 - - -

Budget analysts

 37 - - 16 - - 21 - - -

Credit analysts

 47 - - 16 - - 31 - - -

Financial and investment analysts

 358 1,668 50 177 1,643 27 181 1,760 50 93.4

Personal financial advisors

 412 1,884 25 154 1,552 39 258 2,082 155 74.5

Insurance underwriters

 96 1,367 179 54 1,224 213 42 - - -

Financial examiners

 19 - - 9 - - 9 - - -

Credit counselors and loan officers

 304 1,360 25 165 1,294 49 139 1,457 56 88.8

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents

 78 1,396 46 46 - - 32 - - -

Tax preparers

 63 1,154 31 49 - - 14 - - -

Other financial specialists

 120 1,481 197 69 1,233 52 51 2,386 325 51.7

Professional and related occupations

 32,088 1,458 6 17,443 1,278 7 14,645 1,736 11 73.6

Computer and mathematical occupations

 6,129 1,890 8 1,607 1,628 25 4,522 1,976 29 82.4

Computer and information research scientists

 38 - - 12 - - 26 - - -

Computer systems analysts

 485 1,701 81 195 1,487 131 291 1,894 32 78.5

Information security analysts

 209 2,133 303 40 - - 169 2,306 31 -

Computer programmers

 375 1,889 24 75 1,760 166 300 1,906 32 92.3

Software developers

 2,104 2,283 16 422 2,020 113 1,682 2,296 13 88.0

Software quality assurance analysts and testers

 73 1,751 82 29 - - 44 - - -

Web developers

 57 2,197 145 8 - - 49 - - -

Web and digital interface designers

 59 1,423 87 29 - - 30 - - -

Computer support specialists

 616 1,424 36 162 1,348 62 454 1,478 47 91.2

Database administrators and architects

 108 2,113 87 30 - - 78 2,283 30 -

Network and computer systems administrators

 200 1,670 115 30 - - 169 1,830 69 -

Computer network architects

 97 1,913 46 8 - - 90 1,967 414 -

Computer occupations, all other

 1,104 1,597 38 271 1,430 113 833 1,631 57 87.7

Actuaries

 45 - - 18 - - 27 - - -

Mathematicians

 4 - - 0 - - 4 - - -

Operations research analysts

 142 1,917 151 77 1,665 471 65 2,208 88 75.4

Statisticians

 44 - - 18 - - 25 - - -

Other mathematical science occupations

 369 1,595 40 181 1,474 63 188 1,668 39 88.4

Architecture and engineering occupations

 3,374 1,785 25 553 1,635 25 2,821 1,864 20 87.7

Architects, except landscape and naval

 162 1,831 144 55 1,691 172 108 1,893 22 89.3

Landscape architects

 19 - - 9 - - 11 - - -

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists

 37 - - 6 - - 31 - - -

Aerospace engineers

 177 2,071 157 25 - - 152 2,086 44 -

Agricultural engineers

 4 - - 0 - - 4 - - -

Bioengineers and biomedical engineers

 27 - - 6 - - 21 - - -

Chemical engineers

 86 2,285 27 19 - - 67 2,300 37 -

Civil engineers

 479 1,752 28 78 1,465 110 401 1,839 34 79.7

Computer hardware engineers

 69 2,277 60 4 - - 65 2,252 135 -

Electrical and electronics engineers

 244 2,056 122 28 - - 216 2,101 46 -

Environmental engineers

 29 - - 7 - - 22 - - -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety

 278 1,740 25 69 1,682 76 209 1,766 48 95.2

Marine engineers and naval architects

 11 - - 0 - - 11 - - -

Materials engineers

 52 2,220 91 6 - - 46 - - -

Mechanical engineers

 423 1,890 18 43 - - 381 1,901 21 -

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers

 9 - - 0 - - 9 - - -

Nuclear engineers

 4 - - 0 - - 4 - - -

Petroleum engineers

 10 - - 0 - - 10 - - -

Engineers, all other

 620 1,938 61 93 1,904 52 528 1,953 67 97.5

Architectural and civil drafters

 23 - - 4 - - 19 - - -

Other drafters

 73 1,326 220 15 - - 58 1,259 66 -

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians

 93 1,429 74 12 - - 82 1,442 40 -

Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters

 359 1,217 19 63 982 50 296 1,287 59 76.3

Surveying and mapping technicians

 83 1,001 41 10 - - 73 1,023 54 -

Life, physical, and social science occupations

 1,583 1,541 26 753 1,445 34 830 1,658 45 87.2

Agricultural and food scientists

 22 - - 10 - - 13 - - -

Biological scientists

 104 1,404 82 57 1,352 56 47 - - -

Conservation scientists and foresters

 29 - - 10 - - 19 - - -

Medical scientists

 138 1,826 165 69 1,537 67 69 2,290 42 67.1

Life scientists, all other

 8 - - 5 - - 3 - - -

Astronomers and physicists

 24 - - 5 - - 19 - - -

Atmospheric and space scientists

 13 - - 4 - - 9 - - -

Chemists and materials scientists

 96 1,913 39 33 - - 63 2,180 251 -

Environmental scientists and specialists, including health

 49 - - 23 - - 26 - - -

Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers

 31 - - 10 - - 21 - - -

Physical scientists, all other

 399 1,731 111 179 1,649 250 220 1,742 40 94.7

Economists

 22 - - 8 - - 14 - - -

Survey researchers

 3 - - 2 - - 2 - - -

Clinical and counseling psychologists

 5 - - 3 - - 2 - - -

School psychologists

 46 - - 41 - - 5 - - -

Other psychologists

 65 1,726 227 49 - - 16 - - -

Sociologists

 6 - - 4 - - 1 - - -

Urban and regional planners

 34 - - 12 - - 23 - - -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers

 42 - - 22 - - 20 - - -

Agricultural and food science technicians

 34 - - 15 - - 20 - - -

Biological technicians

 26 - - 11 - - 15 - - -

Chemical technicians

 58 1,377 50 18 - - 39 - - -

Environmental science and geoscience technicians

 13 - - 2 - - 11 - - -

Nuclear technicians

 8 - - 5 - - 3 - - -

Social science research assistants

 4 - - 1 - - 3 - - -

Other life, physical, and social science technicians

 240 1,306 51 141 1,275 119 99 1,430 80 89.2

Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians

 63 1,437 76 14 - - 49 - - -

Community and social service occupations

 2,334 1,147 13 1,599 1,144 13 735 1,157 34 98.9

Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors

 103 1,138 44 79 1,130 45 24 - - -

Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors

 338 1,167 20 264 1,158 18 73 1,227 81 94.4

Marriage and family therapists

 14 - - 13 - - 1 - - -

Mental health counselors

 123 1,316 35 91 1,372 71 32 - - -

Rehabilitation counselors

 13 - - 8 - - 5 - - -

Counselors, all other

 182 1,070 112 132 1,011 31 51 1,248 50 81.0

Child, family, and school social workers

 64 1,064 26 57 1,080 31 6 - - -

Healthcare social workers

 68 1,028 60 50 1,028 56 18 - - -

Mental health and substance abuse social workers

 11 - - 8 - - 3 - - -

Social workers, all other

 654 1,233 28 541 1,228 28 113 1,253 61 98.0

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists

 79 1,196 187 46 - - 33 - - -

Social and human service assistants

 200 963 23 146 962 26 54 967 42 99.5

Other community and social service specialists

 82 1,045 51 60 1,055 44 23 - - -

Clergy

 308 1,084 44 47 - - 261 1,074 66 -

Directors, religious activities and education

 58 1,244 72 37 - - 21 - - -

Religious workers, all other

 37 - - 20 - - 17 - - -

Legal occupations

 1,490 1,880 26 823 1,543 30 667 2,301 20 67.1

Lawyers

 887 2,438 83 374 2,330 105 514 2,505 61 93.0

Judicial law clerks

 13 - - 13 - - 1 - - -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers

 66 2,196 43 34 - - 32 - - -

Paralegals and legal assistants

 371 1,159 28 303 1,125 34 68 1,425 60 78.9

Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers

 83 1,143 67 58 1,030 38 25 - - -

Legal support workers, all other

 70 1,320 51 42 - - 28 - - -

Education, training, and library occupations

 7,524 1,180 9 5,455 1,134 7 2,070 1,376 18 82.4

Postsecondary teachers

 828 1,723 44 366 1,565 48 462 1,852 46 84.5

Preschool and kindergarten teachers

 523 791 18 505 789 17 18 - - -

Elementary and middle school teachers

 3,117 1,243 12 2,444 1,220 14 673 1,370 29 89.1

Secondary school teachers

 859 1,271 23 493 1,213 24 367 1,347 28 90.1

Special education teachers

 308 1,164 29 266 1,156 28 42 - - -

Tutors

 28 - - 20 - - 8 - - -

Other teachers and instructors

 584 1,165 22 355 1,124 46 229 1,242 30 90.5

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians

 57 1,289 207 35 - - 22 - - -

Librarians and media collections specialists

 117 1,118 76 93 1,174 93 24 - - -

Library technicians

 15 - - 11 - - 5 - - -

Teaching assistants

 940 698 16 757 685 15 184 772 31 88.7

Other educational instruction and library workers

 148 1,310 55 111 1,291 69 37 - - -

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

 1,858 1,343 18 822 1,271 34 1,036 1,381 34 92.0

Artists and related workers

 94 1,543 47 37 - - 57 1,458 63 -

Commercial and industrial designers

 13 - - 2 - - 11 - - -

Fashion designers

 25 - - 19 - - 6 - - -

Floral designers

 25 - - 19 - - 6 - - -

Graphic designers

 248 1,253 37 130 1,221 55 119 1,294 56 94.4

Interior designers

 50 1,256 49 40 - - 10 - - -

Merchandise displayers and window trimmers

 18 - - 11 - - 7 - - -

Other designers

 272 1,482 28 94 1,408 60 178 1,495 26 94.2

Actors

 17 - - 11 - - 7 - - -

Producers and directors

 130 1,467 58 72 1,609 153 58 1,312 60 122.6

Athletes and sports competitors

 28 - - 5 - - 23 - - -

Coaches and scouts

 113 1,168 47 29 - - 85 1,336 43 -

Umpires, referees, and other sports officials

 2 - - 0 - - 2 - - -

Dancers and choreographers

 5 - - 3 - - 2 - - -

Music directors and composers

 18 - - 4 - - 13 - - -

Musicians and singers

 36 - - 6 - - 30 - - -

Disc jockeys, except radio

 12 - - 0 - - 12 - - -

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other

 6 - - 4 - - 1 - - -

Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys

 20 - - 8 - - 12 - - -

News analysts, reporters, and journalists

 46 - - 21 - - 25 - - -

Public relations specialists

 126 1,544 41 90 1,541 39 36 - - -

Editors

 82 1,440 149 46 - - 36 - - -

Technical writers

 46 - - 29 - - 17 - - -

Writers and authors

 101 1,322 274 44 - - 57 1,551 89 -

Interpreters and translators

 55 964 23 36 - - 18 - - -

Court reporters and simultaneous captioners

 12 - - 10 - - 2 - - -

Media and communication workers, all other

 22 - - 4 - - 18 - - -

Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians

 80 1,387 219 6 - - 73 1,397 98 -

Photographers

 62 1,135 44 16 - - 46 - - -

Television, video, and film camera operators and editors

 93 1,259 29 26 - - 67 1,254 29 -

Media and communication equipment workers, all other

 2 - - 0 - - 2 - - -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

 7,795 1,404 12 5,832 1,341 10 1,963 1,682 48 79.7

Chiropractors

 13 - - 9 - - 5 - - -

Dentists

 64 2,837 794 31 - - 33 - - -

Dietitians and nutritionists

 84 1,137 41 69 1,147 58 16 - - -

Optometrists

 16 - - 11 - - 6 - - -

Pharmacists

 316 2,208 209 182 2,180 267 134 2,238 200 97.4

Emergency medicine physicians

 21 - - 11 - - 9 - - -

Radiologists

 18 - - 5 - - 13 - - -

Other physicians

 715 2,914 35 317 2,907 28 398 2,920 234 99.6

Surgeons

 52 3,300 2,197 10 - - 42 - - -

Physician assistants

 137 2,006 46 92 1,852 81 45 - - -

Podiatrists

 3 - - 3 - - 0 - - -

Audiologists

 14 - - 13 - - 1 - - -

Occupational therapists

 116 1,447 39 102 1,431 42 14 - - -

Physical therapists

 234 1,607 65 145 1,526 41 89 1,715 37 89.0

Radiation therapists

 15 - - 13 - - 2 - - -

Recreational therapists

 7 - - 6 - - 1 - - -

Respiratory therapists

 78 1,371 82 42 - - 36 - - -

Speech-language pathologists

 140 1,433 36 128 1,435 33 11 - - -

Exercise physiologists

 6 - - 4 - - 3 - - -

Therapists, all other

 178 1,257 21 147 1,257 18 31 - - -

Veterinarians

 53 2,020 479 36 - - 17 - - -

Registered nurses

 2,817 1,442 15 2,413 1,409 15 404 1,657 37 85.0

Nurse anesthetists

 14 - - 8 - - 6 - - -

Nurse midwives

 3 - - 3 - - 0 - - -

Nurse practitioners

 212 2,079 46 191 2,031 101 20 - - -

Acupuncturists

 3 - - 1 - - 2 - - -

Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other

 4 - - 3 - - 2 - - -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians

 251 1,117 37 197 1,089 49 55 1,172 79 92.9

Dental hygienists

 106 1,326 63 100 1,276 88 5 - - -

Cardiovascular technologists and technicians

 33 - - 18 - - 14 - - -

Diagnostic medical sonographers

 87 1,343 54 58 1,286 52 29 - - -

Radiologic technologists and technicians

 204 1,412 79 136 1,321 42 68 1,483 36 89.1

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

 41 - - 33 - - 8 - - -

Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists

 35 - - 16 - - 19 - - -

Emergency medical technicians

 119 1,101 36 41 - - 78 1,170 71 -

Paramedics

 102 1,318 86 32 - - 70 1,349 53 -

Pharmacy technicians

 244 903 37 189 886 32 55 992 70 89.3

Psychiatric technicians

 99 885 25 62 895 27 37 - - -

Surgical technologists

 95 1,244 25 77 1,235 25 18 - - -

Veterinary technologists and technicians

 99 829 48 88 817 43 11 - - -

Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians

 46 - - 32 - - 14 - - -

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses

 479 988 18 420 984 17 59 1,018 68 96.7

Medical records specialists

 184 918 32 162 946 48 22 - - -

Opticians, dispensing

 37 - - 30 - - 7 - - -

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians

 119 1,035 36 94 1,014 32 25 - - -

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

 80 1,372 95 51 1,203 412 30 - - -

Service occupations

 15,818 721 3 8,146 676 3 7,672 801 5 84.4

Healthcare support occupations

 3,467 713 4 2,890 704 4 578 794 14 88.7

Home health aides

 330 644 24 271 625 18 59 709 32 88.2

Personal care aides

 903 679 11 713 668 10 190 751 41 88.9

Nursing assistants

 899 700 9 804 695 8 95 765 44 90.8

Orderlies and psychiatric aides

 48 - - 29 - - 19 - - -

Occupational therapy assistants and aides

 22 - - 16 - - 6 - - -

Physical therapist assistants and aides

 75 909 68 44 - - 30 - - -

Massage therapists

 34 - - 23 - - 11 - - -

Dental assistants

 235 754 21 222 758 20 13 - - -

Medical assistants

 490 752 14 438 738 13 52 904 38 81.6

Medical transcriptionists

 25 - - 20 - - 4 - - -

Pharmacy aides

 20 - - 13 - - 6 - - -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers

 67 720 21 53 701 18 14 - - -

Phlebotomists

 133 730 22 119 723 20 14 - - -

Other healthcare support workers

 187 833 40 124 790 41 64 919 63 86.0

Protective service occupations

 2,706 1,113 16 566 884 16 2,140 1,190 20 74.3

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

 59 1,432 136 20 - - 39 - - -

First-line supervisors of police and detectives

 93 1,800 86 10 - - 83 1,812 79 -

First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers

 47 - - 3 - - 45 - - -

First-line supervisors of security workers

 70 1,033 76 15 - - 55 1,060 158 -

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other

 3 - - 1 - - 2 - - -

Firefighters

 297 1,351 24 9 - - 288 1,357 26 -

Fire inspectors

 19 - - 5 - - 14 - - -

Bailiffs

 12 - - 6 - - 6 - - -

Correctional officers and jailers

 294 1,073 45 91 914 18 203 1,133 64 80.7

Detectives and criminal investigators

 132 1,732 102 31 - - 101 1,833 87 -

Fish and game wardens

 5 - - 1 - - 4 - - -

Parking enforcement workers

 7 - - 4 - - 3 - - -

Police officers

 709 1,320 35 104 1,034 98 605 1,363 35 75.9

Animal control workers

 12 - - 5 - - 7 - - -

Private detectives and investigators

 95 1,326 130 38 - - 57 1,481 238 -

Security guards and gambling surveillance officers

 730 788 15 168 717 21 562 811 20 88.4

Crossing guards and flaggers

 24 - - 13 - - 11 - - -

Transportation security screeners

 45 - - 21 - - 25 - - -

School bus monitors

 9 - - 9 - - 0 - - -

Other protective service workers

 44 - - 11 - - 32 - - -

Food preparation and serving related occupations

 4,325 660 5 2,036 618 5 2,289 700 7 88.3

Chefs and head cooks

 391 816 20 87 690 20 304 854 31 80.8

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

 432 728 16 217 677 13 215 819 29 82.7

Cooks

 1,259 655 8 446 608 11 813 682 9 89.1

Food preparation workers

 484 619 8 264 600 10 220 645 12 93.0

Bartenders

 208 764 18 78 745 60 129 768 18 97.0

Fast food and counter workers

 288 610 8 179 595 10 109 639 28 93.1

Waiters and waitresses

 828 642 13 547 617 10 281 684 19 90.2

Food servers, nonrestaurant

 91 623 26 59 642 43 32 - - -

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers

 132 593 24 69 588 24 62 607 57 96.9

Dishwashers

 133 598 14 27 - - 106 601 16 -

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop

 73 594 28 62 596 25 11 - - -

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other

 7 - - 1 - - 6 - - -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

 3,520 692 4 1,359 621 5 2,161 749 10 82.9

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers

 177 896 27 77 699 21 100 1,050 55 66.6

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers

 93 928 59 8 - - 85 938 52 -

Janitors and building cleaners

 1,505 696 6 505 626 10 999 745 16 84.0

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

 834 619 6 721 611 6 113 686 18 89.1

Pest control workers

 90 848 48 7 - - 83 858 74 -

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers

 713 703 9 40 - - 673 709 9 -

Tree trimmers and pruners

 92 775 36 1 - - 91 775 36 -

Other grounds maintenance workers

 18 - - 0 - - 18 - - -

Personal care and service occupations

 1,799 725 9 1,294 706 9 505 779 23 90.6

Supervisors of personal care and service workers

 97 855 28 54 793 142 43 - - -

Animal trainers

 31 - - 18 - - 13 - - -

Animal caretakers

 161 704 28 122 687 31 38 - - -

Gambling services workers

 66 893 28 29 - - 37 - - -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers

 7 - - 4 - - 3 - - -

Other entertainment attendants and related workers

 87 707 20 48 - - 39 - - -

Embalmers, crematory operators, and funeral attendants

 13 - - 3 - - 10 - - -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers

 28 - - 11 - - 17 - - -

Barbers

 69 655 66 24 - - 45 - - -

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists

 239 740 26 222 726 21 18 - - -

Manicurists and pedicurists

 197 772 35 162 748 44 35 - - -

Skincare specialists

 46 - - 46 - - 0 - - -

Other personal appearance workers

 11 - - 11 - - 0 - - -

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges

 67 676 35 15 - - 51 680 56 -

Tour and travel guides

 14 - - 6 - - 8 - - -

Childcare workers

 379 635 16 356 632 15 22 - - -

Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors

 71 956 36 31 - - 40 - - -

Recreation workers

 129 776 29 74 716 23 56 801 24 89.4

Residential advisors

 17 - - 12 - - 5 - - -

Personal care and service workers, all other

 68 761 19 45 - - 23 - - -

Sales and office occupations

 21,667 923 4 12,791 856 5 8,876 1,072 11 79.9

Sales and related occupations

 9,148 1,001 8 4,049 830 12 5,099 1,196 19 69.4

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers

 2,234 995 12 960 904 16 1,274 1,094 35 82.6

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers

 906 1,345 33 367 1,151 17 538 1,464 42 78.6

Cashiers

 1,147 606 6 801 602 7 346 616 12 97.7

Counter and rental clerks

 64 801 64 18 - - 46 - - -

Parts salespersons

 89 769 94 25 - - 65 796 69 -

Retail salespersons

 1,585 829 18 622 710 11 963 988 21 71.9

Advertising sales agents

 101 1,442 76 50 1,398 57 51 1,728 214 80.9

Insurance sales agents

 443 1,081 74 260 927 38 183 1,310 150 70.8

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents

 184 2,320 155 55 1,654 57 129 2,412 178 68.6

Travel agents

 48 - - 40 - - 8 - - -

Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel

 577 1,365 35 178 1,137 32 399 1,451 87 78.4

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing

 999 1,427 47 268 1,215 42 731 1,535 41 79.2

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters

 10 - - 6 - - 3 - - -

Real estate brokers and sales agents

 440 1,363 33 252 1,215 102 188 1,444 66 84.1

Sales engineers

 51 1,918 30 0 - - 51 1,918 30 -

Telemarketers

 28 - - 24 - - 4 - - -

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers

 29 - - 14 - - 16 - - -

Sales and related workers, all other

 213 914 93 108 807 40 105 1,019 94 79.2

Office and administrative support occupations

 12,519 891 4 8,743 864 5 3,777 983 8 87.9

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

 1,038 1,114 17 687 1,075 33 351 1,209 36 88.9

Switchboard operators, including answering service

 19 - - 14 - - 6 - - -

Telephone operators

 11 - - 6 - - 5 - - -

Communications equipment operators, all other

 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - -

Bill and account collectors

 84 809 45 59 778 38 25 - - -

Billing and posting clerks

 391 826 17 360 819 13 31 - - -

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

 869 943 15 738 922 13 130 1,100 198 83.8

Gambling cage workers

 22 - - 11 - - 11 - - -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks

 119 1,040 52 103 1,037 46 16 - - -

Procurement clerks

 41 - - 16 - - 25 - - -

Tellers

 163 721 14 119 711 12 44 - - -

Financial clerks, all other

 121 1,078 59 65 1,009 32 57 1,335 75 75.6

Brokerage clerks

 6 - - 2 - - 4 - - -

Correspondence clerks

 3 - - 3 - - 0 - - -

Court, municipal, and license clerks

 84 928 72 58 821 68 26 - - -

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks

 25 - - 17 - - 8 - - -

Customer service representatives

 2,157 828 12 1,426 799 10 731 918 23 87.0

Eligibility interviewers, government programs

 96 960 49 81 951 43 15 - - -

File clerks

 86 898 31 61 882 170 26 - - -

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks

 87 741 19 48 - - 39 - - -

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

 166 789 23 133 797 21 33 - - -

Library assistants, clerical

 33 - - 27 - - 5 - - -

Loan interviewers and clerks

 128 931 39 96 887 101 32 - - -

New accounts clerks

 17 - - 9 - - 8 - - -

Order clerks

 66 734 28 36 - - 30 - - -

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping

 71 988 43 64 982 39 7 - - -

Receptionists and information clerks

 827 752 11 715 749 11 112 770 40 97.3

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks

 113 900 31 49 - - 64 987 47 -

Information and record clerks, all other

 71 858 62 57 802 41 14 - - -

Cargo and freight agents

 25 - - 12 - - 13 - - -

Couriers and messengers

 547 853 25 112 711 30 435 885 18 80.3

Public safety telecommunicators

 67 1,013 57 55 964 39 11 - - -

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance

 156 898 21 91 852 22 65 1,128 43 75.5

Meter readers, utilities

 20 - - 0 - - 19 - - -

Postal service clerks

 95 894 51 49 - - 46 - - -

Postal service mail carriers

 279 1,130 31 97 1,015 32 182 1,194 76 85.0

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators

 58 904 44 31 - - 26 - - -

Production, planning, and expediting clerks

 198 1,334 16 89 1,333 22 109 1,335 23 99.9

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

 555 811 13 199 789 18 356 827 19 95.4

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping

 59 843 37 23 - - 36 - - -

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants

 179 1,272 34 163 1,272 46 16 - - -

Legal secretaries and administrative assistants

 40 - - 37 - - 3 - - -

Medical secretaries and administrative assistants

 80 909 27 74 914 25 6 - - -

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

 1,387 894 9 1,257 882 9 130 1,101 59 80.1

Data entry keyers

 185 814 15 126 809 23 59 819 19 98.8

Word processors and typists

 33 - - 31 - - 3 - - -

Desktop publishers

 1 - - 1 - - 0 - - -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

 265 912 17 206 896 24 59 1,062 70 84.4

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service

 37 - - 17 - - 20 - - -

Office clerks, general

 926 828 17 750 824 16 176 867 86 95.0

Office machine operators, except computer

 15 - - 10 - - 5 - - -

Proofreaders and copy markers

 4 - - 4 - - 1 - - -

Statistical assistants

 14 - - 3 - - 11 - - -

Office and administrative support workers, all other

 380 1,007 18 246 988 18 134 1,038 15 95.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

 11,368 1,001 5 575 734 17 10,793 1,013 5 72.5

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

 731 689 11 183 614 10 548 728 14 84.3

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers

 59 907 35 11 - - 48 - - -

Agricultural inspectors

 24 - - 7 - - 17 - - -

Animal breeders

 9 - - 0 - - 9 - - -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products

 39 - - 26 - - 13 - - -

Miscellaneous agricultural workers

 542 662 17 130 598 9 412 704 14 84.9

Fishing and hunting workers

 7 - - 0 - - 7 - - -

Forest and conservation workers

 18 - - 9 - - 9 - - -

Logging workers

 33 - - 0 - - 33 - - -

Construction and extraction occupations

 6,517 985 6 240 795 19 6,277 991 6 80.2

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

 537 1,373 37 13 - - 525 1,361 44 -

Boilermakers

 14 - - 3 - - 12 - - -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons

 76 850 59 1 - - 75 856 58 -

Carpenters

 942 928 15 27 - - 915 927 15 -

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers

 67 924 41 6 - - 61 931 43 -

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers

 48 - - 0 - - 48 - - -

Construction laborers

 1,572 858 16 74 711 17 1,498 870 14 81.7

Construction equipment operators

 353 1,113 26 2 - - 351 1,115 26 -

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers

 90 812 20 2 - - 88 815 22 -

Electricians

 813 1,195 18 19 - - 793 1,199 18 -

Glaziers

 28 - - 3 - - 25 - - -

Insulation workers

 61 1,079 283 4 - - 57 973 108 -

Painters and paperhangers

 389 810 15 41 - - 348 821 20 -

Pipelayers

 46 - - 0 - - 46 - - -

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters

 546 1,063 33 8 - - 538 1,070 34 -

Plasterers and stucco masons

 22 - - 0 - - 22 - - -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers

 10 - - 0 - - 10 - - -

Roofers

 187 804 17 8 - - 179 808 17 -

Sheet metal workers

 112 1,096 26 4 - - 108 1,095 25 -

Structural iron and steel workers

 37 - - 2 - - 35 - - -

Solar photovoltaic installers

 14 - - 0 - - 14 - - -

Helpers, construction trades

 49 - - 4 - - 45 - - -

Construction and building inspectors

 85 1,193 29 7 - - 78 1,197 28 -

Elevator and escalator installers and repairers

 39 - - 0 - - 39 - - -

Fence erectors

 26 - - 0 - - 26 - - -

Hazardous materials removal workers

 21 - - 0 - - 21 - - -

Highway maintenance workers

 98 941 36 0 - - 98 941 36 -

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators

 22 - - 0 - - 22 - - -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners

 7 - - 1 - - 5 - - -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers

 48 - - 4 - - 44 - - -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas

 21 - - 0 - - 21 - - -

Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining

 9 - - 3 - - 6 - - -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

 22 - - 0 - - 22 - - -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

 7 - - 0 - - 7 - - -

Underground mining machine operators

 43 - - 1 - - 42 - - -

Roustabouts, oil and gas

 8 - - 0 - - 8 - - -

Other extraction workers

 47 - - 1 - - 46 - - -

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

 4,120 1,092 11 152 875 22 3,968 1,104 11 79.3

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers

 227 1,246 44 17 - - 210 1,246 42 -

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

 109 1,042 30 17 - - 92 1,072 40 -

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers

 92 1,042 59 7 - - 85 1,052 62 -

Avionics technicians

 10 - - 1 - - 9 - - -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers

 18 - - 0 - - 18 - - -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility

 8 - - 0 - - 7 - - -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - -

Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers

 19 - - 2 - - 17 - - -

Security and fire alarm systems installers

 37 - - 1 - - 36 - - -

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians

 115 1,355 74 3 - - 112 1,370 66 -

Automotive body and related repairers

 105 1,025 50 8 - - 97 1,049 47 -

Automotive glass installers and repairers

 18 - - 1 - - 17 - - -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

 741 994 18 15 - - 727 1,001 18 -

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

 281 1,093 29 5 - - 277 1,095 28 -

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics

 194 1,206 35 3 - - 191 1,210 35 -

Small engine mechanics

 28 - - 1 - - 27 - - -

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers

 56 804 36 1 - - 55 810 35 -

Control and valve installers and repairers

 19 - - 2 - - 18 - - -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers

 464 1,126 23 5 - - 458 1,129 21 -

Home appliance repairers

 28 - - 1 - - 27 - - -

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics

 397 1,172 29 14 - - 383 1,183 31 -

Maintenance and repair workers, general

 586 1,007 27 27 - - 559 1,017 29 -

Maintenance workers, machinery

 20 - - 2 - - 19 - - -

Millwrights

 33 - - 1 - - 32 - - -

Electrical power-line installers and repairers

 122 1,373 55 2 - - 120 1,374 55 -

Telecommunications line installers and repairers

 141 1,135 30 8 - - 134 1,141 29 -

Precision instrument and equipment repairers

 35 - - 4 - - 32 - - -

Wind turbine service technicians

 9 - - 0 - - 9 - - -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

 26 - - 5 - - 21 - - -

Commercial divers

 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - -

Locksmiths and safe repairers

 23 - - 0 - - 23 - - -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers

 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - -

Riggers

 15 - - 0 - - 15 - - -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers

 12 - - 0 - - 12 - - -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers

 124 1,014 26 2 - - 123 1,018 26 -

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

 15,977 869 5 3,688 716 3 12,290 923 5 77.6

Production occupations

 7,313 895 5 2,036 742 8 5,277 966 8 76.8

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers

 714 1,175 30 154 914 24 560 1,263 36 72.4

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers

 14 - - 6 - - 8 - - -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers

 115 824 32 54 782 35 61 887 31 88.2

Engine and other machine assemblers

 12 - - 2 - - 11 - - -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters

 18 - - 0 - - 18 - - -

Other assemblers and fabricators

 961 812 11 355 758 25 607 852 22 89.0

Bakers

 139 670 17 81 656 18 58 726 59 90.4

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers

 231 767 20 69 696 22 161 818 24 85.1

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders

 2 - - 1 - - 1 - - -

Food batchmakers

 57 810 28 30 - - 27 - - -

Food cooking machine operators and tenders

 8 - - 3 - - 6 - - -

Food processing workers, all other

 137 927 33 35 - - 102 970 30 -

Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers

 107 1,055 113 11 - - 96 1,087 24 -

Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 28 - - 8 - - 20 - - -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 68 780 60 2 - - 66 788 71 -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 35 - - 5 - - 30 - - -

Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 8 - - 2 - - 6 - - -

Machinists

 284 1,023 30 21 - - 263 1,049 47 -

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters

 15 - - 2 - - 13 - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic

 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

 29 - - 2 - - 27 - - -

Tool and die makers

 31 - - 0 - - 31 - - -

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers

 498 1,012 12 33 - - 465 1,019 13 -

Other metal workers and plastic workers

 347 855 21 69 684 27 278 906 27 75.5

Prepress technicians and workers

 9 - - 0 - - 9 - - -

Printing press operators

 117 869 31 24 - - 94 914 43 -

Print binding and finishing workers

 11 - - 0 - - 11 - - -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers

 92 665 25 69 636 26 24 - - -

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

 16 - - 6 - - 10 - - -

Sewing machine operators

 103 673 22 71 655 22 31 - - -

Shoe and leather workers

 6 - - 3 - - 3 - - -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers

 32 - - 27 - - 5 - - -

Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders

 17 - - 10 - - 7 - - -

Upholsterers

 15 - - 5 - - 10 - - -

Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers

 9 - - 6 - - 4 - - -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters

 33 - - 2 - - 32 - - -

Furniture finishers

 7 - - 2 - - 4 - - -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood

 16 - - 2 - - 14 - - -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing

 28 - - 4 - - 25 - - -

Other woodworkers

 15 - - 3 - - 12 - - -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers

 41 - - 1 - - 40 - - -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators

 72 1,328 104 2 - - 70 1,337 49 -

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators

 89 961 21 7 - - 81 965 20 -

Miscellaneous plant and system operators

 34 - - 1 - - 33 - - -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders

 41 - - 4 - - 37 - - -

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers

 94 994 27 17 - - 77 1,020 40 -

Cutting workers

 50 826 43 15 - - 35 - - -

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders

 14 - - 1 - - 12 - - -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders

 8 - - 0 - - 8 - - -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

 718 921 14 282 809 22 436 1,010 24 80.1

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers

 33 - - 8 - - 25 - - -

Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians

 56 722 29 26 - - 30 - - -

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

 264 716 19 147 698 18 117 752 30 92.8

Painting workers

 126 816 16 12 - - 114 824 87 -

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators

 18 - - 9 - - 9 - - -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders

 10 - - 3 - - 7 - - -

Etchers and engravers

 5 - - 2 - - 3 - - -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic

 17 - - 1 - - 16 - - -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders

 15 - - 6 - - 8 - - -

Tire builders

 10 - - 1 - - 9 - - -

Helpers--production workers

 39 - - 10 - - 29 - - -

Other production equipment operators and tenders

 7 - - 4 - - 3 - - -

Other production workers

 1,162 856 15 301 771 28 862 893 15 86.3

Transportation and material moving occupations

 8,664 841 6 1,651 694 5 7,013 897 6 77.4

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers

 313 1,016 28 78 791 40 235 1,127 43 70.2

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers

 173 2,015 337 15 - - 158 2,005 344 -

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists

 38 - - 3 - - 34 - - -

Flight attendants

 74 961 135 55 815 38 19 - - -

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians

 13 - - 4 - - 9 - - -

Bus drivers, school

 115 660 19 69 650 19 46 - - -

Bus drivers, transit and intercity

 224 911 29 74 811 32 150 979 24 82.8

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers

 2,709 1,005 8 149 734 42 2,560 1,016 8 72.2

Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs

 47 - - 3 - - 44 - - -

Taxi drivers

 218 865 22 29 - - 190 925 43 -

Motor vehicle operators, all other

 114 813 74 19 - - 95 865 33 -

Locomotive engineers and operators

 45 - - 1 - - 43 - - -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters

 53 1,642 43 3 - - 50 1,656 42 -

Other rail transportation workers

 27 - - 2 - - 24 - - -

Sailors and marine oilers

 16 - - 3 - - 12 - - -

Ship and boat captains and operators

 27 - - 0 - - 27 - - -

Ship engineers

 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - -

Parking attendants

 41 - - 4 - - 37 - - -

Transportation service attendants

 44 - - 7 - - 38 - - -

Transportation inspectors

 35 - - 4 - - 32 - - -

Passenger attendants

 25 - - 16 - - 9 - - -

Other transportation workers

 29 - - 5 - - 24 - - -

Crane and tower operators

 55 1,316 75 1 - - 54 1,326 77 -

Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators

 21 - - 2 - - 19 - - -

Industrial truck and tractor operators

 583 809 8 57 786 29 526 812 9 96.8

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment

 299 694 11 57 605 18 242 704 11 85.9

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

 1,584 765 9 349 685 9 1,235 801 11 85.5

Machine feeders and offbearers

 29 - - 16 - - 13 - - -

Packers and packagers, hand

 484 698 8 255 667 20 229 732 25 91.1

Stockers and order fillers

 1,084 706 6 355 667 11 729 730 13 91.4

Pumping station operators

 18 - - 1 - - 17 - - -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

 74 762 41 5 - - 69 789 59 -

Other material moving workers

 50 889 158 11 - - 38 - - -

Note: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2023 annual averages
State Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median

United States

 120,907 $1,117 $3 54,207 $1,005 $3 66,700 $1,202 $4 83.6

Alabama

 1,837 982 14 835 873 17 1,002 1,084 29 80.5

Alaska

 254 1,167 20 112 1,035 31 142 1,286 45 80.5

Arizona

 2,639 1,151 18 1,136 1,019 20 1,503 1,233 16 82.6

Arkansas

 1,044 914 16 475 833 20 569 992 19 84.0

California

 13,552 1,181 10 5,839 1,118 15 7,712 1,244 17 89.9

Colorado

 2,228 1,364 21 984 1,235 19 1,243 1,505 34 82.1

Connecticut

 1,308 1,292 32 600 1,194 54 707 1,353 28 88.2

Delaware

 359 1,017 9 172 990 11 188 1,116 46 88.7

District of Columbia

 316 1,854 31 160 1,726 55 155 1,993 33 86.6

Florida

 8,250 985 7 3,822 926 8 4,428 1,054 18 87.9

Georgia

 3,953 1,035 17 1,810 976 20 2,143 1,103 29 88.5

Hawaii

 477 1,000 21 222 902 20 255 1,095 40 82.4

Idaho

 653 1,016 14 266 910 14 387 1,114 21 81.7

Illinois

 4,595 1,164 12 2,080 1,055 22 2,514 1,262 28 83.6

Indiana

 2,550 1,020 14 1,103 934 23 1,447 1,141 29 81.9

Iowa

 1,218 1,019 16 527 921 19 692 1,128 22 81.6

Kansas

 1,133 1,048 20 497 965 24 636 1,151 30 83.8

Kentucky

 1,417 982 16 652 920 24 765 1,036 22 88.8

Louisiana

 1,519 972 19 732 833 21 787 1,130 33 73.7

Maine

 445 1,058 20 211 992 24 234 1,109 32 89.4

Maryland

 2,439 1,368 25 1,142 1,296 35 1,297 1,464 37 88.5

Massachusetts

 2,636 1,413 24 1,211 1,331 27 1,425 1,527 35 87.2

Michigan

 3,537 1,106 17 1,520 1,001 15 2,017 1,206 15 83.0

Minnesota

 2,160 1,240 21 986 1,131 24 1,174 1,363 28 83.0

Mississippi

 971 851 13 442 775 18 530 921 20 84.1

Missouri

 2,310 1,004 14 1,055 915 19 1,254 1,091 32 83.9

Montana

 377 1,038 20 167 948 20 210 1,136 30 83.5

Nebraska

 762 1,102 17 346 985 30 416 1,179 24 83.5

Nevada

 1,153 996 14 493 912 14 660 1,069 32 85.3

New Hampshire

 536 1,220 30 233 1,071 31 304 1,376 41 77.8

New Jersey

 3,543 1,339 17 1,593 1,168 18 1,951 1,497 37 78.0

New Mexico

 678 986 19 300 913 23 377 1,110 52 82.3

New York

 6,866 1,196 13 3,200 1,090 19 3,665 1,295 25 84.2

North Carolina

 3,949 992 11 1,853 904 13 2,096 1,053 16 85.8

North Dakota

 305 1,104 16 132 976 18 173 1,202 24 81.2

Ohio

 4,135 1,127 13 1,793 998 19 2,342 1,215 23 82.1

Oklahoma

 1,452 960 15 657 860 18 795 1,036 23 83.0

Oregon

 1,451 1,172 20 629 1,106 40 823 1,250 27 88.5

Pennsylvania

 4,782 1,161 13 2,188 1,030 20 2,593 1,250 19 82.4

Rhode Island

 401 1,153 29 180 1,016 24 221 1,240 28 81.9

South Carolina

 1,831 992 18 875 921 18 957 1,075 26 85.7

South Dakota

 344 1,032 16 155 927 17 189 1,182 22 78.4

Tennessee

 2,557 998 13 1,159 905 16 1,397 1,123 22 80.6

Texas

 11,197 1,044 12 4,930 947 11 6,267 1,140 11 83.1

Utah

 1,202 1,142 16 451 965 20 751 1,287 26 75.0

Vermont

 242 1,143 20 113 1,089 27 129 1,214 42 89.7

Virginia

 3,476 1,230 24 1,605 1,098 35 1,871 1,393 45 78.8

Washington

 2,889 1,363 29 1,245 1,165 24 1,645 1,523 37 76.5

West Virginia

 599 967 18 273 852 18 326 1,075 32 79.3

Wisconsin

 2,171 1,130 17 958 1,032 20 1,212 1,225 27 84.2

Wyoming

 209 1,052 26 86 903 20 123 1,172 26 77.0

Note: In general, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates; thus, comparisons of state estimates should be made with caution. Data shown are based on workers' state of residence; workers' reported earnings, however, may or may not be from a job located in the same state.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2023 annual averages
Characteristic Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 23,476 $361 $2 15,172 $365 $3 8,304 $355 $4 102.8

16 to 24 years

 8,317 277 2 4,811 270 3 3,507 286 3 94.4

16 to 19 years

 3,952 232 3 2,183 224 4 1,770 240 4 93.3

20 to 24 years

 4,365 318 3 2,628 308 4 1,737 334 6 92.2

25 years and older

 15,158 424 3 10,361 421 3 4,797 433 6 97.2

25 to 34 years

 3,800 426 6 2,452 428 8 1,349 423 8 101.2

35 to 44 years

 2,989 469 8 2,237 467 10 752 474 13 98.5

45 to 54 years

 2,529 461 9 1,895 449 11 634 487 14 92.2

55 to 64 years

 2,929 431 7 2,080 423 7 849 452 15 93.6

65 years and older

 2,910 355 6 1,697 337 9 1,213 378 11 89.2

Race and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity

White

 18,239 366 3 11,930 370 3 6,309 359 4 103.1

Black or African American

 2,700 339 6 1,639 336 7 1,062 342 9 98.2

Asian

 1,439 390 9 913 399 13 526 377 14 105.8

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 4,512 367 5 2,928 363 6 1,584 375 9 96.8

Marital Status

Never married

 11,950 309 2 6,779 305 3 5,172 314 3 97.1

Married, spouse present1

 8,492 446 5 6,187 439 6 2,305 467 10 94.0

Widowed, divorced, or separated2

 3,034 390 5 2,206 380 7 827 414 10 91.8

Widowed

 658 362 10 538 361 11 120 368 22 98.1

Divorced

 1,714 403 7 1,232 393 9 482 425 14 92.5

Separated2

 662 386 10 436 374 13 225 410 17 91.2

Footnotes
1 Includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages.
2 Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2023 annual averages
Hours of work Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
weekly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median

