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For release 10:00 A.M. (ET) Thursday, February 8, 2024 USDL-24-0191 Technical information: (202) 691-6199 * orsinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/ors Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * pressoffice@bls.gov OCCUPATIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2023 A consistent and generally fast work pace was required for 38.9 percent of workers in 2023, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Workload was controlled by machinery, equipment, or software for 2.2 percent of workers meaning that technology, rather than people or company performance targets, determined the amount and timing of work performed in their workday. Work was reviewed by a supervisor more than once per day for 33.3 percent of workers and a supervisor was present for 62.4 percent of workers. (See table 1.) In production occupations, 55.8 percent of workers had a consistent and generally fast work pace. Within this occupational group, 71.1 percent of packaging and filling machine operators and tenders and 76.7 percent of team assemblers had a consistent and generally fast work pace. Workload was controlled by machinery, equipment, or software for 61.2 percent of packaging and filling machine operators and tenders, work was reviewed by a supervisor more than once per day for 77.5 percent of these workers, and a supervisor was present for 98.4 percent of these workers. Considered together, these job requirements show that many decisions related to the job and the workload are handled by technology or the supervisor and not by the worker. In transportation and material moving occupations, 48.7 percent of workers had a consistent and generally fast work pace. Within this occupational group, a consistent and generally fast work pace was required for 67.8 percent of packers and packagers and 82.9 percent of machine feeders and offbearers. The Occupational Requirements Survey captures information on job requirements in the following categories: physical demands; environmental conditions; education, training, and experience; as well as cognitive and mental requirements. Each category is highlighted below. Cognitive and mental requirements Verbal interactions were required once per day or less often for 3.3 percent of workers, 38.6 percent of workers required basic people skills, and 83.3 percent of workers were not required to supervise others. (See table 2.) *Verbal interactions were required once per day or less often for 26.8 percent of sewing machine operators and for 33.6 percent of janitors and cleaners. *Basic people skills were required for 85.4 percent of furniture finishers and for more than 99.5 percent of dishwashers. Education, training, and experience A high school diploma was required for 40.1 percent of workers to perform their jobs. Prior work experience was required for 47.5 percent of workers and on-the-job training was required for 78.9 percent of workers. (See table 3.) *A high school diploma was required for 69.6 percent of childcare workers and 72.9 percent of library assistants. *On-the-job training was required for 89.8 percent of medical records specialists and 94.1 percent of skincare specialists. Physical demands A sedentary strength level was required when performing critical tasks for 29.3 percent of workers, meaning these workers spend 2/3 or more of their workday sitting and do not lift heavy objects. The ability to choose between sitting and standing was present for 42.3 percent of workers, and 55.4 percent of workers were not required to reach overhead. (See table 4.) *Sedentary strength was required for 81.1 percent of cargo and freight agents and for 88.4 percent of human resources assistants. *The choice between sitting and standing was available to 71.5 percent of customer service representatives and for 94.9 percent of data entry keyers. Environmental conditions Exposure to heights was present for 9.1 percent of workers, 10.1 percent of workers performed critical tasks in close proximity to moving mechanical parts, and 33.0 percent of workers were required to work outdoors. (See table 5.) *Exposure to heights was present for 43.8 percent of bus and truck mechanics and for 99.3 percent of electrical power-line installers and repairers. *Exposure to the outdoors was present for 76.3 percent of crane and tower operators and for greater than 95 percent of cement masons and concrete finishers.
