International Labor Comparisons : Spotlight on Statistics: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

May 2013

International Labor Comparisons

With international trade at an all-time high, global markets are the new normal for U.S. companies and residents. In 2012, total volume of trade (imports and exports) in the United States was nearly $5 trillion—the largest in the world. U.S. international competitiveness can be assessed by comparing key economic measures across countries. These measures include gross domestic product, unemployment rates, compensation costs, labor productivity rates, and consumer prices. In this Spotlight on Statistics, we compare these and other measures across countries in the Americas, Europe, and Asia and the South Pacific to get a glimpse of how individual economies have performed in recent years and historically.

Speed:

Real gross domestic product per capita and per hour, in U.S. dollars
Country	Data	1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011
United States	GDP per Capita	23585.37	25589.75	29040.83	32531.25	36378.49	38640.07	45026.45	45046.08	45417.91	46137.19	47307.26	48311.77	49129.78	49570.93	48951.05	47040.82	47771.78	48282.02
United States	GDP per Hour	30.90	34.31	35.94	39.05	41.57	44.10	49.50	50.66	52.25	53.86	55.11	55.94	56.40	57.08	57.51	59.00	60.41	60.59
United States	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Canada	GDP per Capita	20285.67	23174.66	26249.55	28514.32	30667.51	31562.10	36902.64	37157.33	37835.83	38199.09	39019.68	39818.07	40526.31	40973.07	40773.16	39161.25	39950.65	40488.62
Canada	GDP per Hour	27.41	29.84	32.18	34.91	35.70	38.14	42.40	42.90	43.61	43.77	43.96	45.00	45.54	45.54	45.35	45.62	46.20	46.61
Canada	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Australia	GDP per Capita	20731.62	21509.43	23495.46	25447.99	27967.17	30264.41	34909.79	35303.36	36255.52	36963.32	38017.48	38676.63	39169.28	40357.22	40643.89	40446.70	40909.62	41339.92
Australia	GDP per Hour			29.61	33.00	33.59	36.53	41.11	42.88	43.55	43.75	45.18	44.75	45.54	46.97	45.46	46.77	46.79	46.84
Australia	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Japan	GDP per Capita	14470.67	16848.21	19943.39	23768.21	29678.53	31339.86	32321.82	32345.62	32382.01	32876.47	33620.53	34056.11	34633.53	35392.42	35039.94	33143.85	34519.15	34293.76
Japan	GDP per Hour	13.62	16.85	18.55	22.22	27.56	30.67	33.71	34.43	35.19	35.70	36.19	36.62	36.89	37.73	37.89	37.37	38.76	39.70
Japan	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Rep. of Korea	GDP per Capita	2671.18	3869.80	5328.82	7669.56	11984.65	16656.48	20575.08	21234.86	22626.63	23145.55	24123.87	25027.09	26195.89	27405.53	27834.35	27790.80	29410.71	30253.54
Rep. of Korea	GDP per Hour			5.28	7.28	10.13	13.44	17.33	17.74	18.72	19.54	20.23	21.02	21.91	23.14	24.09	24.30	25.93	27.14
Rep. of Korea	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Singapore	GDP per Capita	8386.57	12105.33	17133.64	21058.90	28600.05	37266.76	43141.88	41509.22	42859.83	45489.58	49037.50	51428.59	54212.32	56606.31	54585.71	52444.86	59131.08	60741.83
Singapore	GDP per Hour			14.29	19.31	22.50	30.24	33.50	32.84	34.55	36.44	38.99	39.98	41.14	41.17	38.51	36.70	40.88	41.27
Singapore	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Austria	GDP per Capita	17095.54	20426.14	24135.50	25879.02	29484.08	31788.98	36830.78	37004.81	37446.13	37602.57	38334.49	38987.92	40210.46	41534.34	41935.01	40209.46	41018.96	42066.13
Austria	GDP per Hour						39.88	43.86	44.25	45.10	45.42	46.17	47.19	48.76	49.82	50.03	49.79	50.83	51.45
Austria	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Belgium	GDP per Capita	17997.60	21017.35	24257.01	25425.51	29276.10	31121.85	35426.83	35589.72	35913.10	36052.74	37068.18	37513.48	38279.25	39107.73	39177.23	37774.84	38269.24	38767.22
Belgium	GDP per Hour	24.84	30.68	37.24	40.67	45.77	51.56	57.14	55.67	56.40	57.09	59.32	58.91	59.79	60.78	59.98	59.07	59.86	60.17
Belgium	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Czech Republic	GDP per Capita						17106.62	18845.05	19520.55	19985.88	20736.80	21709.05	23113.41	24657.63	25930.23	26459.53	25068.66	25692.22	26168.60
Czech Republic	GDP per Hour						18.59	20.95	22.58	22.94	24.13	25.19	26.34	28.11	29.35	29.46	29.00	29.79	30.55
Czech Republic	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Denmark	GDP per Capita	21827.87	23234.11	26292.17	30129.01	32188.33	35509.31	40048.81	40189.60	40239.45	40289.37	41111.49	41996.10	43276.42	43773.59	43176.83	40441.36	40781.80	40930.39
Denmark	GDP per Hour	23.25	28.29	32.03	36.65	41.03	47.06	49.71	49.45	49.90	50.76	52.13	52.86	53.31	53.23	51.92	50.90	52.72	53.20
Denmark	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Finland	GDP per Capita		18219.92	20990.29	23439.57	27200.69	25750.41	32127.56	32786.53	33307.12	33896.53	35192.39	36094.84	37542.58	39377.70	39309.88	35781.75	36802.41	37636.34
Finland	GDP per Hour		19.46	23.04	25.98	30.91	36.08	41.42	42.23	42.77	43.79	45.30	46.19	47.55	49.09	48.51	45.98	47.42	48.08
Finland	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
France	GDP per Capita	17612.23	20614.98	23810.33	25033.38	28545.67	29698.94	33207.02	33574.17	33643.28	33708.97	34316.04	34683.34	35295.02	35882.04	35656.37	34350.59	34734.19	35133.49
France	GDP per Hour	21.54	27.19	31.99	38.05	42.48	46.85	51.74	52.24	53.80	54.33	54.59	55.43	57.04	57.08	56.49	56.17	56.93	57.70
France	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Germany	GDP per Capita	17422.01	19264.68	22829.73	24647.64	27971.13	31671.79	34508.21	34966.13	34909.47	34762.39	35174.13	35430.84	36785.50	38035.60	38514.55	36649.24	38056.58	39185.57
Germany	GDP per Hour	20.21	25.12	29.27	32.61	36.88	44.76	48.97	50.18	50.89	51.33	51.76	52.38	54.29	55.20	55.13	53.76	54.50	55.26
Germany	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Ireland	GDP per Capita	12457.13	14188.46	16734.70	17525.35	21550.78	26217.56	38429.23	39637.72	41238.21	42272.59	43405.60	44720.27	45980.61	47250.27	45104.94	41660.98	41371.31	41536.70
Ireland	GDP per Hour				27.93	32.37	39.25	50.15	51.14	53.78	55.88	56.59	57.30	58.14	59.39	59.45	62.53	64.83	66.74
Ireland	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Italy	GDP per Capita	15991.05	18136.03	22148.25	24009.38	27954.17	29884.51	32660.65	33257.03	33304.90	32978.63	33254.50	33351.45	33899.66	34260.99	33612.12	31543.32	32049.84	32100.11
Italy	GDP per Hour			31.46	33.68	37.57	41.84	43.57	43.95	43.70	43.09	43.68	44.05	44.26	44.46	44.17	43.15	44.28	44.43
Italy	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Netherlands	GDP per Capita	20833.76	23414.34	25703.19	26539.50	30329.70	32843.68	38885.59	39335.54	39112.01	39059.43	39802.97	40515.46	41816.31	43360.28	43970.74	42142.83	42610.32	42823.96
Netherlands	GDP per Hour	27.57	34.94	39.31	43.13	46.68	48.75	53.17	53.52	53.87	54.61	56.39	57.51	58.53	59.44	59.49	58.06	59.35	59.49
Netherlands	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Norway	GDP per Capita	23013.41	28201.43	34515.94	40010.83	42625.87	49802.73	57921.92	58776.43	59338.41	59571.51	61566.29	62731.49	63754.09	64771.80	63991.97	62136.55	61782.50	61868.70
Norway	GDP per Hour	29.63	37.66	45.80	52.80	58.44	68.84	77.06	79.75	81.50	84.06	85.78	86.74	86.06	84.50	81.68	81.70	81.61	81.47
Norway	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Spain	GDP per Capita	14429.26	17703.10	18369.54	19228.77	23694.06	25185.24	30127.73	30882.72	31264.40	31700.42	32206.75	32817.87	33636.27	34181.88	33941.19	32432.46	32309.08	32500.94
Spain	GDP per Hour			29.16	35.74	38.11	42.19	42.71	42.75	42.91	43.23	43.45	43.70	44.07	44.66	45.01	46.25	47.32	48.13
Spain	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Sweden	GDP per Capita	20410.59	22764.65	23983.51	26149.31	28935.71	29052.38	34355.92	34694.06	35439.05	36123.11	37490.21	38535.16	39966.74	41002.71	40420.34	38056.75	40071.17	41316.32
Sweden	GDP per Hour			30.42	32.20	34.18	37.86	43.17	43.43	45.14	46.84	48.41	49.86	51.32	51.45	50.49	49.37	50.80	51.61
Sweden	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
United Kingdom	GDP per Capita	15308.10	17015.98	18570.66	20733.45	24779.20	26934.80	31640.17	32428.10	33101.70	34230.04	35054.79	35792.25	36511.45	37588.38	36974.78	35278.86	35688.96	35688.31
United Kingdom	GDP per Hour		21.10	23.29	27.20	30.15	35.04	39.93	40.69	41.80	43.23	44.09	44.78	45.70	46.96	46.32	45.81	46.40	46.82
United Kingdom	R Data	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00