Total, 16 years and older

 144,541 $980 $2 69,462 $867 $3 75,079 $1,110 $4 78.1

0 to 34 hours

 21,752 365 2 14,077 369 3 7,675 358 4 103.1

0 to 4 hours

 525 85 8 325 71 3 200 115 12 61.7

5 to 9 hours

 1,321 117 2 830 117 2 490 117 3 100.0

10 to 14 hours

 2,067 178 3 1,382 179 4 685 175 4 102.3

15 to 19 hours

 2,623 251 2 1,689 252 2 934 250 3 100.8

20 to 24 hours

 6,463 340 3 4,166 345 3 2,298 332 4 103.9

25 to 29 hours

 2,999 420 3 1,996 424 4 1,003 411 4 103.2

30 to 34 hours

 5,755 537 4 3,688 541 6 2,066 530 7 102.1

35 hours and over

 116,506 1,124 3 52,407 1,011 3 64,100 1,208 4 83.7

35 to 39 hours

 7,745 742 6 5,082 753 8 2,663 725 9 103.9

40 hours

 88,554 1,049 3 40,805 982 3 47,749 1,127 4 87.1

41 hours and over

 20,208 1,606 10 6,519 1,491 14 13,688 1,659 12 89.9

41 to 44 hours

 1,162 1,146 15 435 1,073 31 727 1,171 20 91.6

45 to 48 hours

 5,831 1,438 10 2,085 1,380 20 3,746 1,463 13 94.3

49 to 59 hours

 9,073 1,750 10 2,855 1,669 36 6,218 1,773 22 94.1

60 hours and over

 4,143 1,825 31 1,145 1,596 48 2,998 1,883 13 84.8

Hours vary

 6,282 687 11 2,979 536 14 3,303 883 22 60.7

Usually less than 35 hours

 1,724 314 7 1,095 309 8 629 322 12 96.0

Usually 35 or more hours

 4,401 933 14 1,800 747 15 2,600 1,033 26 72.3

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers. Estimates for the "hours vary" groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2023 annual averages (In thousands)
Characteristic Total
employed		 Number of workers by usual weekly earnings
Under
$350.00		 $350.00
to
$499.99		 $500.00
to
$599.99		 $600.00
to
$749.99		 $750.00
to
$999.99		 $1,000.00
to
$1,199.99		 $1,200.00
to
$1,999.99		 $2,000.00
or
more

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 120,907 2,208 4,652 5,889 15,961 22,294 14,538 31,811 23,554

16 to 24 years

 11,426 526 1,172 1,290 3,199 2,648 1,008 1,291 293

16 to 19 years

 1,550 141 254 252 502 254 71 66 11

20 to 24 years

 9,875 384 918 1,038 2,697 2,395 937 1,225 282

25 years and older

 109,482 1,682 3,480 4,599 12,762 19,646 13,530 30,521 23,261

25 to 34 years

 29,749 412 1,053 1,454 4,169 6,343 4,127 7,957 4,234

35 to 44 years

 28,702 385 813 1,126 2,928 4,777 3,435 8,376 6,861

45 to 54 years

 25,611 340 723 941 2,741 4,209 3,018 7,138 6,501

55 to 64 years

 20,031 337 619 800 2,174 3,426 2,346 5,686 4,644

65 years and older

 5,389 209 272 278 749 891 605 1,364 1,020

Women, 16 years and older

 54,207 1,270 2,579 3,401 8,219 10,734 6,520 13,531 7,955

16 to 24 years

 5,069 280 542 712 1,448 1,143 387 497 62

16 to 19 years

 605 70 117 128 172 71 20 24 3

20 to 24 years

 4,464 210 425 583 1,276 1,072 366 473 59

25 years and older

 49,138 990 2,037 2,689 6,771 9,590 6,133 13,034 7,893

25 to 34 years

 13,388 254 551 777 2,021 3,064 1,841 3,367 1,513

35 to 44 years

 12,666 214 496 680 1,548 2,248 1,567 3,509 2,404

45 to 54 years

 11,673 192 453 604 1,537 2,135 1,383 3,131 2,237

55 to 64 years

 9,044 209 386 484 1,287 1,739 1,049 2,469 1,421

65 years and older

 2,366 120 152 145 377 404 293 558 318

Men, 16 years and older

 66,700 939 2,073 2,488 7,743 11,560 8,018 18,280 15,599

16 to 24 years

 6,356 246 630 578 1,751 1,505 621 794 231

16 to 19 years

 945 72 137 124 330 182 51 42 8

20 to 24 years

 5,411 175 493 454 1,421 1,322 570 752 223

25 years and older

 60,344 692 1,443 1,910 5,991 10,056 7,397 17,487 15,368

25 to 34 years

 16,361 157 502 677 2,148 3,280 2,286 4,590 2,721

35 to 44 years

 16,036 171 318 447 1,380 2,529 1,868 4,867 4,457

45 to 54 years

 13,938 148 270 337 1,204 2,073 1,635 4,007 4,264

55 to 64 years

 10,987 127 233 316 887 1,687 1,297 3,217 3,224

65 years and older

 3,023 89 121 133 372 487 312 806 702

Race and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity

White

 91,336 1,543 3,261 4,219 11,481 16,701 11,250 24,779 18,101

Women

 39,752 872 1,792 2,375 5,865 7,874 4,904 10,194 5,876

Men

 51,583 671 1,469 1,845 5,616 8,826 6,346 14,585 12,225

Black or African American

 16,452 431 982 1,083 2,969 3,500 1,963 3,581 1,942

Women

 8,508 262 558 712 1,551 1,826 1,004 1,772 822

Men

 7,943 168 424 370 1,418 1,674 959 1,809 1,120

Asian

 8,597 124 160 302 733 1,180 811 2,387 2,900

Women

 3,867 69 97 164 415 592 393 1,105 1,031

Men

 4,730 55 63 137 318 588 418 1,283 1,869

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 22,834 491 1,460 1,714 4,759 5,051 2,681 4,516 2,163

Women

 9,399 284 746 903 2,160 2,006 989 1,625 687

Men

 13,434 207 714 811 2,598 3,045 1,691 2,892 1,476

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2023 annual averages
Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings Standard error of median

Women

Total, all marital statuses

 54,207 $1,005 $3

With children under 18 years old

 18,142 1,063 7

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 11,117 1,070 9

With children under 6 years old

 7,025 1,051 11

With no children under 18 years old

 36,065 982 4

Total, married, spouse present1

 26,956 1,143 4

With children under 18 years old

 12,337 1,190 10

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 7,369 1,175 11

With children under 6 years old

 4,968 1,213 15

With no children under 18 years old

 14,619 1,100 8

Total, other marital statuses2

 27,251 906 3

With children under 18 years old

 5,805 844 9

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 3,748 901 10

With children under 6 years old

 2,057 772 8

With no children under 18 years old

 21,446 921 4

Men

Total, all marital statuses

 66,700 1,202 4

With children under 18 years old

 21,848 1,390 7

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 12,206 1,441 11

With children under 6 years old

 9,643 1,322 13

With no children under 18 years old

 44,852 1,132 4

Total, married, spouse present1

 36,963 1,421 6

With children under 18 years old

 18,953 1,458 9

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 10,664 1,496 13

With children under 6 years old

 8,288 1,414 13

With no children under 18 years old

 18,010 1,387 8

Total, other marital statuses2

 29,737 993 4

With children under 18 years old

 2,896 1,014 9

With children 6 to 17, none younger

 1,541 1,157 19

With children under 6 years old

 1,355 928 16

With no children under 18 years old

 26,842 990 4

Footnotes
1 Includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages.
2 Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.

Note: Children refer to "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, as well as unrelated children.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2023 annual averages
Characteristic Total Women Men Women's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
hourly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
hourly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median		 Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)		 Median
hourly
earnings		 Standard
error
of
median

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 80,538 $19.24 $0.06 40,224 $18.11 $0.02 40,314 $20.16 $0.02 89.8

16 to 24 years

 16,591 15.45 0.09 8,386 15.08 0.02 8,205 16.12 0.04 93.5

16 to 19 years

 5,208 14.22 0.10 2,649 13.83 0.06 2,559 14.87 0.03 93.0

20 to 24 years

 11,383 16.40 0.09 5,737 15.88 0.04 5,646 17.13 0.05 92.7

25 years and older

 63,947 20.21 0.04 31,837 19.43 0.08 32,110 22.00 0.04 88.3

25 to 34 years

 18,908 19.96 0.03 8,976 19.14 0.08 9,931 20.50 0.17 93.4

35 to 44 years

 15,199 21.20 0.16 7,354 19.84 0.04 7,845 22.91 0.10 86.6

45 to 54 years

 13,211 20.91 0.08 6,792 19.77 0.11 6,419 22.79 0.19 86.7

55 to 64 years

 11,920 21.10 0.11 6,213 19.80 0.09 5,707 23.37 0.25 84.7

65 years and older

 4,710 18.33 0.17 2,502 17.87 0.10 2,208 19.59 0.37 91.2

Race and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity

White

 60,299 19.78 0.05 29,541 18.16 0.03 30,758 20.64 0.10 88.0

Black or African American

 12,353 18.10 0.04 6,612 17.70 0.12 5,741 18.80 0.13 94.1

Asian

 4,083 20.12 0.05 2,195 19.85 0.07 1,888 21.41 0.46 92.7

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 18,841 18.10 0.03 8,630 17.12 0.04 10,211 19.38 0.19 88.3

Marital status

Never married

 35,164 17.38 0.06 16,727 16.71 0.07 18,436 18.07 0.03 92.5

Married, spouse present1

 33,363 21.72 0.10 16,320 19.95 0.03 17,043 23.45 0.15 85.1

Widowed, divorced, or separated2

 12,011 19.83 0.04 7,177 18.56 0.14 4,835 21.25 0.27 87.3

Widowed

 1,532 18.05 0.13 1,111 17.60 0.30 421 19.98 0.25 88.1

Divorced

 7,440 20.17 0.05 4,405 19.27 0.18 3,035 22.15 0.14 87.0

Separated2

 3,039 18.57 0.27 1,660 17.61 0.26 1,379 20.01 0.08 88.0

Union affiliation3

Members of unions4

 8,436 24.88 0.08 3,272 21.89 0.17 5,164 26.36 0.33 83.0

Represented by unions5

 9,390 24.43 0.20 3,725 21.64 0.29 5,665 25.88 0.22 83.6

Not represented by a union

 71,148 18.81 0.04 36,498 17.93 0.02 34,650 19.90 0.02 90.1

Educational attainment

Total, 25 years and older

 63,947 20.21 0.04 31,837 19.43 0.08 32,110 22.00 0.04 88.3

Less than a high school diploma

 5,703 16.99 0.05 2,220 15.27 0.14 3,483 18.14 0.05 84.2

High school graduates, no college

 21,945 19.77 0.07 9,515 17.78 0.06 12,430 21.08 0.08 84.3

Some college or associate degree

 19,761 20.60 0.12 10,382 19.34 0.12 9,379 22.76 0.14 85.0

Bachelor's degree and higher

 16,538 25.06 0.04 9,720 24.88 0.06 6,818 25.57 0.24 97.3

Footnotes
1 Includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages.
2 Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
3 Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region.
4 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
5 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2023 annual averages (In thousands)
Characteristic Total
employed		 Number of workers by hourly earnings
Under
$6.00		 $6.00
to
$7.99		 $8.00
to
$9.99		 $10.00
to
$11.99		 $12.00
to
$14.99		 $15.00
to
$19.99		 $20.00
or
more

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 80,538 637 354 980 3,273 8,638 27,533 39,123

16 to 24 years

 16,591 276 165 455 1,451 3,470 7,367 3,407

16 to 19 years

 5,208 102 82 262 762 1,522 2,102 376

20 to 24 years

 11,383 174 84 192 689 1,948 5,264 3,032

25 years and older

 63,947 361 189 525 1,822 5,169 20,167 35,715

25 to 34 years

 18,908 178 73 147 525 1,532 6,483 9,970

35 to 44 years

 15,199 81 48 108 373 1,160 4,451 8,979

45 to 54 years

 13,211 51 32 113 333 943 4,080 7,660

55 to 64 years

 11,920 35 18 82 343 915 3,509 7,018

65 years and older

 4,710 16 18 76 248 619 1,644 2,090

Women, 16 years and older

 40,224 442 234 636 1,971 5,251 14,882 16,806

16 to 24 years

 8,386 221 107 273 820 1,983 3,631 1,351

16 to 19 years

 2,649 82 47 161 422 840 984 113

20 to 24 years

 5,737 139 60 111 398 1,143 2,647 1,239

25 years and older

 31,837 222 127 364 1,152 3,268 11,251 15,454

25 to 34 years

 8,976 108 48 97 298 880 3,302 4,244

35 to 44 years

 7,354 53 26 75 235 768 2,461 3,735

45 to 54 years

 6,792 31 24 75 239 675 2,372 3,376

55 to 64 years

 6,213 18 16 62 227 586 2,205 3,100

65 years and older

 2,502 12 13 55 152 359 912 999

Men, 16 years and older

 40,314 194 120 344 1,302 3,387 12,651 22,317

16 to 24 years

 8,205 55 59 182 631 1,486 3,736 2,056

16 to 19 years

 2,559 20 35 101 340 682 1,118 263

20 to 24 years

 5,646 35 24 81 291 805 2,617 1,793

25 years and older

 32,110 139 62 162 671 1,900 8,915 20,261

25 to 34 years

 9,931 71 25 50 228 651 3,181 5,726

35 to 44 years

 7,845 27 21 34 138 392 1,990 5,244

45 to 54 years

 6,419 20 8 38 94 268 1,708 4,283

55 to 64 years

 5,707 17 3 20 116 329 1,304 3,918

65 years and older

 2,208 4 5 21 95 260 732 1,090

Race and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity

White

 60,299 503 238 622 2,347 6,239 20,183 30,167

Women

 29,541 342 159 384 1,444 3,802 10,850 12,560

Men

 30,758 161 79 238 902 2,438 9,333 17,607

Black or African American

 12,353 86 81 249 654 1,620 4,672 4,990

Women

 6,612 70 50 192 355 977 2,560 2,409

Men

 5,741 16 31 58 299 643 2,113 2,582

Asian

 4,083 21 8 37 105 308 1,307 2,297

Women

 2,195 11 8 16 69 199 766 1,124

Men

 1,888 9 0 21 36 109 541 1,173

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 18,841 125 68 228 780 2,061 7,708 7,871

Women

 8,630 84 37 145 469 1,227 3,826 2,842

Men

 10,211 41 30 83 311 834 3,882 5,029

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic characteristics, 2023 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic Workers paid hourly rates
Total Below
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage		 At
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage		 Total at or below
prevailing federal
minimum wage
Number Percentage of
workers
paid hourly
rates

Age

Total, 16 years and older

 80,538 789 81 869 1.1

16 to 24 years

 16,591 339 47 386 2.3

16 to 19 years

 5,208 131 32 163 3.1

20 to 24 years

 11,383 208 15 223 2.0

25 years and older

 63,947 449 34 483 0.8

25 to 34 years

 18,908 215 11 227 1.2

35 to 44 years

 15,199 106 7 112 0.7

45 to 54 years

 13,211 62 6 69 0.5

55 to 64 years

 11,920 43 6 49 0.4

65 years and older

 4,710 23 4 27 0.6

Women, 16 years and older

 40,224 548 51 599 1.5

16 to 24 years

 8,386 267 23 290 3.5

16 to 19 years

 2,649 101 16 117 4.4

20 to 24 years

 5,737 166 8 174 3.0

25 years and older

 31,837 281 28 309 1.0

25 to 34 years

 8,976 133 8 141 1.6

35 to 44 years

 7,354 67 5 72 1.0

45 to 54 years

 6,792 40 6 46 0.7

55 to 64 years

 6,213 24 6 29 0.5

65 years and older

 2,502 18 3 21 0.8

Men, 16 years and older

 40,314 241 29 270 0.7

16 to 24 years

 8,205 72 23 96 1.2

16 to 19 years

 2,559 30 16 46 1.8

20 to 24 years

 5,646 42 8 50 0.9

25 years and older

 32,110 169 6 174 0.5

25 to 34 years

 9,931 83 3 86 0.9

35 to 44 years

 7,845 39 2 40 0.5

45 to 54 years

 6,419 22 0 22 0.3

55 to 64 years

 5,707 20 0 20 0.3

65 years and older

 2,208 5 1 6 0.3

Race and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity

White

 60,299 610 56 666 1.1

Women

 29,541 416 38 455 1.5

Men

 30,758 194 18 211 0.7

Black or African American

 12,353 114 16 130 1.1

Women

 6,612 88 8 96 1.4

Men

 5,741 26 8 34 0.6

Asian

 4,083 25 3 27 0.7

Women

 2,195 15 3 18 0.8

Men

 1,888 9 0 9 0.5

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 18,841 148 20 168 0.9

Women

 8,630 96 9 104 1.2

Men

 10,211 52 11 63 0.6

Full- and part-time status1

Full-time workers

 61,220 412 31 443 0.7

Women

 27,668 270 20 290 1.0

Men

 33,552 142 11 153 0.5

Part-time workers

 19,233 374 49 423 2.2

Women

 12,506 277 31 308 2.5

Men

 6,727 97 18 115 1.7

Footnotes
1 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data do not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

Note: See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979–2023 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year Total
wage
and
salary
workers		 Workers paid hourly rates
Total Percentage
of total
wage
and
salary
workers		 Below
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage1		 At
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage1		 Total at or below
prevailing federal
minimum wage
Number Percentage of
workers
paid hourly
rates