Occupation and occupational group | Workload is controlled by machinery, equipment, or software | Work reviewed by supervisor more than once per day | Consistent, generally fast work pace | Supervisor is present | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | Standard error | Yes | Standard error | Yes | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | |
All workers | 2.2 | [1] | 33.3 | 0.5 | 38.9 | 0.5 | 62.4 | 37.6 | [1] |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations | <0.5 | [2] | - | - | 48.2 | 1.7 | 62.7 | 37.3 | 1.3 |
Medical records specialists | <0.5 | [2] | - | - | 55.7 | 4.2 | 73.2 | 26.8 | 6.5 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations | <0.5 | [2] | 69.0 | 1.4 | 31.0 | 1.7 | 90.3 | 9.7 | 0.8 |
Dishwashers | <0.5 | [2] | 74.0 | 2.2 | 31.2 | 3.7 | 96.9 | 3.1 | 1.0 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations | <0.5 | [2] | 40.2 | 3.2 | 41.8 | 3.3 | 44.7 | 55.3 | 2.3 |
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners | <0.5 | [2] | 25.5 | 2.8 | 38.8 | 3.5 | 39.6 | 60.4 | 3.5 |
Personal care and service occupations | <0.5 | [2] | 43.7 | 1.9 | 33.6 | 4.8 | 65.3 | 34.7 | 3.5 |
Skincare specialists | <0.5 | [2] | - | - | 7.1 | 4.1 | 86.1 | 13.9 | 7.6 |
Childcare workers | <0.5 | [2] | 64.1 | 6.0 | 40.2 | 5.8 | 79.0 | 21.0 | 6.7 |
Office and administrative support occupations | 1.4 | [1] | 26.3 | 1.2 | 37.2 | 0.9 | 79.8 | 20.2 | 0.9 |
Customer service representatives | 7.7 | 3.0 | - | - | 52.7 | 3.7 | 84.8 | 15.2 | 1.9 |
Library assistants, clerical | <0.5 | [2] | 23.3 | 5.2 | 22.2 | 6.4 | 80.2 | 19.8 | 6.3 |
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping | <0.5 | [2] | 16.2 | 3.7 | 34.8 | 3.7 | 80.9 | 19.1 | 5.2 |
Cargo and freight agents | <0.5 | [2] | 43.0 | 12.4 | - | - | - | - | - |
Data entry keyers | <0.5 | [2] | 52.2 | 9.7 | 57.6 | 5.0 | 98.2 | 1.8 | 0.9 |
Construction and extraction occupations | 0.6 | [1] | 49.9 | 3.1 | 46.1 | 1.4 | 65.3 | 34.7 | 2.1 |
Cement masons and concrete finishers | <0.5 | [2] | 71.9 | 6.9 | 45.7 | 3.5 | 91.8 | 8.2 | 3.5 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations | 0.7 | [1] | 35.8 | 1.4 | 32.7 | 2.0 | 51.4 | 48.6 | 1.7 |
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists | <0.5 | [2] | 20.7 | 6.3 | 36.9 | 5.1 | 72.2 | 27.8 | 6.8 |
Electrical power-line installers and repairers | 2.7 | 2.0 | 34.2 | 11.4 | 32.4 | 6.4 | 68.4 | 31.6 | 7.7 |
Production occupations | 19.3 | 1.8 | 57.0 | 1.2 | 55.8 | 1.3 | 84.9 | 15.1 | 0.8 |
Team assemblers | 34.2 | 7.0 | 70.8 | 6.4 | 76.7 | 6.9 | 91.7 | 8.3 | 2.6 |
Sewing machine operators | 7.2 | 4.1 | 60.2 | 11.2 | 67.4 | 8.7 | 94.2 | 5.8 | 3.5 |
Furniture finishers | 10.0 | 5.3 | 74.5 | 9.8 | 57.5 | 10.7 | 87.1 | 12.9 | 5.3 |
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders | 61.2 | 6.1 | 77.5 | 7.3 | 71.1 | 9.0 | 98.4 | 1.6 | 1.3 |
Transportation and material moving occupations | 7.3 | 1.0 | 45.2 | 1.7 | 48.7 | 1.6 | 56.9 | 43.1 | 0.8 |
Crane and tower operators | 7.8 | 5.2 | 54.9 | 10.3 | 54.2 | 13.4 | 58.9 | 41.1 | 11.1 |
Machine feeders and offbearers | 53.7 | 12.4 | 73.9 | 10.0 | 82.9 | 9.1 | 97.0 | 3.0 | 1.8 |
Packers and packagers, hand | 28.3 | 5.3 | 69.9 | 2.8 | 67.8 | 2.4 | 98.5 | 1.5 | 1.0 |
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5. [2] The standard error is not available for this estimate. Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey |
Occupation and occupational group | Verbal interaction once per day or less often | People skills | Supervisory duties required | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | Standard error | Basic | More than basic | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | |
All workers | 3.3 | [1] | 38.6 | 61.4 | [1] | 16.7 | 83.3 | [1] |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations | <0.5 | [2] | 7.9 | 92.1 | 0.6 | 21.5 | 78.5 | 1.0 |