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Real gross domestic product per capita, in U.S. dollars
Year	United States	Australia	Austria	Belgium	Canada	Czech Republic	Denmark	Finland	France	Germany
1970	23,585	20,732	17,096	17,998	20,286	NA	21,828	NA	17,612	17,422
1971	24,071	20,571	17,890	18,625	20,507	NA	22,367	NA	18,376	17,777
1972	25,080	20,675	18,890	19,531	21,375	NA	23,168	NA	19,041	18,430
1973	26,281	21,305	19,704	20,620	22,585	NA	23,894	NA	20,138	19,216
1974	25,898	21,313	20,446	21,396	23,094	NA	23,589	NA	20,946	19,363
1975	25,590	21,509	20,426	21,017	23,175	NA	23,234	18,220	20,615	19,265
1976	26,707	22,090	21,399	22,149	24,061	NA	24,588	18,228	21,433	20,316
1977	27,656	22,226	22,462	22,227	24,603	NA	24,993	18,220	22,099	21,041
1978	28,891	22,469	22,447	22,813	25,323	NA	25,483	18,698	22,861	21,700
1979	29,467	23,085	23,713	23,279	26,027	NA	26,423	19,979	23,547	22,589
1980	29,041	23,495	24,136	24,257	26,250	NA	26,292	20,990	23,810	22,830
1981	29,488	24,096	24,039	24,189	26,836	NA	26,073	21,170	23,909	22,907
1982	28,638	23,700	24,490	24,339	25,761	NA	27,059	21,693	24,341	22,833
1983	29,662	23,295	25,254	24,418	26,200	NA	27,799	22,217	24,511	23,273
1984	31,519	24,436	25,271	25,020	27,463	NA	28,973	22,785	24,758	24,027
1985	32,531	25,448	25,879	25,426	28,514	NA	30,129	23,440	25,033	24,648
1986	33,353	25,676	26,462	25,880	28,916	NA	31,580	23,981	25,470	25,194
1987	34,114	26,529	26,801	26,454	29,751	NA	31,623	24,747	25,941	25,543
1988	35,196	27,228	27,531	27,615	30,828	NA	31,563	25,964	26,999	26,329
1989	36,111	27,965	28,472	28,470	31,073	NA	31,731	27,184	27,966	27,085
1990	36,378	27,967	29,484	29,276	30,668	NA	32,188	27,201	28,546	27,971
1991	35,812	27,373	30,196	29,702	29,655	NA	32,568	25,429	28,700	30,761
1992	36,537	27,750	30,491	30,036	29,563	NA	33,053	24,406	28,983	31,112
1993	37,094	28,593	30,400	29,630	29,923	NA	32,907	24,091	28,668	30,579
1994	38,139	29,630	31,010	30,491	31,019	NA	34,617	24,864	29,206	31,241
1995	38,640	30,264	31,789	31,122	31,562	17,107	35,509	25,750	29,699	31,672
1996	39,623	31,067	32,529	31,505	31,740	17,910	36,293	26,582	29,913	31,831
1997	40,897	32,025	33,243	32,603	32,754	17,777	37,295	28,148	30,461	32,322
1998	42,183	33,261	34,463	33,160	33,814	17,750	37,969	29,486	31,376	32,933
1999	43,716	34,255	35,614	34,255	35,396	18,070	38,814	30,567	32,246	33,526
2000	45,026	34,910	36,831	35,427	36,903	18,845	40,049	32,128	33,207	34,508
2001	45,046	35,303	37,005	35,590	37,157	19,521	40,190	32,787	33,574	34,966
2002	45,418	36,256	37,446	35,913	37,836	19,986	40,239	33,307	33,643	34,909
2003	46,137	36,963	37,603	36,053	38,199	20,737	40,289	33,897	33,709	34,762
2004	47,307	38,017	38,334	37,068	39,020	21,709	41,111	35,192	34,316	35,174
2005	48,312	38,677	38,988	37,513	39,818	23,113	41,996	36,095	34,683	35,431
2006	49,130	39,169	40,210	38,279	40,526	24,658	43,276	37,543	35,295	36,785
2007	49,571	40,357	41,534	39,108	40,973	25,930	43,774	39,378	35,882	38,036
2008	48,951	40,644	41,935	39,177	40,773	26,460	43,177	39,310	35,656	38,515
2009	47,041	40,447	40,209	37,775	39,161	25,069	40,441	35,782	34,351	36,649
2010	47,772	40,910	41,019	38,269	39,951	25,692	40,782	36,802	34,734	38,057
2011	48,282	41,340	42,066	38,767	40,489	26,169	40,930	37,636	35,133	39,186
Note: GDP is converted to U.S. dollars using 2011 purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs are currency conversion rates that indicate the amount of money needed to purchase equivalent baskets of goods in different countries. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons

Real gross domestic product per capita and per hour, in U.S. dollars

Gross domestic product (GDP) per hour is a general indicator of productivity while GDP per capita is an indicator of overall wealth in a country. Increases in productivity signal a potential for increases in a country's standard of living. Generally since 1970, overall productivity and wealth have tended to grow together for all countries shown. Countries which gravitate toward the lower right of the chart have lower productivity (GDP per hour) relative to their wealth (GDP per capita) than countries which gravitate to the upper left. Singapore and the United States, for example, have had consistently high wealth, relative to productivity. In contrast, productivity has been relatively higher than wealth in countries such as France and Germany.

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Unemployment rates, 1996-2011
Year	United States	Australia	Canada	France	Germany	Italy	Japan	Korea, Republic of
1996	5.4	8.5	8.8	10.7	9.0	11.3	3.1	2.0
1997	4.9	8.5	8.4	10.8	9.9	11.3	3.1	2.6
1998	4.5	7.7	7.7	10.4	9.3	11.4	3.8	7.0
1999	4.2	6.9	7.0	10.1	8.5	11.0	4.2	6.3
2000	4.0	6.3	6.1	8.6	7.8	10.1	4.4	4.4
2001	4.7	6.8	6.5	7.8	7.9	9.1	4.5	4.0
2002	5.8	6.4	7.0	8.0	8.6	8.6	4.9	3.3
2003	6.0	5.9	6.9	8.6	9.3	8.5	4.6	3.6
2004	5.5	5.4	6.4	9.0	10.3	8.1	4.2	3.7
2005	5.1	5.0	6.0	9.0	11.2	7.8	3.8	3.7
2006	4.6	4.8	5.5	8.9	10.3	6.9	3.6	3.4
2007	4.6	4.4	5.2	8.1	8.7	6.2	3.6	3.2
2008	5.8	4.3	5.3	7.5	7.6	6.8	3.7	3.2
2009	9.3	5.6	7.3	9.2	7.8	7.9	4.8	3.6
2010	9.6	5.2	7.1	9.5	7.1	8.5	4.8	3.7
2011	8.9	5.1	6.5	9.4	6.0	8.5	4.2	3.4
Note: Data for Mexico refer to 2005–2011, data for South Africa refer to 2008–2011, and data for Turkey refer to 2006–2011. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Unemployment rates, 1996-2011 (continued)
Year	Mexico	Netherlands	New Zealand	South Africa	Spain	Sweden	Turkey	United Kingdom
1996	NA	6.6	6.3	NA	22.3	9.9	NA	8.1
1997	NA	5.6	6.9	NA	20.8	10.1	NA	7.0
1998	NA	4.4	7.7	NA	18.8	8.4	NA	6.3
1999	NA	3.5	7.1	NA	15.8	7.1	NA	6.0
2000	NA	3.1	6.2	NA	14.0	5.8	NA	5.5
2001	NA	2.5	5.4	NA	10.7	5.0	NA	5.1
2002	NA	3.1	5.3	NA	11.6	5.1	NA	5.2
2003	NA	4.1	4.8	NA	11.6	5.8	NA	5.0
2004	NA	5.0	4.0	NA	11.1	6.6	NA	4.8
2005	3.7	5.3	3.8	NA	9.2	7.7	NA	4.9
2006	3.7	4.3	3.8	NA	8.6	7.0	8.8	5.5
2007	3.8	3.6	3.7	NA	8.3	6.1	9.0	5.4
2008	4.1	3.1	4.2	22.8	11.4	6.1	9.9	5.7
2009	5.6	3.8	6.1	23.9	18.1	8.3	12.8	7.7
2010	5.5	4.6	6.5	24.9	20.2	8.3	10.9	7.9
2011	5.3	4.5	6.5	24.9	21.8	7.5	9.0	8.1
Note: Data for Mexico refer to 2005–2011, data for South Africa refer to 2008–2011, and data for Turkey refer to 2006–2011. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Unemployment rates, 1996-2011

Although unemployment rates in the countries compared generally remained higher in 2011 than they were in 2008, most countries experienced some recovery in unemployment in 2011: Unemployment rates fell or stayed the same from 2010 to 2011 in all countries compared except Spain and the United Kingdom. Historically, compared with unemployment rates in the 1990s, rates in 2011 were typically lower in a majority of countries. The United States is a notable exception, where unemployment rates in 2011 were about double the rates in the late 1990s.