Total

1979

 87,529 51,721 59.1 2,916 3,997 6,912 13.4

1980

 87,644 51,335 58.6 3,087 4,686 7,773 15.1

1981

 88,516 51,869 58.6 3,513 4,311 7,824 15.1

1982

 87,368 50,846 58.2 2,348 4,148 6,496 12.8

1983

 88,290 51,820 58.7 2,077 4,261 6,338 12.2

1984

 92,194 54,143 58.7 1,838 4,125 5,963 11.0

1985

 94,521 55,762 59.0 1,639 3,899 5,538 9.9

1986

 96,903 57,529 59.4 1,599 3,461 5,060 8.8

1987

 99,303 59,552 60.0 1,468 3,229 4,698 7.9

1988

 101,407 60,878 60.0 1,319 2,608 3,927 6.5

1989

 103,480 62,389 60.3 1,372 1,790 3,162 5.1

1990

 104,876 63,172 60.2 2,132 1,096 3,228 5.1

1991

 103,723 62,627 60.4 2,377 2,906 5,283 8.4

1992

 104,668 63,610 60.8 1,939 2,982 4,921 7.7

1993

 106,101 64,274 60.6 1,707 2,625 4,332 6.7

1994

 107,989 66,549 61.6 1,995 2,132 4,128 6.2

1995

 110,038 68,354 62.1 1,699 1,956 3,656 5.3

1996

 111,960 69,255 61.9 1,863 1,861 3,724 5.4

1997

 114,533 70,735 61.8 2,990 1,764 4,754 6.7

1998

 116,730 71,440 61.2 2,834 1,593 4,427 6.2

1999

 118,963 72,306 60.8 2,194 1,146 3,340 4.6

2000

 122,089 73,496 60.2 1,752 898 2,650 3.6

2001

 122,229 73,392 60.0 1,518 656 2,174 3.0

2002

 121,826 72,508 59.5 1,579 567 2,146 3.0

2003

 122,358 72,946 59.6 1,555 545 2,100 2.9

2004

 123,554 73,939 59.8 1,483 520 2,003 2.7

2005

 125,889 75,609 60.1 1,403 479 1,882 2.5

2006

 128,237 76,514 59.7 1,283 409 1,692 2.2

2007

 129,767 75,873 58.5 1,462 267 1,729 2.3

2008

 129,377 75,305 58.2 1,940 286 2,226 3.0

2009

 124,490 72,611 58.3 2,592 980 3,572 4.9

2010

 124,073 72,902 58.8 2,541 1,820 4,361 6.0

2011

 125,187 73,926 59.1 2,152 1,677 3,829 5.2

2012

 127,577 75,276 59.0 1,984 1,566 3,550 4.7

2013

 129,110 75,948 58.8 1,768 1,532 3,301 4.3

2014

 131,431 77,207 58.7 1,737 1,255 2,992 3.9

2015

 133,743 78,232 58.5 1,691 870 2,561 3.3

2016

 136,101 79,883 58.7 1,451 701 2,153 2.7

2017

 137,890 80,439 58.3 1,282 542 1,824 2.3

2018

 140,099 81,915 58.5 1,276 434 1,711 2.1

2019

 141,737 82,289 58.1 1,211 392 1,603 1.9

2020

 132,174 73,305 55.5 865 247 1,112 1.5

2021

 136,393 76,125 55.8 910 181 1,091 1.4

2022

 141,673 78,729 55.6 882 141 1,023 1.3

2023

 144,541 80,538 55.7 789 81 869 1.1

Women

1979

 38,129 23,329 61.2 2,070 2,644 4,714 20.2

1980

 38,944 23,626 60.7 2,104 2,990 5,095 21.6

1981

 39,672 24,294 61.2 2,394 2,778 5,172 21.3

1982

 39,777 24,365 61.3 1,651 2,561 4,212 17.3

1983

 40,433 24,989 61.8 1,492 2,603 4,095 16.4

1984

 42,172 26,003 61.7 1,348 2,499 3,847 14.8

1985

 43,506 26,869 61.8 1,198 2,356 3,554 13.2

1986

 44,961 27,863 62.0 1,192 2,125 3,317 11.9

1987

 46,365 29,078 62.7 1,105 1,946 3,051 10.5

1988

 47,495 29,820 62.8 1,008 1,542 2,550 8.6

1989

 48,691 30,702 63.1 994 1,056 2,050 6.7

1990

 49,323 31,069 63.0 1,420 711 2,131 6.9

1991

 49,105 30,988 63.1 1,582 1,792 3,374 10.9

1992

 49,842 31,454 63.1 1,286 1,751 3,036 9.7

1993

 50,626 31,937 63.1 1,133 1,534 2,667 8.4

1994

 51,419 33,021 64.2 1,322 1,241 2,563 7.8

1995

 52,369 33,934 64.8 1,157 1,161 2,318 6.8

1996

 53,488 34,418 64.3 1,244 1,106 2,350 6.8

1997

 54,708 35,214 64.4 1,843 1,092 2,935 8.3

1998

 55,757 35,680 64.0 1,794 965 2,760 7.7

1999

 57,050 36,233 63.5 1,426 700 2,126 5.9

2000

 58,427 36,777 62.9 1,170 579 1,749 4.8

2001

 58,582 36,848 62.9 1,021 409 1,430 3.9

2002

 58,555 36,508 62.3 997 350 1,347 3.7

2003

 59,122 37,093 62.7 1,062 332 1,394 3.8

2004

 59,408 37,133 62.5 1,013 310 1,323 3.6

2005

 60,423 37,957 62.8 944 290 1,234 3.3

2006

 61,426 38,321 62.4 861 263 1,124 2.9

2007

 62,299 38,082 61.1 1,002 181 1,183 3.1

2008

 62,532 37,972 60.7 1,302 196 1,498 3.9

2009

 60,951 37,426 61.4 1,603 612 2,215 5.9

2010

 60,542 37,404 61.8 1,598 1,151 2,749 7.3

2011

 60,502 37,469 61.9 1,366 1,029 2,395 6.4

2012

 61,679 38,163 61.9 1,288 999 2,287 6.0

2013

 62,316 38,404 61.6 1,148 910 2,058 5.4

2014

 63,383 38,802 61.2 1,139 739 1,878 4.8

2015

 64,445 39,500 61.3 1,062 540 1,602 4.1

2016

 65,512 40,315 61.5 952 432 1,384 3.4

2017

 66,421 40,658 61.2 829 316 1,146 2.8

2018

 67,467 41,223 61.1 812 267 1,078 2.6

2019

 68,388 41,372 60.5 800 268 1,067 2.6

2020

 63,462 36,513 57.5 607 136 742 2.0

2021

 65,654 38,036 57.9 599 94 693 1.8

2022

 68,001 39,283 57.8 595 100 695 1.8

2023

 69,462 40,224 57.9 548 51 599 1.5

Men

1979

 49,400 28,392 57.5 846 1,353 2,199 7.7

1980

 48,700 27,709 56.9 983 1,696 2,678 9.7

1981

 48,844 27,576 56.5 1,119 1,533 2,652 9.6

1982

 47,591 26,481 55.6 697 1,587 2,284 8.6

1983

 47,856 26,831 56.1 585 1,658 2,243 8.4

1984

 50,022 28,140 56.3 490 1,626 2,116 7.5

1985

 51,015 28,893 56.6 440 1,544 1,984 6.9

1986

 51,942 29,666 57.1 408 1,336 1,743 5.9

1987

 52,938 30,474 57.6 364 1,283 1,647 5.4

1988

 53,912 31,058 57.6 311 1,066 1,377 4.4

1989

 54,789 31,687 57.8 379 733 1,112 3.5

1990

 55,553 32,104 57.8 712 385 1,097 3.4

1991

 54,618 31,639 57.9 795 1,114 1,909 6.0

1992

 54,826 32,155 58.6 653 1,231 1,885 5.9

1993

 55,475 32,337 58.3 573 1,091 1,664 5.1

1994

 56,570 33,528 59.3 674 891 1,565 4.7

1995

 57,669 34,420 59.7 542 796 1,338 3.9

1996

 58,473 34,838 59.6 619 755 1,374 3.9

1997

 59,825 35,521 59.4 1,147 673 1,820 5.1

1998

 60,973 35,761 58.7 1,039 628 1,667 4.7

1999

 61,914 36,073 58.3 768 446 1,214 3.4

2000

 63,662 36,720 57.7 582 319 901 2.5

2001

 63,647 36,544 57.4 497 247 744 2.0

2002

 63,272 36,000 56.9 582 217 799 2.2

2003

 63,236 35,853 56.7 493 213 706 2.0

2004

 64,145 36,806 57.4 470 210 680 1.8

2005

 65,466 37,652 57.5 459 189 648 1.7

2006

 66,811 38,193 57.2 422 146 568 1.5

2007

 67,468 37,790 56.0 460 86 546 1.4

2008

 66,846 37,334 55.9 638 90 728 1.9

2009

 63,539 35,185 55.4 990 368 1,358 3.9

2010

 63,531 35,498 55.9 943 669 1,612 4.5

2011

 64,686 36,457 56.4 785 648 1,433 3.9

2012

 65,898 37,113 56.3 696 567 1,263 3.4

2013

 66,794 37,544 56.2 621 622 1,243 3.3

2014

 68,048 38,405 56.4 598 516 1,114 2.9

2015

 69,298 38,732 55.9 629 330 959 2.5

2016

 70,589 39,568 56.1 499 270 769 1.9

2017

 71,469 39,781 55.7 452 226 678 1.7

2018

 72,632 40,691 56.0 464 168 632 1.6

2019

 73,349 40,918 55.8 411 125 536 1.3

2020

 68,711 36,792 53.5 258 111 369 1.0

2021

 70,739 38,089 53.8 311 87 398 1.0

2022

 73,672 39,446 53.5 286 42 328 0.8

2023

 75,079 40,314 53.7 241 29 270 0.7

Footnotes
1 Data for 1990–91, 1996–97, and 2007–09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
 Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2023
Year Total,
16 years
and older		 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19
years		 20 to 24
years		 Total 25 to 34
years		 35 to 44
years		 45 to 54
years		 55 to 64
years		 65 years
and older

1979

 62.3 78.6 85.2 76.3 62.1 67.5 58.3 56.8 60.6 77.6

1980

 64.2 80.3 89.5 78.1 62.8 69.4 58.3 56.9 59.4 76.4

1981

 64.4 82.6 91.7 80.6 62.6 70.3 59.9 56.8 58.9 71.1

1982

 65.7 85.3 92.9 82.4 64.9 72.1 61.1 60.1 61.4 70.3

1983

 66.5 88.8 94.0 85.5 65.8 73.3 61.5 59.5 61.8 68.8

1984

 67.6 87.9 93.1 85.2 67.1 74.6 62.0 59.4 61.5 66.8

1985

 68.1 87.6 90.7 85.7 66.8 75.1 63.0 59.7 61.0 65.9

1986

 69.5 89.0 91.4 87.5 66.5 76.1 63.9 60.9 61.2 71.5

1987

 69.8 88.3 87.8 88.0 67.3 76.7 66.1 62.3 62.2 68.7

1988

 70.2 89.7 89.8 90.0 68.8 77.7 68.5 61.7 62.3 70.9

1989

 70.1 90.8 94.3 89.7 70.2 78.3 68.3 62.7 63.9 74.3

1990

 71.9 90.1 90.8 90.3 72.1 79.3 69.6 63.8 63.7 74.4

1991

 74.2 93.3 93.6 93.3 74.0 81.0 70.7 65.0 64.5 68.3

1992

 75.8 94.0 94.0 94.3 74.6 82.0 71.9 65.8 64.9 77.9

1993

 77.1 94.8 92.8 95.4 74.8 83.0 73.0 67.4 67.4 74.3

1994

 76.4 93.9 92.5 94.5 73.1 82.9 72.6 67.1 66.0 76.2

1995

 75.5 90.8 88.1 92.4 72.8 82.2 72.6 67.7 64.7 80.0

1996

 75.0 92.5 88.8 92.8 74.1 83.2 73.3 68.9 65.3 70.0

1997

 74.4 92.1 91.6 90.5 75.1 82.9 74.0 69.4 64.7 77.0

1998

 76.3 91.3 88.6 89.4 75.9 82.9 73.6 70.5 68.1 72.6

1999

 76.5 91.0 91.4 90.5 74.4 81.5 71.7 70.0 67.9 78.7

2000

 76.9 91.7 92.5 92.7 74.5 82.4 71.6 73.2 69.1 75.1

2001

 76.4 90.3 90.3 91.9 75.4 83.0 72.5 73.5 70.5 69.0

2002

 77.9 93.9 94.6 93.9 77.6 84.5 75.2 74.6 71.6 73.8

2003

 79.4 93.2 93.1 93.9 78.5 86.9 76.1 73.0 72.7 71.1

2004

 80.4 93.8 92.1 93.8 78.6 87.8 75.6 72.9 73.0 74.6

2005

 81.0 93.2 92.1 93.8 79.4 89.0 75.5 75.5 74.7 76.4

2006

 80.8 94.5 87.6 94.9 78.7 88.2 77.2 73.5 72.9 77.5

2007

 80.2 92.3 89.1 90.3 78.5 86.9 76.5 74.5 72.8 77.8

2008

 79.9 91.1 87.3 92.5 78.2 88.5 74.5 74.9 75.4 74.8

2009

 80.2 92.6 90.7 92.9 78.7 88.7 77.4 73.6 75.3 76.1

2010

 81.2 95.3 94.6 93.8 80.5 90.8 79.9 76.5 75.2 75.7

2011

 82.2 92.5 88.6 93.2 81.0 92.3 78.5 76.0 75.1 80.9

2012

 80.9 88.9 88.5 89.0 79.9 90.2 78.1 75.1 76.2 77.6

2013

 82.1 88.3 89.7 89.8 81.1 89.4 80.2 76.6 77.1 73.7

2014

 82.5 91.5 91.1 92.3 81.6 89.9 81.0 77.2 76.4 78.6

2015

 81.1 88.2 89.4 89.7 80.4 89.6 81.8 76.8 73.7 73.8

2016

 81.9 94.9 92.6 95.6 80.9 88.8 83.3 77.8 73.7 75.5

2017

 81.8 91.2 87.6 90.2 81.3 88.2 81.0 77.5 78.0 77.0

2018

 81.1 90.8 89.4 92.2 80.9 87.0 79.6 77.0 75.0 77.2

2019

 81.5 89.0 84.4 90.4 80.8 87.8 80.1 77.3 75.5 76.5

2020

 82.3 94.7 90.4 93.5 81.2 89.5 81.2 77.5 77.8 80.4

2021

 83.1 93.1 88.6 92.3 82.2 90.6 79.9 78.1 77.7 76.8

2022

 83.0 92.0 90.0 92.9 82.2 90.2 82.1 79.2 77.8 73.1

2023

 83.6 93.9 89.7 92.5 83.3 89.0 83.3 79.9 77.2 82.7

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 22.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
 Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2023
Year Total,
16 years
and older		 White Black or
African
American		 Asian Hispanic
or
Latino ethnicity

1979

 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980

 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981

 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982

 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983

 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984

 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985

 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986

 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987

 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

1988

 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989

 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990

 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991

 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992

 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993

 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994

 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995

 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996

 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997

 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998

 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999

 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000

 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001

 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002

 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003

 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004

 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005

 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006

 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007

 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008

 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009

 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010

 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011

 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012

 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013

 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014

 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015

 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016

 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

2017

 81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4

2018

 81.1 81.5 89.0 75.5 85.7

2019

 81.5 81.1 91.5 76.7 85.9

2020

 82.3 81.5 92.0 79.0 88.5

2021

 83.1 82.2 94.1 78.5 87.6

2022

 83.0 83.0 90.7 79.2 85.8

2023

 83.6 83.3 91.6 79.4 87.4

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 23. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
 Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–2023
Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate degree Bachelor's degree and higher

1979

 62.1 60.3 60.1 64.1 66.7

1980

 62.8 61.4 61.5 64.5 67.9

1981

 62.6 61.2 61.0 65.6 66.9

1982

 64.9 62.8 63.1 66.7 68.8

1983

 65.8 64.8 63.4 68.2 71.2

1984

 67.1 64.9 64.9 68.4 69.4

1985

 66.8 64.3 65.8 67.2 70.2

1986

 66.5 64.8 66.6 68.0 70.6

1987

 67.3 66.0 68.1 69.8 71.4

1988

 68.8 66.6 68.2 71.6 71.4

1989

 70.2 66.8 67.6 73.3 71.9

1990

 72.1 68.8 68.6 72.9 72.2

1991

 74.0 71.6 69.8 72.6 73.6

1992

 74.6 72.9 70.4 73.3 75.1

1993

 74.8 73.9 71.3 73.8 75.8

1994

 73.1 75.1 70.8 72.1 76.8

1995

 72.8 75.5 70.2 71.6 76.2

1996

 74.1 75.1 70.7 73.2 75.2

1997

 75.1 75.3 70.7 73.9 75.0

1998

 75.9 73.9 70.8 74.0 75.3

1999

 74.4 73.4 69.8 73.4 75.7

2000

 74.5 74.9 71.1 73.1 74.1

2001

 75.4 75.4 72.7 71.9 73.7

2002

 77.6 77.2 74.2 74.3 74.2

2003

 78.5 76.7 75.5 75.7 73.6

2004

 78.6 74.9 75.7 75.8 75.2

2005

 79.4 74.9 75.6 76.6 75.7

2006

 78.7 76.3 73.7 75.6 75.1

2007

 78.5 76.7 74.3 75.2 75.0

2008

 78.2 76.1 73.3 75.7 74.3

2009

 78.7 76.4 75.7 75.4 73.1

2010

 80.5 79.8 76.5 75.5 74.1

2011

 81.0 80.9 76.9 76.8 74.9

2012

 79.9 76.0 76.3 76.9 73.0

2013

 81.1 80.0 78.3 76.6 74.8

2014

 81.6 79.1 77.0 75.8 75.7

2015

 80.4 80.4 77.2 75.2 74.9

2016

 80.9 76.8 77.9 76.8 75.2

2017

 81.3 76.5 76.5 76.3 76.4

2018

 80.9 77.3 75.2 75.4 75.1

2019

 80.8 76.7 75.0 74.4 76.0

2020

 81.2 77.9 76.2 75.9 75.4

2021

 82.2 80.4 77.2 76.7 76.6

2022

 82.2 79.7 77.8 76.2 77.7

2023

 83.3 80.6 77.7 76.8 76.8

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in table 24.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
 Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2023
Year Total,
16 years
and
older		 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19
years		 20 to 24
years		 Total 25 to 34
years		 35 to 44
years		 45 to 54
years		 55 to 64
years		 65 years
and
older

1979

 64.1 81.8 95.0 75.9 58.3 63.3 55.8 54.1 56.9 87.6

1980

 64.8 84.1 93.2 77.0 58.7 64.1 54.9 54.4 56.4 89.2

1981

 65.1 86.1 96.7 80.0 60.3 66.7 57.5 54.1 56.2 88.1

1982

 67.3 86.3 97.0 81.8 62.1 67.7 57.1 55.7 59.0 88.1

1983

 69.4 87.2 96.7 84.4 62.9 70.3 57.6 56.7 58.0 87.6

1984

 69.8 86.0 96.5 84.5 63.7 71.1 59.0 56.9 59.5 89.0

1985

 70.0 85.7 96.3 87.2 64.7 72.4 60.3 57.8 60.4 88.8

1986

 70.2 85.8 95.5 86.7 66.0 74.1 61.4 59.0 60.3 91.3

1987

 72.1 85.9 93.9 86.1 67.2 74.3 62.9 61.3 62.0 91.2

1988

 73.8 89.1 94.4 87.2 68.7 75.6 66.1 61.6 62.4 92.8

1989

 75.4 90.7 93.4 86.9 69.8 78.0 67.0 63.4 63.8 87.1

1990

 77.9 91.0 93.8 90.1 71.8 79.4 68.7 64.3 66.2 89.6

1991

 78.6 91.0 97.9 91.7 73.5 80.4 70.4 65.0 68.9 92.6

1992

 80.3 91.3 97.7 92.5 76.0 82.6 73.1 66.1 69.3 92.6

1993

 80.4 91.7 97.1 94.2 77.3 83.6 73.1 67.3 69.0 92.1

1994

 80.6 90.5 97.0 91.2 78.2 85.5 73.4 69.9 70.7 94.0

1995

 80.8 90.9 96.1 89.3 76.1 83.7 72.6 70.8 71.4 94.2

1996

 81.2 92.1 97.0 89.6 78.2 83.1 74.6 72.1 72.4 91.6

1997

 80.8 92.2 96.6 91.2 78.8 82.7 75.7 72.3 70.5 98.1

1998

 81.8 90.3 96.7 89.1 77.9 86.1 77.4 75.0 72.4 93.2

1999

 83.8 92.7 96.8 89.9 79.4 83.9 76.9 72.7 76.4 95.4

2000

 83.8 91.7 93.8 93.0 80.8 88.3 76.3 73.2 76.8 94.7

2001

 85.2 90.5 95.8 89.7 79.2 85.8 75.0 76.1 80.2 90.4

2002

 85.0 92.5 96.9 91.3 82.1 85.1 78.7 77.6 80.8 89.3

2003

 84.8 93.2 97.6 91.0 83.1 87.5 79.1 79.0 78.4 90.3

2004

 84.6 93.9 95.9 91.7 81.7 88.3 78.4 79.1 79.6 92.5

2005

 84.8 92.6 96.0 92.4 83.2 89.2 79.6 80.2 80.2 97.8

2006

 84.0 90.9 95.7 90.5 83.2 87.6 80.0 76.4 80.6 93.0

2007

 84.8 89.3 95.4 90.4 81.7 87.4 81.5 79.6 79.2 92.2

2008

 85.4 91.2 96.6 91.6 83.0 87.0 80.5 78.2 81.8 91.6

2009

 85.5 93.1 97.1 92.0 84.7 90.6 80.7 77.0 84.5 92.6

2010

 86.0 93.6 97.8 91.7 85.6 91.9 82.9 79.9 83.2 93.8

2011

 86.8 94.6 97.5 92.5 86.7 92.0 83.8 81.5 82.2 91.5

2012

 86.4 93.0 97.9 92.0 86.8 91.5 83.9 81.2 83.1 90.9

2013

 86.6 92.3 96.7 94.0 87.5 91.1 84.9 81.2 84.1 94.9

2014

 84.6 92.4 96.1 96.3 85.7 87.0 84.6 81.2 81.3 89.2

2015

 85.6 95.1 97.5 93.5 87.8 91.0 85.7 84.3 82.1 89.5

2016

 87.0 97.7 95.7 91.9 87.6 88.2 85.8 83.0 83.7 88.1

2017

 89.2 93.5 97.1 92.6 87.2 92.4 83.4 80.9 81.8 93.0

2018

 87.8 93.1 97.6 95.9 84.7 92.2 82.5 80.0 79.9 92.4

2019

 88.6 95.0 95.5 92.0 86.3 90.8 83.0 83.0 81.7 93.5

2020

 85.7 92.7 93.2 92.2 86.0 90.7 84.3 81.1 84.6 89.7

2021

 88.8 92.7 97.1 94.2 86.5 92.5 88.7 85.8 83.0 89.6

2022

 87.2 97.4 93.5 93.1 88.4 91.5 85.6 84.3 83.6 87.9

2023

 89.8 93.5 93.0 92.7 88.3 93.4 86.6 86.7 84.7 91.2

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information on historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of workers paid hourly rates in table 25.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
 Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2023
Year Total,
16 years
and
older		 White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

1979

 64.1 62.5 72.6 - 71.8

1980

 64.8 63.6 74.9 - 75.1

1981

 65.1 63.8 72.1 - 76.4

1982

 67.3 66.0 75.2 - 75.6

1983

 69.4 68.0 79.2 - 76.1

1984

 69.8 68.6 79.1 - 77.0

1985

 70.0 67.8 82.0 - 79.4

1986

 70.2 68.8 78.7 - 80.8

1987

 72.1 70.9 80.1 - 80.2

1988

 73.8 72.7 80.8 - 81.1

1989

 75.4 74.0 83.2 - 83.0

1990

 77.9 75.6 84.5 - 86.1

1991

 78.6 76.6 86.5 - 86.9

1992

 80.3 78.6 87.1 - 88.3

1993

 80.4 78.9 89.6 - 88.6

1994

 80.6 79.7 87.5 - 89.3

1995

 80.8 78.4 87.3 - 90.9

1996

 81.2 79.6 88.0 - 88.8

1997

 80.8 80.3 87.5 - 86.3

1998

 81.8 81.8 86.9 - 87.6

1999

 83.8 82.3 83.2 - 86.6

2000

 83.8 83.0 88.8 90.5 87.3

2001

 85.2 83.8 89.9 85.1 85.6

2002

 85.0 83.8 92.3 91.7 86.1

2003

 84.8 84.0 91.7 89.8 88.5

2004

 84.6 84.0 91.3 88.8 90.2

2005

 84.8 84.2 91.1 91.3 90.1

2006

 84.0 83.6 88.5 90.7 87.6

2007

 84.8 83.7 90.3 89.5 88.5

2008

 85.4 84.5 89.9 87.3 85.1

2009

 85.5 84.8 89.7 90.4 84.6

2010

 86.0 85.0 92.1 88.0 86.2

2011

 86.8 85.9 93.5 89.8 86.8

2012

 86.4 85.3 92.0 90.1 85.4

2013

 86.6 85.7 94.9 91.6 87.5

2014

 84.6 83.3 94.8 90.2 86.6

2015

 85.6 85.9 92.4 92.8 85.8

2016

 87.0 87.2 92.6 93.6 85.2

2017

 89.2 87.8 94.1 85.5 84.1

2018

 87.8 86.3 91.6 89.6 85.3

2019

 88.6 87.3 93.5 88.8 90.1

2020

 85.7 85.2 94.1 91.8 90.4

2021

 88.8 87.2 94.4 88.4 89.0

2022

 87.2 86.6 94.7 90.6 88.8

2023

 89.8 88.0 94.1 92.7 88.3

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in table 26. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2023 annual averages (In constant 2023 dollars)
Year Total, 16 years and older 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

