Technical information: (202) 691-6569 USDL 09-0457
http://www.bls.gov/oes/
For release: 10:00 A.M. (EDT)
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Friday, May 1, 2009
(NOTE: This release was reissued on Friday, May 29, 2009, to
correct wage data in table 1 for three occupations: (1) postal
service clerks; (2) postal service mail carriers; and (3) postal
service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators.
These corrections did not affect any other tables in the release
or the analysis of occupational employment and wage data.)
OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, 2008
In 2008, the U.S. median wage was $15.57 per hour or $32,390 per year,
according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of the U.S. Department
of Labor. These data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES)
program, which provides employment and wage estimates for wage and salary
workers in 22 major occupational groups and 801 detailed occupations. OES
produces data by occupation for the nation, states, metropolitan areas,
metropolitan divisions, and nonmetropolitan areas, and by occupation and
industry for the nation. National cross-industry employment and wage infor-
mation for all occupations is shown in table 1. Complete data are available
from the OES homepage at http://www.bls.gov/oes/.
The median wage represents the pay of the typical worker. Table 4 shows
employment and wage information for occupations with median wages between
5 percent above and 5 percent below the U.S. median wage. Many of the
occupations with wages within this range were office and administrative
support, construction and extraction, or production occupations.
OES data can be used to compare employment and wages for different
occupations, such as the occupations with wages near the U.S. median
shown in table 4. With employment of 1.9 and 1.3 million, respectively,
bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks; and general maintenance
and repair workers were the largest occupations with wages near the U.S.
median, and also were among the 20 largest occupations overall. The 2
largest occupations in the U.S., retail salespersons and cashiers, had
employment of approximately 4.4 and 3.5 million, respectively.
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| |
| Changes to Occupational Employment Statistics Data |
| |
| Effective with this news release, the Occupational Employ- |
| ment Statistics program has switched the basis for their indus- |
| try classification from the 2002 North American Industry Clas- |
| sification System (NAICS) to the 2007 NAICS. Historical data |
| were not revised. |
| |
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Other large occupations with wages near the U.S. median included all
other teachers and instructors, with employment of 574,540; billing and
posting clerks and machine operators (512,120); inspectors, testers,
sorters, samplers, and weighers (467,010); welders, cutters, solderers,
and brazers (392,520); and dental assistants (293,090). Among the small-
est occupations with wages near the U.S. median were forest fire inspectors
and prevention specialists, farm labor contractors, wood model makers, and
wood patternmakers, each of which had employment levels between 1,000 and
2,000.
While some of these occupations were concentrated in specific industries,
others were more widely distributed across industries. For example, although
93 percent of dental assistants worked in offices of dentists, the largest
employer of general maintenance and repair workers--lessors of real estate--
employed only about 10 percent of this occupation.
Median wages for occupations shown in table 4 ranged from $14.83 to
$16.35 per hour. In contrast, the lowest paying occupations included
gaming dealers; combined food preparation and serving workers; waiters
and waitresses; dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender
helpers; and fast food cooks, with median wages ranging from $7.84 to
$8.12 per hour. Among the highest paying occupations were several
specialty physician and dentist occupations, which had median wages
over $80.00 per hour or $166,400 annually.
Major Occupational Group Employment and Wages by Industry Sector
Most occupations with wages near the U.S. median were office and
administrative support; construction and extraction; installation,
maintenance, and repair; or production occupations. Table 4 contains
26 occupations in the production group, making this group the one with
the largest number of occupations earning near the median wage. Twelve
office and administrative support occupations had wages near the U.S.
median; however, total employment in these 12 occupations was approxi-
mately 3.8 million, as compared to total employment of 2.1 million for
the production occupations shown in table 4.
Office and administrative support also was the largest occupational
group overall, with total employment of 23.2 million, followed by
sales and related occupations, with total employment of 14.3 million,
and food preparation and serving related occupations, with total
employment of 11.4 million. (See table 2.) While some occupational
groups were highly concentrated in specific industry sectors, others
were distributed more evenly across sectors. For example, nearly 89
percent of employment in education, training, and library occupations
was found in the educational services sector, and over 87 percent of
employment in healthcare support occupations was found in the health
care and social assistance sector. In contrast, although retail trade,
finance and insurance, and health care and social assistance were among
the largest employers of office and administrative support occupations,
no single sector employed more than 12.4 percent of this group. (See
table 2.)
The highest paying occupational groups included management occupations,
with a median hourly wage of $42.15, legal occupations ($34.49), and com-
puter and mathematical science occupations ($34.26). Food preparation and
serving related occupations ($8.59); farming, fishing, and forestry occu-
pations ($9.34); personal care and service occupations ($9.82); and building
and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ($10.52) were among the
lowest paying occupational groups. (See table 3.)
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Wages for the occupational groups varied by industry. Utilities;
transportation and warehousing; information; and finance and insurance
were among the highest paying industry sectors for several occupational
groups. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting; retail trade; and
accommodation and food services were among the lowest paying sectors.
For example, median hourly wages for business and financial operations
occupations ranged from $33.75 in utilities to $20.94 in accommodation
and food services, while median wages for office and administrative sup-
port occupations ranged from $19.57 in transportation and warehousing to
$10.75 in retail trade.
Detailed Occupational Employment and Wages by Detailed Industry
In addition to the occupational group and industry sector data pre-
viously discussed, OES data also are available for detailed occupations
and industries. For example, table 5 shows employment and wages by in-
dustry for bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks. Employment in
this occupation was widely distributed across industries. The accounting,
tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services industry employed more
bookkeeping clerks than any other industry, but only about 5.4 percent
of bookkeeping clerks were employed in this industry. Other large em-
ployers of this occupation were building equipment contractors, deposi-
tory credit intermediation, management of companies and enterprises,
and local government (OES designation); each representing less than 5
percent of occupational employment. The median hourly wage for book-
keeping clerks in these industries ranged from $14.43 in depository
credit intermediation to $16.22 in building equipment contractors.
Although accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll serv-
ices employed a relatively small percentage of all bookkeeping clerks,
this was the second largest occupation in the accounting services indus-
try, representing about 11.4 percent of industry employment. (See
table 6.) Accountants and auditors was by far the largest occupation in
the industry, with 286,110 jobs making up about one-third of industry em-
ployment. Tax preparers was the third largest occupation in accounting
services, with employment of 61,160. Most of the other large occupations
in this industry were office and administrative support occupations.
Occupational Employment and Wages by State and Area
OES data also allow comparison of occupational employment and wages
across states and metropolitan areas. Tables 7 and 8 show the states
and metropolitan areas with the highest employment and highest employment
concentrations of selected detailed occupations. Areas with high total
employment also tend to be among the largest employers of any individual
occupation, while employment concentrations reflect factors other than
overall employment levels, such as the area's industry mix. For example,
Texas employed more welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers than any
other state, with 53,530 jobs in this occupation; and Wyoming, although
it employed fewer total welders than Texas, had one of the highest em-
ployment concentrations in this occupation, with welders representing
over 9 jobs out of every 1,000 in the state. Louisiana was the only
state with both high employment levels and a high employment concentra-
tion of this occupation. (See table 7.)
Aside from Louisiana, the only state appearing on both sides of
table 7 for the same occupation is California, which was both one of
the largest employers of dental assistants and one of the states with
the highest concentrations of this occupation. Other states with high
concentrations of dental assistants were Utah and Washington. Nevada
and Hawaii had some of the highest concentrations of construction and
maintenance painters, while Connecticut and Nebraska had some of the
highest concentrations of insurance claims and policy processing
clerks.
Although all of the selected occupations shown in table 7 had national
median wages near the U.S. median, wages for each occupation varied across
states. For example, among the states shown in the table, median wages
for welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers varied from $13.83 in South
Dakota to $21.29 in Wyoming, while median wages for construction and
maintenance painters varied from $13.82 in Texas to $23.14 in Hawaii.
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At the metropolitan area level, as at the state level, areas with
high employment of the selected occupations also tended to have high
overall employment levels. (See table 8.) Chicago-Naperville-Joliet,
Ill., and Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, Calif., were among the
largest employers for all of the selected occupations, while New York-
White Plains-Wayne, N.Y.-N.J., and Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, Texas,
were among the largest employers for 3 out of the 4 occupations.
These also were among the largest metropolitan areas or metropolitan
divisions in the United States in terms of total employment.
While both Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, Texas, and Dallas-Plano-
Irving, Texas, were among the metropolitan areas with the highest
employment of welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers, two other
metropolitan areas in Texas--Odessa and Beaumont-Port Arthur--reported
some of the highest employment concentrations of this occupation.
Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux, La., and Peoria, Ill., also had high con-
centrations of welders. Two metropolitan divisions in California--
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale and Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine--were
among the largest employers of dental assistants, while four of the
metropolitan areas with the highest concentrations of dental assistants
also were in California. Naples-Marco Island, Fla., and Beaumont-Port
Arthur, Texas, were among the areas with the highest concentrations of
construction and maintenance painters, while Wausau, Wis., and Macon,
Ga., were among the areas with the highest concentrations of insurance
claims and policy processing clerks, although both areas employed rela-
tively few workers in this occupation. Wages for the selected occupa-
tions varied by metropolitan area. For example, among the metropoli-
tan areas shown, median wages for construction and maintenance painters
ranged from $13.46 in Jacksonville, N.C., to $21.85 in Chicago-Naperville-
Joliet, Ill., while wages for insurance claims and policy processing
clerks ranged from $14.21 in Wausau, Wis., to $19.30 in Boston-Cambridge-
Quincy, Mass.
Additional Information
The Occupational Employment Statistics program produces cross-
industry occupational employment and wage estimates nationwide and
for all states, 377 metropolitan areas, 34 metropolitan divisions,
and 174 nonmetropolitan areas. OES also publishes national industry-
specific occupational employment and wage estimates for NAICS sectors
and 3-, 4-, and selected 5-digit industries. In addition to mean
hourly and annual wages, wage data include 10th, 25th, 50th (median),
75th, and 90th percentile wages, which can be used to show the distri-
bution of wages within an occupation or industry. OES data are pro-
duced by a cooperative effort between BLS and State Workforce Agencies,
and are based on a sample of 1.2 million business establishments, col-
lected in 6 semiannual panels over a 3-year period. Complete May 2008
Occupational Employment Statistics data are available from the OES Web
site at http://www.bls.gov/oes/.
- 5 -
Technical Note
Scope of the survey
The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is a semiannual
mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage
and salary workers in nonfarm establishments in the United States.
Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands also are surveyed, but their
data are not included in this release. OES estimates are constructed
from a sample of about 1.2 million establishments. Forms are mailed to
approximately 200,000 establishments in May and November of each year
for a 3-year period. The nationwide response rate for the May 2008
estimates is 78.2 percent based on establishments and 74.3 percent based
on employment. The survey included establishments sampled in the May
2008, November 2007, May 2007, November 2006, May 2006, and November
2005 semiannual panels.
The occupational coding system
The OES survey uses the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) occu-
pational classification system, the Standard Occupational Classification
(SOC) system. The SOC system is the first OMB-required occupational
classification system for federal agencies. The OES survey categorizes
workers into 801 detailed occupations. Together, these detailed occupa-
tions make up 22 of the 23 major occupational groups. Military specific
occupations are not included in the OES survey. The major groups are as
follows:
Management occupations
Business and financial operations occupations
Computer and mathematical science occupations
Architecture and engineering occupations
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Community and social services occupations
Legal occupations
Education, training, and library occupations
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
Healthcare support occupations
Protective service occupations
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
Personal care and service occupations
Sales and related occupations
Office and administrative support occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction and extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
Production occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations
Military specific occupations (not surveyed in OES)
For more information about the SOC system, please see the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) Web site at http://www.bls.gov/soc/.
The industry coding system
The OES survey uses the North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS). The May 2008 estimates and survey data are based on the 2007
NAICS. Earlier panel data and estimates were based on the 2002 NAICS.
For more information about NAICS, see the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.
gov/bls/naics.htm.
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The OES survey includes establishments in NAICS sectors 11 (logging
and agricultural support activities only), 21, 22, 23, 31-33, 42, 44-45,
48-49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 71, 72, 81 (except private house-
holds), state government, and local government. The U.S. Postal Service
and the executive branch of the federal government also are included. An
establishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or pro-
vides services, such as a factory, mine, or store. The establishment is
generally at a single physical location and is engaged primarily in one
type of economic activity.
The OES survey covers all full- and part-time wage and salary workers
in nonfarm industries. The survey does not include the self-employed,
owners and partners in unincorporated firms, household workers, or unpaid
family workers.
Survey sample
BLS funds the survey and provides the procedures and technical support,
while the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) collect most of the data. BLS
produces cross-industry and industry-specific estimates for the nation,
states, metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), metropolitan divisions,
and nonmetropolitan areas. Industry-specific estimates are produced at
the NAICS sector, 3-digit, 4-digit, and selected 5-digit industry levels.