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Employment-to-population ratio (Percent)
Year	United States	Australia	Canada	France	Germany	Italy	Japan	Korea, Republic of	Netherlands	Sweden	United Kingdom
1970	57.4	61.1	54.5	56.1	56.6	47.4	63.8	55.1	NA	63.1	NA
1975	56.1	60.1	56.9	54.9	53.2	46.0	61.2	55.9	51.7	64.8	60.2
1980	59.2	58.3	60.3	53.9	53.1	46.0	61.3	55.9	52.1	65.6	58.5
1985	60.1	56.6	59.4	52.9	50.8	44.4	60.6	54.3	50.1	65.0	55.7
1990	62.8	60.2	62.2	52.2	52.3	43.9	61.3	58.6	52.7	66.1	59.8
1995	62.9	59.1	59.3	50.5	52.4	43.1	60.9	60.6	55.4	58.2	57.0
2000	64.4	60.3	62.0	51.5	52.2	44.5	59.0	58.5	61.1	60.1	59.4
2005	62.7	62.1	63.3	51.1	51.1	44.9	57.3	59.7	60.9	59.8	60.0
2010	58.5	63.0	62.3	51.2	54.4	44.0	56.2	58.7	60.8	59.5	58.2
2011	58.4	63.1	62.5	51.0	55.7	44.0	56.2	59.1	60.5	60.3	58.0
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons

Share of the working age population employed in agriculture (Percent)
Year	United States	Australia	Canada	France	Germany	Italy	Japan	Korea, Republic of	Netherlands	Sweden	United Kingdom
1970	2.5	4.9	4.1	NA	4.8	9.5	10.8	27.8	NA	5.2	NA
1975	2.2	4.1	3.5	7.1	3.6	7.7	7.6	25.5	3.1	4.2	1.7
1980	2.0	3.8	3.0	5.8	2.8	6.5	6.2	19.0	2.7	3.7	1.5
1985	1.8	3.5	2.8	4.6	2.3	4.9	5.1	13.5	2.6	3.2	1.3
1990	1.7	3.4	2.6	3.6	1.8	3.9	4.2	10.5	2.4	2.6	1.3
1995	1.8	2.9	2.4	2.8	1.6	2.5	3.3	7.2	2.1	2.0	1.2
2000	1.2	3.0	2.0	2.4	1.4	2.1	2.8	6.2	2.0	1.7	0.7
2005	1.0	2.2	1.7	1.9	1.2	1.9	2.4	4.7	2.0	1.4	0.6
2010	0.9	2.1	1.4	1.5	0.9	1.7	2.2	3.9	1.8	1.2	0.7
2011	0.9	1.8	1.3	1.5	0.9	1.6	2.1	3.8	1.7	1.2	0.7
Note: Agriculture includes agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Share of the working age population employed in services (Percent)
Year	United States	Australia	Canada	France	Germany	Italy	Japan	Korea, Republic of	Netherlands	Sweden	United Kingdom
1970	35.9	35.0	34.1	NA	24.2	19.5	30.2	17.9	NA	34.0	NA
1975	37.3	37.0	37.4	26.5	26.0	20.7	31.8	17.2	31.5	37.4	35.0
1980	39.8	37.8	40.9	28.7	27.6	22.4	33.6	20.9	33.9	41.3	35.8
1985	42.8	39.1	42.2	31.9	28.1	25.0	34.5	24.2	34.2	43.0	35.7
1990	45.9	42.9	44.9	33.2	30.1	26.2	36.3	27.6	36.6	44.9	40.0
1995	47.0	43.6	44.4	34.5	32.3	26.7	37.4	33.4	40.7	41.6	40.8
2000	49.1	44.9	46.4	36.5	33.7	28.8	37.9	36.0	46.2	44.2	45.2
2005	49.3	47.4	48.0	37.4	35.0	29.4	39.4	39.4	46.7	45.8	47.3
2010	47.5	48.5	49.1	39.0	38.8	30.2	40.0	40.6	48.9	46.9	47.1
2011	47.4	49.0	49.3	38.8	39.8	30.4	40.1	41.0	49.1	47.6	47.0
Note: Services include transportation, communication, public utilities, trade, finance, public administration, private household services, and miscellaneous services. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Share of the working age population employed in industry (Percent)
Year	United States	Australia	Canada	France	Germany	Italy	Japan	Korea, Republic of	Netherlands	Sweden	United Kingdom
1970	19.0	21.1	16.2	NA	27.6	18.4	22.8	9.5	NA	23.9	NA
1975	16.5	18.9	16.0	21.3	23.7	17.6	21.8	13.1	17.2	23.2	23.5
1980	17.3	16.7	16.5	19.5	22.8	17.0	21.5	16.0	15.5	20.7	21.2
1985	15.5	14.0	14.4	16.4	20.4	14.5	21.0	16.6	13.3	18.9	18.7
1990	15.2	14.0	14.7	15.4	20.3	13.8	20.8	20.5	13.6	18.6	18.5
1995	14.1	12.6	12.6	13.2	18.5	13.9	20.2	20.1	12.6	14.6	15.0
2000	14.2	12.4	13.5	12.7	17.1	13.6	18.2	16.3	13.0	14.2	13.5
2005	12.4	12.5	13.5	11.9	14.9	13.6	15.5	15.6	12.2	12.6	12.1
2010	10.1	12.4	11.8	10.7	14.7	12.1	14.0	14.3	10.1	11.4	10.4
2011	10.1	12.3	11.9	10.7	15.0	12.0	14.0	14.3	9.7	11.5	10.3
Note: Industry includes manufacturing, mining, and construction. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Employment-population ratios by sector, 1970-2011

The percentage of the working age population employed has remained between 50 and 65 percent in most countries covered over the past 40 years, but the share of the working age population employed in each sector has shifted over time. The share of the working age population employed in agriculture dropped by more than half in all countries covered except the Netherlands, and the share of the working age population employed in industry (manufacturing, mining, and construction) fell in all countries covered except the Republic of Korea. In contrast, the share of the working age population employed in services increased in all countries covered, and by 2011, the share was nearly at or above 40 percent in all countries except Italy.

View Chart Data

Labor force participation rates by sex, 2011
Country	Men's labor force participation rate	Women's labor force participation rate
United States	70.5	58.1
Australia	73.1	60.0
Canada	71.7	62.2
Japan	70.5	47.7
Korea, Republic of	73.1	49.7
Mexico	76.4	41.2
New Zealand	74.6	62.5
South Africa	61.2	47.9
Turkey	70.6	27.0
Europe	64.9	51.2
Note: Men's (women's) participation rates are as a percentage of the total male (female) working age population. Europe includes France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Labor force size and participation rates by sex, 2011

Labor force participation rates provide information about what percentage of the working age population is employed or actively seeking work. Labor force participation rates are higher for men than women in all countries compared, but relatively fewer women are working or actively seeking work in Turkey (27 percent) and Mexico (41 percent). On the other end of the spectrum, men and women are much more evenly engaged in the labor force in Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, which have among the highest overall rates of labor force participation.