Total

1979

 $949 $677 $567 $732 $1,043 $1,004 $1,102 $1,087 $1,031 $780

1980

 926 661 544 707 1,011 975 1,067 1,053 1,007 717

1981

 916 645 519 687 994 955 1,052 1,032 997 716

1982

 921 634 500 671 997 948 1,079 1,052 991 771

1983

 915 617 480 652 1,003 939 1,082 1,073 1,012 763

1984

 913 608 473 647 1,014 938 1,090 1,078 1,025 762

1985

 932 607 472 650 1,027 946 1,100 1,084 1,033 805

1986

 957 619 475 661 1,043 960 1,117 1,109 1,059 795

1987

 966 628 481 669 1,041 964 1,124 1,109 1,047 801

1988

 958 619 488 662 1,030 953 1,119 1,127 1,042 803

1989

 952 618 487 659 1,019 940 1,126 1,126 1,029 797

1990

 936 611 475 648 1,020 925 1,105 1,111 1,039 780

1991

 934 607 467 638 1,024 910 1,092 1,112 1,029 836

1992

 942 591 454 621 1,026 904 1,077 1,118 1,034 809

1993

 958 589 447 620 1,025 910 1,079 1,132 1,027 820

1994

 955 585 452 613 1,022 898 1,098 1,157 1,025 785

1995

 956 583 461 611 1,018 900 1,098 1,162 1,026 776

1996

 953 580 467 607 1,012 901 1,088 1,156 1,041 747

1997

 958 583 480 611 1,029 916 1,103 1,156 1,063 749

1998

 983 600 504 637 1,075 944 1,122 1,165 1,113 761

1999

 1,009 627 517 667 1,088 952 1,123 1,199 1,110 743

2000

 1,025 642 528 681 1,084 977 1,112 1,190 1,103 824

2001

 1,031 649 528 682 1,090 997 1,137 1,199 1,104 844

2002

 1,036 649 520 680 1,101 1,007 1,138 1,203 1,148 855

2003

 1,033 645 518 670 1,103 990 1,145 1,205 1,180 860

2004

 1,034 632 501 658 1,107 979 1,156 1,204 1,175 908

2005

 1,022 623 499 645 1,093 958 1,148 1,174 1,165 893

2006

 1,020 622 492 643 1,091 944 1,137 1,175 1,163 886

2007

 1,027 626 498 665 1,090 950 1,136 1,167 1,186 894

2008

 1,027 630 496 664 1,083 947 1,144 1,169 1,174 916

2009

 1,056 631 491 663 1,106 969 1,167 1,197 1,201 977

2010

 1,049 607 487 638 1,098 958 1,157 1,185 1,208 961

2011

 1,030 599 480 623 1,086 944 1,140 1,180 1,200 1,011

2012

 1,024 592 475 619 1,087 943 1,144 1,171 1,196 1,009

2013

 1,020 597 490 620 1,087 930 1,148 1,160 1,188 1,053

2014

 1,022 616 488 634 1,084 938 1,138 1,161 1,177 1,065

2015

 1,044 628 502 646 1,110 948 1,161 1,191 1,196 1,126

2016

 1,060 638 516 654 1,127 957 1,190 1,217 1,213 1,103

2017

 1,072 647 529 673 1,131 964 1,202 1,218 1,214 1,133

2018

 1,078 667 546 701 1,134 983 1,200 1,219 1,209 1,148

2019

 1,097 695 575 715 1,159 1,012 1,238 1,236 1,217 1,120

2020

 1,160 715 586 736 1,213 1,066 1,304 1,331 1,292 1,178

2021

 1,124 702 593 726 1,190 1,048 1,274 1,300 1,275 1,119

2022

 1,103 720 631 735 1,170 1,033 1,230 1,244 1,202 1,074

2023

 1,117 714 613 731 1,170 1,045 1,250 1,255 1,217 1,080

Women

1979

 $717 $606 $520 $634 $768 $783 $772 $756 $744 $669

1980

 710 590 512 618 753 770 756 739 724 618

1981

 706 581 497 616 752 771 768 726 716 610

1982

 729 585 482 613 777 787 787 768 747 643

1983

 737 579 462 605 784 795 795 772 751 620

1984

 742 569 454 597 793 798 818 782 756 613

1985

 751 572 450 599 802 802 832 791 772 656

1986

 776 584 453 616 821 816 851 821 789 683

1987

 783 587 444 625 829 817 871 837 796 674

1988

 784 585 458 624 833 813 881 843 789 697

1989

 783 587 470 621 838 811 883 852 795 697

1990

 786 577 450 611 839 809 886 857 791 682

1991

 803 583 450 614 849 814 893 873 796 700

1992

 814 572 439 600 857 818 895 893 805 702

1993

 820 570 428 603 866 825 908 919 825 699

1994

 816 564 431 593 861 812 916 920 814 687

1995

 810 549 429 581 854 804 904 926 804 705

1996

 813 553 434 580 864 807 901 936 817 650

1997

 821 556 457 583 880 813 918 943 825 663

1998

 857 573 468 600 912 848 936 970 895 658

1999

 869 596 489 631 914 864 925 982 904 680

2000

 877 612 504 651 918 877 927 1,004 904 698

2001

 886 611 498 649 939 886 946 1,016 927 675

2002

 901 625 503 656 968 903 973 1,026 978 733

2003

 920 618 498 645 973 910 983 1,015 1,002 725

2004

 929 608 475 634 971 909 985 1,013 997 775

2005

 918 598 477 622 961 900 975 1,011 1,003 772

2006

 912 600 464 628 953 886 980 1,002 1,000 775

2007

 907 604 470 629 954 882 987 1,000 1,003 789

2008

 908 597 458 633 953 886 970 1,006 1,011 801

2009

 939 606 461 636 981 906 1,013 1,017 1,039 860

2010

 940 593 472 617 989 910 1,027 1,025 1,034 844

2011

 932 574 447 597 978 902 1,000 1,014 1,020 905

2012

 921 555 440 572 969 888 996 995 1,021 889

2013

 928 556 460 581 972 874 1,008 1,000 1,024 908

2014

 929 583 461 605 972 877 1,009 1,008 1,008 956

2015

 937 581 470 604 982 890 1,037 1,031 1,012 955

2016

 954 619 494 637 999 898 1,069 1,065 1,034 954

2017

 960 622 501 641 1,010 903 1,072 1,066 1,067 975

2018

 960 635 512 664 1,010 912 1,066 1,066 1,038 987

2019

 982 646 511 673 1,035 943 1,100 1,081 1,053 975

2020

 1,051 695 547 715 1,096 1,005 1,153 1,152 1,126 1,058

2021

 1,027 681 562 697 1,074 992 1,117 1,140 1,099 976

2022

 998 683 593 706 1,044 977 1,109 1,102 1,049 910

2023

 1,005 691 576 706 1,060 985 1,136 1,115 1,065 977

Men

1979

 $1,150 $772 $610 $831 $1,236 $1,161 $1,323 $1,331 $1,228 $862

1980

 1,106 735 572 792 1,198 1,110 1,297 1,297 1,219 809

1981

 1,097 703 542 765 1,200 1,097 1,281 1,277 1,216 858

1982

 1,110 686 518 744 1,198 1,091 1,287 1,277 1,216 915

1983

 1,108 652 491 708 1,190 1,085 1,292 1,298 1,216 901

1984

 1,098 647 487 700 1,182 1,070 1,319 1,317 1,230 919

1985

 1,103 653 496 699 1,201 1,068 1,320 1,325 1,266 995

1986

 1,117 656 496 704 1,235 1,072 1,331 1,349 1,291 955

1987

 1,121 664 506 711 1,233 1,065 1,318 1,344 1,279 982

1988

 1,117 652 510 694 1,211 1,047 1,286 1,366 1,266 983

1989

 1,117 647 499 692 1,193 1,036 1,294 1,358 1,243 938

1990

 1,093 641 495 677 1,164 1,020 1,273 1,343 1,241 916

1991

 1,081 625 480 658 1,147 1,004 1,263 1,342 1,235 1,024

1992

 1,073 608 467 636 1,148 998 1,244 1,358 1,240 901

1993

 1,065 601 461 633 1,159 994 1,244 1,363 1,223 942

1994

 1,067 601 466 628 1,178 980 1,262 1,372 1,233 902

1995

 1,074 605 487 629 1,174 978 1,246 1,367 1,244 880

1996

 1,084 597 488 625 1,165 971 1,230 1,358 1,251 928

1997

 1,103 604 499 644 1,171 981 1,240 1,358 1,274 861

1998

 1,124 628 528 671 1,201 1,023 1,273 1,376 1,314 906

1999

 1,136 654 535 697 1,228 1,061 1,290 1,403 1,333 864

2000

 1,141 667 544 703 1,233 1,064 1,295 1,372 1,308 929

2001

 1,159 676 552 706 1,246 1,067 1,304 1,382 1,315 978

2002

 1,157 666 532 698 1,247 1,068 1,293 1,375 1,366 993

2003

 1,158 663 535 687 1,240 1,047 1,292 1,390 1,378 1,020

2004

 1,156 648 515 676 1,235 1,036 1,303 1,389 1,366 1,039

2005

 1,133 642 518 662 1,210 1,011 1,290 1,339 1,342 1,011

2006

 1,129 635 529 661 1,211 1,005 1,271 1,363 1,371 1,000

2007

 1,131 654 527 697 1,216 1,015 1,290 1,343 1,378 1,013

2008

 1,135 656 525 684 1,219 1,001 1,302 1,343 1,341 1,071

2009

 1,170 654 509 684 1,247 1,021 1,309 1,381 1,379 1,130

2010

 1,157 622 499 657 1,228 1,003 1,285 1,340 1,375 1,115

2011

 1,134 620 504 640 1,207 977 1,274 1,334 1,358 1,119

2012

 1,139 624 497 643 1,213 984 1,276 1,325 1,340 1,147

2013

 1,130 629 512 647 1,198 978 1,256 1,306 1,329 1,231

2014

 1,125 637 506 655 1,191 975 1,245 1,306 1,319 1,217

2015

 1,155 658 525 674 1,222 994 1,268 1,342 1,373 1,294

2016

 1,166 652 534 666 1,234 1,011 1,283 1,369 1,404 1,264

2017

 1,173 682 572 711 1,242 1,024 1,324 1,375 1,369 1,267

2018

 1,184 700 573 720 1,248 1,049 1,339 1,383 1,383 1,277

2019

 1,205 726 605 745 1,280 1,073 1,374 1,398 1,395 1,275

2020

 1,276 733 605 764 1,349 1,123 1,421 1,486 1,448 1,315

2021

 1,235 732 634 756 1,306 1,095 1,398 1,458 1,414 1,271

2022

 1,202 743 658 760 1,270 1,083 1,351 1,392 1,348 1,246

2023

 1,202 736 642 763 1,273 1,107 1,364 1,396 1,380 1,181

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2023 annual averages (In constant 2023 dollars)
Year Total, 16 years and older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979

 $949 $976 $783 - $764

1980

 926 951 749 - 739

1981

 916 939 758 - 719

1982

 921 945 747 - 732

1983

 915 936 763 - 731

1984

 913 941 754 - 725

1985

 932 965 751 - 732

1986

 957 989 776 - 739

1987

 966 992 778 - 736

1988

 958 983 781 - 721

1989

 952 976 761 - 711

1990

 936 964 748 - 691

1991

 934 969 763 - 684

1992

 942 981 764 - 687

1993

 958 992 770 - 691

1994

 955 990 759 - 663

1995

 956 986 764 - 657

1996

 953 984 753 - 660

1997

 958 989 762 - 669

1998

 983 1,024 801 - 695

1999

 1,009 1,053 818 - 708

2000

 1,025 1,050 843 $1,094 710

2001

 1,031 1,055 849 1,106 721

2002

 1,036 1,061 848 1,121 722

2003

 1,033 1,060 857 1,155 733

2004

 1,034 1,065 851 1,147 739

2005

 1,022 1,055 816 1,182 739

2006

 1,020 1,049 842 1,191 739

2007

 1,027 1,058 840 1,226 743

2008

 1,027 1,055 838 1,225 752

2009

 1,056 1,081 859 1,257 773

2010

 1,049 1,074 858 1,201 751

2011

 1,030 1,056 838 1,180 748

2012

 1,024 1,056 828 1,227 757

2013

 1,020 1,054 827 1,238 760

2014

 1,022 1,054 826 1,231 767

2015

 1,044 1,077 827 1,281 779

2016

 1,060 1,098 864 1,301 795

2017

 1,072 1,110 850 1,300 817

2018

 1,078 1,114 844 1,332 827

2019

 1,097 1,130 879 1,404 844

2020

 1,160 1,183 936 1,545 894

2021

 1,124 1,146 902 1,495 875

2022

 1,103 1,130 915 1,459 857

2023

 1,117 1,138 920 1,474 874

Women

1979

 $717 $724 $665 - $618

1980

 710 717 654 - 608

1981

 706 713 665 - 613

1982

 729 738 662 - 619

1983

 737 743 678 - 629

1984

 742 751 675 - 625

1985

 751 762 683 - 623

1986

 776 784 704 - 643

1987

 783 793 713 - 649

1988

 784 791 716 - 647

1989

 783 797 718 - 642

1990

 786 802 700 - 632

1991

 803 818 708 - 640

1992

 814 829 717 - 647

1993

 820 837 727 - 653

1994

 816 834 708 - 624

1995

 810 828 709 - 609

1996

 813 833 704 - 615

1997

 821 846 714 - 606

1998

 857 880 752 - 633

1999

 869 888 752 - 640

2000

 877 893 763 $973 651

2001

 886 903 785 974 671

2002

 901 932 806 964 676

2003

 920 945 818 997 683

2004

 929 947 818 994 679

2005

 918 936 783 1,044 673

2006

 912 926 789 1,062 669

2007

 907 925 787 1,080 699

2008

 908 930 788 1,071 713

2009

 939 956 831 1,113 727

2010

 940 961 831 1,086 713

2011

 932 958 811 1,023 706

2012

 921 947 799 1,027 695

2013

 928 949 796 1,076 711

2014

 929 948 789 1,087 708

2015

 937 959 794 1,132 730

2016

 954 976 817 1,149 746

2017

 960 991 819 1,126 752

2018

 960 994 796 1,140 751

2019

 982 1,005 842 1,226 768

2020

 1,051 1,067 901 1,348 831

2021

 1,027 1,042 874 1,285 809

2022

 998 1,014 870 1,285 793

2023

 1,005 1,021 889 1,299 800

Men

1979

 $1,150 $1,173 $894 - $862

1980

 1,106 1,131 862 - 827

1981

 1,097 1,129 865 - 810

1982

 1,110 1,143 848 - 820

1983

 1,108 1,132 860 - 801

1984

 1,098 1,123 849 - 804

1985

 1,103 1,133 827 - 802

1986

 1,117 1,155 851 - 797

1987

 1,121 1,163 845 - 791

1988

 1,117 1,157 866 - 766

1989

 1,117 1,150 831 - 752

1990

 1,093 1,123 820 - 723

1991

 1,081 1,110 822 - 708

1992

 1,073 1,101 814 - 726

1993

 1,065 1,094 818 - 722

1994

 1,067 1,119 818 - 701

1995

 1,074 1,130 820 - 699

1996

 1,084 1,128 802 - 693

1997

 1,103 1,133 823 - 707

1998

 1,124 1,156 880 - 733

1999

 1,136 1,173 897 - 746

2000

 1,141 1,178 907 $1,219 742

2001

 1,159 1,192 915 1,266 761

2002

 1,157 1,196 893 1,288 768

2003

 1,158 1,192 925 1,287 773

2004

 1,156 1,186 922 1,300 778

2005

 1,133 1,166 878 1,295 768

2006

 1,129 1,157 898 1,340 767

2007

 1,131 1,164 886 1,383 768

2008

 1,135 1,174 882 1,374 795

2009

 1,170 1,207 887 1,360 813

2010

 1,157 1,194 889 1,315 787

2011

 1,134 1,166 890 1,322 778

2012

 1,139 1,172 887 1,407 789

2013

 1,130 1,162 873 1,392 781

2014

 1,125 1,159 879 1,395 796

2015

 1,155 1,187 877 1,457 814

2016

 1,166 1,200 915 1,466 845

2017

 1,173 1,211 885 1,505 860

2018

 1,184 1,219 894 1,510 876

2019

 1,205 1,239 920 1,598 894

2020

 1,276 1,309 979 1,706 940

2021

 1,235 1,267 929 1,636 923

2022

 1,202 1,221 959 1,624 924

2023

 1,202 1,225 970 1,635 915

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979–2023 annual averages (In constant 2023 dollars)
Year Total,
25 years
and older		 Less than a
high school
diploma		 High school
graduates, no
college		 Some
college or
associate
degree		 Bachelor's
degree and
higher

Total

1979

 $1,043 $827 $980 $1,110 $1,354

1980

 1,011 784 940 1,074 1,329

1981

 994 774 923 1,045 1,313

1982

 997 756 921 1,070 1,335

1983

 1,003 749 909 1,061 1,348

1984

 1,014 737 905 1,070 1,361

1985

 1,027 732 902 1,081 1,371

1986

 1,043 741 917 1,091 1,400

1987

 1,041 734 920 1,088 1,457

1988

 1,030 716 915 1,070 1,455

1989

 1,019 709 895 1,079 1,453

1990

 1,020 689 877 1,082 1,450

1991

 1,024 673 871 1,072 1,461

1992

 1,026 666 863 1,036 1,490

1993

 1,025 656 866 1,031 1,493

1994

 1,022 628 861 1,020 1,499

1995

 1,018 617 862 1,014 1,491

1996

 1,012 617 862 1,008 1,475

1997

 1,029 611 878 1,019 1,484

1998

 1,075 633 900 1,049 1,543

1999

 1,088 636 901 1,066 1,581

2000

 1,084 644 899 1,060 1,585

2001

 1,090 661 900 1,067 1,593

2002

 1,101 661 911 1,072 1,603

2003

 1,103 660 923 1,065 1,607

2004

 1,107 650 930 1,071 1,598

2005

 1,093 642 915 1,052 1,590

2006

 1,091 637 904 1,052 1,579

2007

 1,090 632 892 1,040 1,583

2008

 1,083 644 879 1,027 1,586

2009

 1,106 649 894 1,037 1,624

2010

 1,098 624 879 1,031 1,607

2011

 1,086 614 869 1,007 1,567

2012

 1,087 628 869 999 1,553

2013

 1,087 620 855 983 1,569

2014

 1,084 630 863 983 1,541

2015

 1,110 636 875 983 1,587

2016

 1,127 642 882 992 1,604

2017

 1,131 648 888 995 1,595

2018

 1,134 673 888 1,005 1,611

2019

 1,159 708 892 1,024 1,635

2020

 1,213 730 921 1,065 1,676

2021

 1,190 705 911 1,042 1,635

2022

 1,170 710 889 1,009 1,608

2023

 1,170 708 899 1,016 1,609

Women

1979

 $768 $598 $728 $831 $1,039

1980

 753 580 710 816 1,025

1981

 752 565 700 823 1,026

1982

 777 561 720 835 1,055

1983

 784 570 719 842 1,079

1984

 793 560 725 854 1,092

1985

 802 547 726 859 1,122

1986

 821 555 739 880 1,163

1987

 829 553 744 897 1,204

1988

 833 550 741 896 1,206

1989

 838 551 726 905 1,210

1990

 839 545 716 898 1,216

1991

 849 548 719 897 1,232

1992

 857 548 722 872 1,272

1993

 866 549 724 881 1,276

1994

 861 526 718 865 1,297

1995

 854 523 711 852 1,285

1996

 864 521 710 860 1,278

1997

 880 524 720 874 1,280

1998

 912 532 744 895 1,329

1999

 914 533 744 897 1,360

2000

 918 541 747 899 1,345

2001

 939 547 766 900 1,360

2002

 968 554 780 925 1,378

2003

 973 548 790 933 1,387

2004

 971 541 791 935 1,394

2005

 961 535 774 922 1,386

2006

 953 544 760 915 1,375

2007

 954 545 756 900 1,377

2008

 953 538 740 893 1,358

2009

 981 546 774 900 1,386

2010

 989 545 763 896 1,385

2011

 978 538 755 879 1,360

2012

 969 515 748 879 1,335

2013

 972 526 753 863 1,371

2014

 972 528 747 854 1,355

2015

 982 539 756 857 1,373

2016

 999 539 763 876 1,403

2017

 1,010 557 761 873 1,410

2018

 1,010 571 749 872 1,393

2019

 1,035 591 757 882 1,429

2020

 1,096 619 791 919 1,461

2021

 1,074 619 786 904 1,432

2022

 1,044 619 766 882 1,429

2023

 1,060 619 770 895 1,437

Men

1979

 $1,236 $992 $1,213 $1,295 $1,559

1980

 1,198 943 1,155 1,265 1,509

1981

 1,200 923 1,148 1,255 1,532

1982

 1,198 893 1,140 1,253 1,534

1983

 1,190 880 1,135 1,234 1,515

1984

 1,182 863 1,118 1,249 1,574

1985

 1,201 851 1,103 1,279 1,599

1986

 1,235 856 1,109 1,293 1,648

1987

 1,233 837 1,093 1,284 1,687

1988

 1,211 826 1,087 1,251 1,689

1989

 1,193 826 1,074 1,234 1,683

1990

 1,164 793 1,043 1,232 1,684

1991

 1,147 765 1,031 1,235 1,675

1992

 1,148 752 1,026 1,188 1,694

1993

 1,159 743 1,017 1,194 1,683

1994

 1,178 699 1,014 1,200 1,689

1995

 1,174 693 1,012 1,190 1,687

1996

 1,165 695 1,004 1,175 1,700

1997

 1,171 695 1,019 1,183 1,707

1998

 1,201 720 1,051 1,209 1,765

1999

 1,228 726 1,066 1,222 1,796

2000

 1,233 722 1,052 1,230 1,815

2001

 1,246 725 1,054 1,251 1,846

2002

 1,247 717 1,051 1,245 1,857

2003

 1,240 715 1,047 1,233 1,885

2004

 1,235 723 1,045 1,233 1,853

2005

 1,210 714 1,024 1,203 1,832

2006

 1,211 713 1,030 1,210 1,831

2007

 1,216 710 1,018 1,196 1,836

2008

 1,219 707 1,009 1,181 1,828

2009

 1,247 714 1,023 1,193 1,896

2010

 1,228 683 997 1,187 1,868

2011

 1,207 665 981 1,144 1,815

2012

 1,213 677 980 1,143 1,828

2013

 1,198 657 962 1,127 1,833

2014

 1,191 668 970 1,127 1,789

2015

 1,222 671 979 1,139 1,832

2016

 1,234 702 980 1,141 1,865

2017

 1,242 728 994 1,143 1,847

2018

 1,248 738 996 1,157 1,854

2019

 1,280 770 1,010 1,185 1,882

2020

 1,349 795 1,039 1,211 1,939

2021

 1,306 770 1,018 1,179 1,870

2022

 1,270 776 984 1,157 1,839

2023

 1,273 768 991 1,165 1,870

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2023 annual averages (In constant 2023 dollars)
Year Total, 16 years and older 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older