Medical records specialists | 2.5 | 1.6 | 41.9 | 58.1 | 7.7 | 3.6 | 96.4 | 2.0 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations | 1.7 | [1] | 74.2 | 25.8 | [1] | 9.0 | 91.0 | 0.5 |
Dishwashers | 32.0 | 5.3 | >99.5 | <0.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations | 21.0 | 0.9 | 87.2 | 12.8 | 0.8 | 8.9 | 91.1 | 0.9 |
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners | 33.6 | 1.4 | 96.8 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 97.9 | 0.5 |
Personal care and service occupations | <0.5 | [2] | 38.0 | 62.0 | 3.4 | 11.4 | 88.6 | 0.8 |
Skincare specialists | <0.5 | [2] | 33.9 | 66.1 | 12.9 | 1.1 | 98.9 | 0.9 |
Childcare workers | <0.5 | [2] | 27.8 | 72.2 | 9.9 | 4.7 | 95.3 | 2.5 |
Office and administrative support occupations | 1.4 | [1] | 31.9 | 68.1 | 0.9 | 8.6 | 91.4 | [1] |
Customer service representatives | <0.5 | [2] | 25.2 | 74.8 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 98.6 | 0.6 |
Library assistants, clerical | 2.8 | 1.1 | 49.7 | 50.3 | 5.9 | 2.4 | 97.6 | 0.8 |
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping | <0.5 | [2] | 27.0 | 73.0 | 4.2 | 2.2 | 97.8 | 1.3 |
Cargo and freight agents | <0.5 | [2] | 12.2 | 87.8 | 6.1 | <10 | >90 | [2] |
Data entry keyers | 12.1 | 5.3 | 64.8 | 35.2 | 14.2 | <15 | >85 | [2] |
Construction and extraction occupations | 8.0 | 0.8 | 65.0 | 35.0 | 2.2 | 19.1 | 80.9 | 1.5 |
Cement masons and concrete finishers | 21.8 | 3.3 | 79.6 | 20.4 | 3.4 | 7.1 | 92.9 | 5.9 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations | 3.9 | 0.6 | 48.2 | 51.8 | 2.0 | 14.1 | 85.9 | 0.9 |
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists | 6.7 | 2.7 | 50.5 | 49.5 | 6.3 | 3.6 | 96.4 | 1.1 |
Electrical power-line installers and repairers | - | - | 31.4 | 68.6 | 8.7 | 7.8 | 92.2 | 2.5 |
Production occupations | 11.1 | 0.9 | 74.6 | 25.4 | 0.7 | 11.7 | 88.3 | 0.7 |
Team assemblers | 10.0 | 4.7 | 89.5 | 10.5 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 97.6 | 0.8 |
Sewing machine operators | 26.8 | 7.2 | 99.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | <5 | >95 | [2] |
Furniture finishers | <35 | [2] | 85.4 | 14.6 | 5.3 | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] |
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders | 19.1 | 3.9 | 88.8 | 11.2 | 4.0 | <10 | >90 | [2] |
Transportation and material moving occupations | 6.8 | 0.5 | 81.6 | 18.4 | 0.8 | 5.2 | 94.8 | 0.5 |
Crane and tower operators | <15 | [2] | 80.8 | 19.2 | 8.5 | 5.1 | 94.9 | 3.2 |
Machine feeders and offbearers | 20.6 | 8.4 | >99.5 | <0.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] |
Packers and packagers, hand | 14.2 | 3.1 | >99.5 | <0.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] |
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5. [2] The standard error is not available for this estimate. Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey |
Occupation and occupational group | High school diploma | Prior work experience | On-the-job training | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | |
All workers | 40.1 | [1] | 47.5 | 52.5 | [1] | 78.9 | 21.1 | [1] |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations | 21.1 | 1.0 | 39.1 | 60.9 | 0.9 | 72.3 | 27.7 | 1.1 |
Medical records specialists | 86.7 | 2.8 | 52.9 | 47.1 | 5.9 | 89.8 | 10.2 | 4.6 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations | 21.2 | 0.7 | 24.0 | 76.0 | 1.1 | 95.5 | 4.5 | [1] |
Dishwashers | 9.4 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 98.0 | 1.0 | 92.5 | 7.5 | 4.0 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations | 30.0 | 2.3 | 20.7 | 79.3 | 1.2 | 90.6 | 9.4 | 1.6 |
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners | 30.4 | 3.9 | 15.9 | 84.1 | 2.0 | 88.9 | 11.1 | 2.3 |
Personal care and service occupations | 60.7 | 3.4 | 26.4 | 73.6 | 3.4 | 87.4 | 12.6 | 1.5 |
Skincare specialists | 86.7 | 10.2 | 3.4 | 96.6 | 0.8 | 94.1 | 5.9 | 3.8 |