Labor force participation rates by sex, 1970-2011

View Chart Data

Men's Labor Force Participation Rate
Year	United States	Australia	Canada	France	Germany	Italy	Japan	Korea, Republic of	Mexico	Netherlands	New Zealand	South Africa	Spain	Sweden	Turkey	United Kingdom
1970	79.7	84.1	77.8	77.5	78.8	73.7	81.5	77.9	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	78.5	NA	NA
1971	79.1	83.8	77.3	76.6	77.5	73.4	81.9	77.2	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	78.0	NA	83.1
1972	78.9	83.7	77.5	75.8	76.4	72.0	81.8	77.5	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	77.3	NA	82.8
1973	78.8	83.2	78.2	75.5	75.8	71.2	81.8	76.8	NA	79.4	NA	NA	NA	76.8	NA	82.3
1974	78.7	82.7	78.7	75.3	74.6	71.0	81.6	77.7	NA	79.3	NA	NA	NA	76.8	NA	81.5
1975	77.9	82.2	78.4	74.3	73.3	70.6	81.0	77.4	NA	80.0	NA	NA	NA	77.0	NA	81.2
1976	77.5	81.5	79.2	73.9	72.5	70.4	81.0	77.4	NA	79.2	NA	NA	NA	76.5	NA	80.9
1977	77.7	81.0	79.0	73.7	71.9	69.5	80.3	78.7	NA	78.7	NA	NA	78.5	75.6	NA	80.2
1978	77.9	79.8	79.4	73.1	71.6	68.7	80.0	77.9	NA	77.8	NA	NA	77.5	75.1	NA	79.3
1979	77.8	79.4	79.6	72.6	71.5	68.3	79.7	76.9	NA	77.0	NA	NA	76.5	75.1	NA	78.8
1980	77.4	79.1	79.5	71.9	71.2	67.9	79.3	76.4	NA	77.4	NA	NA	75.5	74.9	NA	78.5
1981	77.0	78.8	79.5	71.1	70.9	67.8	79.3	75.8	NA	77.5	NA	NA	74.9	73.8	NA	78.1
1982	76.6	78.4	77.9	72.5	70.6	66.9	79.0	75.0	NA	76.1	NA	NA	74.2	73.4	NA	77.0
1983	76.4	77.6	77.7	71.7	70.1	66.2	79.1	73.7	NA	75.2	NA	NA	73.4	72.9	NA	76.1
1984	76.4	77.3	77.5	70.7	70.0	65.6	78.4	72.1	NA	74.3	NA	NA	72.6	72.4	NA	76.4
1985	76.3	76.7	77.5	70.5	70.1	65.3	77.6	72.3	NA	73.8	NA	NA	71.5	72.5	NA	76.1
1986	76.3	76.7	77.6	70.0	70.2	65.2	77.3	72.1	NA	72.4	79.4	NA	71.0	72.5	NA	75.5
1987	76.2	76.2	77.4	69.2	69.9	64.5	76.6	72.5	NA	69.9	78.4	NA	70.4	71.3	NA	75.4
1988	76.2	76.0	77.2	68.3	69.6	63.9	76.5	72.9	NA	70.1	76.2	NA	69.8	71.7	NA	75.7
1989	76.4	76.4	77.2	67.8	69.1	63.4	76.4	73.4	NA	70.2	74.9	NA	69.3	72.1	NA	75.9
1990	76.4	76.5	76.6	67.0	68.5	63.0	76.7	74.0	NA	70.4	74.4	NA	69.0	72.0	NA	75.7
1991	75.8	75.6	75.5	66.1	71.1	63.7	77.1	75.0	NA	70.7	73.9	NA	68.5	71.7	NA	74.7
1992	75.8	75.1	74.4	65.9	70.1	63.1	77.5	75.7	NA	71.0	73.2	NA	67.3	70.5	NA	73.5
1993	75.4	74.5	73.7	65.1	69.3	64.3	77.6	75.7	NA	69.1	73.2	NA	66.7	69.2	NA	72.7
1994	75.1	74.5	73.4	64.7	68.8	63.4	77.2	76.3	NA	69.4	73.7	NA	66.1	68.5	NA	72.3
1995	75.0	74.7	72.8	64.4	68.1	62.8	77.0	76.4	NA	70.9	74.2	NA	65.4	68.8	NA	72.0
1996	74.9	74.4	72.5	64.8	67.8	62.5	77.1	76.2	NA	71.2	74.5	NA	65.4	68.6	NA	71.7
1997	75.0	74.0	72.7	64.3	67.6	62.3	77.1	76.1	NA	71.7	74.4	NA	65.3	68.1	NA	71.5
1998	74.9	73.7	72.7	63.7	67.9	62.4	76.6	75.1	NA	72.3	73.6	NA	65.6	68.0	NA	71.2
1999	74.7	73.4	72.9	63.7	66.1	62.3	76.1	74.4	NA	72.4	73.4	NA	65.9	67.5	NA	71.4
2000	74.8	73.1	72.8	63.7	65.6	62.3	75.5	74.4	NA	72.6	73.6	NA	66.5	68.5	NA	71.1
2001	74.4	72.7	72.7	63.3	65.3	62.0	74.8	74.3	NA	72.8	73.9	NA	66.1	68.0	NA	70.9
2002	74.1	72.5	73.4	63.4	64.6	62.2	73.8	75.0	NA	73.0	74.6	NA	66.7	68.1	NA	70.8
2003	73.5	72.4	73.7	63.1	63.7	61.6	73.0	74.7	NA	72.7	73.8	NA	67.4	68.0	NA	70.8
2004	73.3	72.6	73.5	62.7	64.1	60.9	72.4	75.0	NA	72.5	74.6	NA	67.8	67.7	NA	70.6
2005	73.3	73.0	73.2	62.4	65.2	60.6	72.3	74.6	77.8	71.7	75.0	NA	68.5	69.2	NA	70.5
2006	73.5	73.2	72.6	62.2	65.5	60.6	72.2	74.1	78.3	71.6	75.5	NA	68.9	69.2	68.7	70.8
2007	73.2	73.3	72.8	62.0	65.4	60.3	72.4	74.0	77.9	71.9	75.6	NA	69.0	69.5	68.6	70.7
2008	73.0	73.6	73.0	62.0	65.4	60.2	71.9	73.5	77.5	71.9	75.2	65.8	69.3	69.5	69.0	70.8
2009	72.0	73.3	72.0	62.1	65.3	59.4	71.2	73.1	76.7	71.2	74.7	63.7	68.4	69.0	69.1	70.2
2010	71.2	73.3	71.8	62.0	65.1	59.0	70.8	73.0	76.5	69.6	74.4	61.8	67.8	69.4	69.6	69.9
2011	70.5	73.1	71.7	61.7	65.5	58.7	70.5	73.1	76.4	68.9	74.6	61.2	67.2	69.2	70.6	69.7
Note: Men's (women's) participation rates are as a percentage of the total male (female) working age population. Data for Mexico refer to 2005–2011, data for South Africa refer to 2008–2011, and data for Turkey refer to 2006–2011. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Women's Labor Force Participation Rate
Year	United States	Australia	Canada	France	Germany	Italy	Japan	Korea, Republic of	Mexico	Netherlands	New Zealand	South Africa	Spain	Sweden	Turkey	United Kingdom
1970	43.3	40.4	38.3	39.8	38.4	26.4	49.2	39.3	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	50.0	NA	NA
1971	43.4	41.0	39.4	40.2	38.5	26.3	48.6	39.5	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	50.9	NA	44.6
1972	43.9	41.2	40.2	40.6	39.0	25.6	47.8	39.6	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	51.5	NA	44.9
1973	44.7	42.4	41.9	41.1	39.5	26.1	48.0	41.5	NA	28.5	NA	NA	NA	51.7	NA	45.8
1974	45.7	43.5	43.0	41.4	39.4	26.5	46.5	41.5	NA	28.7	NA	NA	NA	53.3	NA	46.4
1975	46.3	44.5	44.4	41.3	39.3	26.8	45.8	40.4	NA	29.5	NA	NA	NA	55.2	NA	46.6
1976	47.3	44.3	46.2	42.1	39.3	27.6	45.9	43.2	NA	29.9	NA	NA	NA	55.9	NA	46.7
1977	48.4	44.8	47.1	42.9	39.3	28.9	46.9	41.7	NA	30.6	NA	NA	27.0	56.7	NA	46.9
1978	50.0	44.5	48.5	43.2	39.6	28.8	47.5	43.3	NA	31.1	NA	NA	26.9	57.5	NA	47.4
1979	50.9	44.3	49.8	43.7	39.9	29.5	47.6	43.3	NA	32.1	NA	NA	26.9	58.5	NA	48.0
1980	51.5	45.5	51.0	44.0	40.3	30.1	47.2	42.8	NA	34.3	NA	NA	26.7	59.3	NA	48.6
1981	52.1	45.5	52.3	44.3	40.7	30.4	47.3	42.3	NA	36.7	NA	NA	26.3	60.1	NA	48.6
1982	52.6	45.4	52.3	46.6	40.7	30.3	47.6	43.4	NA	37.9	NA	NA	26.8	60.5	NA	48.1
1983	52.9	45.5	53.1	46.6	40.5	30.5	48.5	42.8	NA	37.1	NA	NA	27.5	60.8	NA	48.4
1984	53.6	46.1	53.9	47.0	40.7	30.5	48.0	40.7	NA	38.0	NA	NA	27.5	61.1	NA	50.2
1985	54.5	47.1	55.0	47.1	41.2	30.7	47.8	41.9	NA	37.9	NA	NA	27.7	61.5	NA	50.8
1986	55.3	49.3	55.7	47.7	41.4	31.9	47.8	43.1	NA	40.2	54.7	NA	28.1	61.7	NA	51.4
1987	56.0	50.0	56.5	47.6	41.7	32.2	47.8	45.0	NA	41.0	55.0	NA	31.0	61.9	NA	52.1
1988	56.6	50.8	57.4	47.4	42.3	32.3	48.0	45.0	NA	42.4	54.2	NA	32.5	62.4	NA	52.9
1989	57.4	52.2	58.1	47.6	42.7	32.6	48.7	46.6	NA	42.6	53.0	NA	32.7	62.7	NA	53.6
1990	57.5	53.2	58.5	47.6	43.1	32.8	49.3	47.0	NA	44.2	53.9	NA	33.4	63.0	NA	54.0
1991	57.4	53.0	58.4	47.5	47.7	33.2	49.8	47.1	NA	45.3	54.2	NA	33.9	62.4	NA	53.6
1992	57.8	53.1	57.8	47.9	47.4	33.3	50.0	47.1	NA	46.0	54.0	NA	34.7	61.3	NA	53.1
1993	57.9	52.9	57.6	48.4	47.2	35.7	49.7	47.1	NA	46.3	53.9	NA	35.4	60.1	NA	53.3
1994	58.8	53.6	57.4	48.6	47.1	35.5	49.5	47.8	NA	47.1	55.1	NA	36.5	59.2	NA	53.3
1995	58.9	54.7	57.3	48.9	47.1	35.7	49.3	48.4	NA	48.7	55.9	NA	37.1	59.5	NA	53.5
1996	59.3	55.0	57.3	49.2	47.4	36.1	49.4	48.9	NA	49.5	57.2	NA	37.7	59.4	NA	53.8
1997	59.8	54.8	57.8	48.8	47.8	36.3	49.7	49.8	NA	50.9	57.1	NA	38.4	58.6	NA	54.2
1998	59.8	55.1	58.5	49.1	48.2	36.9	49.4	47.1	NA	51.6	57.0	NA	38.8	58.0	NA	54.4
1999	60.0	55.0	59.1	49.3	48.3	37.4	48.8	47.6	NA	52.9	57.3	NA	39.5	58.1	NA	54.9
2000	59.9	55.8	59.5	49.6	48.4	37.9	48.7	48.8	NA	53.8	57.4	NA	41.0	59.2	NA	55.2
2001	59.8	56.2	59.8	49.7	48.6	38.4	48.5	49.3	NA	54.9	58.3	NA	40.0	59.5	NA	55.1
2002	59.6	56.3	60.9	50.0	48.7	38.7	47.9	49.8	NA	55.9	59.0	NA	41.8	59.9	NA	55.5
2003	59.5	57.1	61.9	50.4	48.8	38.6	47.6	49.0	NA	56.1	59.4	NA	43.5	59.9	NA	55.6
2004	59.2	56.9	61.9	50.5	49.2	38.3	47.6	49.9	NA	56.5	59.9	NA	44.8	59.7	NA	55.8
2005	59.3	58.0	61.6	50.6	50.3	37.9	47.6	50.1	39.0	57.1	61.0	NA	46.1	60.5	NA	56.1
2006	59.4	58.6	61.8	50.7	51.2	38.1	47.9	50.3	40.3	57.6	61.4	NA	47.7	60.8	22.0	56.6
2007	59.3	59.3	62.5	51.0	51.6	37.9	48.1	50.2	40.6	58.7	61.8	NA	48.7	61.3	22.1	56.4
2008	59.5	60.0	62.6	51.2	51.8	38.6	48.0	50.0	40.6	59.1	62.1	50.8	50.3	61.2	22.8	56.7
2009	59.2	60.1	62.5	51.6	52.1	38.2	48.2	49.2	41.1	59.4	62.2	49.0	51.4	60.7	24.1	56.8
2010	58.6	59.8	62.4	51.6	52.4	38.2	48.2	49.4	41.0	58.0	62.1	47.4	52.1	60.6	25.6	56.8
2011	58.1	60.0	62.2	51.5	53.2	38.4	47.7	49.7	41.2	58.0	62.5	47.9	52.8	61.1	27.0	56.9
Note: Men's (women's) participation rates are as a percentage of the total male (female) working age population. Data for Mexico refer to 2005–2011, data for South Africa refer to 2008–2011, and data for Turkey refer to 2006–2011. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Labor force participation rates by sex, 1970-2011