Total

1979

 $17.48 $13.74 $12.20 $15.83 $20.12 $20.47 $20.83 $20.31 $19.57 $12.72

1980

 17.03 13.11 11.38 15.16 19.61 20.00 20.35 19.96 19.05 12.58

1981

 16.61 12.81 11.55 14.87 19.32 19.65 20.00 19.39 18.74 12.65

1982

 16.46 12.35 10.98 14.21 19.15 19.36 20.15 19.57 18.63 12.56

1983

 16.35 11.93 10.56 13.71 19.15 19.01 20.20 19.68 18.74 12.87

1984

 16.33 11.71 10.22 13.50 19.16 18.96 20.08 19.83 18.54 12.97

1985

 16.34 11.54 9.95 13.39 19.11 18.75 20.30 19.97 18.73 12.85

1986

 16.53 11.76 9.89 13.49 19.28 18.69 20.77 20.61 19.12 13.25

1987

 16.72 11.86 9.84 13.46 19.28 18.58 20.52 20.31 19.17 13.13

1988

 16.74 11.92 10.02 13.38 19.25 18.48 20.32 20.30 18.61 13.01

1989

 16.68 11.81 10.07 13.48 18.95 18.23 20.43 20.10 18.66 12.94

1990

 16.43 11.73 10.20 13.43 18.55 17.95 20.05 19.98 18.23 13.07

1991

 16.45 11.54 10.29 13.16 18.60 17.63 20.11 19.98 17.96 13.03

1992

 16.53 11.50 10.13 12.91 18.69 17.49 20.09 20.39 18.16 13.15

1993

 16.43 11.50 10.02 12.84 18.68 17.27 20.06 20.58 18.58 13.34

1994

 16.38 11.49 10.04 12.72 18.65 17.14 20.29 20.49 18.45 13.07

1995

 16.31 11.58 10.06 12.81 18.68 17.39 20.00 20.22 18.36 13.27

1996

 16.34 11.56 10.06 13.02 18.72 17.16 19.73 19.92 18.27 13.17

1997

 16.67 11.71 10.50 13.16 18.80 17.22 19.73 20.19 18.53 13.12

1998

 17.11 12.37 11.05 13.61 19.04 18.14 20.41 20.60 18.95 13.91

1999

 17.52 12.63 11.18 14.23 19.25 18.35 20.26 20.83 19.08 14.15

2000

 17.63 12.88 11.41 14.36 19.36 18.11 20.20 21.03 19.25 14.32

2001

 17.63 13.30 11.70 14.50 19.72 18.46 20.71 21.06 19.67 14.76

2002

 17.84 13.30 11.77 14.43 20.15 18.71 20.75 21.23 20.19 15.45

2003

 18.08 13.17 11.55 14.43 20.08 18.75 20.77 21.62 20.32 15.32

2004

 17.83 12.93 11.35 14.23 19.82 18.43 20.89 21.44 20.39 15.59

2005

 17.57 12.67 11.07 13.99 19.59 18.46 20.58 21.16 20.33 15.59

2006

 17.87 12.52 10.99 13.92 19.67 18.16 20.50 21.32 20.26 15.43

2007

 17.65 12.78 11.18 14.27 19.44 17.80 20.58 21.26 20.25 15.32

2008

 17.40 12.62 11.15 13.88 19.64 17.78 20.46 21.15 20.20 15.49

2009

 17.77 12.71 11.31 13.96 19.87 18.00 20.84 21.21 21.00 16.41

2010

 17.56 12.50 11.24 13.38 19.63 17.60 20.52 21.04 20.91 16.22

2011

 17.32 12.22 10.98 13.09 19.24 17.32 20.20 20.44 20.53 16.61

2012

 17.07 12.07 10.80 12.93 19.00 17.09 19.81 20.09 20.52 16.28

2013

 16.99 12.04 10.76 12.92 19.05 16.93 19.68 19.93 20.53 16.39

2014

 16.98 12.34 10.89 12.89 19.12 16.96 19.52 19.88 19.84 16.82

2015

 17.34 12.71 11.42 13.08 19.24 17.55 19.56 20.44 20.53 16.88

2016

 17.83 12.89 11.72 13.75 19.27 17.83 20.09 20.75 20.64 17.54

2017

 18.24 13.32 12.21 14.15 19.51 18.49 20.07 20.85 20.97 17.86

2018

 18.24 13.58 12.20 14.55 19.60 18.37 20.61 20.71 21.00 17.46

2019

 18.36 14.28 12.21 15.00 20.18 19.02 20.96 20.96 21.35 17.98

2020

 19.29 14.96 13.05 15.92 21.06 19.87 21.84 22.29 21.93 18.68

2021

 19.17 15.54 13.58 16.62 20.52 19.88 21.36 21.53 21.63 18.55

2022

 18.88 15.59 13.78 16.03 20.60 19.67 20.90 20.91 20.76 18.59

2023

 19.24 15.45 14.22 16.40 20.21 19.96 21.20 20.91 21.10 18.33

Women

1979

 $14.25 $12.56 $11.93 $13.86 $15.35 $15.91 $15.63 $15.12 $14.76 $12.28

1980

 13.96 12.19 11.10 13.39 14.98 15.69 15.16 14.95 14.42 11.94

1981

 13.81 11.97 11.35 13.19 15.13 15.77 15.39 14.81 14.29 11.97

1982

 14.05 11.52 10.82 12.77 15.30 15.82 15.49 15.09 14.63 11.98

1983

 14.04 11.17 10.38 12.46 15.29 15.91 15.53 15.18 14.82 12.16

1984

 13.92 11.01 10.06 12.21 15.35 15.69 15.71 15.43 14.76 12.24

1985

 13.90 10.87 9.78 12.36 15.53 15.69 16.02 15.61 14.80 12.01

1986

 14.21 10.96 9.73 12.56 15.87 15.87 16.35 15.97 15.33 12.61

1987

 14.47 10.90 9.59 12.64 15.92 15.87 16.41 16.23 15.58 12.53

1988

 14.53 11.14 9.73 12.56 16.02 15.82 16.82 16.39 15.12 12.74

1989

 14.58 11.19 9.79 12.48 16.18 15.94 16.95 16.47 15.23 12.27

1990

 14.64 11.25 9.89 12.66 16.07 15.93 16.75 16.27 15.30 12.39

1991

 14.80 11.14 10.18 12.52 16.10 15.77 16.95 16.69 15.24 12.63

1992

 14.90 11.05 10.04 12.36 16.38 15.95 17.11 17.00 15.42 12.78

1993

 14.86 11.00 9.87 12.44 16.43 15.89 17.04 17.08 15.78 12.90

1994

 14.83 10.88 9.88 12.23 16.46 15.91 17.26 17.30 15.99 12.76

1995

 14.89 10.96 9.86 12.16 16.31 15.81 17.23 17.41 15.83 12.87

1996

 15.04 11.05 9.90 12.18 16.40 15.68 17.30 17.39 15.70 12.55

1997

 15.12 11.33 10.32 12.48 16.67 15.62 17.41 17.64 15.83 13.01

1998

 15.47 11.73 10.86 13.03 17.16 16.54 18.16 18.38 16.64 13.55

1999

 15.88 12.13 10.99 13.27 17.52 16.73 18.07 18.29 17.15 13.79

2000

 16.12 12.46 11.09 13.88 17.60 17.24 17.85 18.11 17.51 14.00

2001

 16.68 12.54 11.44 13.84 17.65 17.20 18.06 18.77 17.98 14.08

2002

 16.85 12.69 11.58 13.82 18.25 17.24 18.71 19.05 18.42 14.87

2003

 16.80 12.65 11.42 13.65 18.35 17.52 18.62 19.65 18.42 14.73

2004

 16.48 12.50 11.12 13.48 18.20 17.21 18.56 19.37 18.75 14.85

2005

 16.19 12.24 10.86 13.34 18.18 17.05 18.59 19.04 18.62 15.42

2006

 16.19 12.14 10.81 13.40 18.04 16.82 18.31 18.63 18.42 15.15

2007

 16.22 12.04 10.95 13.29 17.80 16.56 18.26 18.98 18.06 14.99

2008

 16.34 11.99 10.97 13.03 17.75 16.67 18.34 18.72 18.49 14.98

2009

 16.80 12.26 11.17 13.13 18.23 17.09 18.57 18.70 19.41 15.87

2010

 16.62 12.11 11.11 12.75 18.09 16.91 18.43 18.96 19.21 15.70

2011

 16.32 11.89 10.84 12.48 17.85 16.51 18.31 18.75 19.11 16.02

2012

 15.99 11.71 10.69 12.23 17.56 16.20 17.95 18.40 19.15 15.79

2013

 15.93 11.73 10.63 12.35 17.56 16.07 18.09 18.32 19.09 16.06

2014

 15.74 11.81 10.71 12.62 17.44 15.83 18.09 18.27 18.33 16.11

2015

 16.21 12.31 11.29 12.84 17.96 16.63 18.23 19.10 19.06 16.34

2016

 16.57 12.74 11.55 13.06 18.13 16.66 18.79 19.07 19.24 16.59

2017

 16.91 12.82 11.96 13.72 18.49 17.46 18.60 18.90 18.97 17.31

2018

 17.10 13.30 12.06 14.21 18.30 17.81 18.52 18.49 19.00 16.75

2019

 17.76 13.86 12.07 14.44 18.64 18.06 19.02 19.10 19.35 17.68

2020

 17.95 14.29 12.75 15.31 19.46 18.79 19.99 20.13 20.09 17.72

2021

 18.04 14.81 13.40 15.83 19.32 18.93 20.06 20.05 19.62 17.79

2022

 17.90 15.40 13.55 15.67 18.94 18.84 19.54 19.36 18.96 17.51

2023

 18.11 15.08 13.83 15.88 19.43 19.14 19.84 19.77 19.80 17.87

Men

1979

 $22.24 $15.35 $12.56 $18.27 $26.34 $25.12 $28.03 $27.95 $25.94 $14.02

1980

 21.55 14.49 11.91 17.39 25.51 24.49 27.60 27.49 25.58 13.39

1981

 21.19 13.90 11.74 16.48 25.10 23.65 26.77 27.39 25.42 13.58

1982

 20.88 13.35 11.16 15.61 24.63 23.38 27.10 27.07 24.82 13.60

1983

 20.23 12.81 10.73 14.77 24.30 22.63 26.96 26.78 25.56 13.89

1984

 19.94 12.80 10.42 14.45 24.09 22.07 26.64 27.14 24.82 13.75

1985

 19.86 12.68 10.16 14.17 23.98 21.68 26.56 27.02 24.50 13.52

1986

 20.24 12.77 10.19 14.48 24.05 21.41 26.64 27.07 25.44 13.81

1987

 20.08 12.69 10.21 14.68 23.67 21.34 26.10 26.46 25.12 13.75

1988

 19.68 12.51 10.30 14.40 23.33 20.92 25.42 26.59 24.23 13.73

1989

 19.33 12.34 10.48 14.37 23.17 20.43 25.27 25.97 23.87 14.08

1990

 18.80 12.36 10.55 14.05 22.36 20.07 24.39 25.30 23.11 13.82

1991

 18.84 12.24 10.39 13.66 21.89 19.61 24.08 25.68 22.11 13.64

1992

 18.57 12.10 10.28 13.36 21.54 19.31 23.40 25.74 22.25 13.81

1993

 18.50 12.00 10.17 13.22 21.25 19.00 23.30 25.37 22.88 14.01

1994

 18.40 12.02 10.18 13.42 21.04 18.61 23.52 24.74 22.62 13.58

1995

 18.42 12.06 10.26 13.61 21.42 18.88 23.73 24.59 22.18 13.67

1996

 18.52 12.00 10.21 13.60 20.97 18.87 23.17 24.12 21.69 13.70

1997

 18.72 12.29 10.69 13.68 21.14 18.90 22.99 24.38 22.46 13.26

1998

 18.91 12.99 11.24 14.62 22.03 19.21 23.46 24.51 22.97 14.55

1999

 18.95 13.09 11.36 14.76 22.06 19.93 23.49 25.15 22.44 14.45

2000

 19.23 13.58 11.81 14.93 21.78 19.52 23.38 24.73 22.79 14.79

2001

 19.58 13.86 11.94 15.43 22.28 20.03 24.08 24.65 22.40 15.57

2002

 19.83 13.71 11.96 15.13 22.23 20.26 23.78 24.53 22.79 16.66

2003

 19.82 13.57 11.70 15.00 22.08 20.02 23.55 24.88 23.48 16.32

2004

 19.48 13.31 11.59 14.70 22.27 19.50 23.66 24.49 23.57 16.05

2005

 19.09 13.22 11.32 14.44 21.84 19.11 23.36 23.75 23.22 15.76

2006

 19.27 13.36 11.29 14.82 21.69 19.19 22.89 24.38 22.86 16.29

2007

 19.13 13.49 11.48 14.71 21.79 18.95 22.41 23.86 22.82 16.26

2008

 19.15 13.14 11.35 14.22 21.38 19.16 22.79 23.93 22.62 16.36

2009

 19.66 13.17 11.50 14.27 21.53 18.86 23.00 24.27 22.99 17.14

2010

 19.33 12.94 11.36 13.90 21.12 18.40 22.23 23.72 23.10 16.74

2011

 18.80 12.57 11.12 13.49 20.59 17.96 21.84 23.00 23.26 17.51

2012

 18.51 12.59 10.92 13.29 20.23 17.71 21.40 22.65 23.04 17.37

2013

 18.40 12.71 11.00 13.14 20.07 17.63 21.30 22.56 22.71 16.93

2014

 18.59 12.78 11.15 13.11 20.36 18.19 21.38 22.49 22.56 18.06

2015

 18.93 12.94 11.57 13.73 20.46 18.28 21.26 22.65 23.21 18.26

2016

 19.06 13.04 12.08 14.20 20.70 18.89 21.91 22.97 22.99 18.83

2017

 18.95 13.70 12.32 14.81 21.20 18.89 22.31 23.37 23.19 18.62

2018

 19.48 14.28 12.35 14.82 21.61 19.31 22.43 23.10 23.80 18.13

2019

 20.05 14.59 12.63 15.69 21.59 19.89 22.92 23.01 23.68 18.91

2020

 20.93 15.42 13.68 16.60 22.62 20.71 23.70 24.82 23.76 19.75

2021

 20.33 15.97 13.80 16.81 22.34 20.47 22.60 23.36 23.65 19.86

2022

 20.52 15.81 14.49 16.83 21.43 20.58 22.82 22.97 22.69 19.92

2023

 20.16 16.12 14.87 17.13 22.00 20.50 22.91 22.79 23.37 19.59

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979–2023 annual averages (In constant 2023 dollars)
Year Total,
16 years
and
older		 White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979

 $17.48 $17.76 $16.18 - $16.06

1980

 17.03 17.24 15.69 - 15.69

1981

 16.61 16.71 15.81 - 15.52

1982

 16.46 16.68 15.43 - 15.27

1983

 16.35 16.55 15.06 - 14.88

1984

 16.33 16.53 15.01 - 14.76

1985

 16.34 16.53 14.91 - 14.82

1986

 16.53 16.75 15.47 - 15.07

1987

 16.72 16.95 15.48 - 15.04

1988

 16.74 16.94 15.30 - 14.80

1989

 16.68 16.90 15.35 - 14.49

1990

 16.43 16.66 15.48 - 14.27

1991

 16.45 16.69 15.35 - 14.17

1992

 16.53 16.75 15.12 - 14.24

1993

 16.43 16.64 14.99 - 14.26

1994

 16.38 16.58 14.91 - 14.17

1995

 16.31 16.61 15.29 - 13.97

1996

 16.34 16.67 15.10 - 13.95

1997

 16.67 16.91 15.26 - 14.08

1998

 17.11 17.33 15.77 - 14.89

1999

 17.52 17.90 16.27 - 14.83

2000

 17.63 17.72 16.62 $17.92 15.20

2001

 17.63 17.75 16.92 18.60 15.67

2002

 17.84 18.25 16.92 17.65 15.71

2003

 18.08 18.28 16.92 18.53 16.27

2004

 17.83 18.04 16.52 17.99 15.90

2005

 17.57 18.02 15.97 18.85 15.62

2006

 17.87 18.02 16.20 19.04 15.38

2007

 17.65 17.84 16.09 18.05 15.13

2008

 17.40 17.84 15.93 18.51 15.60

2009

 17.77 18.09 16.63 18.80 15.77

2010

 17.56 17.89 16.53 18.57 15.28

2011

 17.32 17.59 16.06 18.19 15.05

2012

 17.07 17.39 15.79 17.64 14.83

2013

 16.99 17.28 15.64 17.90 14.78

2014

 16.98 17.53 15.35 18.09 15.28

2015

 17.34 17.90 15.56 18.31 15.54

2016

 17.83 18.14 15.91 18.84 16.17

2017

 18.24 18.57 16.08 18.78 16.41

2018

 18.24 18.44 16.59 18.54 17.02

2019

 18.36 18.96 17.54 19.29 17.78

2020

 19.29 19.79 17.89 20.34 17.92

2021

 19.17 19.39 17.80 20.15 18.07

2022

 18.88 18.99 17.82 20.24 17.94

2023

 19.24 19.78 18.10 20.12 18.10

Women

1979

 $14.25 $14.25 $13.98 - $13.54

1980

 13.96 13.99 13.71 - 13.36

1981

 13.81 13.81 13.52 - 13.23

1982

 14.05 14.05 13.69 - 13.20

1983

 14.04 14.06 13.80 - 12.92

1984

 13.92 13.95 13.64 - 13.03

1985

 13.90 13.93 13.66 - 13.06

1986

 14.21 14.27 13.79 - 13.33

1987

 14.47 14.52 13.95 - 13.20

1988

 14.53 14.58 13.96 - 13.13

1989

 14.58 14.63 14.03 - 13.20

1990

 14.64 14.68 14.16 - 13.18

1991

 14.80 14.82 14.36 - 13.11

1992

 14.90 14.97 14.22 - 13.21

1993

 14.86 14.95 14.34 - 13.17

1994

 14.83 15.01 14.17 - 13.09

1995

 14.89 15.05 14.21 - 13.17

1996

 15.04 15.16 14.01 - 13.17

1997

 15.12 15.24 14.46 - 12.99

1998

 15.47 15.66 14.85 - 13.57

1999

 15.88 16.05 14.94 - 13.71

2000

 16.12 16.17 15.77 $17.38 14.04

2001

 16.68 16.83 15.83 17.42 14.33

2002

 16.85 16.93 16.10 17.21 14.55

2003

 16.80 16.85 16.52 17.80 14.80

2004

 16.48 16.55 16.09 17.13 14.65

2005

 16.19 16.48 15.59 18.27 14.41

2006

 16.19 16.37 15.36 18.16 14.44

2007

 16.22 16.34 15.44 17.47 14.48

2008

 16.34 16.64 15.33 17.43 14.32

2009

 16.80 16.90 15.73 18.10 14.41

2010

 16.62 16.69 15.73 17.43 14.20

2011

 16.32 16.42 15.37 17.44 13.96

2012

 15.99 16.11 14.97 17.00 13.61

2013

 15.93 16.04 15.16 17.14 13.78

2014

 15.74 15.99 14.95 17.09 13.85

2015

 16.21 16.54 15.10 17.81 14.30

2016

 16.57 16.82 15.40 17.92 15.02

2017

 16.91 17.29 15.65 17.74 15.07

2018

 17.10 17.36 15.84 18.19 15.57

2019

 17.76 17.86 16.75 18.29 16.44

2020

 17.95 18.05 17.63 19.53 17.31

2021

 18.04 18.14 17.14 18.96 17.06

2022

 17.90 17.93 17.53 18.99 16.82

2023

 18.11 18.16 17.70 19.85 17.12

Men

1979

 $22.24 $22.80 $19.25 - $18.86

1980

 21.55 22.01 18.30 - 17.77

1981

 21.19 21.65 18.74 - 17.32

1982

 20.88 21.28 18.20 - 17.47

1983

 20.23 20.67 17.43 - 16.99

1984

 19.94 20.34 17.25 - 16.92

1985

 19.86 20.54 16.67 - 16.45

1986

 20.24 20.75 17.52 - 16.51

1987

 20.08 20.49 17.42 - 16.46

1988

 19.68 20.05 17.26 - 16.19

1989

 19.33 19.76 16.87 - 15.89

1990

 18.80 19.43 16.75 - 15.32

1991

 18.84 19.34 16.60 - 15.09

1992

 18.57 19.04 16.32 - 14.97

1993

 18.50 18.94 16.01 - 14.86

1994

 18.40 18.83 16.20 - 14.66

1995

 18.42 19.20 16.29 - 14.49

1996

 18.52 19.05 15.91 - 14.82

1997

 18.72 18.97 16.51 - 15.05

1998

 18.91 19.14 17.09 - 15.49

1999

 18.95 19.50 17.96 - 15.83

2000

 19.23 19.48 17.76 $19.20 16.09

2001

 19.58 20.09 17.61 20.48 16.73

2002

 19.83 20.20 17.44 18.77 16.90

2003

 19.82 20.05 18.02 19.82 16.72

2004

 19.48 19.71 17.63 19.29 16.24

2005

 19.09 19.58 17.11 20.02 16.00

2006

 19.27 19.57 17.36 20.03 16.47

2007

 19.13 19.53 17.09 19.53 16.35

2008

 19.15 19.70 17.06 19.96 16.83

2009

 19.66 19.93 17.53 20.01 17.03

2010

 19.33 19.62 17.08 19.82 16.47

2011

 18.80 19.10 16.43 19.41 16.09

2012

 18.51 18.89 16.27 18.87 15.95

2013

 18.40 18.71 15.98 18.71 15.76

2014

 18.59 19.20 15.78 18.94 15.99

2015

 18.93 19.26 16.34 19.19 16.67

2016

 19.06 19.27 16.64 19.16 17.62

2017

 18.95 19.69 16.63 20.76 17.92

2018

 19.48 20.11 17.30 20.30 18.26

2019

 20.05 20.45 17.92 20.60 18.24

2020

 20.93 21.20 18.73 21.27 19.15

2021

 20.33 20.81 18.15 21.45 19.18

2022

 20.52 20.71 18.52 20.97 18.94

2023

 20.16 20.64 18.80 21.41 19.38

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979–2023 annual averages (In current dollars)
Year Total,
16 years
and older		 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19
years		 20 to 24
years		 Total 25 to 34
years		 35 to 44
years		 45 to 54
years		 55 to 64
years		 65 years
and older