BLS releases all cross-industry and national estimates; many SWAs release
industry-specific estimates at the state and MSA levels.
State unemployment insurance (UI) files provide the universe from
which the OES survey draws its sample. Employment benchmarks are ob-
tained from reports submitted by employers to the UI program. Supple-
mental sources are used for rail transportation (NAICS 4821) and Guam
because they do not report to the UI program. The OES survey sample is
stratified by metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas and industry. The
2000 Metropolitan Statistical Area standards were used to define the
metropolitan areas.
An annual census is taken of the executive branch of the federal
government, the U.S. Postal Service, state government, and Hawaii's
local government. In order to provide the most occupational coverage,
larger employers are more likely to be selected than smaller employers.
The unweighted employment of sampled establishments makes up approxi-
mately 61 percent of total national employment.
Concepts
Occupational employment is the estimate of total wage and salary em-
ployment in an occupation across the industries surveyed. The OES sur-
vey defines employment as the number of workers who can be classified
as full- or part-time employees, including workers on paid vacations or
other types of paid leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; salaried
officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated firms; employees
temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting
unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that unit pre-
pares their paycheck.
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The OES survey forms sent to larger establishments, generally those
with 20 or more workers, contain between 50 and 225 SOC occupations
selected on the basis of the sampled establishment's industry classifi-
cation. To reduce paperwork and respondent burden, no survey form con-
tains every SOC occupation. Thus, data for specific occupations are
collected primarily from establishments in industries that are the pre-
dominant employers of workers in those occupations. Each survey form
is structured, however, to allow a respondent to provide detailed occu-
pational information for each worker at the establishment; that is, un-
listed occupations can be added to the survey form. Smaller establish-
ments, generally those with fewer than 20 workers, are sent a form with
no occupations listed, and are instructed to fill in the occupations for
their workers.
Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of
premium pay. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay,
hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production
bonuses, tips, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay,
jury duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, non-
production bonuses, employer cost for supplementary benefits, and tuition
reimbursements.
The OES survey collects wage data in 12 intervals. Employers report
the number of employees in an occupation for each wage range. The wage
intervals used for the May 2008 survey are as follows:
May 2008 wage intervals
--------------------------------------------------------
|
| Wages
Interval |-------------------------------------------
| Hourly | Annual
------------|-------------------|-----------------------
Range A | Under $7.50 | Under $15,600
Range B | $7.50 to $9.49 | $15,600 to $19,759
Range C | $9.50 to $11.99 | $19,760 to $24,959
Range D | $12.00 to $15.24 | $24,960 to $31,719
Range E | $15.25 to $19.24 | $31,720 to $40,039
Range F | $19.25 to $24.49 | $40,040 to $50,959
Range G | $24.50 to $30.99 | $50,960 to $64,479
Range H | $31.00 to $39.24 | $64,480 to $81,639
Range I | $39.25 to $49.74 | $81,640 to $103,479
Range J | $49.75 to $63.24 | $103,480 to $131,559
Range K | $63.25 to $79.99 | $131,560 to $166,399
Range L | $80.00 and over | $166,400 and over
--------------------------------------------------------
Mean hourly wage. The mean hourly wage rate for an occupation is the
total wages that all workers in the occupation earn in an hour divided
by the total employment of the occupation. To calculate the mean hourly
wage of each occupation, total weighted hourly wages are summed across
all intervals and divided by the occupation's weighted survey employment.
The mean wage for each interval is based on occupational wage data col-
lected by the BLS Office of Compensation and Working Conditions for the
National Compensation Survey (NCS). With the exception of the highest
wage interval, mean wage rates for each panel are calculated using NCS
data for the panel's reference year.
The lower boundary of the highest wage interval was $80.00. The mean
hourly wage for this interval was calculated using the average of the
2005, 2006, and 2007 NCS data.
Percentile wage. The p-th percentile wage rate for an occupation
is the wage where p percent of all workers earn that amount or less and
where (100-p) percent of all workers earn that amount or more. This
statistic is calculated by uniformly distributing the workers inside
each wage interval, ranking the workers from lowest paid to highest
paid, and calculating the product of the total employment for the oc-
cupation and the desired percentile to determine the worker that earns
the p-th percentile wage rate.
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Annual wage. Many employees are paid at an hourly rate by their
employers and may work more than or less than 40 hours per week. Annual
wage estimates for most occupations in this release are calculated by
multiplying the mean hourly wage by a "year-round, full-time" figure of
2,080 hours (52 weeks by 40 hours). Thus, annual wage estimates may not
represent the actual annual pay received by the employee if they work
more or less than 2,080 hours per year. Some workers typically work
less than 40 hours per week, year round. For these occupations, the OES
survey collects and reports either the annual salary or the hourly wage
rate, depending on how the occupation is typically paid, but not both.
For example, teachers, flight attendants, and pilots may be paid an
annual salary, but do not work the usual 2,080 hours per year. In this
case, an annual salary is reported. Other workers, such as entertainment
workers, are paid hourly rates, but generally do not work 40 hours per
week, year round. For these workers, only an hourly wage is reported.
Hourly versus annual wage reporting. For each occupation, respondents
are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage in-
tervals. The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the corre-
sponding annual rates, where the annual rate for an occupation is calculated
by multiplying the hourly wage rate by a typical work year of 2,080 hours.
The responding establishment can reference either the hourly or the annual
rate for full-time workers, but they are instructed to report the hourly
rate for part-time workers.
Estimation methodology
With the exception of the May 2008 panel, each OES panel includes
approximately 200,000 establishments. Due to budget constraints, the
May 2008 sample was reduced to approximately 174,000 establishments. The
OES survey is designed to produce estimates using six panels (3 years)
of data. The full six-panel sample of nearly 1.2 million establishments
allows the production of estimates at detailed levels of geography,
industry, and occupation.
Wage updating. Significant reductions in sampling errors are obtained
by combining six panels of data, particularly for small geographic areas
and occupations. Wages for the current panel need no adjustment. However,
wages in the five previous panels need to be updated to the current panel's
reference period.
The OES program uses the BLS Employment Cost Index (ECI) to adjust
survey data from prior panels before combining them with the current
panel's data. The wage updating procedure adjusts each detailed occu-
pation's wage rate, as measured in the earlier panel, according to the
average movement of its broader occupational division. The procedure
assumes that there are no major differences by geography, industry, or
detailed occupation within the occupational division. The wage rates
for the highest wage interval are not updated.
Imputation. About 20 percent of establishments do not respond for a
given panel. A "nearest neighbor" hot deck imputation procedure is used
to impute missing occupational employment totals. A variant of mean im-
putation is used to impute missing wage distributions. The variant of
mean imputation for wage distributions also is applied to establishments
that provide reports with occupational totals but partial or missing
wage data.
Weighting and benchmarking. The sample establishments in each panel
are weighted to represent all establishments that were part of the in-
scope frame from which the panel was selected. Based on the sampled
establishments, sampling weights are adjusted when six panels are com-
bined. Sampling weights are further adjusted by the ratio of employment
totals (the average of November 2007 and May 2008 employment) from the
BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages to employment totals from
the OES survey.
May 2008 OES survey estimates. The May 2008 OES survey estimates are
based on all data collected from establishments in the May 2008, November
2007, May 2007, November 2006, May 2006, and November 2005 semiannual
samples.
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Reliability of the estimates. Estimates calculated from a sample
survey are subject to two types of error: sampling and nonsampling.
Sampling error occurs when estimates are calculated from a subset (that
is, a sample) of the population instead of the full population. When a
sample of the population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimate of the characteristic of interest may differ from the population
value of that characteristic. Differences between the sample estimate and
the population value will vary depending on the sample selected. This vari-
ability can be estimated by calculating the standard error (SE) of the sam-
ple estimate. If we were to repeat the sampling and estimation process
countless times using the same survey design, approximately 90 percent of
the intervals created by adding and subtracting 1.645 SEs from the sample
estimate would include the population value. These intervals are called
90-percent confidence intervals. The OES survey, however, usually uses
the relative standard error (RSE) of a sample estimate instead of its SE
to measure sampling error. RSE is defined as the SE of a sample estimate
divided by the sample estimate itself. This statistic provides the user
with a measure of the relative precision of the sample estimate. RSEs
are calculated for both occupational employment and mean wage rate esti-
mates. Occupational employment RSEs are calculated using a subsample,
random group replication technique called the jackknife. Mean wage rate
RSEs are calculated using a variance components model that accounts for
both the observed and unobserved components of the wage data. The vari-
ances of the unobserved components are estimated using wage data from the
BLS National Compensation Survey. In general, estimates based on many
establishments have lower RSEs than estimates based on few establishments.
If the distributional assumptions of the models are violated, the resulting
confidence intervals may not reflect the prescribed level of confidence.
Nonsampling error occurs for a variety of reasons, none of which are
directly connected to sampling. Examples of nonsampling error include:
nonresponse, data incorrectly reported by the respondent, errors in the
administrative data used to create the sampling frame, mistakes made in
entering collected data into the database, and mistakes made in editing
and processing the collected data. Every attempt is made to minimize
nonsampling error through survey methods such as data editing, imputa-
tion methods, and benchmarking of data to current employment totals.
Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey by occupation, May 2008
Occupation Employment Mean wages Median hourly
Hourly Annual(1)
Management occupations 6,152,650 48.23 100,310 42.15
Chief executives 301,930 77.13 160,440 76.23
General and operations managers 1,697,690 51.91 107,970 44.02
Legislators 64,650 (2) 37,980 (2)
Advertising and promotions managers 36,100 45.54 94,720 38.57
Marketing managers 166,790 56.81 118,160 52.20
Sales managers 333,910 53.07 110,390 46.76
Public relations managers 51,730 48.66 101,220 43.00
Administrative services managers 246,930 38.22 79,500 35.35
Computer and information systems managers 276,820 57.07 118,710 53.95
Financial managers 500,590 53.19 110,640 47.76
Compensation and benefits managers 38,810 44.91 93,410 41.59
Training and development managers 29,350 45.11 93,830 42.16
Human resources managers, all other 60,980 49.96 103,920 46.22
Industrial production managers 154,030 43.85 91,200 40.04
Purchasing managers 67,150 45.34 94,300 42.86
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 96,300 40.64 84,520 37.98
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers 3,410 30.00 62,400 27.03
Farmers and ranchers 490 23.62 49,140 16.13
Construction managers 220,550 43.16 89,770 38.39
Education administrators, preschool and child care center/program 49,630 22.29 46,370 19.20
Education administrators, elementary and secondary school 219,100 (2) 86,060 (2)
Education administrators, postsecondary 97,410 44.67 92,920 38.79
Education administrators, all other 28,090 37.13 77,220 34.44
Engineering managers 182,300 57.97 120,580 55.42
Food service managers 196,080 24.19 50,320 22.27
Funeral directors 25,680 28.27 58,810 25.10
Gaming managers 3,790 35.33 73,480 32.83
Lodging managers 32,460 25.26 52,550 22.02
Medical and health services managers 258,130 42.67 88,750 38.58
Natural sciences managers 43,060 59.20 123,140 54.23
Postmasters and mail superintendents 26,410 28.44 59,150 28.52
Property, real estate, and community association managers 159,700 27.05 56,250 22.18