Childcare workers | 69.6 | 11.5 | 25.5 | 74.5 | 8.2 | 94.9 | 5.1 | 2.3 |
Office and administrative support occupations | 75.6 | 0.7 | 59.4 | 40.6 | 0.8 | 88.5 | 11.5 | 0.5 |
Customer service representatives | 77.7 | 3.1 | 54.4 | 45.6 | 3.1 | 92.9 | 7.1 | 2.6 |
Library assistants, clerical | 72.9 | 5.8 | 27.5 | 72.5 | 7.5 | 90.9 | 9.1 | 3.3 |
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping | 70.9 | 4.7 | 69.5 | 30.5 | 4.8 | 91.1 | 8.9 | 1.7 |
Cargo and freight agents | 86.0 | 15.0 | - | - | - | >75 | <25 | [2] |
Data entry keyers | 70.9 | 15.9 | 62.4 | 37.6 | 5.1 | 98.3 | 1.7 | [1] |
Construction and extraction occupations | 47.1 | 2.4 | 51.3 | 48.7 | 2.8 | 64.4 | 35.6 | 1.5 |
Cement masons and concrete finishers | 35.3 | 7.7 | 42.7 | 57.3 | 11.8 | 80.6 | 19.4 | 10.0 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations | 61.2 | 1.7 | 67.2 | 32.8 | 1.7 | 75.6 | 24.4 | 2.1 |
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists | 57.6 | 10.3 | 58.9 | 41.1 | 8.4 | 71.3 | 28.7 | 2.3 |
Electrical power-line installers and repairers | 45.7 | 8.2 | 67.7 | 32.3 | 7.7 | 39.2 | 60.8 | 5.1 |
Production occupations | 55.5 | 1.5 | 46.3 | 53.7 | 2.0 | 89.1 | 10.9 | 1.3 |
Team assemblers | 64.9 | 5.9 | 25.2 | 74.8 | 5.7 | 96.6 | 3.4 | 1.8 |
Sewing machine operators | 28.5 | 11.6 | 28.2 | 71.8 | 10.9 | 91.8 | 8.2 | 3.5 |
Furniture finishers | 56.8 | 14.3 | 53.0 | 47.0 | 13.2 | 85.0 | 15.0 | 7.5 |
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders | 68.4 | 7.9 | 38.6 | 61.4 | 6.6 | >90 | <10 | [2] |
Transportation and material moving occupations | 39.2 | 1.3 | 29.8 | 70.2 | 1.2 | 89.2 | 10.8 | 0.7 |
Crane and tower operators | 37.9 | 12.8 | 42.3 | 57.7 | 10.8 | 77.2 | 22.8 | 9.8 |
Machine feeders and offbearers | 64.6 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 90.0 | 6.4 | >99.5 | <0.5 | [2] |
Packers and packagers, hand | 18.2 | 3.6 | 7.0 | 93.0 | 2.8 | 92.9 | 7.1 | 2.7 |
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5. [2] The standard error is not available for this estimate. Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey |
Occupation and occupational group | Sedentary strength | Choice of sitting or standing | Reaching overhead | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | |
All workers | 29.3 | [1] | 42.3 | 57.7 | [1] | 44.6 | 55.4 | 0.5 |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations | - | - | 30.8 | 69.2 | 1.8 | 62.1 | 37.9 | 1.5 |
Medical records specialists | - | - | 90.3 | 9.7 | 3.4 | 10.2 | 89.8 | 3.4 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations | <0.5 | [2] | 1.4 | 98.6 | [1] | 66.3 | 33.7 | 1.0 |
Dishwashers | <0.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | 72.1 | 27.9 | 2.1 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations | <0.5 | [2] | 7.7 | 92.3 | 1.4 | 87.9 | 12.1 | 1.4 |
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners | <0.5 | [2] | 6.4 | 93.6 | 2.3 | 92.0 | 8.0 | 1.7 |
Personal care and service occupations | 5.1 | 0.7 | 21.5 | 78.5 | 2.9 | 50.5 | 49.5 | 2.6 |
Skincare specialists | - | - | - | - | - | 11.5 | 88.5 | 5.5 |
Childcare workers | <0.5 | [2] | 34.9 | 65.1 | 6.3 | 49.1 | 50.9 | 6.6 |
Office and administrative support occupations | 74.3 | 0.7 | 80.9 | 19.1 | 0.8 | 14.2 | 85.8 | 0.6 |
Customer service representatives | 83.4 | 3.4 | 71.5 | 28.5 | 3.3 | 4.9 | 95.1 | 1.2 |
Library assistants, clerical | 27.0 | 13.6 | 45.8 | 54.2 | 4.5 | 87.4 | 12.6 | 2.5 |
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping | 88.4 | 2.3 | 94.2 | 5.8 | 1.6 | 8.6 | 91.4 | 2.0 |
Cargo and freight agents | 81.1 | 10.6 | 89.2 | 10.8 | 5.9 | 1.7 | 98.3 | 1.4 |
Data entry keyers | 87.2 | 7.0 | 94.9 | 5.1 | 1.2 | 9.3 | 90.7 | 6.8 |
Construction and extraction occupations | 2.3 | 0.5 | 11.9 | 88.1 | 1.5 | 81.8 | 18.2 | 1.4 |
Cement masons and concrete finishers | - | - | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | 69.6 | 30.4 | 5.0 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations | - | - | 18.4 | 81.6 | 1.8 | 90.2 | 9.8 | 0.7 |