Men continue to have higher rates of labor force participation than women, but the gap between the two has been narrowing over the past 40 years in all countries compared. In most countries, this is due to a combination of a decreasing rate of participation for men and an increasing rate for women. In 2011, the gap between the sexes was narrowest in Sweden, Canada, and France, and was largest in Turkey, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea.

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Manufacturing average hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars, by components of compensation, 2011
Country	Hourly Compensation
United States	35.53	26.87	23.70	3.17	8.65
Argentina	15.91	13.14	10.92	2.23	2.77
Australia	46.29	37.04	32.63	4.41	9.25
Austria	43.16	32.09	22.82	9.26	11.07
Belgium	54.77	37.12	26.07	11.05	17.64
Brazil	11.65	7.93	6.27	1.66	3.72
Canada	36.56	29.07	25.48	3.59	7.49
Czech Republic	13.13	9.54	7.77	1.77	3.59
Denmark	51.67	46.70	39.15	7.54	4.97
Estonia	10.39	7.71	6.73	0.98	2.69
Finland	44.14	34.94	26.43	8.51	9.20
France	42.12	29.51	21.70	7.80	12.61
Germany	47.38	37.13	27.70	9.44	10.24
Greece	21.78	16.75	12.66	4.08	5.03
Hungary	9.17	7.01	5.20	1.81	2.16
Ireland	39.83	33.43	27.43	6.00	6.39
Israel	21.42	17.92	16.42	1.50	3.49
Italy	36.17	25.70	20.43	5.27	10.47
Japan	35.71	29.25	20.23	9.02	6.46
Korea, Republic of	18.91	15.21	NA	NA	3.70
Mexico	6.48	4.53	NA	NA	1.95
Netherlands	42.26	33.29	24.29	9.01	8.97
New Zealand	23.38	22.39	19.70	2.69	0.99
Norway	64.15	53.18	NA	NA	10.98
Philippines	2.01	1.84	1.49	0.35	0.17
Poland	8.83	7.58	5.35	2.23	1.25
Portugal	12.91	10.37	7.88	2.49	2.54
Singapore	22.60	18.96	15.00	3.95	3.64
Slovakia	11.77	8.58	6.38	2.20	3.19
Spain	28.44	21.22	15.65	5.57	7.22
Sweden	49.12	32.94	27.82	5.13	16.18
Switzerland	60.40	51.16	39.92	11.24	9.25
Taiwan	9.34	8.00	NA	NA	1.35
United Kingdom	30.77	26.04	21.98	4.05	4.73
Note: For Mexico, Republic of Korea, Norway, and Taiwan, pay for time worked and directly paid benefits are combined into total direct pay. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Components of manufacturing average hourly compensation costs as a percent of total compensation, 2011
Country	Hourly Compensation

United States	100	75.6	66.7	8.9	24.4
Argentina	100	82.6	68.6	14.0	17.4
Australia	100	80.0	70.5	9.5	20.0
Austria	100	74.3	52.9	21.5	25.7
Belgium	100	67.8	47.6	20.2	32.2
Brazil	100	68.1	53.8	14.3	31.9
Canada	100	79.5	69.7	9.8	20.5
Czech Republic	100	72.7	59.2	13.5	27.3
Denmark	100	90.4	75.8	14.6	9.6
Estonia	100	74.2	64.7	9.4	25.8
Finland	100	79.2	59.9	19.3	20.8
France	100	70.1	51.5	18.5	29.9
Germany	100	78.4	58.5	19.9	21.6
Greece	100	76.9	58.2	18.7	23.1
Hungary	100	76.5	56.7	19.8	23.5
Ireland	100	83.9	68.9	15.1	16.1
Israel	100	83.7	76.7	7.0	16.3
Italy	100	71.1	56.5	14.6	28.9
Japan	100	81.9	56.6	25.3	18.1
Korea, Republic of	100	80.4	NA	NA	19.6
Mexico	100	69.9	NA	NA	30.1
Netherlands	100	78.8	57.5	21.3	21.2
New Zealand	100	95.8	84.2	11.5	4.2
Norway	100	82.9	NA	NA	17.1
Philippines	100	91.5	74.2	17.3	8.5
Poland	100	85.9	60.6	25.3	14.1
Portugal	100	80.3	61.1	19.3	19.7
Singapore	100	83.9	66.4	17.5	16.1
Slovakia	100	72.9	54.2	18.7	27.1
Spain	100	74.6	55.0	19.6	25.4
Sweden	100	67.1	56.6	10.4	32.9
Switzerland	100	84.7	66.1	18.6	15.3
Taiwan	100	85.6	NA	NA	14.4
United Kingdom	100	84.6	71.4	13.2	15.4
Note: For Mexico, Republic of Korea, Norway, and Taiwan, pay for time worked and directly paid benefits are combined into total direct pay. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Manufacturing average hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars, by components of compensation, 2011

Hourly compensation costs measure the average hourly cost to employ a worker, including benefits. Compared to the United States, countries with higher average hourly compensation costs were primarily in northern and western Europe. Countries with lower average hourly compensation costs were primarily in southern and eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Expanding the chart to show components of compensation as a percentage of total compensation reveals that the proportion of directly paid benefits (mostly leave time and bonuses) was lower in the United States than in all countries compared except Israel, while the proportion of social insurance costs tended to be higher than the U.S. level in Europe and Latin America.