Social and community service managers 117,150 29.12 60,570 26.92
Managers, all other 365,460 46.10 95,890 43.38
Business and financial operations occupations 6,135,520 31.12 64,720 27.89
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 12,110 39.21 81,550 30.26
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products 13,010 28.25 58,760 23.88
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 132,420 26.70 55,540 23.42
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 286,990 27.70 57,630 25.93
Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators 277,230 27.67 57,550 26.81
Insurance appraisers, auto damage 11,280 25.95 53,980 25.69
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and
transportation 242,270 25.85 53,760 23.50
Cost estimators 218,400 29.00 60,320 27.17
Emergency management specialists 12,260 25.70 53,460 24.26
Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists 205,800 25.90 53,870 21.86
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 116,250 27.43 57,060 25.89
Training and development specialists 206,890 26.36 54,830 24.73
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists, all other 217,440 28.00 58,230 26.79
Logisticians 98,590 32.98 68,600 31.96
Management analysts 535,850 39.87 82,920 35.37
Meeting and convention planners 47,960 22.84 47,500 21.28
Business operations specialists, all other 1,030,320 31.25 64,990 28.81
Accountants and auditors 1,133,580 31.65 65,840 28.57
Appraisers and assessors of real estate 66,260 25.68 53,410 22.77
Budget analysts 62,630 32.76 68,140 31.41
Credit analysts 74,400 31.05 64,580 26.56
Financial analysts 236,720 40.76 84,780 35.17
Personal financial advisors 146,690 44.69 92,970 33.20
Insurance underwriters 98,690 30.09 62,600 27.31
Financial examiners 26,020 37.59 78,180 34.10
Loan counselors 29,430 20.18 41,970 18.02
Loan officers 321,850 30.55 63,540 26.30
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents 66,030 25.53 53,090 23.12
Tax preparers 63,030 17.08 35,520 14.14
Financial specialists, all other 145,110 30.71 63,880 27.48
Computer and mathematical science occupations 3,308,260 35.82 74,500 34.26
Computer and information scientists, research 26,610 48.51 100,900 47.10
Computer programmers 394,230 35.32 73,470 33.47
Computer software engineers, applications 494,160 42.26 87,900 41.07
Computer software engineers, systems software 381,830 45.44 94,520 44.44
Computer support specialists 545,520 22.29 46,370 20.89
Computer systems analysts 489,890 37.90 78,830 36.30
Database administrators 115,770 35.05 72,900 33.53
Network and computer systems administrators 327,850 33.45 69,570 31.88
Network systems and data communications analysts 230,410 35.50 73,830 34.18
Computer specialists, all other 191,780 36.54 76,000 36.13
Actuaries 18,220 46.14 95,980 40.77
Mathematicians 2,770 45.65 94,960 45.75
Operations research analysts 60,860 35.68 74,220 33.17
Statisticians 20,680 35.96 74,790 34.91
Mathematical technicians 1,100 20.24 42,100 18.46
Mathematical scientists, all other 6,600 31.55 65,630 26.44
Architecture and engineering occupations 2,521,630 34.34 71,430 32.09
Architects, except landscape and naval 110,990 36.90 76,750 33.81
Landscape architects 21,130 30.77 64,000 28.35
Cartographers and photogrammetrists 11,690 27.87 57,980 24.60
Surveyors 55,780 26.91 55,980 25.47
Aerospace engineers 67,800 45.18 93,980 44.48
Agricultural engineers 2,640 35.02 72,850 33.04
Biomedical engineers 15,220 39.00 81,120 37.21
Chemical engineers 30,970 42.67 88,760 40.71
Civil engineers 261,360 37.77 78,560 35.87
Computer hardware engineers 73,370 48.16 100,180 46.83
Electrical engineers 154,670 41.04 85,350 39.50
Electronics engineers, except computer 139,930 42.63 88,670 41.52
Environmental engineers 52,590 37.49 77,970 35.59
Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors 25,190 35.50 73,830 34.85
Industrial engineers 214,580 36.41 75,740 35.49
Marine engineers and naval architects 6,480 37.46 77,920 35.64
Materials engineers 24,160 40.48 84,200 39.34
Mechanical engineers 233,610 37.59 78,200 36.02
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 6,900 38.42 79,910 36.52
Nuclear engineers 16,640 47.96 99,750 46.68
Petroleum engineers 20,880 57.28 119,140 51.93
Engineers, all other 169,240 42.83 89,080 42.58
Architectural and civil drafters 114,910 22.30 46,390 21.39
Electrical and electronics drafters 32,710 25.85 53,770 24.67
Mechanical drafters 77,070 23.36 48,600 22.42
Drafters, all other 20,720 22.73 47,290 21.60
Aerospace engineering and operations technicians 8,540 27.06 56,280 26.46
Civil engineering technicians 88,140 21.98 45,730 21.29
Electrical and electronic engineering technicians 162,330 25.96 53,990 25.60
Electro-mechanical technicians 16,290 23.13 48,110 22.27
Environmental engineering technicians 20,740 21.36 44,440 19.76
Industrial engineering technicians 72,820 24.07 50,070 22.69
Mechanical engineering technicians 45,770 24.06 50,040 23.14
Engineering technicians, except drafters, all other 73,870 27.19 56,560 27.33
Surveying and mapping technicians 71,920 18.03 37,500 16.88
Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,296,840 30.90 64,280 27.51
Animal scientists 2,760 29.64 61,640 26.94
Food scientists and technologists 10,510 31.06 64,610 28.61
Soil and plant scientists 10,790 30.82 64,110 28.07
Biochemists and biophysicists 22,230 42.53 88,450 39.83
Microbiologists 15,750 33.73 70,150 30.94
Zoologists and wildlife biologists 17,780 28.28 58,820 26.58
Biological scientists, all other 28,290 32.71 68,030 31.29
Conservation scientists 15,830 28.93 60,170 28.23
Foresters 10,160 26.46 55,040 25.84
Epidemiologists 4,370 31.01 64,500 29.50
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists 99,750 39.36 81,870 34.90
Life scientists, all other 12,030 33.18 69,020 29.55
Astronomers 1,280 47.95 99,730 48.70
Physicists 14,810 51.17 106,440 49.47
Atmospheric and space scientists 8,860 39.46 82,080 39.08
Chemists 83,080 34.17 71,070 31.84
Materials scientists 9,650 39.23 81,600 38.57
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health 80,120 31.39 65,280 28.72
Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers 31,260 42.93 89,300 38.06
Hydrologists 7,590 35.36 73,540 34.35
Physical scientists, all other 22,900 44.16 91,850 43.99
Economists 12,600 43.67 90,830 40.19
Market research analysts 230,070 32.37 67,340 29.36
Survey researchers 21,100 20.22 42,060 17.42
Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists 97,880 33.74 70,190 30.84
Industrial-organizational psychologists 1,460 41.57 86,460 37.03
Psychologists, all other 9,870 43.49 90,460 41.41
Sociologists 4,390 36.28 75,460 32.96
Urban and regional planners 37,120 30.00 62,400 28.75
Anthropologists and archeologists 5,230 27.55 57,300 25.92
Geographers 1,120 32.13 66,830 32.02
Historians 3,700 27.49 57,180 26.22
Political scientists 3,530 47.75 99,320 50.06
Social scientists and related workers, all other 28,680 34.49 71,730 33.04
Agricultural and food science technicians 18,930 17.53 36,470 16.34
Biological technicians 72,200 19.67 40,900 18.46
Chemical technicians 65,830 21.02 43,710 20.25
Geological and petroleum technicians 14,570 27.44 57,080 25.65
Nuclear technicians 6,360 32.17 66,910 32.64
Social science research assistants 18,120 18.23 37,920 17.14
Environmental science and protection technicians, including health 33,370 20.76 43,180 19.34
Forensic science technicians 11,990 25.46 52,960 23.97
Forest and conservation technicians 30,850 16.98 35,320 15.39
Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other 58,070 20.63 42,910 19.25
Community and social services occupations 1,861,750 20.09 41,790 18.38
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors 79,180 19.07 39,670 17.80
Educational, vocational, and school counselors 243,100 25.74 53,540 24.54
Marriage and family therapists 24,520 22.56 46,930 21.44
Mental health counselors 104,650 19.36 40,270 17.70
Rehabilitation counselors 112,700 16.64 34,600 14.87
Counselors, all other 29,980 20.31 42,240 19.20
Child, family, and school social workers 274,140 20.73 43,120 19.01
Medical and public health social workers 131,730 22.87 47,560 21.95
Mental health and substance abuse social workers 131,010 19.05 39,630 17.89
Social workers, all other 68,230 23.16 48,180 22.22
Health educators 62,120 23.36 48,590 21.16
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 97,130 23.81 49,520 22.07
Social and human service assistants 332,880 14.03 29,170 13.12
Community and social service specialists, all other 107,910 19.21 39,950 18.11
Clergy 42,040 21.85 45,440 20.06
Directors, religious activities and education 14,790 19.36 40,260 17.35
Religious workers, all other 5,640 15.56 32,360 13.30
Legal occupations 1,003,270 44.36 92,270 34.49
Lawyers 553,690 59.98 124,750 53.17
Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers 13,370 38.88 80,870 36.99
Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators 9,570 28.68 59,650 24.36
Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates 25,470 48.29 100,450 52.99
Paralegals and legal assistants 253,040 23.46 48,790 22.18
Court reporters 17,930 24.98 51,960 23.90
Law clerks 31,500 19.51 40,580 17.85
Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers 59,390 20.24 42,090 18.41
Legal support workers, all other 39,310 27.24 56,660 24.16
Education, training, and library occupations 8,451,250 23.30 48,460 21.26
Business teachers, postsecondary 69,690 (2) 77,340 (2)
Computer science teachers, postsecondary 32,520 (2) 74,050 (2)
Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary 45,710 (2) 68,130 (2)
Architecture teachers, postsecondary 6,430 (2) 75,450 (2)
Engineering teachers, postsecondary 32,070 (2) 90,070 (2)
Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary 10,000 (2) 77,770 (2)
Biological science teachers, postsecondary 51,930 (2) 83,270 (2)
Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary 2,450 (2) 67,400 (2)
Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary 9,650 (2) 81,470 (2)
Chemistry teachers, postsecondary 19,950 (2) 76,310 (2)
Environmental science teachers, postsecondary 4,870 (2) 74,610 (2)
Physics teachers, postsecondary 12,350 (2) 81,880 (2)
Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary 5,500 (2) 73,410 (2)
Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary 7,570 (2) 70,560 (2)
Economics teachers, postsecondary 12,540 (2) 88,330 (2)
Geography teachers, postsecondary 4,030 (2) 67,480 (2)
Political science teachers, postsecondary 14,340 (2) 75,960 (2)
Psychology teachers, postsecondary 31,420 (2) 69,560 (2)
Sociology teachers, postsecondary 16,440 (2) 68,900 (2)
Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other 5,720 (2) 74,720 (2)
Health specialties teachers, postsecondary 125,100 (2) 102,000 (2)
Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary 46,890 (2) 62,660 (2)
Education teachers, postsecondary 55,880 (2) 60,080 (2)
Library science teachers, postsecondary 3,960 (2) 61,630 (2)
Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary 11,630 (2) 59,830 (2)
Law teachers, postsecondary 12,490 (2) 101,170 (2)
Social work teachers, postsecondary 7,930 (2) 64,680 (2)
Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary 76,810 (2) 65,030 (2)
Communications teachers, postsecondary 24,360 (2) 63,330 (2)
English language and literature teachers, postsecondary 62,230 (2) 63,610 (2)
Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary 26,400 (2) 65,280 (2)
History teachers, postsecondary 21,020 (2) 68,360 (2)
Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary 18,370 (2) 65,140 (2)
Graduate teaching assistants 124,380 (2) 31,710 (2)
Home economics teachers, postsecondary 4,820 (2) 70,420 (2)
Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary 17,410 (2) 60,700 (2)
Vocational education teachers, postsecondary 112,940 24.46 50,870 22.76
Postsecondary teachers, all other 242,780 (2) 71,320 (2)
Preschool teachers, except special education 392,170 12.80 26,610 11.48
Kindergarten teachers, except special education 174,530 (2) 49,770 (2)
Elementary school teachers, except special education 1,544,270 (2) 52,240 (2)
Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education 661,820 (2) 52,570 (2)
Vocational education teachers, middle school 15,720 (2) 50,150 (2)
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education 1,090,490 (2) 54,390 (2)
Vocational education teachers, secondary school 99,800 (2) 53,700 (2)
Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school 226,250 (2) 52,970 (2)
Special education teachers, middle school 100,650 (2) 53,540 (2)
Special education teachers, secondary school 147,210 (2) 55,050 (2)
Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors 73,050 23.95 49,830 22.26
Self-enrichment education teachers 163,190 19.68 40,920 17.17
Teachers and instructors, all other 574,540 (2) 40,770 (2)
Archivists 5,330 23.18 48,220 21.64
Curators 10,820 24.78 51,540 22.70
Museum technicians and conservators 10,200 19.59 40,750 17.63
Librarians 151,170 26.30 54,700 25.26
Library technicians 113,510 14.49 30,130 13.86
Audio-visual collections specialists 6,160 21.90 45,540 20.86
Farm and home management advisors 10,760 21.46 44,630 19.97
Instructional coordinators 122,180 28.74 59,780 27.35
Teacher assistants 1,266,900 (2) 23,560 (2)
Education, training, and library workers, all other 99,900 19.50 40,560 17.07
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,804,940 24.36 50,670 19.99
Art directors 33,670 42.55 88,510 37.01
Craft artists 5,440 15.66 32,570 13.98
Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators 9,380 23.22 48,300 20.51
Multi-media artists and animators 31,500 29.99 62,380 27.08
Artists and related workers, all other 8,470 26.51 55,140 24.81
Commercial and industrial designers 32,940 29.60 61,580 27.57
Fashion designers 16,920 34.33 71,400 29.41
Floral designers 57,500 11.78 24,510 11.17
Graphic designers 209,290 22.48 46,750 20.39
Interior designers 53,290 24.53 51,020 21.61
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers 63,320 13.73 28,560 12.47
Set and exhibit designers 7,940 23.40 48,660 21.47
Designers, all other 11,160 24.10 50,130 21.07
Actors 44,360 29.05 (2) 16.59
Producers and directors 78,060 39.92 83,030 30.98
Athletes and sports competitors 13,960 (2) 79,460 (2)