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists | <0.5 | [2] | 12.0 | 88.0 | 2.4 | 95.6 | 4.4 | 1.9 |
Electrical power-line installers and repairers | <0.5 | [2] | 1.4 | 98.6 | 1.3 | 99.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
Production occupations | 4.5 | 0.5 | 16.6 | 83.4 | 1.1 | 46.3 | 53.7 | 1.8 |
Team assemblers | 5.9 | 4.2 | 5.9 | 94.1 | 2.7 | 54.9 | 45.1 | 5.2 |
Sewing machine operators | 40.5 | 10.6 | 16.8 | 83.2 | 10.1 | 6.7 | 93.3 | 2.4 |
Furniture finishers | - | - | 8.9 | 91.1 | 4.7 | 39.0 | 61.0 | 12.1 |
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders | <0.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | 34.0 | 66.0 | 7.3 |
Transportation and material moving occupations | 11.0 | 1.0 | 5.4 | 94.6 | [1] | 60.4 | 39.6 | 1.4 |
Crane and tower operators | - | - | 6.6 | 93.4 | 4.3 | 76.4 | 23.6 | 7.6 |
Machine feeders and offbearers | <0.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | 35.0 | 65.0 | 13.7 |
Packers and packagers, hand | <0.5 | [2] | 2.3 | 97.7 | 1.2 | 45.7 | 54.3 | 5.4 |
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5. [2] The standard error is not available for this estimate. Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey |
Occupation and occupational group | Heights | In proximity to moving mechanical parts | Outdoors | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | Not | Standard error | |
All workers | 9.1 | 90.9 | [1] | 10.1 | 89.9 | [1] | 33.0 | 67.0 | [1] |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | 1.4 | 98.6 | [1] | 7.3 | 92.7 | 0.5 |
Medical records specialists | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] |
Food preparation and serving related occupations | 1.6 | 98.4 | [1] | 7.3 | 92.7 | 0.5 | 33.5 | 66.5 | 1.5 |
Dishwashers | 0.5 | 99.5 | [1] | 3.1 | 96.9 | 1.8 | 33.9 | 66.1 | 3.9 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations | 20.7 | 79.3 | 1.9 | 24.6 | 75.4 | 2.0 | 73.8 | 26.2 | 1.3 |
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners | 20.2 | 79.8 | 2.4 | 6.8 | 93.2 | 2.5 | 77.0 | 23.0 | 3.3 |
Personal care and service occupations | 1.6 | 98.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 99.3 | [1] | 51.5 | 48.5 | 3.2 |
Skincare specialists | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | <20 | >80 | [2] |
Childcare workers | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | 86.4 | 13.6 | 4.5 |
Office and administrative support occupations | 1.0 | 99.0 | [1] | 0.6 | 99.4 | [1] | 4.7 | 95.3 | [1] |
Customer service representatives | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | <5 | >95 | [2] | 3.1 | 96.9 | 0.8 |
Library assistants, clerical | <10 | >90 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | 7.8 | 92.2 | 2.7 |
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] |
Cargo and freight agents | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | <5 | >95 | [2] | 12.7 | 87.3 | 10.5 |
Data entry keyers | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] |
Construction and extraction occupations | 62.7 | 37.3 | 1.6 | 45.9 | 54.1 | 1.7 | 92.4 | 7.6 | 1.0 |
Cement masons and concrete finishers | 44.5 | 55.5 | 11.4 | 47.0 | 53.0 | 11.3 | >95 | <5 | [2] |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations | 49.9 | 50.1 | 2.2 | 47.1 | 52.9 | 1.3 | 79.4 | 20.6 | 1.4 |
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists | 43.8 | 56.2 | 9.7 | 64.2 | 35.8 | 2.8 | 82.6 | 17.4 | 4.3 |
Electrical power-line installers and repairers | 99.3 | 0.7 | [1] | 40.9 | 59.1 | 10.1 | >99.5 | <0.5 | [2] |
Production occupations | 9.8 | 90.2 | 0.8 | 46.6 | 53.4 | 2.2 | 11.4 | 88.6 | 0.9 |
Team assemblers | 12.4 | 87.6 | 4.9 | 46.9 | 53.1 | 6.8 | <15 | >85 | [2] |
Sewing machine operators | <0.5 | >99.5 | [2] | 56.2 | 43.8 | 10.0 | <20 | >80 | [2] |
Furniture finishers | 7.8 | 92.2 | 6.7 | 21.0 | 79.0 | 5.6 | 12.0 | 88.0 | 7.7 |