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Average hourly compensation costs in sub-manufacturing industries, U.S. dollars, 2011
Industry	United States	Australia	Austria	Belgium	Brazil	Canada	Denmark	Estonia	Finland	France	Germany	Hungary
Other transport equipment	54.76	43.36	54.14	53.50	NA	NA	52.65	NA	43.17	55.33	61.89	11.71
Coke and refined petroleum	52.58	NA	99.21	NA	32.93	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	71.99	25.09
Computer, electronic and optical	51.16	NA	52.00	55.35	16.64	42.98	56.82	9.98	NA	55.15	54.48	9.98
Pharmaceutical	46.02	NA	51.96	73.82	24.27	45.70	69.78	NA	54.87	61.77	61.20	17.33
Chemicals products	39.43	NA	54.18	67.13	20.36	43.47	55.96	14.17	57.50	55.11	58.83	13.11
Motor vehicles and trailers	37.97	49.83	48.01	58.74	19.59	NA	44.82	11.25	37.70	44.86	60.33	10.88
Machinery and equipment n.e.c.	37.14	NA	46.05	47.56	15.19	40.43	52.22	13.37	45.05	44.56	51.53	9.92
Paper and paper products	36.39	56.56	48.22	51.89	14.17	43.96	49.87	12.52	55.59	39.59	42.12	10.40
Basic metals	36.37	59.24	50.63	56.37	18.88	44.02	45.64	NA	NA	46.86	49.98	11.85
Manufacturing	35.53	46.29	43.16	54.77	11.65	36.56	51.67	10.39	44.84	42.12	47.38	9.17
Electrical equipment	35.30	NA	47.67	49.46	15.79	37.70	50.89	11.99	43.29	44.26	50.38	8.29
Other non-metallic mineral	31.15	44.26	43.48	49.20	8.79	38.31	49.17	14.39	40.50	40.19	38.34	10.41
Fabricated metal	30.50	43.07	40.08	43.07	9.83	36.74	47.41	13.13	37.29	37.49	40.49	7.14
Printing and recorded media	30.41	43.19	43.19	47.19	8.56	30.89	50.96	12.24	NA	38.29	39.85	8.01
Rubber and plastics	29.37	45.16	39.21	48.39	10.58	NA	52.12	10.84	42.50	39.05	37.98	8.17
Food, beverages, and tobacco	26.91	41.25	33.57	45.34	9.10	NA	48.36	NA	NA	NA	31.82	7.18
Furniture	26.62	NA	31.99	37.21	6.21	28.72	43.95	9.30	34.94	31.44	36.71	5.97
Food	25.97	39.59	31.31	43.94	8.67	30.33	48.27	9.30	38.87	32.29	29.67	6.63
Leather	25.34	NA	30.42	42.18	5.22	22.48	NA	7.45	32.09	33.47	40.97	5.38
Wood, except furniture	24.63	36.14	34.03	38.04	6.34	33.40	43.50	11.18	33.27	31.01	32.51	5.89
Textiles	23.60	NA	36.02	40.33	7.89	26.88	46.03	9.45	NA	32.63	34.23	6.33
Wearing apparel	22.60	NA	31.61	37.20	4.55	22.76	46.71	6.75	31.56	34.49	38.58	4.76
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Average hourly compensation costs in sub-manufacturing industries, U.S. dollars, 2011 (continued)
Industry	Italy	Japan	Korea, Republic of	Mexico	Norway	Poland	Portgual	Singapore	Slovakia	Spain	Sweden	Taiwan	United Kingdom
Other transport equipment	40.08	NA	27.09	8.12	NA	10.19	NA	NA	11.12	38.80	NA	9.70	38.86
Coke and refined petroleum	53.92	NA	NA	15.18	NA	18.55	NA	NA	28.15	57.08	62.50	21.28	52.12
Computer, electronic and optical	42.25	NA	NA	5.21	NA	8.74	NA	23.69	10.77	33.23	NA	11.13	37.83
Pharmaceutical	55.99	NA	NA	13.72	73.84	14.60	NA	NA	15.03	43.31	NA	NA	39.86
Chemicals products	44.51	NA	23.13	10.24	75.37	11.46	NA	NA	13.51	37.42	NA	NA	36.89
Motor vehicles and trailers	39.01	NA	22.79	8.15	NA	10.07	NA	NA	12.60	34.51	NA	9.89	34.87
Machinery and equipment n.e.c.	38.78	NA	NA	6.67	71.76	9.78	NA	NA	12.37	29.83	NA	NA	32.48
Paper and paper products	34.84	32.09	16.73	5.38	59.58	9.46	NA	NA	13.04	32.25	48.17	7.81	32.15
Basic metals	39.53	42.17	21.43	8.40	67.51	10.91	NA	NA	16.41	32.75	52.01	11.92	32.10
Manufacturing	36.17	35.71	18.91	6.48	64.15	8.83	13.15	22.60	11.77	28.44	49.12	9.34	30.77
Electrical equipment	37.82	NA	NA	6.11	NA	9.59	NA	NA	10.95	32.26	NA	NA	29.05
Other non-metallic mineral	36.07	34.19	19.54	6.73	NA	9.29	13.93	NA	12.86	28.22	43.46	7.86	29.07
Fabricated metal	32.99	30.80	NA	5.57	60.70	8.85	NA	NA	11.33	26.20	41.45	7.25	28.10
Printing and recorded media	35.41	29.17	13.74	4.77	62.99	10.10	NA	NA	11.10	25.18	42.80	7.33	29.03
Rubber and plastics	34.48	32.48	NA	4.86	NA	8.66	NA	NA	11.35	28.97	42.06	7.74	27.26
Food, beverages, and tobacco	36.29	24.86	15.19	NA	NA	8.20	12.85	15.47	NA	24.21	41.34	NA	26.01
Furniture	29.36	27.43	NA	3.90	NA	6.80	NA	NA	9.13	21.86	NA	6.76	24.76
Food	35.43	NA	14.48	5.54	NA	7.77	NA	NA	9.37	22.58	NA	NA	24.61
Leather	28.71	NA	14.03	3.16	NA	5.45	NA	NA	7.72	17.27	NA	NA	NA
Wood, except furniture	29.47	24.96	14.75	2.76	50.29	6.62	NA	NA	8.85	22.16	39.37	NA	23.21
Textiles	31.79	NA	12.51	3.92	NA	6.50	NA	NA	8.39	22.29	NA	7.35	24.65
Wearing apparel	26.82	NA	15.10	2.95	NA	4.91	NA	NA	6.59	21.18	NA	NA	22.60
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Average hourly compensation costs in sub-manufacturing industries, U.S. dollars, 2011

Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing can vary widely by industry. In the United States, average costs in the highest cost industry (other transport equipment) are nearly 2.5 times those of the lowest cost industry (wearing apparel). Selecting other countries shows that, in general, the same industries (for example, petroleum and pharmaceuticals) tend to rank among the highest compensated industries across countries, while the same is true for the lowest compensated industries (apparel, textiles, leather, and wood).