Coaches and scouts 175,720 (2) 35,580 (2)
Umpires, referees, and other sports officials 12,970 (2) 28,330 (2)
Dancers 11,370 15.06 (2) 12.22
Choreographers 13,860 20.13 41,870 18.52
Music directors and composers 9,120 26.36 54,840 19.84
Musicians and singers 47,030 28.28 (2) 21.24
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 36,190 17.91 (2) 14.62
Radio and television announcers 37,290 19.43 40,410 12.95
Public address system and other announcers 8,280 18.04 37,530 13.18
Broadcast news analysts 6,310 34.00 70,730 24.65
Reporters and correspondents 50,690 21.17 44,030 16.75
Public relations specialists 240,610 28.34 58,960 24.65
Editors 110,010 27.49 57,180 24.04
Technical writers 47,460 30.87 64,210 29.62
Writers and authors 44,170 31.04 64,560 25.51
Interpreters and translators 36,610 20.74 43,130 18.68
Media and communication workers, all other 24,470 22.97 47,770 19.99
Audio and video equipment technicians 45,200 19.86 41,310 18.30
Broadcast technicians 33,550 18.30 38,070 15.82
Radio operators 820 18.52 38,520 17.85
Sound engineering technicians 16,600 25.53 53,110 22.83
Photographers 61,670 17.14 35,640 14.15
Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture 19,270 22.94 47,710 20.03
Film and video editors 18,720 30.05 62,500 24.31
Media and communication equipment workers, all other 19,770 26.98 56,120 25.45
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations 7,076,800 32.64 67,890 27.20
Chiropractors 27,050 39.11 81,340 31.97
Dentists, general 85,910 74.17 154,270 68.69
Oral and maxillofacial surgeons 4,760 91.55 190,420 (3)
Orthodontists 5,500 93.72 194,930 (3)
Prosthodontists 370 81.64 169,810 (3)
Dentists, all other specialists 4,770 68.30 142,070 66.33
Dietitians and nutritionists 53,630 24.75 51,470 24.32
Optometrists 25,970 50.58 105,200 46.31
Pharmacists 266,410 50.13 104,260 51.16
Anesthesiologists 34,230 94.99 197,570 (3)
Family and general practitioners 106,210 77.64 161,490 75.60
Internists, general 46,980 84.97 176,740 (3)
Obstetricians and gynecologists 19,750 92.68 192,780 (3)
Pediatricians, general 29,170 73.74 153,370 70.21
Psychiatrists 22,140 74.06 154,050 74.13
Surgeons 47,070 99.41 206,770 (3)
Physicians and surgeons, all other 262,850 79.33 165,000 (3)
Physician assistants 71,950 39.24 81,610 39.05
Podiatrists 9,670 60.46 125,760 54.60
Registered nurses 2,542,760 31.31 65,130 30.03
Audiologists 12,480 31.49 65,500 29.82
Occupational therapists 94,800 32.65 67,920 32.10
Physical therapists 167,300 35.77 74,410 35.00
Radiation therapists 14,850 36.28 75,450 35.05
Recreational therapists 22,510 19.20 39,930 18.45
Respiratory therapists 103,870 25.55 53,150 25.10
Speech-language pathologists 107,340 31.80 66,130 30.25
Therapists, all other 12,960 26.32 54,750 24.37
Veterinarians 53,110 43.00 89,450 38.01
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 34,890 37.76 78,540 31.67
Medical and clinical laboratory technologists 166,510 25.99 54,050 25.72
Medical and clinical laboratory technicians 149,670 17.86 37,150 17.01
Dental hygienists 173,090 32.19 66,950 32.00
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians 48,040 23.38 48,640 22.60
Diagnostic medical sonographers 48,920 30.12 62,660 29.80
Nuclear medicine technologists 21,200 32.44 67,480 32.05
Radiologic technologists and technicians 208,570 25.59 53,230 25.10
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 207,610 15.38 31,980 14.10
Dietetic technicians 24,620 13.26 27,580 12.54
Pharmacy technicians 324,110 13.70 28,500 13.32
Psychiatric technicians 54,800 15.48 32,190 14.06
Respiratory therapy technicians 16,210 21.00 43,670 20.40
Surgical technologists 89,600 19.27 40,070 18.62
Veterinary technologists and technicians 78,920 14.35 29,850 13.89
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 730,500 19.28 40,110 18.77
Medical records and health information technicians 168,650 15.85 32,960 14.71
Opticians, dispensing 59,470 16.85 35,060 15.77
Orthotists and prosthetists 5,490 31.76 66,060 30.09
Health technologists and technicians, all other 74,990 19.89 41,380 18.25
Occupational health and safety specialists 53,250 30.31 63,030 29.93
Occupational health and safety technicians 10,540 22.79 47,410 21.81
Athletic trainers 15,070 (2) 41,620 (2)
Healthcare practitioner and technical workers, all other 55,750 24.28 50,510 20.98
Healthcare support occupations 3,779,280 12.66 26,340 11.80
Home health aides 892,410 10.31 21,440 9.84
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 1,422,720 11.84 24,620 11.46
Psychiatric aides 59,050 13.10 27,260 12.77
Occupational therapist assistants 25,610 23.29 48,440 23.19
Occupational therapist aides 7,410 14.22 29,580 12.96
Physical therapist assistants 61,820 22.26 46,300 22.18
Physical therapist aides 44,410 11.91 24,770 11.42
Massage therapists 51,250 19.16 39,850 16.78
Dental assistants 293,090 15.95 33,170 15.57
Medical assistants 475,950 13.97 29,060 13.60
Medical equipment preparers 44,340 14.08 29,290 13.66
Medical transcriptionists 86,200 15.84 32,960 15.41
Pharmacy aides 53,190 10.34 21,500 9.66
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 71,950 10.96 22,790 10.20
Healthcare support workers, all other 189,890 14.74 30,650 14.11
Protective service occupations 3,128,960 19.33 40,200 16.65
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers 40,840 28.07 58,380 27.58
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives 92,840 36.93 76,820 36.29
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers 53,300 34.07 70,860 32.42
First-line supervisors/managers, protective service workers, all other 49,310 22.93 47,700 20.95
Fire fighters 298,900 21.97 45,700 21.28
Fire inspectors and investigators 12,920 26.37 54,840 25.50
Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists 1,580 17.50 36,400 15.09
Bailiffs 19,290 18.79 39,090 18.18
Correctional officers and jailers 428,040 19.88 41,340 18.45
Detectives and criminal investigators 104,480 30.69 63,840 29.29
Fish and game wardens 7,720 26.94 56,030 23.53
Parking enforcement workers 9,530 16.36 34,020 15.57
Police and sheriff's patrol officers 633,710 25.39 52,810 24.72
Transit and railroad police 3,830 23.34 48,540 22.44
Animal control workers 15,480 15.38 31,990 14.57
Private detectives and investigators 35,820 22.35 46,480 20.08
Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators 9,100 15.17 31,550 13.87
Security guards 1,046,760 12.42 25,840 11.28
Crossing guards 68,530 11.68 24,290 10.96
Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers 111,560 9.58 19,930 8.87
Protective service workers, all other 85,440 15.66 32,580 14.00
Food preparation and serving related occupations 11,438,550 9.72 20,220 8.59
Chefs and head cooks 98,040 20.39 42,410 18.64
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers 805,360 14.81 30,810 13.93
Cooks, fast food 559,160 8.47 17,620 8.12
Cooks, institution and cafeteria 370,920 11.19 23,260 10.68
Cooks, private household 960 14.91 31,020 11.57
Cooks, restaurant 899,620 10.94 22,750 10.57
Cooks, short order 168,770 9.73 20,230 9.26
Cooks, all other 17,340 11.91 24,770 11.09
Food preparation workers 880,480 9.54 19,850 8.96
Bartenders 503,420 9.84 20,460 8.54
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 2,708,840 8.36 17,400 7.90
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 527,530 8.90 18,520 8.42
Waiters and waitresses 2,371,750 9.41 19,580 8.01
Food servers, nonrestaurant 188,390 10.19 21,190 9.32
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 416,410 8.72 18,140 8.05
Dishwashers 521,150 8.54 17,750 8.19
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 349,990 8.93 18,570 8.42
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 50,420 10.32 21,460 9.39
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 4,429,870 11.72 24,370 10.52
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers 183,560 17.46 36,310 16.34
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and
groundskeeping workers 108,940 20.67 42,990 19.19
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners 2,145,320 11.30 23,500 10.31
Maids and housekeeping cleaners 917,120 9.76 20,290 9.13
Building cleaning workers, all other 13,580 13.78 28,660 13.09
Pest control workers 63,180 14.92 31,040 14.37
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 921,900 11.95 24,860 11.13
Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation 25,060 15.01 31,210 14.31
Tree trimmers and pruners 35,420 15.12 31,450 14.41
Grounds maintenance workers, all other 15,790 13.07 27,180 10.76
Personal care and service occupations 3,437,520 11.59 24,120 9.82
Gaming supervisors 26,110 22.40 46,600 21.87
Slot key persons 15,390 13.68 28,460 12.24
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers 129,070 18.38 38,230 16.78
Animal trainers 10,030 14.99 31,190 13.11
Nonfarm animal caretakers 126,740 10.36 21,550 9.31
Gaming dealers 91,130 9.56 19,890 7.84
Gaming and sports book writers and runners 16,140 10.96 22,800 9.46
Gaming service workers, all other 13,910 12.16 25,290 11.58
Motion picture projectionists 10,200 10.91 22,700 9.46
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 106,570 9.18 19,100 8.35
Amusement and recreation attendants 258,820 9.10 18,930 8.40
Costume attendants 5,120 15.46 32,150 12.62
Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants 18,170 10.33 21,490 9.48
Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other 43,930 10.06 20,920 9.39
Embalmers 8,090 18.90 39,320 18.32
Funeral attendants 33,060 11.19 23,270 10.63
Barbers 10,330 12.79 26,610 11.56
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 355,990 12.82 26,660 11.13
Makeup artists, theatrical and performance 1,930 18.76 39,020 12.63
Manicurists and pedicurists 51,590 10.60 22,040 9.46
Shampooers 15,570 8.80 18,300 8.32
Skin care specialists 26,300 15.40 32,040 13.81
Baggage porters and bellhops 49,770 11.14 23,170 9.49
Concierges 20,380 13.52 28,120 13.07
Tour guides and escorts 31,760 12.09 25,150 11.19
Travel guides 4,510 16.18 33,660 14.60
Flight attendants 99,480 (2) 39,840 (2)
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters 21,870 10.76 22,370 9.98
Child care workers 581,670 9.79 20,350 9.12
Personal and home care aides 614,190 9.47 19,690 9.22
Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors 229,030 16.50 34,310 14.04
Recreation workers 282,680 11.81 24,570 10.56
Residential advisors 52,240 12.17 25,320 11.26
Personal care and service workers, all other 75,780 10.88 22,630 9.59
Sales and related occupations 14,336,430 17.35 36,080 11.69
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers 1,186,270 19.19 39,910 16.97
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers 275,390 38.40 79,870 32.74
Cashiers 3,545,610 9.08 18,880 8.49
Gaming change persons and booth cashiers 22,280 11.00 22,890 10.57
Counter and rental clerks 448,480 11.74 24,430 10.05
Parts salespersons 226,530 14.83 30,850 13.71
Retail salespersons 4,426,280 12.04 25,050 9.86
Advertising sales agents 161,550 25.56 53,170 20.90
Insurance sales agents 327,780 29.06 60,440 21.84
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 271,900 44.26 92,050 33.02
Travel agents 86,420 15.61 32,470 14.70
Sales representatives, services, all other 569,130 28.38 59,030 23.77
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products 415,120 38.11 79,260 33.75
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific
products 1,493,760 29.55 61,470 24.68
Demonstrators and product promoters 83,540 13.05 27,150 11.18
Models 1,660 14.50 30,160 13.18
Real estate brokers 51,390 37.13 77,240 27.64
Real estate sales agents 164,080 26.16 54,410 19.30
Sales engineers 78,030 43.16 89,770 39.95
Telemarketers 345,220 11.91 24,770 10.56
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 9,520 13.27 27,600 10.09
Sales and related workers, all other 146,480 20.10 41,810 16.99
Office and administrative support occupations 23,231,750 15.49 32,220 14.32
First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers 1,404,330 23.42 48,700 22.02
Switchboard operators, including answering service 153,860 12.14 25,250 11.65
Telephone operators 22,820 16.25 33,800 15.23
Communications equipment operators, all other 3,500 17.79 37,000 16.85
Bill and account collectors 408,760 15.47 32,180 14.73
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators 512,120 15.44 32,120 14.88
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,855,010 16.25 33,800 15.63
Gaming cage workers 17,060 12.48 25,970 11.97
Payroll and timekeeping clerks 203,210 17.07 35,500 16.74
Procurement clerks 79,610 16.96 35,280 16.72
Tellers 600,380 11.66 24,250 11.35
Brokerage clerks 68,430 19.89 41,370 18.61
Correspondence clerks 13,450 15.04 31,280 14.73
Court, municipal, and license clerks 115,070 16.88 35,120 15.96
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 65,020 15.37 31,980 14.61
Customer service representatives 2,233,270 15.28 31,790 14.36
Eligibility interviewers, government programs 112,510 19.16 39,850 18.90
File clerks 204,760 12.16 25,290 11.44
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 230,230 9.92 20,630 9.37
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 224,690 13.96 29,040 13.53
Library assistants, clerical 114,740 11.68 24,290 10.88
Loan interviewers and clerks 212,340 16.29 33,890 15.61
New accounts clerks 87,300 14.90 30,990 14.53
Order clerks 248,030 14.08 29,300 13.46
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 164,340 17.70 36,810 17.19
Receptionists and information clerks 1,097,610 12.21 25,400 11.80
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 163,880 15.41 32,060 14.94
All other information and record clerks 215,780 16.78 34,910 16.15
Cargo and freight agents 85,950 18.67 38,830 17.92
Couriers and messengers 96,110 12.07 25,100 11.22
Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers 96,360 16.99 35,340 16.19
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 193,210 17.58 36,560 16.28
Meter readers, utilities 44,730 16.77 34,890 15.84
Postal service clerks 78,250 c 24.11 c 50,150 c 24.54
Postal service mail carriers 354,570 c 22.58 c 46,970 c 23.94
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 185,770 c 21.87 c 45,490 c 24.05