Total

1979

 $241 $172 $144 $186 $265 $255 $280 $276 $262 $198

1980

 262 187 154 200 286 276 302 298 285 203

1981

 284 200 161 213 308 296 326 320 309 222

1982

 302 208 164 220 327 311 354 345 325 253

1983

 313 211 164 223 343 321 370 367 346 261

1984

 326 217 169 231 362 335 389 385 366 272

1985

 344 224 174 240 379 349 406 400 381 297

1986

 359 232 178 248 391 360 419 416 397 298

1987

 374 243 186 259 403 373 435 429 405 310

1988

 385 249 196 266 414 383 450 453 419 323

1989

 399 259 204 276 427 394 472 472 431 334

1990

 412 269 209 285 449 407 486 489 457 343

1991

 426 277 213 291 467 415 498 507 469 381

1992

 440 276 212 290 479 422 503 522 483 378

1993

 459 282 214 297 491 436 517 542 492 393

1994

 467 286 221 300 500 439 537 566 501 384

1995

 479 292 231 306 510 451 550 582 514 389

1996

 490 298 240 312 520 463 559 594 535 384

1997

 503 306 252 321 540 481 579 607 558 393

1998

 523 319 268 339 572 502 597 620 592 405

1999

 549 341 281 363 592 518 611 652 604 404

2000

 576 361 297 383 609 549 625 669 620 463

2001

 596 375 305 394 630 576 657 693 638 488

2002

 608 381 305 399 646 591 668 706 674 502

2003

 620 387 311 402 662 594 687 723 708 516

2004

 638 390 309 406 683 604 713 743 725 560

2005

 651 397 318 411 696 610 731 748 742 569

2006

 671 409 324 423 718 621 748 773 765 583

2007

 695 424 337 450 738 643 769 790 803 605

2008

 722 443 349 467 761 666 804 822 825 644

2009

 739 442 344 464 774 678 817 838 841 684

2010

 747 432 347 454 782 682 824 844 860 684

2011

 756 440 352 457 797 693 837 866 881 742

2012

 768 444 356 464 815 707 858 878 897 757

2013

 776 454 373 472 827 708 874 883 904 801

2014

 791 477 378 491 839 726 881 899 911 824

2015

 809 487 389 501 860 735 900 923 927 873

2016

 832 501 405 513 885 751 934 955 952 866

2017

 860 519 424 540 907 773 964 977 974 909

2018

 886 548 449 576 932 808 986 1,002 994 944

2019

 917 581 481 598 969 846 1,035 1,033 1,017 936

2020

 984 606 497 624 1,029 904 1,106 1,129 1,096 999

2021

 998 623 527 645 1,057 931 1,131 1,154 1,132 994

2022

 1,059 691 606 706 1,123 992 1,181 1,194 1,154 1,031

2023

 1,117 714 613 731 1,170 1,045 1,250 1,255 1,217 1,080

Women

1979

 $182 $154 $132 $161 $195 $199 $196 $192 $189 $170

1980

 201 167 145 175 213 218 214 209 205 175

1981

 219 180 154 191 233 239 238 225 222 189

1982

 239 192 158 201 255 258 258 252 245 211

1983

 252 198 158 207 268 272 272 264 257 212

1984

 265 203 162 213 283 285 292 279 270 219

1985

 277 211 166 221 296 296 307 292 285 242

1986

 291 219 170 231 308 306 319 308 296 256

1987

 303 227 172 242 321 316 337 324 308 261

1988

 315 235 184 251 335 327 354 339 317 280

1989

 328 246 197 260 351 340 370 357 333 292

1990

 346 254 198 269 369 356 390 377 348 300

1991

 366 266 205 280 387 371 407 398 363 319

1992

 380 267 205 280 400 382 418 417 376 328

1993

 393 273 205 289 415 395 435 440 395 335

1994

 399 276 211 290 421 397 448 450 398 336

1995

 406 275 215 291 428 403 453 464 403 353

1996

 418 284 223 298 444 415 463 481 420 334

1997

 431 292 240 306 462 427 482 495 433 348

1998

 456 305 249 319 485 451 498 516 476 350

1999

 473 324 266 343 497 470 503 534 492 370

2000

 493 344 283 366 516 493 521 564 508 392

2001

 512 353 288 375 543 512 547 587 536 390

2002

 529 367 295 385 568 530 571 602 574 430

2003

 552 371 299 387 584 546 590 609 601 435

2004

 573 375 293 391 599 561 608 625 615 478

2005

 585 381 304 396 612 573 621 644 639 492

2006

 600 395 305 413 627 583 645 659 658 510

2007

 614 409 318 426 646 597 668 677 679 534

2008

 638 420 322 445 670 623 682 707 711 563

2009

 657 424 323 445 687 634 709 712 727 602

2010

 669 422 336 439 704 648 731 730 736 601

2011

 684 421 328 438 718 662 734 744 749 664

2012

 691 416 330 429 727 666 747 746 766 667

2013

 706 423 350 442 740 665 767 761 779 691

2014

 719 451 357 468 752 679 781 780 780 740

2015

 726 450 364 468 761 690 804 799 784 740

2016

 749 486 388 500 784 705 839 836 812 749

2017

 770 499 402 514 810 724 860 855 856 782

2018

 789 522 421 546 830 750 876 876 853 811

2019

 821 540 427 563 865 788 920 904 880 815

2020

 891 589 464 606 929 852 978 977 955 897

2021

 912 605 499 619 954 881 992 1,012 976 867

2022

 958 656 569 678 1,002 938 1,065 1,058 1,007 874

2023

 1,005 691 576 706 1,060 985 1,136 1,115 1,065 977

Men

1979

 $292 $196 $155 $211 $314 $295 $336 $338 $312 $219

1980

 313 208 162 224 339 314 367 367 345 229

1981

 340 218 168 237 372 340 397 396 377 266

1982

 364 225 170 244 393 358 422 419 399 300

1983

 379 223 168 242 407 371 442 444 416 308

1984

 392 231 174 250 422 382 471 470 439 328

1985

 407 241 183 258 443 394 487 489 467 367

1986

 419 246 186 264 463 402 499 506 484 358

1987

 434 257 196 275 477 412 510 520 495 380

1988

 449 262 205 279 487 421 517 549 509 395

1989

 468 271 209 290 500 434 542 569 521 393

1990

 481 282 218 298 512 449 560 591 546 403

1991

 493 285 219 300 523 458 576 612 563 467

1992

 501 284 218 297 536 466 581 634 579 421

1993

 510 288 221 303 555 476 596 653 586 451

1994

 522 294 228 307 576 479 617 671 603 441

1995

 538 303 244 315 588 490 624 685 623 441

1996

 557 307 251 321 599 499 632 698 643 477

1997

 579 317 262 338 615 515 651 713 669 452

1998

 598 334 281 357 639 544 677 732 699 482

1999

 618 356 291 379 668 577 702 763 725 470

2000

 641 375 306 395 693 598 728 771 735 522

2001

 670 391 319 408 720 617 754 799 760 565

2002

 679 391 312 410 732 627 759 807 802 583

2003

 695 398 321 412 744 628 775 834 827 612

2004

 713 400 318 417 762 639 804 857 843 641

2005

 722 409 330 422 771 644 822 853 855 644

2006

 743 418 348 435 797 661 836 897 902 658

2007

 766 443 357 472 823 687 873 909 933 686

2008

 798 461 369 481 857 704 915 944 943 753

2009

 819 458 356 479 873 715 916 967 965 791

2010

 824 443 355 468 874 714 915 954 979 794

2011

 832 455 370 470 886 717 935 979 997 821

2012

 854 468 373 482 910 738 957 994 1,005 860

2013

 860 479 390 492 912 744 956 994 1,011 937

2014

 871 493 392 507 922 755 964 1,011 1,021 942

2015

 895 510 407 522 947 770 983 1,040 1,064 1,003

2016

 915 512 419 523 969 794 1,007 1,075 1,102 992

2017

 941 547 459 570 996 821 1,062 1,103 1,098 1,016

2018

 973 575 471 592 1,026 862 1,101 1,137 1,137 1,050

2019

 1,007 607 506 623 1,070 897 1,149 1,169 1,166 1,066

2020

 1,082 622 513 648 1,144 952 1,205 1,260 1,228 1,115

2021

 1,097 650 563 671 1,160 972 1,241 1,295 1,256 1,129

2022

 1,154 713 632 730 1,219 1,040 1,297 1,336 1,294 1,196

2023

 1,202 736 642 763 1,273 1,107 1,364 1,396 1,380 1,181

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2023 annual averages (In current dollars)
Year Total,
16 years
and older		 White Black or
African
American		 Asian Hispanic
or
Latino ethnicity

Total

1979

 $241 $248 $199 - $194

1980

 262 269 212 - 209

1981

 284 291 235 - 223

1982

 302 310 245 - 240

1983

 313 320 261 - 250

1984

 326 336 269 - 259

1985

 344 356 277 - 270

1986

 359 371 291 - 277

1987

 374 384 301 - 285

1988

 385 395 314 - 290

1989

 399 409 319 - 298

1990

 412 424 329 - 304

1991

 426 442 348 - 312

1992

 440 458 357 - 321

1993

 459 475 369 - 331

1994

 467 484 371 - 324

1995

 479 494 383 - 329

1996

 490 506 387 - 339

1997

 503 519 400 - 351

1998

 523 545 426 - 370

1999

 549 573 445 - 385

2000

 576 590 474 $615 399

2001

 596 610 491 639 417

2002

 608 623 498 658 424

2003

 620 636 514 693 440

2004

 638 657 525 708 456

2005

 651 672 520 753 471

2006

 671 690 554 784 486

2007

 695 716 569 830 503

2008

 722 742 589 861 529

2009

 739 757 601 880 541

2010

 747 765 611 855 535

2011

 756 775 615 866 549

2012

 768 792 621 920 568

2013

 776 802 629 942 578

2014

 791 816 639 953 594

2015

 809 835 641 993 604

2016

 832 862 678 1,021 624

2017

 860 890 682 1,043 655

2018

 886 916 694 1,095 680

2019

 917 945 735 1,174 706

2020

 984 1,003 794 1,310 758

2021

 998 1,018 801 1,328 777

2022

 1,059 1,085 878 1,401 823

2023

 1,117 1,138 920 1,474 874

Women

1979

 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980

 201 203 185 - 172

1981

 219 221 206 - 190

1982

 239 242 217 - 203

1983

 252 254 232 - 215

1984

 265 268 241 - 223

1985

 277 281 252 - 230

1986

 291 294 264 - 241

1987

 303 307 276 - 251

1988

 315 318 288 - 260

1989

 328 334 301 - 269

1990

 346 353 308 - 278

1991

 366 373 323 - 292

1992

 380 387 335 - 302

1993

 393 401 348 - 313

1994

 399 408 346 - 305

1995

 406 415 355 - 305

1996

 418 428 362 - 316

1997

 431 444 375 - 318

1998

 456 468 400 - 337

1999

 473 483 409 - 348

2000

 493 502 429 $547 366

2001

 512 522 454 563 388

2002

 529 547 473 566 397

2003

 552 567 491 598 410

2004

 573 584 505 613 419

2005

 585 596 499 665 429

2006

 600 609 519 699 440

2007

 614 626 533 731 473

2008

 638 654 554 753 501

2009

 657 669 582 779 509

2010

 669 684 592 773 508

2011

 684 703 595 751 518

2012

 691 710 599 770 521

2013

 706 722 606 819 541

2014

 719 734 611 841 548

2015

 726 743 615 877 566

2016

 749 766 641 902 586

2017

 770 795 657 903 603

2018

 789 817 654 937 617

2019

 821 840 704 1,025 642

2020

 891 905 764 1,143 705

2021

 912 925 776 1,141 718

2022

 958 973 835 1,234 761

2023

 1,005 1,021 889 1,299 800

Men

1979

 $292 $298 $227 - $219

1980

 313 320 244 - 234

1981

 340 350 268 - 251

1982

 364 375 278 - 269

1983

 379 387 294 - 274

1984

 392 401 303 - 287

1985

 407 418 305 - 296

1986

 419 433 319 - 299

1987

 434 450 327 - 306

1988

 449 465 348 - 308

1989

 468 482 348 - 315

1990

 481 494 361 - 318

1991

 493 506 375 - 323

1992

 501 514 380 - 339

1993

 510 524 392 - 346

1994

 522 547 400 - 343

1995

 538 566 411 - 350

1996

 557 580 412 - 356

1997

 579 595 432 - 371

1998

 598 615 468 - 390

1999

 618 638 488 - 406

2000

 641 662 510 $685 417

2001

 670 689 529 732 440

2002

 679 702 524 756 451

2003

 695 715 555 772 464

2004

 713 732 569 802 480

2005

 722 743 559 825 489

2006

 743 761 591 882 505

2007

 766 788 600 936 520

2008

 798 825 620 966 559

2009

 819 845 621 952 569

2010

 824 850 633 936 560

2011

 832 856 653 970 571

2012

 854 879 665 1,055 592

2013

 860 884 664 1,059 594

2014

 871 897 680 1,080 616

2015

 895 920 680 1,129 631

2016

 915 942 718 1,151 663

2017

 941 971 710 1,207 690

2018

 973 1,002 735 1,241 720

2019

 1,007 1,036 769 1,336 747

2020

 1,082 1,110 830 1,447 797

2021

 1,097 1,125 825 1,453 820

2022

 1,154 1,172 921 1,559 887

2023

 1,202 1,225 970 1,635 915

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979–2023 annual averages (In current dollars)
Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate degree Bachelor's degree and higher

Total

1979

 $265 $210 $249 $282 $344

1980

 286 222 266 304 376

1981

 308 240 286 324 407

1982

 327 248 302 351 438

1983

 343 256 311 363 461

1984

 362 263 323 382 486

1985

 379 270 333 399 506

1986

 391 278 344 409 525

1987

 403 284 356 421 564

1988

 414 288 368 430 585

1989

 427 297 375 452 609

1990

 449 303 386 476 638

1991

 467 307 397 489 666

1992

 479 311 403 484 696

1993

 491 314 415 494 715

1994

 500 307 421 499 733

1995

 510 309 432 508 747

1996

 520 317 443 518 758

1997

 540 321 461 535 779

1998

 572 337 479 558 821

1999

 592 346 490 580 860

2000

 609 362 505 596 891

2001

 630 382 520 617 921

2002

 646 388 535 629 941

2003

 662 396 554 639 964

2004

 683 401 574 661 986

2005

 696 409 583 670 1,013

2006

 718 419 595 692 1,039

2007

 738 428 604 704 1,072

2008

 761 453 618 722 1,115

2009

 774 454 626 726 1,137

2010

 782 444 626 734 1,144

2011

 797 451 638 739 1,150

2012

 815 471 652 749 1,165

2013

 827 472 651 748 1,194

2014

 839 488 668 761 1,193

2015

 860 493 678 762 1,230

2016

 885 504 692 779 1,259

2017

 907 520 712 798 1,279

2018

 932 553 730 826 1,324

2019

 969 592 746 856 1,367

2020

 1,029 619 781 903 1,421

2021

 1,057 626 809 925 1,452

2022

 1,123 682 853 969 1,544

2023

 1,170 708 899 1,016 1,609

Women

1979

 $195 $152 $185 $211 $264

1980

 213 164 201 231 290

1981

 233 175 217 255 318

1982

 255 184 236 274 346

1983

 268 195 246 288 369

1984

 283 200 259 305 390

1985

 296 202 268 317 414

1986

 308 208 277 330 436

1987

 321 214 288 347 466

1988

 335 221 298 360 485

1989

 351 231 304 379 507

1990

 369 240 315 395 535

1991

 387 250 328 409 562

1992

 400 256 337 407 594

1993

 415 263 347 422 611

1994

 421 257 351 423 634

1995

 428 262 356 427 644

1996

 444 268 365 442 657

1997

 462 275 378 459 672

1998

 485 283 396 476 707

1999

 497 290 405 488 740

2000

 516 304 420 505 756

2001

 543 316 443 520 786

2002

 568 325 458 543 809

2003

 584 329 474 560 832

2004

 599 334 488 577 860

2005

 612 341 493 587 883

2006

 627 358 500 602 905

2007

 646 369 512 609 932

2008

 670 378 520 628 955

2009

 687 382 542 630 970

2010

 704 388 543 638 986

2011

 718 395 554 645 998

2012

 727 386 561 659 1,001

2013

 740 400 573 657 1,043

2014

 752 409 578 661 1,049

2015

 761 418 586 664 1,064

2016

 784 423 599 688 1,101

2017

 810 447 610 700 1,131

2018

 830 469 616 717 1,145

2019

 865 494 633 737 1,195

2020

 929 525 671 779 1,239

2021

 954 550 698 803 1,272

2022

 1,002 594 735 847 1,372

2023

 1,060 619 770 895 1,437

Men

1979

 $314 $252 $308 $329 $396

1980

 339 267 327 358 427

1981

 372 286 356 389 475

1982

 393 293 374 411 503

1983

 407 301 388 422 518

1984

 422 308 399 446 562

1985

 443 314 407 472 590

1986

 463 321 416 485 618

1987

 477 324 423 497 653

1988

 487 332 437 503 679

1989

 500 346 450 517 705

1990

 512 349 459 542 741

1991

 523 349 470 563 764

1992

 536 351 479 555 791

1993

 555 356 487 572 806

1994

 576 342 496 587 826

1995

 588 347 507 596 845

1996

 599 357 516 604 874

1997

 615 365 535 621 896

1998

 639 383 559 643 939

1999

 668 395 580 665 977

2000

 693 406 591 691 1,020

2001

 720 419 609 723 1,067

2002

 732 421 617 731 1,090

2003

 744 429 628 740 1,131

2004

 762 446 645 761 1,143

2005

 771 455 652 766 1,167

2006

 797 469 678 796 1,205

2007

 823 481 689 810 1,243

2008

 857 497 709 830 1,285

2009

 873 500 716 835 1,327

2010

 874 486 710 845 1,330

2011

 886 488 720 840 1,332

2012

 910 508 735 857 1,371

2013

 912 500 732 858 1,395

2014

 922 517 751 872 1,385

2015

 947 520 759 883 1,420

2016

 969 551 769 896 1,464

2017

 996 584 797 917 1,481

2018

 1,026 607 819 951 1,524

2019

 1,070 644 844 991 1,573

2020

 1,144 674 881 1,027 1,644

2021

 1,160 684 904 1,047 1,661

2022

 1,219 745 945 1,111 1,765

2023

 1,273 768 991 1,165 1,870

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979–2023 annual averages (In current dollars)
Year Total,
16 years
and
older		 16 to 24 years 25 years and older
Total 16 to 19
years		 20 to 24
years		 Total 25 to 34
years		 35 to 44
years		 45 to 54
years		 55 to 64
years		 65 years
and
older