Average annual percent change in manufacturing productivity, output, and hours worked, 2000-2011

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Average annual percent change in manufacturing productivity, output, and hours worked, 2000-2011
Country	Productivity	Output Growth	Hours Growth
Czech Republic	9.2	7.9	-1.2
Taiwan	6.9	6.9	-0.1
Korea, Republic of	6.6	6.4	-0.2
United States	5.2	1.7	-3.4
Sweden	4.5	2.8	-1.6
Singapore	4.0	5.8	1.8
United Kingdom	3.7	-0.6	-4.1
Finland	3.3	1.7	-1.6
Japan	3.2	1.2	-2.0
Spain	2.9	-0.5	-3.4
Netherlands	2.8	1.2	-1.5
France	2.5	0.1	-2.4
Norway	2.4	1.5	-0.9
Denmark	2.4	-0.8	-3.2
Germany	2.0	1.0	-0.9
Belgium	1.3	-0.4	-1.7
Australia	1.3	0.5	-0.8
Canada	0.9	-1.4	-2.3
Italy	0.6	-0.8	-1.3
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Output Growth: %
Hours Growth: %

Average annual percent change in manufacturing productivity, output, and hours worked, 2000-2011

Increases in labor productivity are approximately equal to the difference between the growth of output and the growth of hours worked; the larger the gap between output and hours, the greater the productivity growth. Since 2000, output has outpaced hours in all countries compared, resulting in increasing productivity. The largest productivity gains were in the Czech Republic, Taiwan, and the Republic of Korea, and were primarily the result of strong output growth (while hours dipped slightly); productivity also increased in the United Kingdom, Spain, and Denmark despite declining output because hours worked declined even more.

Average annual percent change in manufacturing productivity, output, and hours worked, 2010-2011

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Average annual percent change in manufacturing productivity, output, and hours worked, 2010-2011
Country	Productivity	Output Growth	Hours Growth
Czech Republic	10.1	9.8	-0.3
Singapore	8.0	7.6	-0.3
Korea, Republic of	6.0	7.2	1.1
Spain	5.1	2.4	-2.5
United Kingdom	4.5	2.1	-2.3
Germany	4.5	8.1	3.5
Netherlands	4.0	3.5	-0.5
Sweden	3.4	6.1	2.6
Taiwan	2.8	4.9	2.0
Denmark	2.3	1.5	-0.9
France	2.2	1.2	-1.0
United States	2.0	4.3	2.2
Norway	2.0	1.9	0.0
Canada	1.9	2.4	0.5
Belgium	0.2	3.3	3.1
Finland	-0.1	2.0	2.1
Italy	-0.4	0.6	1.0
Japan	-2.8	-3.6	-0.8
Australia	-4.0	-2.1	2.0
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Output Growth: %
Hours Growth: %

Annual percent change in manufacturing productivity, output, and hours worked, 2010-2011

In 2011, output growth was the main driver of productivity in many countries, although robust productivity growth in both Spain and the United Kingdom resulted from approximately equal portions of output growth and hours decline. The four countries with red bars at the right of the chart experienced declines in productivity when output was outpaced by hours; Australia, where output fell about 2 percent despite a 2 percent increase in hours, saw the biggest drop in productivity.

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Indexes of productivity (output per hour) and real hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1970=100
Year	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation
1970	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
1971	106.5	101.4	106.5	110.7	105.3	103.3	108.2	110.0	102.0	109.0	105.0	105.1	103.9	106.4
1972	111.0	103.3	118.9	124.2	110.7	106.0	115.3	115.0	109.7	118.5	107.3	111.6	110.3	111.7
1973	116.6	104.7	132.2	137.9	116.8	107.2	122.4	127.6	114.6	128.1	112.5	118.9	117.6	118.0
1974	113.8	104.7	138.9	150.5	120.7	112.7	126.6	135.5	118.6	137.7	123.1	124.5	121.6	125.5
1975	117.7	107.7	144.5	161.2	117.9	117.4	140.9	148.8	115.0	143.8	125.8	136.2	126.8	130.6
1976	124.1	110.2	159.1	170.9	128.2	126.3	144.0	153.7	117.8	149.1	131.6	138.1	135.8	134.7
1977	128.8	112.7	166.8	172.4	135.7	129.7	150.3	154.6	123.0	149.2	139.0	144.1	139.8	142.0
1978	129.9	113.2	177.0	176.9	140.0	127.4	153.1	155.7	130.6	148.5	142.5	149.1	144.7	148.6
1979	131.7	113.2	186.4	180.0	140.6	127.3	163.1	160.2	139.3	153.2	148.4	152.4	150.9	153.1
1980	130.7	114.0	198.4	187.8	138.3	126.7	174.5	159.3	143.6	155.4	151.0	154.4	148.6	157.9
1981	137.8	114.5	212.8	190.4	142.7	126.7	180.0	159.3	149.5	162.7	157.6	158.0	151.5	157.9
1982	139.0	117.9	223.2	183.2	143.0	131.1	184.7	158.9	154.5	164.0	166.1	167.4	151.5	159.0
1983	148.8	116.5	246.0	186.7	151.4	132.4	198.5	162.0	162.0	166.5	173.8	170.7	158.9	161.1
1984	153.0	115.8	257.9	190.7	168.0	134.8	198.2	163.1	170.5	172.1	179.1	174.8	164.3	164.4
1985	158.5	117.6	264.2	191.7	171.9	136.7	200.4	166.5	179.5	181.2	187.1	178.9	171.4	170.7
1986	161.0	120.9	266.5	194.4	166.7	133.5	196.4	167.7	190.1	191.8	188.3	182.1	172.3	177.7
1987	172.2	120.7	269.8	197.4	167.7	130.7	197.6	178.5	203.8	197.8	190.3	183.6	169.4	185.2
1988	178.8	120.6	279.2	198.4	170.8	131.6	202.8	180.4	214.9	204.8	197.8	185.3	175.9	190.5
1989	179.8	119.1	294.2	204.0	173.4	131.2	215.8	183.3	227.8	214.4	206.0	188.8	182.0	194.7
1990	181.9	118.9	293.9	206.7	177.2	132.4	211.7	188.4	237.9	228.2	210.2	191.1	190.5	203.9
1991	187.0	121.6	301.0	216.3	179.0	134.1	215.9	192.7	237.1	234.7	215.7	196.0	196.0	209.1
1992	194.2	124.2	303.6	217.1	187.1	138.6	215.7	193.1	265.8	236.6	221.5	200.5	198.9	218.0
1993	199.3	124.0	311.1	221.4	195.5	137.7	216.5	194.8	294.4	239.1	228.6	204.6	201.7	221.9
1994	207.6	124.4	327.4	217.9	206.6	141.4	245.2	197.9	320.3	247.7	242.7	208.2	217.6	225.7
1995	214.7	123.4	342.0	220.9	209.0	141.6	245.7	197.5	326.3	261.5	252.6	210.9	222.6	234.1
1996	222.1	122.2	347.0	220.4	208.0	141.7	237.6	201.2	335.2	268.3	253.8	210.2	227.2	241.9
1997	231.2	122.6	368.7	225.0	216.8	141.6	257.9	203.9	352.4	269.8	266.1	215.1	240.4	241.5
1998	243.4	128.4	373.5	226.3	228.0	147.5	256.7	205.8	373.2	277.2	279.3	215.9	241.6	243.4
1999	258.2	131.3	370.7	226.7	238.1	148.4	261.2	206.1	400.7	284.0	291.4	222.0	246.6	247.5
2000	278.3	136.8	385.8	225.0	251.5	148.8	269.4	204.1	448.2	287.5	308.5	229.3	265.1	256.3
2001	284.0	138.2	383.8	227.2	245.7	149.4	269.9	209.0	465.6	299.6	312.3	231.8	272.4	259.3
2002	313.3	143.4	393.1	232.0	251.1	151.7	272.6	213.4	496.0	300.4	324.2	240.7	273.3	261.1
2003	339.9	151.5	399.5	233.6	250.2	152.4	283.4	223.6	527.0	306.2	335.0	241.7	284.5	263.6
2004	369.6	148.7	416.7	233.0	252.2	154.9	298.6	229.0	562.2	317.6	347.4	244.2	296.4	260.8
2005	386.7	148.7	424.3	231.5	261.2	158.8	306.1	237.9	589.1	329.4	363.5	248.1	310.7	259.9
2006	399.9	146.9	428.5	235.6	268.2	163.5	323.6	242.9	658.4	335.6	377.7	253.7	341.8	266.0
2007	421.0	147.4	448.9	244.5	269.5	164.7	329.0	251.6	720.5	336.8	387.9	254.8	354.7	262.4
2008	412.9	148.0	453.7	242.1	266.4	163.4	311.4	247.4	689.2	332.9	374.4	254.2	340.6	262.4
2009	430.0	154.7	427.5	253.6	262.8	164.7	313.9	252.8	575.6	341.1	374.0	264.4	292.1	272.5
2010	478.3	153.9	444.8	248.6	272.5	157.7	341.2	254.0	640.1	339.1	396.8	265.2	314.4	265.2
2011	487.9	153.1	445.9	238.3	277.7	156.7	349.1	252.9	639.6	336.4	405.6	266.2	328.4	264.9
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Indexes of productivity (output per hour) and real hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1970=100 (continued)
Year	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation	Productivity	Real Hourly Compensation
1970	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
1971	102.0	110.0	106.0	108.4	105.4	106.6	103.3	107.3	104.4	103.9	104.8	103.9
1972	110.2	114.4	116.3	119.2	114.2	112.5	108.9	112.8	109.6	109.4	110.7	111.8
1973	121.4	122.2	126.8	130.4	123.9	123.4	115.5	117.6	117.7	113.2	118.8	116.7
1974	132.7	133.5	130.0	138.8	134.9	135.4	119.8	126.6	122.7	121.4	120.8	120.8
1975	130.2	140.7	133.7	144.7	136.1	135.1	118.9	135.3	124.6	135.9	118.2	129.7
1976	150.1	150.4	141.8	142.3	148.6	139.4	121.8	143.1	126.5	143.6	123.3	129.1
1977	156.7	153.7	147.4	145.4	151.1	137.6	123.8	146.7	124.6	140.2	124.3	125.6
1978	163.0	155.9	153.4	148.5	158.7	142.4	126.5	148.4	128.0	144.6	126.1	134.7
1979	178.1	164.3	166.0	152.5	163.7	145.7	136.3	148.9	138.0	146.1	126.9	140.7
1980	187.7	158.5	168.6	150.4	165.9	143.3	133.6	145.9	140.2	142.6	126.4	145.2
1981	189.2	161.2	174.1	153.8	166.9	138.1	133.0	142.9	139.4	140.3	131.5	149.9
1982	189.7	161.4	180.2	156.9	170.5	139.6	139.0	142.7	142.3	136.2	137.6	149.5
1983	197.3	165.1	180.6	158.3	181.8	143.5	143.0	143.7	150.9	133.4	146.6	151.6
1984	214.4	172.4	184.4	159.3	197.5	146.4	152.5	147.8	161.3	136.5	151.4	152.8
1985	224.9	177.4	201.9	162.0	203.9	150.5	157.4	152.8	161.6	139.0	155.3	156.4
1986	229.4	178.7	202.6	167.7	210.9	155.8	154.9	155.1	165.6	145.3	160.2	163.8
1987	238.6	183.9	211.2	172.7	215.4	163.3	162.6	161.9	166.1	146.2	166.4	173.0
1988	249.2	188.1	221.2	175.5	223.0	164.4	161.3	161.0	165.9	147.2	173.1	173.8
1989	258.5	195.4	233.0	181.9	232.9	164.6	165.5	161.3	171.4	154.5	177.6	170.8
1990	257.9	197.5	249.6	188.5	231.4	165.4	169.7	164.3	172.6	152.6	184.3	175.4
1991	258.6	202.1	262.6	194.3	232.5	167.3	170.3	167.7	173.3	151.3	194.4	187.8
1992	269.5	204.3	265.4	198.0	235.6	169.5	172.9	168.5	179.0	152.9	206.5	181.1
1993	271.7	203.8	270.6	200.7	246.4	176.0	172.5	167.3	192.9	146.0	212.5	184.2
1994	296.4	206.3	275.3	203.3	265.4	176.4	172.4	169.9	212.6	146.2	218.1	184.1
1995	311.7	207.1	293.4	210.3	273.7	175.4	170.0	173.4	224.9	147.1	215.6	181.5
1996	312.1	210.4	307.1	212.1	279.7	174.9	176.3	178.7	232.1	156.6	213.1	176.2
1997	317.0	215.9	317.8	215.2	281.4	175.4	177.9	181.9	253.6	163.5	219.0	179.5
1998	312.6	208.6	321.1	219.3	288.3	179.2	173.0	188.1	269.5	168.4	221.4	185.7
1999	314.8	209.6	329.5	219.6	299.8	181.4	180.1	194.5	294.4	168.5	233.4	195.3
2000	329.5	210.0	347.0	219.8	322.8	185.8	186.4	199.2	315.8	178.4	248.4	198.6
2001	329.1	210.8	339.6	224.4	324.2	186.2	190.6	204.9	308.1	182.4	255.9	202.8
2002	326.6	211.5	348.7	226.6	333.6	190.3	195.3	214.6	344.6	187.5	264.4	211.9
2003	320.3	213.9	367.2	222.4	341.5	193.7	212.1	217.3	372.3	191.5	280.2	218.0
2004	327.5	216.8	388.9	219.8	365.0	199.5	223.9	223.7	414.5	195.9	299.2	222.3
2005	336.1	219.0	414.4	217.1	382.3	199.0	227.4	229.2	442.7	201.8	312.9	227.8
2006	345.0	218.9	423.9	213.1	397.3	202.4	219.3	238.1	481.2	203.4	326.8	234.2
2007	350.0	220.9	449.4	212.5	418.0	205.0	219.2	245.2	495.1	212.0	338.1	231.6
2008	343.2	223.3	468.3	216.9	409.5	207.0	225.0	248.4	466.4	206.2	342.8	229.9
2009	321.5	228.8	438.9	220.6	388.0	211.4	227.9	254.1	417.8	215.9	338.1	238.3
2010	351.7	231.1	503.7	219.6	420.1	210.4	238.2	254.1	495.7	210.9	353.1	239.5
2011	350.4	229.6	489.5	224.9	436.9	209.9	242.9	260.6	512.4	207.0	369.1	232.5
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Gap between productivity and real hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1970-2011