Production, planning, and expediting clerks 281,660 20.26 42,150 19.46
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 760,950 14.03 29,180 13.30
Stock clerks and order fillers 1,873,390 11.13 23,140 10.00
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 72,720 13.70 28,500 12.95
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants 1,491,520 20.35 42,340 19.24
Legal secretaries 257,810 20.02 41,640 19.16
Medical secretaries 454,500 14.81 30,800 14.27
Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive 1,872,070 14.42 29,990 13.96
Computer operators 107,450 17.82 37,070 17.11
Data entry keyers 272,810 13.04 27,110 12.56
Word processors and typists 128,010 15.73 32,710 15.09
Desktop publishers 26,210 18.62 38,740 17.59
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 237,800 16.75 34,830 15.91
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 137,350 12.70 26,420 12.07
Office clerks, general 2,906,600 12.90 26,830 12.17
Office machine operators, except computer 79,470 13.13 27,310 12.40
Proofreaders and copy markers 15,300 15.50 32,240 14.66
Statistical assistants 16,900 17.32 36,020 16.76
Office and administrative support workers, all other 272,190 15.15 31,510 14.10
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 438,490 11.32 23,560 9.34
First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 20,800 20.55 42,740 19.11
Farm labor contractors 1,110 17.62 36,640 16.10
Agricultural inspectors 14,340 19.87 41,330 19.80
Animal breeders 2,080 15.90 33,070 13.02
Graders and sorters, agricultural products 37,500 9.85 20,490 9.06
Agricultural equipment operators 22,110 11.77 24,490 10.92
Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse 242,390 9.27 19,280 8.64
Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals 38,110 11.02 22,920 10.13
Agricultural workers, all other 7,680 13.13 27,310 12.00
Fishers and related fishing workers 1,110 13.68 28,460 13.44
Forest and conservation workers 8,280 12.55 26,110 10.98
Fallers 7,120 16.43 34,180 14.66
Logging equipment operators 27,010 15.76 32,780 15.18
Log graders and scalers 3,610 16.51 34,330 15.64
Logging workers, all other 5,180 15.82 32,900 15.96
Construction and extraction occupations 6,548,760 20.36 42,350 18.24
First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers 577,390 29.46 61,280 27.95
Boilermakers 20,400 25.53 53,100 25.13
Brickmasons and blockmasons 106,270 22.95 47,740 21.94
Stonemasons 18,910 19.68 40,930 18.17
Carpenters 899,920 20.64 42,940 18.72
Carpet installers 34,390 19.87 41,330 17.80
Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles 14,250 19.03 39,580 17.50
Floor sanders and finishers 8,220 16.93 35,220 15.41
Tile and marble setters 51,210 20.13 41,870 18.85
Cement masons and concrete finishers 201,730 18.75 39,000 16.87
Terrazzo workers and finishers 5,550 18.90 39,300 17.25
Construction laborers 1,020,290 15.51 32,250 13.71
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 61,230 17.54 36,490 16.00
Pile-driver operators 4,790 24.83 51,640 23.01
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 398,910 20.97 43,630 18.88
Drywall and ceiling tile installers 128,740 19.68 40,940 18.12
Tapers 31,850 22.07 45,900 21.03
Electricians 633,010 23.98 49,890 22.32
Glaziers 51,730 18.74 38,990 17.11
Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall 28,390 16.79 34,920 15.34
Insulation workers, mechanical 30,150 19.99 41,570 17.95
Painters, construction and maintenance 250,310 17.56 36,510 15.85
Paperhangers 4,610 19.00 39,520 16.76
Pipelayers 54,440 17.45 36,300 15.72
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 437,540 23.65 49,200 21.94
Plasterers and stucco masons 43,290 19.27 40,070 18.01
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 28,620 21.34 44,380 19.18
Roofers 120,200 18.00 37,430 16.17
Sheet metal workers 163,480 21.30 44,310 19.37
Structural iron and steel workers 68,670 22.68 47,170 20.68
Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters 53,300 14.24 29,610 13.19
Helpers--carpenters 81,260 12.69 26,390 12.21
Helpers--electricians 104,050 13.20 27,450 12.69
Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons 19,900 11.70 24,330 11.23
Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 79,870 13.10 27,260 12.73
Helpers--roofers 18,730 11.85 24,660 11.47
Helpers, construction trades, all other 27,210 13.04 27,130 12.01
Construction and building inspectors 96,000 25.08 52,160 24.12
Elevator installers and repairers 25,070 32.57 67,750 33.35
Fence erectors 25,710 14.49 30,130 13.49
Hazardous materials removal workers 42,500 19.37 40,290 17.94
Highway maintenance workers 136,420 16.84 35,040 16.35
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 15,020 21.57 44,870 21.26
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 24,730 17.09 35,550 16.19
Segmental pavers 1,170 13.68 28,450 13.17
Construction and related workers, all other 55,820 16.91 35,170 15.65
Derrick operators, oil and gas 23,590 20.18 41,980 20.15
Rotary drill operators, oil and gas 27,020 26.14 54,370 23.94
Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 36,850 19.86 41,320 18.07
Earth drillers, except oil and gas 20,220 19.88 41,360 18.39
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 6,060 21.39 44,490 20.18
Continuous mining machine operators 10,920 21.91 45,570 22.09
Mine cutting and channeling machine operators 9,190 19.96 41,510 19.94
Mining machine operators, all other 4,650 20.79 43,240 20.62
Rock splitters, quarry 4,210 14.50 30,160 13.41
Roof bolters, mining 4,950 21.97 45,690 21.74
Roustabouts, oil and gas 62,540 15.70 32,660 14.72
Helpers--extraction workers 25,550 16.36 34,030 15.74
Extraction workers, all other 7,800 19.89 41,370 18.49
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5,374,850 19.82 41,230 18.60
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers 443,840 28.44 59,160 27.55
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 122,400 18.95 39,420 18.18
Radio mechanics 5,440 20.45 42,530 19.36
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers 195,170 25.31 52,650 26.73
Avionics technicians 18,360 23.73 49,360 23.71
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 23,400 17.84 37,110 16.96
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 15,860 21.60 44,940 21.37
Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment 77,270 23.68 49,260 23.29
Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay 23,180 29.18 60,700 29.34
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 19,980 14.31 29,770 13.29
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 38,680 16.26 33,830 15.42
Security and fire alarm systems installers 62,720 18.57 38,630 17.63
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 116,310 24.83 51,650 24.71
Automotive body and related repairers 147,200 19.21 39,950 17.81
Automotive glass installers and repairers 18,330 15.95 33,180 15.44
Automotive service technicians and mechanics 649,460 18.05 37,540 16.88
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 248,620 19.57 40,710 18.94
Farm equipment mechanics 30,240 15.79 32,850 15.32
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines 125,930 21.30 44,300 20.59
Rail car repairers 20,780 21.59 44,920 21.48
Motorboat mechanics 19,640 17.35 36,080 16.60
Motorcycle mechanics 16,850 16.10 33,490 15.08
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics 26,440 14.41 29,970 13.91
Bicycle repairers 9,690 11.61 24,140 11.15
Recreational vehicle service technicians 13,400 16.05 33,380 15.14
Tire repairers and changers 98,520 11.46 23,830 10.80
Mechanical door repairers 17,530 17.00 35,360 16.11
Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door 43,900 22.72 47,260 22.62
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 261,610 20.31 42,240 19.08
Home appliance repairers 37,300 17.16 35,690 16.30
Industrial machinery mechanics 280,620 21.77 45,280 20.99
Maintenance and repair workers, general 1,305,170 17.13 35,630 16.21
Maintenance workers, machinery 73,650 18.56 38,610 17.69
Millwrights 46,250 24.05 50,030 22.87
Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons 2,450 20.07 41,750 19.78
Electrical power-line installers and repairers 111,580 26.11 54,300 26.49
Telecommunications line installers and repairers 168,050 22.75 47,330 23.12
Camera and photographic equipment repairers 3,820 18.27 37,990 16.49
Medical equipment repairers 34,260 21.17 44,030 19.96
Musical instrument repairers and tuners 5,310 17.28 35,950 15.90
Watch repairers 2,770 18.08 37,600 16.66
Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other 12,990 24.23 50,400 23.54
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 41,280 14.89 30,970 14.39
Commercial divers 2,370 26.42 54,940 22.28
Fabric menders, except garment 960 13.42 27,920 13.69
Locksmiths and safe repairers 18,500 17.26 35,900 16.57
Manufactured building and mobile home installers 8,290 14.17 29,460 13.58
Riggers 13,490 20.49 42,620 19.77
Signal and track switch repairers 6,570 23.59 49,060 23.89
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 149,350 12.34 25,670 11.46
Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other 139,100 17.89 37,220 16.46
Production occupations 9,919,120 15.54 32,320 13.99
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers 658,500 25.72 53,500 24.25
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 43,330 20.96 43,600 21.22
Coil winders, tapers, and finishers 22,160 13.81 28,720 13.33
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers 215,230 14.14 29,410 13.22
Electromechanical equipment assemblers 62,310 14.67 30,520 14.11
Engine and other machine assemblers 39,270 16.78 34,900 15.70
Structural metal fabricators and fitters 111,620 16.28 33,860 15.58
Fiberglass laminators and fabricators 30,890 13.79 28,680 13.48
Team assemblers 1,131,060 13.28 27,630 12.32
Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators 2,700 14.76 30,710 13.73
Assemblers and fabricators, all other 318,060 15.79 32,840 13.37
Bakers 141,130 12.03 25,020 11.20
Butchers and meat cutters 128,210 14.28 29,700 13.60
Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers 166,150 10.77 22,400 10.49
Slaughterers and meat packers 97,000 11.19 23,270 11.07
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 17,870 13.76 28,610 12.81
Food batchmakers 99,170 12.64 26,290 11.62
Food cooking machine operators and tenders 39,300 11.59 24,110 11.00
Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic 143,030 16.60 34,520 16.03
Numerical tool and process control programmers 16,990 22.29 46,360 21.30
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 92,160 14.92 31,030 14.31
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 28,800 15.56 32,370 14.90
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 34,970 17.02 35,410 16.40
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic 242,970 14.15 29,420 13.54
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 33,550 15.64 32,520 14.83
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic 91,990 15.01 31,230 14.16
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 56,500 16.38 34,070 15.84
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 26,220 16.56 34,450 16.00
Machinists 419,070 18.03 37,490 17.41
Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders 19,280 17.94 37,310 17.47
Pourers and casters, metal 15,320 16.11 33,510 15.66
Model makers, metal and plastic 8,990 21.49 44,700 19.55
Patternmakers, metal and plastic 6,220 18.98 39,490 17.75
Foundry mold and coremakers 15,240 14.61 30,390 14.13
Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal
and plastic 145,760 14.07 29,270 13.17
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 87,800 15.76 32,780 14.87
Tool and die makers 85,610 23.17 48,180 22.32
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers 392,520 17.01 35,370 16.13
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders 51,840 16.20 33,700 15.20
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 23,630 15.93 33,140 15.40
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic 8,340 17.87 37,170 16.79
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 40,300 14.46 30,090 13.65
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 16,410 16.29 33,880 15.37
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 43,690 17.10 35,570 15.61
Bindery workers 60,560 13.99 29,100 13.17
Bookbinders 6,150 16.33 33,970 14.92
Job printers 42,640 16.98 35,330 16.21
Prepress technicians and workers 61,170 17.52 36,440 16.84
Printing machine operators 193,510 16.42 34,150 15.46
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 221,230 9.72 20,230 9.14
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 67,500 9.55 19,860 9.15
Sewing machine operators 190,440 10.43 21,690 9.55
Shoe and leather workers and repairers 8,170 11.60 24,130 11.00
Shoe machine operators and tenders 4,910 12.22 25,420 12.06
Sewers, hand 7,050 11.14 23,170 10.58
Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers 31,700 12.94 26,920 12.01
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 16,180 11.77 24,480 11.38
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 20,170 11.45 23,810 10.88
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 30,250 12.33 25,650 12.21
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 36,540 11.83 24,600 11.53
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and
glass fibers 14,440 15.29 31,800 14.98
Fabric and apparel patternmakers 7,500 20.28 42,190 18.15
Upholsterers 39,090 14.69 30,560 13.94
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 17,430 13.20 27,450 11.85
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 120,960 14.72 30,620 13.93
Furniture finishers 21,630 13.66 28,410 12.93
Model makers, wood 1,740 17.16 35,690 15.06
Patternmakers, wood 1,930 18.61 38,720 16.35
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 51,830 13.01 27,070 12.41
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 88,510 12.44 25,880 11.89
Woodworkers, all other 11,260 12.78 26,570 11.57
Nuclear power reactor operators 4,970 35.34 73,510 35.25
Power distributors and dispatchers 9,820 31.76 66,070 31.68
Power plant operators 34,700 28.05 58,340 28.11
Stationary engineers and boiler operators 39,000 24.36 50,660 23.94