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders | 3.8 | 96.2 | 1.2 | 62.5 | 37.5 | 10.1 | 2.0 | 98.0 | 1.2 |
Transportation and material moving occupations | 12.4 | 87.6 | 0.7 | 10.7 | 89.3 | 0.6 | 57.6 | 42.4 | 1.8 |
Crane and tower operators | 60.2 | 39.8 | 12.3 | 43.7 | 56.3 | 14.8 | 76.3 | 23.7 | 9.8 |
Machine feeders and offbearers | <5 | >95 | [2] | 73.4 | 26.6 | 10.8 | <30 | >70 | [2] |
Packers and packagers, hand | 1.0 | 99.0 | 0.6 | 25.0 | 75.0 | 5.9 | 26.1 | 73.9 | 2.9 |
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5. [2] The standard error is not available for this estimate. Note: Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey |
Technical Note The Occupational Requirements Survey (ORS) provides job-related information about the physical demands; environmental conditions; education, training, and experience; as well as cognitive and mental requirements in the U.S. economy. Additional job requirement estimates are available at www.bls.gov/web/ors/ors-complete-dataset.xlsx and www.bls.gov/ors/data.htm. For information on estimation concepts and methods, see the Handbook of Methods at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ors/home.htm and www.bls.gov/ors/questions-and-answers.htm. Some estimates in this release have been provided as ranges. Ranges represent estimates where the precise value cannot be published. The use of ranges maximizes the number of published estimates and provides additional detail on job requirements in the economy. More information is available in the range estimates factsheet at www.bls.gov/ors/factsheet/range-estimates.htm. Sample size: The ORS is a nationally representative establishment-based survey. Estimates are produced from a probability sample of 56,300 establishments. There were 25,100 private industry and 5,000 state and local government responding establishments that provided approximately 148,600 occupational observations. The 2023 estimates represent 145,866,200 civilian workers. The 2023 estimates are an aggregate of five annual samples collected between September 2018 and July 2023 and represent the final estimates for the second wave of ORS. Standard errors: To assist users in ascertaining the reliability of ORS estimates, standard errors are made available with the release. Standard errors provide users a measure of the precision of an estimate to ensure that it is within an acceptable range for their intended purpose. Collected and imputed data are included in the standard error calculation. For further information on standard errors and how to use them, see www.bls.gov/ors/se.htm. Major terms: Below are selected major terms from the news release. For complete terms and definitions, see the collection manual at www.bls.gov/ors/information-for-survey-participants/pdf/ occupational-requirements-survey-collection-manual-082021.pdf. *Control of workload considers which among the following most controls the amount of work a worker is expected to perform: machinery, equipment, or software; numerical performance targets; people; self-paced by worker; or another source. *Critical job function is the main purpose and the primary pay factor for the job. It consists of critical tasks that are integral to the job. *Critical tasks are the activities workers must perform to carry out their critical job function(s). *Heights are present when either a worker’s center of gravity is at least five feet off the ground or workers are at ground level with the risk of falling several feet below ground. Workers must also be at risk of bodily injury from falling with no walls or railings to lessen the possibility of falling. *Outdoor exposure is considered present when workers perform critical tasks outdoors and the worksite does not contain at least three walls and a roof. *Work pace refers to the consistency of the work pace and the rate at which it is performed.