Total

1979

 $4.44 $3.49 $3.10 $4.02 $5.11 $5.20 $5.29 $5.16 $4.97 $3.23

1980

 4.82 3.71 3.22 4.29 5.55 5.66 5.76 5.65 5.39 3.56

1981

 5.15 3.97 3.58 4.61 5.99 6.09 6.20 6.01 5.81 3.92

1982

 5.40 4.05 3.60 4.66 6.28 6.35 6.61 6.42 6.11 4.12

1983

 5.59 4.08 3.61 4.69 6.55 6.50 6.91 6.73 6.41 4.40

1984

 5.83 4.18 3.65 4.82 6.84 6.77 7.17 7.08 6.62 4.63

1985

 6.03 4.26 3.67 4.94 7.05 6.92 7.49 7.37 6.91 4.74

1986

 6.20 4.41 3.71 5.06 7.23 7.01 7.79 7.73 7.17 4.97

1987

 6.47 4.59 3.81 5.21 7.46 7.19 7.94 7.86 7.42 5.08

1988

 6.73 4.79 4.03 5.38 7.74 7.43 8.17 8.16 7.48 5.23

1989

 6.99 4.95 4.22 5.65 7.94 7.64 8.56 8.42 7.82 5.42

1990

 7.23 5.16 4.49 5.91 8.16 7.90 8.82 8.79 8.02 5.75

1991

 7.50 5.26 4.69 6.00 8.48 8.04 9.17 9.11 8.19 5.94

1992

 7.72 5.37 4.73 6.03 8.73 8.17 9.38 9.52 8.48 6.14

1993

 7.87 5.51 4.80 6.15 8.95 8.27 9.61 9.86 8.90 6.39

1994

 8.01 5.62 4.91 6.22 9.12 8.38 9.92 10.02 9.02 6.39

1995

 8.17 5.80 5.04 6.42 9.36 8.71 10.02 10.13 9.20 6.65

1996

 8.40 5.94 5.17 6.69 9.62 8.82 10.14 10.24 9.39 6.77

1997

 8.75 6.15 5.51 6.91 9.87 9.04 10.36 10.60 9.73 6.89

1998

 9.10 6.58 5.88 7.24 10.13 9.65 10.86 10.96 10.08 7.40

1999

 9.53 6.87 6.08 7.74 10.47 9.98 11.02 11.33 10.38 7.70

2000

 9.91 7.24 6.41 8.07 10.88 10.18 11.35 11.82 10.82 8.05

2001

 10.19 7.69 6.76 8.38 11.40 10.67 11.97 12.17 11.37 8.53

2002

 10.47 7.81 6.91 8.47 11.83 10.98 12.18 12.46 11.85 9.07

2003

 10.85 7.90 6.93 8.66 12.05 11.25 12.46 12.97 12.19 9.19

2004

 11.00 7.98 7.00 8.78 12.23 11.37 12.89 13.23 12.58 9.62

2005

 11.19 8.07 7.05 8.91 12.48 11.76 13.11 13.48 12.95 9.93

2006

 11.76 8.24 7.23 9.16 12.94 11.95 13.49 14.03 13.33 10.15

2007

 11.95 8.65 7.57 9.66 13.16 12.05 13.93 14.39 13.71 10.37

2008

 12.23 8.87 7.84 9.76 13.81 12.50 14.38 14.87 14.20 10.89

2009

 12.44 8.90 7.92 9.77 13.91 12.60 14.59 14.85 14.70 11.49

2010

 12.50 8.90 8.00 9.53 13.98 12.53 14.61 14.98 14.89 11.55

2011

 12.71 8.97 8.06 9.61 14.12 12.71 14.83 15.00 15.07 12.19

2012

 12.80 9.05 8.10 9.70 14.25 12.82 14.86 15.07 15.39 12.21

2013

 12.93 9.16 8.19 9.83 14.50 12.88 14.98 15.17 15.62 12.47

2014

 13.14 9.55 8.43 9.98 14.80 13.13 15.11 15.39 15.36 13.02

2015

 13.44 9.85 8.85 10.14 14.91 13.60 15.16 15.84 15.91 13.08

2016

 14.00 10.12 9.20 10.79 15.13 14.00 15.77 16.29 16.20 13.77

2017

 14.63 10.68 9.79 11.35 15.65 14.83 16.10 16.72 16.82 14.32

2018

 14.99 11.16 10.03 11.96 16.11 15.10 16.94 17.02 17.26 14.35

2019

 15.35 11.94 10.21 12.54 16.87 15.90 17.52 17.52 17.85 15.03

2020

 16.36 12.69 11.07 13.50 17.86 16.85 18.52 18.90 18.60 15.84

2021

 17.02 13.80 12.06 14.76 18.22 17.65 18.97 19.12 19.21 16.47

2022

 18.12 14.97 13.23 15.39 19.78 18.88 20.06 20.07 19.93 17.85

2023

 19.24 15.45 14.22 16.40 20.21 19.96 21.20 20.91 21.10 18.33

Women

1979

 $3.62 $3.19 $3.03 $3.52 $3.90 $4.04 $3.97 $3.84 $3.75 $3.12

1980

 3.95 3.45 3.14 3.79 4.24 4.44 4.29 4.23 4.08 3.38

1981

 4.28 3.71 3.52 4.09 4.69 4.89 4.77 4.59 4.43 3.71

1982

 4.61 3.78 3.55 4.19 5.02 5.19 5.08 4.95 4.80 3.93

1983

 4.80 3.82 3.55 4.26 5.23 5.44 5.31 5.19 5.07 4.16

1984

 4.97 3.93 3.59 4.36 5.48 5.60 5.61 5.51 5.27 4.37

1985

 5.13 4.01 3.61 4.56 5.73 5.79 5.91 5.76 5.46 4.43

1986

 5.33 4.11 3.65 4.71 5.95 5.95 6.13 5.99 5.75 4.73

1987

 5.60 4.22 3.71 4.89 6.16 6.14 6.35 6.28 6.03 4.85

1988

 5.84 4.48 3.91 5.05 6.44 6.36 6.76 6.59 6.08 5.12

1989

 6.11 4.69 4.10 5.23 6.78 6.68 7.10 6.90 6.38 5.14

1990

 6.44 4.95 4.35 5.57 7.07 7.01 7.37 7.16 6.73 5.45

1991

 6.75 5.08 4.64 5.71 7.34 7.19 7.73 7.61 6.95 5.76

1992

 6.96 5.16 4.69 5.77 7.65 7.45 7.99 7.94 7.20 5.97

1993

 7.12 5.27 4.73 5.96 7.87 7.61 8.16 8.18 7.56 6.18

1994

 7.25 5.32 4.83 5.98 8.05 7.78 8.44 8.46 7.82 6.24

1995

 7.46 5.49 4.94 6.09 8.17 7.92 8.63 8.72 7.93 6.45

1996

 7.73 5.68 5.09 6.26 8.43 8.06 8.89 8.94 8.07 6.45

1997

 7.94 5.95 5.42 6.55 8.75 8.20 9.14 9.26 8.31 6.83

1998

 8.23 6.24 5.78 6.93 9.13 8.80 9.66 9.78 8.85 7.21

1999

 8.64 6.60 5.98 7.22 9.53 9.10 9.83 9.95 9.33 7.50

2000

 9.06 7.00 6.23 7.80 9.89 9.69 10.03 10.18 9.84 7.87

2001

 9.64 7.25 6.61 8.00 10.20 9.94 10.44 10.85 10.39 8.14

2002

 9.89 7.45 6.80 8.11 10.71 10.12 10.98 11.18 10.81 8.73

2003

 10.08 7.59 6.85 8.19 11.01 10.51 11.17 11.79 11.05 8.84

2004

 10.17 7.71 6.86 8.32 11.23 10.62 11.45 11.95 11.57 9.16

2005

 10.31 7.80 6.92 8.50 11.58 10.86 11.84 12.13 11.86 9.82

2006

 10.65 7.99 7.11 8.82 11.87 11.07 12.05 12.26 12.12 9.97

2007

 10.98 8.15 7.41 9.00 12.05 11.21 12.36 12.85 12.23 10.15

2008

 11.49 8.43 7.71 9.16 12.48 11.72 12.89 13.16 13.00 10.53

2009

 11.76 8.58 7.82 9.19 12.76 11.96 13.00 13.09 13.59 11.11

2010

 11.83 8.62 7.91 9.08 12.88 12.04 13.12 13.50 13.68 11.18

2011

 11.98 8.73 7.96 9.16 13.10 12.12 13.44 13.76 14.03 11.76

2012

 11.99 8.78 8.02 9.17 13.17 12.15 13.46 13.80 14.36 11.84

2013

 12.12 8.93 8.09 9.40 13.36 12.23 13.77 13.94 14.53 12.22

2014

 12.18 9.14 8.29 9.77 13.50 12.25 14.00 14.14 14.19 12.47

2015

 12.56 9.54 8.75 9.95 13.92 12.89 14.13 14.80 14.77 12.66

2016

 13.01 10.00 9.07 10.25 14.23 13.08 14.75 14.97 15.10 13.02

2017

 13.56 10.28 9.59 11.00 14.83 14.00 14.92 15.16 15.21 13.88

2018

 14.06 10.93 9.91 11.68 15.04 14.64 15.22 15.20 15.62 13.77

2019

 14.85 11.59 10.09 12.07 15.58 15.10 15.90 15.97 16.18 14.78

2020

 15.22 12.12 10.81 12.98 16.50 15.93 16.95 17.07 17.04 15.03

2021

 16.02 13.15 11.90 14.06 17.16 16.81 17.81 17.80 17.42 15.80

2022

 17.18 14.78 13.01 15.04 18.18 18.09 18.76 18.59 18.20 16.81

2023

 18.11 15.08 13.83 15.88 19.43 19.14 19.84 19.77 19.80 17.87

Men

1979

 $5.65 $3.90 $3.19 $4.64 $6.69 $6.38 $7.12 $7.10 $6.59 $3.56

1980

 6.10 4.10 3.37 4.92 7.22 6.93 7.81 7.78 7.24 3.79

1981

 6.57 4.31 3.64 5.11 7.78 7.33 8.30 8.49 7.88 4.21

1982

 6.85 4.38 3.66 5.12 8.08 7.67 8.89 8.88 8.14 4.46

1983

 6.92 4.38 3.67 5.05 8.31 7.74 9.22 9.16 8.74 4.75

1984

 7.12 4.57 3.72 5.16 8.60 7.88 9.51 9.69 8.86 4.91

1985

 7.33 4.68 3.75 5.23 8.85 8.00 9.80 9.97 9.04 4.99

1986

 7.59 4.79 3.82 5.43 9.02 8.03 9.99 10.15 9.54 5.18

1987

 7.77 4.91 3.95 5.68 9.16 8.26 10.10 10.24 9.72 5.32

1988

 7.91 5.03 4.14 5.79 9.38 8.41 10.22 10.69 9.74 5.52

1989

 8.10 5.17 4.39 6.02 9.71 8.56 10.59 10.88 10.00 5.90

1990

 8.27 5.44 4.64 6.18 9.84 8.83 10.73 11.13 10.17 6.08

1991

 8.59 5.58 4.74 6.23 9.98 8.94 10.98 11.71 10.08 6.22

1992

 8.67 5.65 4.80 6.24 10.06 9.02 10.93 12.02 10.39 6.45

1993

 8.86 5.75 4.87 6.33 10.18 9.10 11.16 12.15 10.96 6.71

1994

 9.00 5.88 4.98 6.56 10.29 9.10 11.50 12.10 11.06 6.64

1995

 9.23 6.04 5.14 6.82 10.73 9.46 11.89 12.32 11.11 6.85

1996

 9.52 6.17 5.25 6.99 10.78 9.70 11.91 12.40 11.15 7.04

1997

 9.83 6.45 5.61 7.18 11.10 9.92 12.07 12.80 11.79 6.96

1998

 10.06 6.91 5.98 7.78 11.72 10.22 12.48 13.04 12.22 7.74

1999

 10.31 7.12 6.18 8.03 12.00 10.84 12.78 13.68 12.21 7.86

2000

 10.81 7.63 6.64 8.39 12.24 10.97 13.14 13.90 12.81 8.31

2001

 11.32 8.01 6.90 8.92 12.88 11.58 13.92 14.25 12.95 9.00

2002

 11.64 8.05 7.02 8.88 13.05 11.89 13.96 14.40 13.38 9.78

2003

 11.89 8.14 7.02 9.00 13.25 12.01 14.13 14.93 14.09 9.79

2004

 12.02 8.21 7.15 9.07 13.74 12.03 14.60 15.11 14.54 9.90

2005

 12.16 8.42 7.21 9.20 13.91 12.17 14.88 15.13 14.79 10.04

2006

 12.68 8.79 7.43 9.75 14.27 12.63 15.06 16.04 15.04 10.72

2007

 12.95 9.13 7.77 9.96 14.75 12.83 15.17 16.15 15.45 11.01

2008

 13.46 9.24 7.98 10.00 15.03 13.47 16.02 16.82 15.90 11.50

2009

 13.76 9.22 8.05 9.99 15.07 13.20 16.10 16.99 16.09 12.00

2010

 13.76 9.21 8.09 9.90 15.04 13.10 15.83 16.89 16.45 11.92

2011

 13.80 9.23 8.16 9.90 15.11 13.18 16.03 16.88 17.07 12.85

2012

 13.88 9.44 8.19 9.97 15.17 13.28 16.05 16.99 17.28 13.03

2013

 14.00 9.67 8.37 10.00 15.27 13.42 16.21 17.17 17.28 12.88

2014

 14.39 9.89 8.63 10.15 15.76 14.08 16.55 17.41 17.46 13.98

2015

 14.67 10.03 8.97 10.64 15.86 14.17 16.48 17.55 17.99 14.15

2016

 14.96 10.24 9.48 11.15 16.25 14.83 17.20 18.03 18.05 14.78

2017

 15.20 10.99 9.88 11.88 17.00 15.15 17.89 18.74 18.60 14.93

2018

 16.01 11.74 10.15 12.18 17.76 15.87 18.44 18.99 19.56 14.90

2019

 16.76 12.20 10.56 13.12 18.05 16.63 19.16 19.24 19.80 15.81

2020

 17.75 13.08 11.60 14.08 19.18 17.56 20.10 21.05 20.15 16.75

2021

 18.05 14.18 12.25 14.93 19.84 18.18 20.07 20.74 21.00 17.64

2022

 19.70 15.18 13.91 16.16 20.57 19.76 21.91 22.05 21.78 19.12

2023

 20.16 16.12 14.87 17.13 22.00 20.50 22.91 22.79 23.37 19.59

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2023 annual averages (In current dollars)
Year Total,
16 years
and
older		 White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total

1979

 $4.44 $4.51 $4.11 - $4.08

1980

 4.82 4.88 4.44 - 4.44

1981

 5.15 5.18 4.90 - 4.81

1982

 5.40 5.47 5.06 - 5.01

1983

 5.59 5.66 5.15 - 5.09

1984

 5.83 5.90 5.36 - 5.27

1985

 6.03 6.10 5.50 - 5.47

1986

 6.20 6.28 5.80 - 5.65

1987

 6.47 6.56 5.99 - 5.82

1988

 6.73 6.81 6.15 - 5.95

1989

 6.99 7.08 6.43 - 6.07

1990

 7.23 7.33 6.81 - 6.28

1991

 7.50 7.61 7.00 - 6.46

1992

 7.72 7.82 7.06 - 6.65

1993

 7.87 7.97 7.18 - 6.83

1994

 8.01 8.11 7.29 - 6.93

1995

 8.17 8.32 7.66 - 7.00

1996

 8.40 8.57 7.76 - 7.17

1997

 8.75 8.88 8.01 - 7.39

1998

 9.10 9.22 8.39 - 7.92

1999

 9.53 9.74 8.85 - 8.07

2000

 9.91 9.96 9.34 $10.07 8.54

2001

 10.19 10.26 9.78 10.75 9.06

2002

 10.47 10.71 9.93 10.36 9.22

2003

 10.85 10.97 10.15 11.12 9.76

2004

 11.00 11.13 10.19 11.10 9.81

2005

 11.19 11.48 10.17 12.01 9.95

2006

 11.76 11.86 10.66 12.53 10.12

2007

 11.95 12.08 10.89 12.22 10.24

2008

 12.23 12.54 11.20 13.01 10.97

2009

 12.44 12.66 11.64 13.16 11.04

2010

 12.50 12.74 11.77 13.22 10.88

2011

 12.71 12.91 11.79 13.35 11.05

2012

 12.80 13.04 11.84 13.23 11.12

2013

 12.93 13.15 11.90 13.62 11.25

2014

 13.14 13.57 11.88 14.00 11.83

2015

 13.44 13.87 12.06 14.19 12.04

2016

 14.00 14.24 12.49 14.79 12.69

2017

 14.63 14.89 12.90 15.06 13.16

2018

 14.99 15.16 13.64 15.24 13.99

2019

 15.35 15.85 14.66 16.13 14.86

2020

 16.36 16.78 15.17 17.25 15.20

2021

 17.02 17.22 15.81 17.89 16.05

2022

 18.12 18.23 17.11 19.43 17.22

2023

 19.24 19.78 18.10 20.12 18.10

Women

1979

 $3.62 $3.62 $3.55 - $3.44

1980

 3.95 3.96 3.88 - 3.78

1981

 4.28 4.28 4.19 - 4.10

1982

 4.61 4.61 4.49 - 4.33

1983

 4.80 4.81 4.72 - 4.42

1984

 4.97 4.98 4.87 - 4.65

1985

 5.13 5.14 5.04 - 4.82

1986

 5.33 5.35 5.17 - 5.00

1987

 5.60 5.62 5.40 - 5.11

1988

 5.84 5.86 5.61 - 5.28

1989

 6.11 6.13 5.88 - 5.53

1990

 6.44 6.46 6.23 - 5.80

1991

 6.75 6.76 6.55 - 5.98

1992

 6.96 6.99 6.64 - 6.17

1993

 7.12 7.16 6.87 - 6.31

1994

 7.25 7.34 6.93 - 6.40

1995

 7.46 7.54 7.12 - 6.60

1996

 7.73 7.79 7.20 - 6.77

1997

 7.94 8.00 7.59 - 6.82

1998

 8.23 8.33 7.90 - 7.22

1999

 8.64 8.73 8.13 - 7.46

2000

 9.06 9.09 8.86 $9.77 7.89

2001

 9.64 9.73 9.15 10.07 8.28

2002

 9.89 9.94 9.45 10.10 8.54

2003

 10.08 10.11 9.91 10.68 8.88

2004

 10.17 10.21 9.93 10.57 9.04

2005

 10.31 10.50 9.93 11.64 9.18

2006

 10.65 10.77 10.11 11.95 9.50

2007

 10.98 11.06 10.45 11.83 9.80

2008

 11.49 11.70 10.78 12.25 10.07

2009

 11.76 11.83 11.01 12.67 10.09

2010

 11.83 11.88 11.20 12.41 10.11

2011

 11.98 12.05 11.28 12.80 10.25

2012

 11.99 12.08 11.23 12.75 10.21

2013

 12.12 12.21 11.54 13.04 10.49

2014

 12.18 12.38 11.57 13.23 10.72

2015

 12.56 12.82 11.70 13.80 11.08

2016

 13.01 13.20 12.09 14.07 11.79

2017

 13.56 13.87 12.55 14.23 12.09

2018

 14.06 14.27 13.02 14.95 12.80

2019

 14.85 14.93 14.00 15.29 13.74

2020

 15.22 15.31 14.95 16.56 14.68

2021

 16.02 16.11 15.22 16.84 15.15

2022

 17.18 17.21 16.83 18.23 16.15

2023

 18.11 18.16 17.70 19.85 17.12

Men

1979

 $5.65 $5.79 $4.89 - $4.79

1980

 6.10 6.23 5.18 - 5.03

1981

 6.57 6.71 5.81 - 5.37

1982

 6.85 6.98 5.97 - 5.73

1983

 6.92 7.07 5.96 - 5.81

1984

 7.12 7.26 6.16 - 6.04

1985

 7.33 7.58 6.15 - 6.07

1986

 7.59 7.78 6.57 - 6.19

1987

 7.77 7.93 6.74 - 6.37

1988

 7.91 8.06 6.94 - 6.51

1989

 8.10 8.28 7.07 - 6.66

1990

 8.27 8.55 7.37 - 6.74

1991

 8.59 8.82 7.57 - 6.88

1992

 8.67 8.89 7.62 - 6.99

1993

 8.86 9.07 7.67 - 7.12

1994

 9.00 9.21 7.92 - 7.17

1995

 9.23 9.62 8.16 - 7.26

1996

 9.52 9.79 8.18 - 7.62

1997

 9.83 9.96 8.67 - 7.90

1998

 10.06 10.18 9.09 - 8.24

1999

 10.31 10.61 9.77 - 8.61

2000

 10.81 10.95 9.98 $10.79 9.04

2001

 11.32 11.61 10.18 11.84 9.67

2002

 11.64 11.86 10.24 11.02 9.92

2003

 11.89 12.03 10.81 11.89 10.03

2004

 12.02 12.16 10.88 11.90 10.02

2005

 12.16 12.47 10.90 12.75 10.19

2006

 12.68 12.88 11.42 13.18 10.84

2007

 12.95 13.22 11.57 13.22 11.07

2008

 13.46 13.85 11.99 14.03 11.83

2009

 13.76 13.95 12.27 14.01 11.92

2010

 13.76 13.97 12.16 14.11 11.73

2011

 13.80 14.02 12.06 14.25 11.81

2012

 13.88 14.17 12.20 14.15 11.96

2013

 14.00 14.24 12.16 14.24 11.99

2014

 14.39 14.86 12.21 14.66 12.38

2015

 14.67 14.93 12.66 14.87 12.92

2016

 14.96 15.13 13.06 15.04 13.83

2017

 15.20 15.79 13.34 16.65 14.37

2018

 16.01 16.53 14.22 16.69 15.01

2019

 16.76 17.10 14.98 17.22 15.25

2020

 17.75 17.98 15.88 18.04 16.24

2021

 18.05 18.48 16.12 19.05 17.03

2022

 19.70 19.88 17.78 20.13 18.18

2023

 20.16 20.64 18.80 21.41 19.38

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households representing all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey data on earnings are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, are excluded from the data presented in this report.

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can help explain earnings differences. This includes the direct comparisons of earnings levels among demographic groups and the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios (that is, women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s) shown in the tables. For example, the overall ratio of women’s-to-men’s earnings for full-time workers presented here is not controlled for differences in important determinants of earnings, such as age, occupation, and educational attainment. The earnings comparisons in this report are not restricted to workers with otherwise comparable characteristics and comparable jobs. Even controlling for one of the factors may not fully explain earnings differences. Comparisons of women’s and men’s earnings by detailed occupation, for example, are not simultaneously controlled for differences in key factors such as age, job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services. Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Concepts and definitions

The principal concepts and definitions used in this report are described briefly below.

Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments-in-kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the public and private sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded, whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers are defined, for the purpose of these estimates, as those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Part-time workers are defined, for the purpose of these estimates, as those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Before 1994, survey respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Median earnings reflect the midpoint in an earnings distribution, with half of the workers having earnings above the median and the other half having earnings below the median. This applies to both usual weekly and hourly earnings estimates.

The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. Similarly, for hourly earnings, medians are calculated based on earnings distributions using $0.50-wide intervals that are centered around multiples of $0.50. In both cases, the median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.

Changes over time in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall median boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly are as follows:

  • There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the median earnings of 16- to 24-year-olds, and 25 years and older may rise. However, if the lower-earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could fall.
  • There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a median boundary. This change could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, such as $700 or $800. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Consider, for example, the calculation of the median for a multipeaked earnings distribution that shifts over time. As this distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported earnings interval, but once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements; however, users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians and in ratios of the medians.

Workers paid hourly rates are employed wage and salary workers who report that they are paid by the hour on their job. Typically, workers who are paid an hourly wage have made up approximately 60 percent of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of workers paid by the hour include both full- and part-time workers unless otherwise specified.

Hourly earnings data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and pertain to earnings from a person’s sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.

Workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the federal minimum wage.

The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when, in fact, they earn the minimum wage.

Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws.

The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.

Regular collection of earnings data in the basic CPS began in 1979. The prevailing federal minimum wage from 1979 to the present is as follows, with the last change occurring in 2009.

Federal minimum wage

Effective date

$2.90

January 1, 1979

$3.10

January 1, 1980

$3.35

January 1, 1981

$3.80

April 1, 1990

$4.25

April 1, 1991

$4.75

October 1, 1996

$5.15

September 1, 1997

$5.85

July 24, 2007

$6.55

July 24, 2008

$7.25

July 24, 2009

When the minimum wage has increased during a given year, the annual average estimates of the number of minimum wage workers reflect both minimum wage levels in effect during the year. For example, data for 2007 reflect the number of workers who earned the federal minimum wage of $5.15 for January to July and the number of workers who earned the minimum wage of $5.85 for August to December.

Race is reported by the household survey respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. People who identify as more than one race are tabulated separately in the category two or more races. Before 2003, people identified one group as their main race. For more information on the 2003 changes to questions on race, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003.” Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of two or more races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of acceptable reliability.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.

Married, spouse present refers to people in opposite-sex marriages or same-sex marriages living together in the same household, even though one spouse may be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or for other reasons.

Other marital status refers to people who never married; and those who are widowed; divorced; separated; married, spouse absent; as well as people in same-sex marriages. Separated includes people with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other people permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord. Married, spouse absent, includes married people living apart because either the husband or wife was employed and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for any other reason except those listed in the separated definition above.

Inflation-adjusted earnings shown in this report use the Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (R-CPI-U-RS) to convert current dollars to constant, or inflation-adjusted, dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the years. Although these improvements make the CPI more accurate, the histories of official CPI series are not adjusted to reflect the improvements. Because many researchers need a historical series that measures price change consistently over time, BLS developed the R-CPI-U-RS to provide an estimate of the CPI that incorporates most of the methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers Retroactive Series.

This report uses the most recent version of the R-CPI-U-RS available at the time of production. Users should note that the R-CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As a result, the rate of inflation incorporated into the inflation-adjusted median earnings estimates in this report may differ from the rate used in previous reports in this series or in other publications.

Reliability

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.645 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

Readers should be aware that, because of sampling error, apparent differences between estimates for two or more groups or categories may not be statistically significant, and therefore not meaningfully different from one another. Standard errors are shown with many of the median earnings estimates in this report to help readers evaluate differences in earnings estimates.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information on all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. Further information about the reliability of data from the CPS is available on the CPS Technical Documentation page.