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators 110,300 19.21 39,950 18.48
Chemical plant and system operators 44,600 25.07 52,150 25.23
Gas plant operators 14,500 26.61 55,350 26.81
Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers 45,710 26.42 54,950 26.45
Plant and system operators, all other 12,370 23.36 48,590 23.37
Chemical equipment operators and tenders 52,890 21.92 45,580 21.76
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters,
operators, and tenders 41,200 18.27 38,010 17.64
Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders 41,270 15.08 31,360 14.38
Grinding and polishing workers, hand 40,290 13.03 27,100 12.36
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders 140,120 15.70 32,650 15.04
Cutters and trimmers, hand 24,700 12.28 25,540 11.38
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders 76,500 14.44 30,020 13.85
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters,
operators, and tenders 85,130 14.63 30,430 13.92
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 22,950 15.84 32,950 15.31
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 467,010 16.29 33,890 15.02
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 24,780 17.00 35,360 15.84
Dental laboratory technicians 42,640 17.78 36,990 16.43
Medical appliance technicians 12,930 18.58 38,640 16.57
Ophthalmic laboratory technicians 32,930 14.01 29,130 13.08
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 357,480 12.76 26,550 11.73
Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders 103,310 14.27 29,680 13.66
Painters, transportation equipment 50,310 19.37 40,300 17.86
Painting, coating, and decorating workers 31,200 12.54 26,090 11.57
Photographic process workers 21,040 14.14 29,410 12.51
Photographic processing machine operators 49,550 10.93 22,740 9.79
Semiconductor processors 32,230 16.43 34,170 15.49
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders 19,640 13.96 29,030 13.23
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 18,870 12.57 26,140 11.53
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 9,940 13.11 27,260 12.05
Etchers and engravers 10,760 14.14 29,400 13.22
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 41,900 13.98 29,090 13.40
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 104,170 16.35 34,010 15.91
Tire builders 21,740 18.31 38,080 19.35
Helpers--production workers 499,870 11.21 23,320 10.48
Production workers, all other 280,160 14.57 30,310 12.86
Transportation and material moving occupations 9,508,750 15.12 31,450 13.14
Aircraft cargo handling supervisors 4,950 22.43 46,660 19.23
First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand 186,230 21.33 44,380 20.18
First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material-moving machine and
vehicle operators 218,480 25.94 53,960 24.67
Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers 77,090 (2) 119,750 (2)
Commercial pilots 31,250 (2) 75,500 (2)
Air traffic controllers 24,260 51.97 108,090 53.78
Airfield operations specialists 8,050 20.46 42,550 19.88
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 21,790 11.25 23,400 10.77
Bus drivers, transit and intercity 184,160 17.16 35,700 16.32
Bus drivers, school 460,100 13.01 27,060 12.79
Driver/sales workers 372,720 12.52 26,050 10.70
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer 1,672,580 18.62 38,720 17.92
Truck drivers, light or delivery services 908,960 14.55 30,260 13.27
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 170,520 11.32 23,540 10.36
Motor vehicle operators, all other 78,610 14.26 29,650 11.97
Locomotive engineers 42,760 25.71 53,470 23.29
Locomotive firers 970 25.46 52,950 23.17
Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers 5,480 16.76 34,850 15.68
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 24,610 23.75 49,400 22.94
Railroad conductors and yardmasters 39,580 26.02 54,120 25.40
Subway and streetcar operators 7,430 23.72 49,330 25.59
Rail transportation workers, all other 4,660 21.25 44,200 21.12
Sailors and marine oilers 32,420 17.25 35,880 16.53
Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels 30,600 32.56 67,730 29.79
Motorboat operators 3,380 17.54 36,480 15.34
Ship engineers 11,190 31.80 66,140 29.18
Bridge and lock tenders 4,490 19.20 39,930 19.54
Parking lot attendants 136,470 9.67 20,120 9.04
Service station attendants 84,480 9.78 20,340 9.11
Traffic technicians 7,030 20.10 41,810 19.00
Transportation inspectors 24,940 28.46 59,200 26.56
Transportation workers, all other 43,330 17.11 35,590 15.87
Conveyor operators and tenders 41,920 14.46 30,090 13.95
Crane and tower operators 44,490 21.84 45,430 20.13
Dredge operators 1,910 18.77 39,040 16.70
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators 65,160 18.36 38,180 16.93
Loading machine operators, underground mining 3,670 21.26 44,230 20.54
Hoist and winch operators 2,810 19.87 41,340 17.50
Industrial truck and tractor operators 620,450 14.78 30,750 13.98
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 330,850 10.43 21,700 9.35
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 2,335,510 11.87 24,690 10.89
Machine feeders and offbearers 144,820 12.92 26,880 12.29
Packers and packagers, hand 777,630 10.15 21,100 9.16
Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators 4,050 21.35 44,410 21.45
Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers 9,280 19.72 41,020 18.81
Wellhead pumpers 17,050 18.96 39,430 18.20
Refuse and recyclable material collectors 129,080 15.76 32,790 14.93
Shuttle car operators 3,050 20.53 42,700 20.29
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 12,330 19.00 39,510 18.14
Material moving workers, all other 41,140 16.68 34,700 15.68
1 Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours;
for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the
reported survey data.
2 Wages for some occupations that do not generally work year round, full time, are reported either as hourly wages or annual
salaries depending on how they are typically paid.
3 Represents a wage above $80.00 per hour.
c = corrected.
Table 2. Employment by industry and occupational group, May 2008
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Occupational group
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | Business | | | Life, | | | | Arts, design, |
Industry | Total | | and | Computer and | Architecture | physical, | Community | | Education, | entertainment, | Healthcare
| | Management | financial | mathematical | and | and social | and social | Legal | training, and | sports, and | practitioner
| | | operations | science | engineering | science | services | | library | media | and technical
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All industries | 135,185,230 | 6,152,650 | 6,135,520 | 3,308,260 | 2,521,630 | 1,296,840 | 1,861,750 | 1,003,270 | 8,451,250 | 1,804,940 | 7,076,800
| | | | | | | | | | |
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, | | | | | | | | | | |
and hunting .....................| 388,590 | 6,570 | 1,450 | 240 | 100 | 2,540 | (1) | (1) | (1) | 100 | 130
Mining ...........................| 685,650 | 35,160 | 24,430 | 7,100 | 30,260 | 18,810 | (1) | 1,810 | (1) | 290 | 2,640
Utilities ........................| 557,010 | 34,790 | 39,200 | 17,850 | 48,660 | 9,550 | (1) | 1,660 | (1) | 2,230 | 1,600
Construction .....................| 7,456,300 | 373,300 | 216,330 | (1) | 85,150 | (1) | (1) | 1,490 | (1) | (1) | 2,340
Manufacturing ....................| 13,655,340 | 684,380 | 427,000 | 274,110 | 796,630 | 156,620 | 140 | 5,320 | 1,130 | 84,500 | 18,020
Wholesale trade ..................| 6,011,920 | 342,850 | 230,500 | 174,970 | 64,220 | 31,660 | 320 | 2,430 | 730 | 55,560 | 14,360
Retail trade .....................| 15,641,530 | 348,420 | 151,780 | 58,530 | 5,190 | 5,240 | (1) | 1,430 | 5,080 | 114,000 | 455,470
Transportation and warehousing ...| 5,346,660 | 156,830 | 103,390 | 26,290 | 26,480 | 3,550 | 90 | 1,830 | 1,410 | 4,220 | 4,540
Information ......................| 3,019,290 | 205,540 | 164,410 | 421,410 | 64,630 | 28,620 | 220 | 6,880 | 15,930 | 487,160 | 1,220
Finance and insurance ............| 5,916,480 | 468,400 | 1,325,950 | 312,560 | 3,090 | 28,370 | 3,540 | 55,020 | 1,620 | 20,250 | 29,980
Real estate and rental | | | | | | | | | | |
and leasing .....................| 2,137,390 | 202,450 | 102,260 | 13,530 | 4,720 | 6,200 | 2,010 | 7,360 | 440 | 14,410 | 7,160
Professional, scientific, and | | | | | | | | | | |
technical services ..............| 7,747,850 | 551,040 | 951,970 | 1,111,220 | 943,450 | 374,760 | 6,540 | 615,400 | 17,800 | 333,720 | 158,910
Management of companies | | | | | | | | | | |
and enterprises.. ...............| 1,916,450 | 335,670 | 346,150 | 193,750 | 49,940 | 32,440 | 15,290 | 21,720 | 5,530 | 32,870 | 25,000
Administrative and support | | | | | | | | | | |
and waste management | | | | | | | | | | |
and remediation services ........| 8,379,080 | 243,220 | 303,280 | 145,990 | 75,890 | 30,600 | 13,670 | 22,250 | 35,740 | 49,570 | 190,870
Educational services | 12,655,780 | 541,440 | 231,350 | 186,760 | 21,980 | 165,620 | 278,760 | 3,250 | 7,499,790 | 216,430 | 246,230
Health care and social | | | | | | | | | | |
assistance ......................| 16,499,250 | 557,830 | 226,140 | 88,420 | 5,050 | 86,670 | 948,740 | 4,300 | 534,440 | 32,900 | 5,469,260
Arts, entertainment, and | | | | | | | | | | |
recreation ......................| 1,974,230 | 67,480 | 37,880 | 5,770 | 1,740 | 4,800 | 320 | 370 | 31,740 | 187,020 | 5,850
Accommodation and food | | | | | | | | | | |
services ........................| 11,525,590 | 289,390 | 39,620 | 2,640 | 420 | 1,180 | 580 | 270 | 530 | 15,440 | 4,430
Other services (except | | | | | | | | | | |
public administration) ..........| 3,922,780 | 185,780 | 204,330 | 28,150 | 7,200 | 12,930 | 101,680 | 8,590 | 74,860 | 86,650 | 9,360
Federal, state, and local | | | | | | | | | | |
government ......................| 9,748,080 | 522,120 | 1,008,090 | 228,840 | 286,850 | 292,790 | 489,100 | 241,880 | 224,110 | 59,650 | 429,430
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Building and | Personal | | Office and | Farming, | | | | Transpor-
| Healthcare | Protective | Food | grounds | care and | Sales and | administrative | fishing, | Construction | Installation, | | tation and
| support | service | preparation | cleaning and | service | related | support | and | and | maintenance, | Production | material
| | | and serving | maintenance | | | | forestry | extraction | and repair | | moving
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | | | | | | |
All industries | 3,779,280 | 3,128,960 | 11,438,550 | 4,429,870 | 3,437,520 | 14,336,430 | 23,231,750 | 438,490 | 6,548,760 | 5,374,850 | 9,919,120 | 9,508,750
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, | | | | | | | | | | | |
and hunting .....................| (1) | 390 | (1) | 3,990 | 5,320 | 2,480 | 20,210 | 275,050 | 720 | 7,020 | 12,250 | 49,790
Mining ...........................| (1) | (1) | 230 | 1,420 | (1) | 9,310 | 58,430 | (1) | 286,610 | 56,130 | 53,320 | 98,550
Utilities ........................| (1) | 4,840 | (1) | 3,030 | (1) | 9,380 | 114,650 | 270 | 31,970 | 145,150 | 80,220 | 11,730
Construction .....................| (1) | 4,840 | (1) | 43,460 | 1,270 | 143,020 | 721,860 | (1) | 4,908,950 | 555,500 | 110,950 | 262,950
Manufacturing ....................| 810 | 18,440 | 36,520 | 85,440 | 770 | 407,860 | 1,310,160 | 32,520 | 247,470 | 674,560 | 7,161,840 | 1,231,100
Wholesale trade ..................| 970 | 5,320 | 5,390 | 26,420 | 1,330 | 1,609,610 | 1,422,210 | 50,870 | 22,680 | 389,110 | 321,940 | 1,238,450
Retail trade .....................| 58,630 | 69,990 | 487,980 | 126,360 | 88,490 | 8,531,570 | 2,676,430 | 20,200 | 55,130 | 790,200 | 429,280 | 1,161,480
Transportation and warehousing ...| 200 | 18,510 | 7,700 | 36,860 | 153,690 | 89,640 | 1,552,790 | 2,870 | 29,690 | 292,930 | 71,620 | 2,761,530
Information ......................| 150 | 5,430 | 42,950 | 11,990 | 55,280 | 403,730 | 659,520 | (1) | 4,640 | 304,690 | 71,870 | 63,020
Finance and insurance ............| 2,100 | 12,250 | 1,570 | 13,720 | 1,090 | 745,350 | 2,871,320 | 180 | 1,330 | 12,150 | 3,080 | 3,550
Real estate and rental | | | | | | | | | | | |
and leasing .....................| 4,490 | 30,890 | 21,950 | 159,130 | 24,130 | 533,080 | 483,130 | 950 | 31,820 | 331,970 | 11,460 | 143,860
Professional, scientific, and | | | | | | | | | | | |
technical services ..............| 71,320 | 11,820 | 5,900 | 38,550 | 31,690 | 350,730 | 1,855,440 | 5,140 | 64,550 | 76,040 | 114,560 | 57,310
Management of companies | | | | | | | | | | | |
and enterprises.. ...............| 7,370 | 8,790 | 13,870 | 11,520 | 8,770 | 98,030 | 562,140 | 1,270 | 9,240 | 44,590 | 31,080 | 61,430
Administrative and support | | | | | | | | | | | |
and waste management | | | | | | | | | | | |
and remediation services ........| 99,550 | 718,470 | (1) | 1,711,110 | 63,450 | 523,730 | 1,861,270 | (1) | 300,910 | 204,330 | 741,830 | 943,490
Educational services .............| 37,640 | 108,270 | 466,480 | 541,700 | 214,270 | 38,720 | 1,358,930 | 2,870 | 41,160 | 148,340 | 20,720 | 285,060
Health care and social | | | | | | | | | | | |
assistance ......................| 3,303,300 | 68,440 | 527,940 | 455,710 | 1,058,470 | 56,170 | 2,710,180 | 860 | 17,180 | 126,960 | 107,950 | 112,350
Arts, entertainment, and | | | | | | | | | | | |
recreation ......................| 5,480 | 76,300 | 321,790 | 193,190 | 561,700 | 155,390 | 187,370 | 3,590 | 9,750 | 69,870 | 6,550 | 40,290
Accommodation and food | | | | | | | | | | | |
services ........................| 7,880 | 67,470 | 9,194,110 | 606,500 | 143,540 | 331,150 | 428,190 | 560 | 4,430 | 98,790 | 77,170 | 211,300
Other services (except | | | | | | | | | | | |
public administration) ..........| 33,010 | 46,640 | 102,730 | 106,710 | 729,010 | 232,130 | 602,300 | 1,260 | 14,020 | 658,830 | 324,420 | 352,200
Federal, state, and local | | | | | | | | | | | |
government ......................| 146,140 | 1,851,220 | 112,190 | 253,060 | 295,090 | 65,340 | 1,775,220 | 26,440 | 466,500 | 387,720 | 167,020 | 419,290
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Data not available.
Table 3. Hourly median wage rates by industry and occupational group, May 2008
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Occupational group
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | | | | | |
Industry | | Business | | | Life, | | | | Arts, design, | |
| | and | Computer and | Architecture | physical, | Community | | Education, | entertainment, | Healthcare | Healthcare
| Management | financial | mathematical | and | and social | and social | Legal | training, and | sports, and | practitioner | support
| | operations | science | engineering | science | services | | library | media | and technical |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | | | | | |
All industries | $42.15| $27.89 | $34.26 | $32.09 | $27.51 | $18.38 | $34.49 | $21.26 | $19.99 | $27.20 | $11.80
| | | | | | | | | | |
Agriculture, forestry, fishing | | | | | | | | | | |
and hunting .....................| 33.43| 25.01 | 28.40 | 26.93 | 18.55 | (1) | (1) | (1) | 15.73 | 30.14 | (1)
Mining ...........................| 47.88| 30.34 | 33.82 | 40.95 | 33.52 | (1) | 31.69 | (1) | 28.46 | 29.67 | (1)
Utilities ........................| 50.81| 33.75 | 36.45 | 35.92 | 34.05 | (1) | 50.97 | (1) | 30.07 | 33.76 | (1)
Construction .....................| 41.31| 28.13 | 29.32 | 30.05 | 26.59 | (1) | 39.82 | (1) | (1) | 26.75 | 10.97
Manufacturing ....................| 48.41| 28.78 | 38.30 | 33.04 | 28.58 | 24.99 | 54.14 | 28.88 | 21.57 | 26.92 | 14.54
Wholesale trade ..................| 49.46| 27.75 | 34.92 | 32.19 | 30.89 | 22.53 | 51.54 | 21.87 | 19.47 | 23.09 | 13.64
Retail trade .....................| 35.61| 23.11 | 23.76 | 28.20 | 24.35 | 18.00 | 16.97 | 15.51 | 12.85 | 17.15 | 9.77
Transportation and warehousing ...| 37.71| 27.47 | 32.29 | 30.06 | 28.84 | 20.93 | 53.46 | 25.50 | 20.94 | 22.09 | 13.17
Information ......................| 54.87| 31.58 | 36.16 | 34.40 | 35.41 | 17.73 | 52.66 | 19.24 | 21.25 | 28.91 | 17.58
Finance and insurance ............| 50.51| 28.19 | 35.27 | 37.80 | 29.24 | 22.45 | 27.34 | 25.18 | 25.22 | 29.22 | 14.09
Real estate and rental | | | | | | | | | | |
and leasing .....................| 27.39| 25.99 | 27.47 | 30.87 | 22.69 | 17.13 | 27.68 | 18.48 | 19.60 | 21.57 | 11.92
Professional, scientific, and | | | | | | | | | | |
technical services ..............| 56.96| 30.33 | 36.23 | 30.51 | 27.64 | 19.74 | 35.36 | 23.79 | 23.13 | 19.34 | 10.20
Management of companies | | | | | | | | | | |
and enterprises .................| 52.34| 29.57 | 34.96 | 36.89 | 33.07 | 17.84 | 49.03 | 15.94 | 25.91 | 28.59 | 13.90
Administrative and support | | | | | | | | | | |
and waste management | | | | | | | | | | |
and remediation services ........| 39.50| 24.69 | 30.22 | 29.27 | 24.10 | 15.83 | 26.30 | 19.58 | 19.74 | 28.14 | 12.27
Educational services .............| (1) | 24.85 | 24.88 | 27.46 | 23.87 | 25.01 | (1) | 22.18 | 16.53 | 25.16 | 13.84
Health care and social | | | | | | | | | | |
assistance ......................| 35.25| 23.88 | 27.81 | 28.46 | 28.52 | 15.97 | 28.15 | 10.93 | 20.50 | 27.73 | 11.74
Arts, entertainment, and | | | | | | | | | | |
recreation ......................| 34.59| 24.50 | 25.90 | 37.48 | 20.44 | 14.88 | 58.77 | 17.01 | 17.98 | 17.48 | 16.51
Accommodation and food | | | | | | | | | | |
services ........................| 23.87| 20.94 | 24.04 | 28.43 | 21.06 | 12.26 | 36.39 | 11.88 | 15.12 | 21.88 | 14.21
Other services (except | | | | | | | | | | |
public administration) ..........| 34.12| 24.04 | 26.92 | 28.76 | 24.12 | 16.45 | 36.95 | 12.76 | 20.72 | 23.46 | 14.32
Federal, state, and local | | | | | | | | | | |
government ......................| 38.13| 28.32 | 32.78 | 34.11 | 27.43 | 20.48 | 34.02 | 18.76 | 24.86 | 26.57 | 14.12
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Building and | Personal | | Office and | Farming, | | | | Transpor-
| Protective | Food | grounds | care and | Sales and | administrative | fishing, | Construction | Installation, | | tation and
| service | preparation | cleaning and | service | related | support | and | and | maintenance, | Production | material
| | and serving | maintenance | | | | forestry | extraction | and repair | | moving
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | | | | | |
All industries | 16.65 | 8.59 | 10.52 | 9.82 | 11.69 | 14.32 | 9.34 | 18.24 | 18.60 | 13.99 | 13.14
| | | | | | | | | | |
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, | | | | | | | | | | |
and hunting .....................| 10.49 | (1) | 10.95 | 11.37 | 23.97 | 12.24 | 8.95 | 14.35 | 14.27 | 9.65 | 9.89
Mining ...........................| (1) | 8.76 | 10.00 | (1) | 27.65 | 15.00 | (1) | 19.08 | 20.71 | 19.89 | 17.39
Utilities ........................| 22.04 | (1) | 15.16 | (1) | 22.84 | 18.29 | 11.11 | 25.82 | 28.06 | 27.98 | 21.02
Construction .....................| (1) | (1) | 11.60 | 10.72 | 23.93 | 14.71 | (1) | 18.16 | 18.45 | 16.35 | 15.56
Manufacturing ....................| 14.51 | 9.15 | 11.37 | 11.12 | 25.79 | 15.58 | 11.37 | 18.83 | 20.61 | 14.46 | 13.22
Wholesale trade ..................| 11.74 | 8.46 | 10.95 | 10.18 | 24.38 | 14.44 | 9.52 | 17.44 | 18.60 | 13.40 | 13.35
Retail trade .....................| 11.61 | 9.21 | 9.74 | 9.02 | 9.62 | 10.75 | 9.67 | 15.94 | 15.76 | 11.97 | 9.87
Transportation and warehousing ...| 14.93 | 10.64 | 19.26 | 14.65 | 24.85 | 19.57 | 11.95 | 21.75 | 21.97 | 17.54 | 16.52
Information ......................| 13.75 | 7.94 | 11.03 | 8.15 | 20.10 | 15.67 | (1) | 23.10 | 26.85 | 15.69 | 11.70
Finance and insurance ............| 17.95 | 10.46 | 10.47 | 11.75 | 23.49 | 14.57 | 11.39 | 21.77 | 17.59 | 16.06 | 12.30
Real estate and rental | | | | | | | | | | |
and leasing .....................| 12.45 | 9.19 | 10.91 | 11.45 | 12.91 | 13.76 | 11.48 | 18.14 | 14.96 | 13.63 | 11.13
Professional, scientific, and | | | | | | | | | | |
technical services ..............| 17.93 | 8.84 | 11.15 | 9.08 | 24.62 | 15.49 | 10.03 | 21.61 | 21.26 | 15.09 | 12.80
Management of companies | | | | | | | | | | |
and enterprises .................| 15.74 | 10.15 | 11.29 | 10.95 | 24.13 | 16.17 | 12.18 | 21.46 | 20.63 | 16.16 | 13.70
Administrative and support | | | | | | | | | | |
and waste management | | | | | | | | | | |
and remediation services ........| 10.96 | 9.25 | 10.28 | 9.88 | 12.69 | 12.80 | 9.91 | 14.67 | 16.93 | 10.09 | 10.23
Educational services .............| 13.99 | 9.98 | 12.71 | 10.83 | 14.03 | 14.66 | (1) | 21.15 | 17.86 | 18.91 | 12.56
Health care and social | | | | | | | | | | |
assistance ......................| 13.50 | 9.78 | 10.15 | 9.31 | 14.52 | 14.12 | 8.90 | 22.04 | 16.66 | 10.22 | 10.63
Arts, entertainment, and | | | | | | | | | | |
recreation ......................| 10.06 | 9.07 | 10.21 | 9.54 | 9.41 | 12.55 | 11.17 | 20.88 | 14.89 | 14.25 | 11.05
Accommodation and food | | | | | | | | | | |
services ........................| 11.38 | 8.37 | 9.09 | 9.25 | 8.14 | 10.81 | 10.08 | 20.93 | 13.33 | 9.82 | 7.93
Other services (except | | | | | | | | | | |
public administration) ..........| 9.62 | 8.66 | 10.12 | 10.52 | 10.42 | 12.82 | 11.66 | 19.16 | 16.42 | 10.54 | 9.34
Federal, state, and local | | | | | | | | | | |
government ......................| 22.31 | 10.93 | 13.31 | 10.49 | 12.74 | 16.32 | 16.34 | 19.05 | 21.29 | 20.76 | 17.66
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Data not available.
Table 4. National employment and wage data for occupations with wages near the all-occupations median, May 2008
Occupation (1) Employment Median wages Mean hourly
Hourly Annual(2) wages
Total, all occupations 135,185,230 $15.57 $32,390 $20.32
Office and administrative support occupations
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,855,010 15.63 32,510 16.25
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators 512,120 14.88 30,950 15.44
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 237,800 15.91 33,100 16.75
All other information and record clerks 215,780 16.15 33,600 16.78
Loan interviewers and clerks 212,340 15.61 32,470 16.29
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 193,210 16.28 33,850 17.58
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 163,880 14.94 31,070 15.41
Word processors and typists 128,010 15.09 31,390 15.73
Court, municipal, and license clerks 115,070 15.96 33,200 16.88
Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers 96,360 16.19 33,670 16.99
Meter readers, utilities 44,730 15.84 32,950 16.77
Telephone operators 22,820 15.23 31,670 16.25
Production occupations
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 467,010 15.02 31,240 16.29
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers 392,520 16.13 33,560 17.01
Printing machine operators 193,510 15.46 32,170 16.42
Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic 143,030 16.03 33,330 16.60
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders 140,120 15.04 31,280 15.70
Structural metal fabricators and fitters 111,620 15.58 32,400 16.28
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 104,170 15.91 33,080 16.35
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 87,800 14.87 30,920 15.76
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 56,500 15.84 32,940 16.38
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders 51,840 15.20 31,610 16.20
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 43,690 15.61 32,460 17.10
Job printers 42,640 16.21 33,710 16.98
Engine and other machine assemblers 39,270 15.70 32,660 16.78
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 33,550 14.83 30,850 15.64
Semiconductor processors 32,230 15.49 32,230 16.43
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 28,800 14.90 31,000 15.56
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 26,220 16.00 33,270 16.56
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 24,780 15.84 32,940 17.00
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 23,630 15.40 32,030 15.93
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 22,950 15.31 31,840 15.84
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 16,410 15.37 31,970 16.29
Pourers and casters, metal 15,320 15.66 32,570 16.11
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic
and glass fibers 14,440 14.98 31,160 15.29
Bookbinders 6,150 14.92 31,040 16.33
Patternmakers, wood 1,930 16.35 34,010 18.61
Model makers, wood 1,740 15.06 31,320 17.16
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
Maintenance and repair workers, general 1,305,170 16.21 33,710 17.13
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 38,680 15.42 32,080 16.26
Home appliance repairers 37,300 16.30 33,910 17.16
Farm equipment mechanics 30,240 15.32 31,860 15.79
Automotive glass installers and repairers 18,330 15.44 32,110 15.95
Mechanical door repairers 17,530 16.11 33,500 17.00
Motorcycle mechanics 16,850 15.08 31,360 16.10
Recreational vehicle service technicians 13,400 15.14 31,480 16.05
Musical instrument repairers and tuners 5,310 15.90 33,080 17.28
Construction and extraction occupations
Painters, construction and maintenance 250,310 15.85 32,960 17.56
Highway maintenance workers 136,420 16.35 34,000 16.84
Roofers 120,200 16.17 33,630 18.00
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 61,230 16.00 33,270 17.54
Construction and related workers, all other 55,820 15.65 32,550 16.91
Pipelayers 54,440 15.72 32,710 17.45
Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall 28,390 15.34 31,900 16.79
Helpers--extraction workers 25,550 15.74 32,730 16.36
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 24,730 16.19 33,680 17.09
Floor sanders and finishers 8,220 15.41 32,050 16.93
Education, training, and library occupations
Teachers and instructors, all other 574,540 (3) 31,100 (3)
Transportation and material moving occupations
Bus drivers, transit and intercity 184,160 16.32 33,940 17.16
Refuse and recyclable material collectors 129,080 14.93 31,050 15.76
Transportation workers, all other 43,330 15.87 33,000 17.11
Material moving workers, all other 41,140 15.68 32,620 16.68
Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers 5,480 15.68 32,610 16.76
Motorboat operators 3,380 15.34 31,910 17.54
Healthcare support occupations
Dental assistants 293,090 15.57 32,380 15.95
Medical transcriptionists 86,200 15.41 32,060 15.84
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers 183,560 16.34 33,980 17.46
Community and social services occupations
Rehabilitation counselors 112,700 14.87 30,930 16.64
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
Opticians, dispensing 59,470 15.77 32,810 16.85
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Forest and conservation technicians 30,850 15.39 32,000 16.98
Agricultural and food science technicians 18,930 16.34 33,990 17.53
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Logging equipment operators 27,010 15.18 31,580 15.76
Logging workers, all other 5,180 15.96 33,190 15.82
Log graders and scalers 3,610 15.64 32,520 16.51
Farm labor contractors 1,110 16.10 33,500 17.62
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Broadcast technicians 33,550 15.82 32,900 18.30
Protective service occupations
Parking enforcement workers 9,530 15.57 32,390 16.36
Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists 1,580 15.09 31,380 17.50
1 Occupations shown have wages within plus or minus 5 percent of the all-occupation median. Occupations with employment less than
1,000 are not shown. Major groups are ranked from highest to lowest total employment in occupations paying near the median wage.
Within each group, occupations are shown in order of highest to lowest employment.
2 Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours;
for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the
reported survey data.
3 Wages for some occupations that do not generally work year round, full time, are reported either as hourly wages or annual
salaries depending on how they are typically paid.
Table 5. National employment and wages for bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks by
industry, May 2008
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | |
Industry | | Percent of | Median wages | Mean
| Employment |occupational|------------------| hourly
| | employment | Hourly | Annual | Wage
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------
| | | | |
Total, all industries (1) .............| 1,855,010 | 100.0 | $15.63 | $32,510| $16.25
| | | | |
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, | | | | |
and payroll services.....................| 100,300 | 5.4 | 15.21 | 31,640| 15.88
Management of companies and enterprises...| 80,020 | 4.3 | 16.17 | 33,640| 16.73
Local government (2) .....................| 75,540 | 4.1 | 16.19 | 33,680| 16.58
Depository credit intermediation..........| 56,940 | 3.1 | 14.43 | 30,010| 15.01
Building equipment contractors............| 43,400 | 2.3 | 16.22 | 33,740| 16.84
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2 OES designation. Includes all activities carried out by local government except schools
and hospitals.
Table 6. National employment and wages for the 10 largest occupations in the accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,
and payroll services industry, May 2008
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | |
| | | Median wages |
Occupation | | Percent of |------------------| Mean
| Employment | industry | | | hourly
| | employment| Hourly | Annual | Wage
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll | | | | |
services (NAICS 541200) | | | | |
| | | | |
Accountants and auditors......................................| 286,110 | 32.6 | $29.56 | $61,480 | $34.74
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks..................| 100,300 | 11.4 | 15.21 | 31,640 | 15.88
Tax preparers.................................... ............| 61,160 | 7.0 | 14.01 | 29,150 | 16.89
Office clerks, general......... ..............................| 37,580 | 4.3 | 11.24 | 23,370 | 12.05
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators..............| 37,160 | 4.2 | 14.57 | 30,300 | 15.35
Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive.............| 33,860 | 3.9 | 13.58 | 28,240 | 13.91
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants...........| 25,870 | 3.0 | 19.34 | 40,230 | 20.41
Payroll and timekeeping clerks................................| 24,030 | 2.7 | 16.91 | 35,180 | 17.24
Bill and account collectors...................................| 19,320 | 2.2 | 15.66 | 32,580 | 16.58
First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative | | | | |
support workers..............................................| 17,710 | 2.0 | 23.57 | 49,020 | 25.23
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 7. States with highest employment and highest employment concentration in selected occupations, May 2008
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Highest employment | Highest employment concentration
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | |
| | Employment | Hourly | | | Employment | Hourly
State | Employment| per 1,000 | median | State | Employment| per 1,000 | median
| | jobs (1) | wage | | | jobs (1) | wage
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | |
Texas...................| 53,530 | 5.2 | $15.82 |Wyoming .............| 2,630 | 9.3 | $21.29
California..............| 28,340 | 1.9 | 16.01 |Louisiana............| 15,540 | 8.2 | 18.38
Pennsylvania............| 16,860 | 3.0 | 16.42 |Oklahoma ............| 11,560 | 7.4 | 14.69
Illinois................| 16,810 | 2.8 | 16.12 |North Dakota ........| 2,470 | 7.0 | 16.88
Louisiana...............| 15,540 | 8.2 | 18.38 |South Dakota ........| 2,480 | 6.3 | 13.83
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | |
California .............| 33,630 | 2.2 | $17.33 |Connecticut..........| 7,030 | 4.1 | $18.75
Texas...................| 14,300 | 1.4 | 15.34 |Nebraska.............| 3,730 | 4.0 | 14.66
Ohio....................| 12,540 | 2.4 | 15.80 |South Dakota ........| 1,290 | 3.3 | 12.08
New York ...............| 12,140 | 1.4 | 17.04 |Maine................| 1,760 | 2.9 | 15.07
Pennsylvania............| 11,860 | 2.1 | 15.72 |Wisconsin............| 7,120 | 2.6 | 15.11
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Painters, construction and maintenance
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | |
California .............| 37,000 | 2.4 | $18.76 |Nevada...............| 4,000 | 3.1 | $19.09
Florida.................| 20,600 | 2.6 | 14.48 |Hawaii...............| 1,910 | 3.1 | 23.14
Texas...................| 18,400 | 1.8 | 13.82 |Washington...........| 8,890 | 3.1 | 15.85
New York ...............| 14,370 | 1.7 | 19.83 |Louisiana............| 5,860 | 3.1 | 14.87
Illinois................| 9,890 | 1.7 | 20.90 |Oregon...............| 4,800 | 2.8 | 14.62
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dental assistants
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | |
California .............| 46,690 | 3.1 | $15.51 |Utah.................| 4,380 | 3.6 | $12.80
Texas...................| 18,960 | 1.8 | 14.90 |Washington...........| 9,310 | 3.3 | 17.61
New York ...............| 16,210 | 1.9 | 15.58 |California...........| 46,690 | 3.1 | 15.51
Florida.................| 15,000 | 1.9 | 16.00 |Idaho................| 1,860 | 2.9 | 13.96
Illinois................| 12,370 | 2.1 | 15.11 |Alaska ..............| 830 | 2.7 | 19.97
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Represents state employment in selected occupation per 1,000 jobs in state.
Table 8. Metropolitan areas or divisions with highest employment and highest employment concentration in selected occupations, May 2008
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Highest employment | Highest employment concentration
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | |
| | Employment | Hourly | | | Employment | Hourly
Metropolitan area or division | Employment | per 1,000 | median | Metropolitan area or division | Employment | per 1,000 | median
| | jobs (1) | wage | | | jobs (1) | wage
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | |
Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX .......| 19,040 | 7.4 | $17.09 |Houma-Bayou-Thibodaux,LA.........| 2,670 | 28.3 | $18.09
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 7,740 | 1.9 | 14.36 |Peoria, IL ......................| 3,080 | 16.9 | 15.44
Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 7,360 | 1.9 | 16.16 |Odessa, TX ......................| 1,010 | 16.9 | 16.97
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 5,740 | 2.7 | 14.66 |Casper, WY ......................| 640 | 15.8 | 18.52
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA....| 5,150 | 2.1 | 15.39 |Beaumont-Port Arthur,TX .........| 2,370 | 14.8 | 18.63
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 9,410 | 2.3 | $15.30 |Wausau, WI ......................| 750 | 10.8 | $14.21
Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 5,390 | 1.4 | 17.85 |Macon, GA .......................| 790 | 8.0 | 14.39
New York-White Plains-Wayne, NY-NJ | | | |Lewiston-Auburn, ME | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 5,220 | 1.0 | 18.56 | metropolitan NECTA .............| 370 | 7.6 | 15.70
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX | | | |Hartford-West Hartford-East | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 4,620 | 2.2 | 15.97 | Hartford, CT metropolitan NECTA | 4,250 | 7.4 | 18.99
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA | | | | | | |
NECTA division ......................| 4,580 | 2.7 | 19.30 |Chattanooga, TN-GA ..............| 1,700 | 7.3 | 15.00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Painters, construction and maintenance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | |
New York-White Plains-Wayne, NY-NJ | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 8,400 | 1.6 | $20.31 |Naples-Marco Island, FL..........| 1,010 | 8.1 | $14.78
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 7,290 | 1.8 | 17.45 |Beaumont-Port Arthur,TX .........| 1,200 | 7.5 | 14.49
Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 6,330 | 1.7 | 21.85 |Bremerton-Silverdale, WA ........| 600 | 7.3 | 21.77
Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX .......| 5,700 | 2.2 | 14.41 |Jacksonville, NC ................| 270 | 6.4 | 13.46
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ ..........| 5,250 | 2.8 | 14.41 |Bend, OR ........................| 410 | 6.0 | 14.13
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dental assistants
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 11,340 | 2.7 | $13.96 |Hanford-Corcoran, CA ............| 180 | 4.6 | $14.23
New York-White Plains-Wayne, NY-NJ | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 9,510 | 1.8 | 15.68 |Chico, CA .......................| 330 | 4.6 | 13.10
Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 8,230 | 2.2 | 15.39 |Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ...........| 540 | 4.3 | 17.00
Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, CA | | | | | | |
metropolitan division ...............| 5,480 | 3.6 | 14.99 |Yuba City, CA ...................| 170 | 4.3 | 15.10
Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX .......| 4,840 | 1.9 | 15.80 |Provo-Orem,UT....................| 760 | 4.2 | 12.17
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1 Represents metropolitan area employment in selected occupation per 1,000 area jobs.
United States Department of Labor