Since 1970, labor productivity has outpaced real hourly compensation in the United States, creating a productivity-compensation gap. Increases in productivity signal a potential for increases in labor income, and by extension, for increases in the standard of living of workers. Although the U.S. gap is the largest among the countries compared, selecting other countries shows the existence of a productivity-compensation gap in all countries except Norway.

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Measures of consumer price inflation, average annual percent changes, 2007-2011
Country	Consumer price index (CPI)	Harmonized index of consumer prices (HICP)
United Kingdom	3.29	3.38
Belgium	2.52	2.56
Denmark	2.44	2.40
Norway	2.40	2.32
Austria	2.19	2.21
Spain	2.18	2.23
Italy	2.11	2.20
United States	2.06	2.48
Netherlands	1.82	1.65
Sweden	1.75	2.14
France	1.63	1.82
Germany	1.60	1.64
Switzerland	0.71	0.58
Japan	-0.25	-0.25
Note: HICP are adjusted for comparability across countries, whereas CPI are not adjusted. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.

Measures of consumer price inflation, average annual percent changes, 2007-2011

Consumer price indexes (CPI) and harmonized indexes of consumer prices (HICP) are two measures of consumer price changes. The HICP, however, are adjusted for comparability across countries, whereas the CPI are not adjusted. Over the past 4 years, inflation averaged between 1.5 and 2.5 percent in all but four countries compared. Prices increased at a faster rate in the United Kingdom and Belgium, while Japan was the only country where prices declined since 2007.

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For more information visit International Labor Comparisons at the BLS website.

Country	Hourly Compensation
	Total	Hourly Direct Pay			Hourly Social Insurance
	Total	Total direct pay	Pay for time worked (wages and salaries)	Directly paid benefits	Hourly Social Insurance
United States	35.53	26.87	23.70	3.17	8.65
Argentina	15.91	13.14	10.92	2.23	2.77
Australia	46.29	37.04	32.63	4.41	9.25
Austria	43.16	32.09	22.82	9.26	11.07
Belgium	54.77	37.12	26.07	11.05	17.64
Brazil	11.65	7.93	6.27	1.66	3.72
Canada	36.56	29.07	25.48	3.59	7.49
Czech Republic	13.13	9.54	7.77	1.77	3.59
Denmark	51.67	46.70	39.15	7.54	4.97
Estonia	10.39	7.71	6.73	0.98	2.69
Finland	44.14	34.94	26.43	8.51	9.20
France	42.12	29.51	21.70	7.80	12.61
Germany	47.38	37.13	27.70	9.44	10.24
Greece	21.78	16.75	12.66	4.08	5.03
Hungary	9.17	7.01	5.20	1.81	2.16
Ireland	39.83	33.43	27.43	6.00	6.39
Israel	21.42	17.92	16.42	1.50	3.49
Italy	36.17	25.70	20.43	5.27	10.47
Japan	35.71	29.25	20.23	9.02	6.46
Korea, Republic of	18.91	15.21	NA	NA	3.70
Mexico	6.48	4.53	NA	NA	1.95
Netherlands	42.26	33.29	24.29	9.01	8.97
New Zealand	23.38	22.39	19.70	2.69	0.99
Norway	64.15	53.18	NA	NA	10.98
Philippines	2.01	1.84	1.49	0.35	0.17
Poland	8.83	7.58	5.35	2.23	1.25
Portugal	12.91	10.37	7.88	2.49	2.54
Singapore	22.60	18.96	15.00	3.95	3.64
Slovakia	11.77	8.58	6.38	2.20	3.19
Spain	28.44	21.22	15.65	5.57	7.22
Sweden	49.12	32.94	27.82	5.13	16.18
Switzerland	60.40	51.16	39.92	11.24	9.25
Taiwan	9.34	8.00	NA	NA	1.35
United Kingdom	30.77	26.04	21.98	4.05	4.73
Note: For Mexico, Republic of Korea, Norway, and Taiwan, pay for time worked and directly paid benefits are combined into total direct pay. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons.