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For release 10:00 A.M. (ET) Thursday, November 17, 2022 USDL-22-2178 Technical information: (202) 691-6199 * orsinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/ors Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * pressoffice@bls.gov OCCUPATIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2022 Constant verbal interactions, meaning every few minutes, were required for 27.4 percent of workers in 2022, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. For the average worker, sitting was required for 43.6 percent of the workday. A work pace that varied, indicating fluctuations on a daily, weekly, or seasonal basis, was present for 54.5 percent of workers. (See table 1.) Constant verbal interactions were required for 77.4 percent of cashiers. On average, sitting was required for 5.1 percent of the workday for these workers. Constant verbal interactions were required for 67.4 percent of waiters and waitresses. On average, sitting was required for 2.6 percent of the workday for these workers. Constant verbal interactions were required for 43.4 percent of hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks. On average, sitting was required for 29.1 percent of the workday for these workers. Constant verbal interactions were required for 38.8 percent of retail salespersons. On average, sitting was required for 13.1 percent of the workday for these workers. Environmental conditions Extreme heat exposure was present for 4.5 percent of civilian workers, 5.5 percent were exposed to extreme cold, 32.9 percent were exposed to outdoors, and 33.5 percent were exposed to wetness. (See table 2.) *For firefighters, 96.9 percent of workers were exposed to extreme heat, and all firefighters were exposed to the outdoors. *For restaurant cooks, 55.6 percent of workers were exposed to extreme heat, and 13.5 percent were exposed to the outdoors. *For industrial machinery mechanics, 20.4 percent of workers were exposed to extreme heat, and 48.9 percent were exposed to the outdoors. Cognitive and mental requirements The ability to telework was available to 10.6 percent of civilian workers, 56.2 percent had the ability to pause work, 61.2 percent required more than basic people skills, and 63.8 percent had a supervisor present. (See table 3.) *For web developers, 78.2 percent of workers had the option to telework, and all of these workers had the ability to pause their work. *For lawyers, 61.6 percent of workers had the option to telework, and 94.8 percent had the ability to pause their work. *For customer service representatives, 21.2 percent of workers had the option to telework, and 56.9 percent had the ability to pause their work. Education, training, and experience A bachelor’s degree was the highest degree required for 19.0 percent of civilian workers, a credential was required for 45.2 percent, prior work experience was required for 47.5 percent, and on-the-job training was required for 79.0 percent. (See table 4.) *For civil engineers, 99.7 percent of workers were required to have a bachelor’s degree. Prior work experience was required for 63.9 percent of these workers. *For graphic designers, a bachelor’s degree was the highest degree required for 53.3 percent of workers, and 78.5 percent were required to have prior work experience. *For pharmacists, a bachelor’s degree was the highest degree required for 26.7 percent of workers, and 25.4 percent were required to have prior work experience. Physical demands Reaching overhead was required for 44.7 percent of civilian workers, 57.6 percent were required to perform critical work tasks in low postures, 94.8 percent required speaking as part of their critical tasks, and 98.7 percent were required to perform fine manipulation. (See table 5.) *For paramedics, 88.1 percent of workers were required to reach overhead, and all paramedics were required to work in low postures. *For dishwashers, 72.7 percent of workers were required to reach overhead, and 74.2 percent were required to work in low postures. *For chemists, 50.0 percent of workers were required to reach overhead, and 36.7 percent were required to work in low postures.
Occupation and occupational group | Constant verbal interactions | Average percent of workday spent | Varying work pace | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | Standard error | Sitting | Standing | Standard error | Yes | Standard error | |
All workers | 27.4 | 0.5 | 43.6 | 56.4 | [1] | 54.5 | [1] |
Computer and mathematical occupations | 5.8 | 0.9 | 88.6 | 11.4 | [1] | 50.4 | 2.6 |
Web developers | - | - | 95.1 | 4.9 | 0.5 | 57.2 | 16.1 |
Architecture and engineering occupations | 3.1 | 1.2 | 74.8 | 25.2 | 1.5 | 54.2 | 4.3 |
Civil engineers | - | - | 80.6 | 19.4 | 1.9 | 45.4 | 7.8 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations | 11.1 | 1.9 | 63.3 | 36.7 | 1.8 | 54.4 | 4.2 |
Chemists | - | - | 46.6 | 53.4 | 5.8 | 63.7 | 9.0 |
Legal occupations | 9.4 | 1.5 | 83.7 | 16.3 | 0.7 | 42.3 | 3.7 |
Lawyers | 9.8 | 2.3 | 80.5 | 19.5 | 1.7 | 42.5 | 6.0 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations | 22.7 | 2.3 | 69.6 | 30.4 | 2.3 | 55.4 | 4.9 |
Graphic designers | - | - | 89.3 | 10.7 | 2.2 | 55.2 | 8.5 |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations | 32.5 | 1.5 | 36.4 | 63.6 | 0.8 | 48.6 | 1.8 |
Pharmacists | 45.5 | 8.5 | 29.6 | 70.4 | 4.2 | 58.1 | 6.7 |
Paramedics | 37.3 | 14.5 | - | - | - | 67.6 | 14.1 |
Protective service occupations | 28.9 | 2.6 | 43.6 | 56.4 | 1.4 | 69.9 | 4.1 |
Firefighters | 24.4 | 5.1 | - | - | - | 83.2 | 5.5 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations | 56.4 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 97.2 | [1] | 69.4 | 2.3 |
Cooks, restaurant | 30.2 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 98.1 | 0.7 | 65.1 | 4.5 |
Waiters and waitresses | 67.4 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 97.4 | 0.9 | 72.2 | 2.6 |
Dishwashers | - | - | 1.1 | 98.9 | [1] | 68.8 | 3.8 |
Sales and related occupations | 46.2 | 1.5 | 30.8 | 69.2 | 0.7 | 74.6 | 1.3 |
Cashiers | 77.4 | 2.0 | 5.1 | 94.9 | 0.6 | 83.6 | 1.3 |
Retail salespersons | 38.8 | 4.0 | 13.1 | 86.9 | 1.7 | 85.4 | 1.6 |
Office and administrative support occupations | 31.7 | 0.7 | 79.0 | 21.0 | 0.6 | 55.4 | 1.0 |
Customer service representatives | 60.6 | 4.5 | 84.0 | 16.0 | 1.7 | 47.8 | 6.2 |
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks | 43.4 | 4.7 | 29.1 | 70.9 | 2.9 | 79.2 | 9.2 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations | 5.9 | 0.9 | 20.5 | 79.5 | [1] | 58.9 | 2.2 |
Industrial machinery mechanics | 9.3 | 2.3 | 15.6 | 84.4 | 1.3 | 49.4 | 3.4 |
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5. [2] The standard error is not available for this estimate. Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable or there are no workers with the requirement. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey |
Occupation and occupational group | Extreme heat | Extreme cold | Outdoors | Wetness | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | |
All workers | 4.5 | 95.5 | [1] | 5.5 | 94.5 | [1] | 32.9 | 67.1 | [1] | 33.5 | 66.5 | [1] |
Computer and mathematical occupations | - | 100.0 | [1] | - | 100.0 | [2] | 1.8 | 98.2 | 0.7 | [1] | 100.0 | [1] |
Web developers | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 99.6 | [1] | - | 100.0 | [2] |
Architecture and engineering occupations | 2.7 | 97.3 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 99.0 | [1] | 31.5 | 68.5 | 2.7 | 6.0 | 94.0 | 1.9 |
Civil engineers | - | 97.5 | 2.3 | - | 100.0 | [2] | 75.8 | 24.2 | 6.4 | - | 96.2 | 2.3 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations | 3.6 | 96.4 | 1.1 | 5.0 | 95.0 | 1.3 | 37.0 | 63.0 | 4.0 | 34.8 | 65.2 | 4.9 |
Chemists | - | 91.7 | 4.8 | 7.9 | 92.1 | 3.1 | - | 97.0 | 1.6 | 68.8 | 31.2 | 8.2 |
Legal occupations | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 98.0 | 1.1 | - | 100.0 | [2] |
Lawyers | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 96.6 | 2.0 | - | 100.0 | [2] |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations | [1] | 99.9 | [1] | - | 99.4 | 0.5 | 30.8 | 69.2 | 3.1 | 7.1 | 92.9 | 2.1 |
Graphic designers | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 98.8 | 0.7 | - | 100.0 | [2] |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations | [1] | 99.6 | [1] | 0.5 | 99.5 | [1] | 7.6 | 92.4 | 0.5 | 74.1 | 25.9 | 1.7 |
Pharmacists | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 100.0 | [2] | 54.5 | 45.5 | 6.3 |
Paramedics | 11.4 | 88.6 | 4.9 | 3.4 | 96.6 | 1.7 | 98.0 | - | 1.3 | 80.8 | - | 11.1 |
Protective service occupations | 13.9 | 86.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 98.9 | [1] | 89.5 | 10.5 | 1.1 | 30.8 | 69.2 | 1.2 |
Firefighters | 96.9 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 96.0 | 1.3 | 100.0 | - | [2] | 97.4 | 2.6 | 1.3 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations | 24.1 | 75.9 | 1.8 | 34.9 | 65.1 | 1.3 | 32.3 | 67.7 | 1.6 | 91.3 | 8.7 | 0.5 |
Cooks, restaurant | 55.6 | 44.4 | 4.5 | 66.6 | 33.4 | 2.8 | 13.5 | 86.5 | 1.5 | 96.9 | - | 2.6 |
Waiters and waitresses | - | 98.1 | 1.0 | 8.4 | 91.6 | 2.0 | 27.6 | 72.4 | 4.7 | 94.2 | 5.8 | 1.9 |
Dishwashers | 15.9 | 84.1 | 3.2 | 16.7 | 83.3 | 5.1 | 34.2 | 65.8 | 3.9 | 99.4 | - | 0.6 |
Sales and related occupations | [1] | 99.6 | [1] | 3.4 | 96.6 | 0.5 | 28.8 | 71.2 | 1.5 | 21.9 | 78.1 | 0.9 |
Cashiers | 0.6 | 99.4 | [1] | 8.7 | 91.3 | 1.5 | 24.7 | 75.3 | 1.3 | 50.7 | 49.3 | 3.9 |
Retail salespersons | - | 99.9 | [1] | - | 99.5 | 0.5 | 34.1 | 65.9 | 4.5 | 13.9 | 86.1 | 2.6 |
Office and administrative support occupations | [1] | 100.0 | [1] | [1] | 99.7 | [1] | 4.9 | 95.1 | [1] | 2.8 | 97.2 | [1] |
Customer service representatives | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 100.0 | [2] | 3.4 | 96.6 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 98.4 | 0.6 |
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 94.3 | 4.6 | - | 93.2 | 5.7 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations | 9.0 | 91.0 | 0.8 | 4.4 | 95.6 | 1.2 | 80.1 | 19.9 | 1.4 | 50.1 | 49.9 | 1.6 |
Industrial machinery mechanics | 20.4 | 79.6 | 3.6 | 9.4 | 90.6 | 2.8 | 48.9 | 51.1 | 5.7 | 47.2 | 52.8 | 3.3 |
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5. [2] The standard error is not available for this estimate. Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable or there are no workers with the requirement. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey |
Occupation and occupational group | Telework | Pause control | More than basic people skills | Supervisor present | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | |
All workers | 10.6 | 89.4 | [1] | 56.2 | 43.8 | 0.5 | 61.2 | 38.8 | 0.5 | 63.8 | 36.2 | 0.5 |
Computer and mathematical occupations | 52.5 | 47.5 | 4.4 | 95.7 | 4.3 | 0.7 | 95.8 | 4.2 | 0.6 | 55.4 | 44.6 | 1.3 |
Web developers | 78.2 | 21.8 | 6.6 | 100.0 | - | [2] | 93.6 | 6.4 | 2.2 | 62.0 | 38.0 | 13.0 |
Architecture and engineering occupations | 30.5 | 69.5 | 2.1 | 94.8 | 5.2 | 1.9 | 92.3 | 7.7 | 0.9 | 67.1 | 32.9 | 2.2 |
Civil engineers | 24.4 | 75.6 | 5.2 | - | - | - | 100.0 | - | [2] | 70.4 | 29.6 | 6.9 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations | 16.1 | 83.9 | 2.7 | 82.2 | 17.8 | 5.0 | 92.9 | 7.1 | 1.7 | 48.3 | 51.7 | 4.4 |
Chemists | - | - | - | 72.6 | 27.4 | 13.0 | - | - | - | 72.2 | 27.8 | 11.6 |
Legal occupations | 48.8 | 51.2 | 4.5 | 95.0 | - | 2.8 | - | - | - | 56.2 | 43.8 | 5.6 |
Lawyers | 61.6 | 38.4 | 6.0 | 94.8 | - | 2.9 | 100.0 | - | [2] | 42.6 | 57.4 | 5.5 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations | 25.2 | 74.8 | 2.4 | 75.7 | 24.3 | 3.1 | 84.9 | 15.1 | 2.9 | 58.9 | 41.1 | 2.1 |
Graphic designers | 30.1 | 69.9 | 6.1 | 100.0 | - | [2] | 81.5 | 18.5 | 8.3 | 81.5 | 18.5 | 6.4 |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations | 1.7 | 98.3 | [1] | 41.2 | 58.8 | 1.4 | 92.4 | 7.6 | 0.7 | 64.4 | 35.6 | 1.4 |
Pharmacists | - | - | - | 66.1 | 33.9 | 5.4 | - | - | - | 61.5 | 38.5 | 6.8 |
Paramedics | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | - | - | 100.0 | - | [2] | - | - | - |
Protective service occupations | - | 100.0 | [1] | 13.3 | 86.7 | 1.3 | 80.9 | 19.1 | 1.7 | 37.1 | 62.9 | 1.8 |
Firefighters | - | 100.0 | [2] | - | 100.0 | [2] | 95.0 | 5.0 | 1.3 | 76.6 | 23.4 | 2.3 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations | - | - | - | 22.8 | 77.2 | 1.0 | 26.0 | 74.0 | 0.5 | 90.5 | 9.5 | 1.0 |
Cooks, restaurant | - | 100.0 | [2] | 18.3 | 81.7 | 1.6 | 9.6 | 90.4 | 1.2 | 94.1 | 5.9 | 2.2 |
Waiters and waitresses | - | 100.0 | [2] | 24.5 | 75.5 | 2.5 | 43.4 | 56.6 | 3.9 | 96.5 | 3.5 | 1.6 |
Dishwashers | - | 100.0 | [2] | 25.6 | 74.4 | 2.7 | - | - | - | 97.1 | 2.9 | 1.0 |
Sales and related occupations | 10.9 | 89.1 | 0.7 | 44.4 | 55.6 | 1.8 | 57.9 | 42.1 | 1.7 | 72.9 | 27.1 | 0.7 |
Cashiers | - | 100.0 | [2] | 4.7 | 95.3 | 1.2 | 10.9 | 89.1 | 1.7 | 90.5 | 9.5 | 2.2 |
Retail salespersons | - | 99.3 | [1] | 35.5 | 64.5 | 2.4 | 56.3 | 43.7 | 5.4 | 86.5 | 13.5 | 1.6 |
Office and administrative support occupations | 11.0 | 89.0 | 1.0 | 71.7 | 28.3 | 0.8 | 67.3 | 32.7 | 1.2 | 81.3 | 18.7 | 1.1 |
Customer service representatives | 21.2 | 78.8 | 3.3 | 56.9 | 43.1 | 3.9 | 71.9 | 28.1 | 2.2 | 87.2 | 12.8 | 2.8 |
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks | - | 100.0 | [2] | 15.1 | 84.9 | 2.9 | 61.7 | 38.3 | 6.0 | 80.1 | 19.9 | 6.5 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations | - | 99.4 | [1] | 70.3 | 29.7 | 2.2 | 53.2 | 46.8 | 2.9 | 53.0 | 47.0 | 1.5 |
Industrial machinery mechanics | - | 100.0 | [2] | 62.5 | 37.5 | 3.6 | 51.3 | 48.7 | 5.4 | 72.7 | 27.3 | 4.2 |
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5. [2] The standard error is not available for this estimate. Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable or there are no workers with the requirement. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey |
Occupation and occupational group | Bachelor's degree | Credentials | Prior work experience | On-the-job training | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | |
All workers | 19.0 | [1] | 45.2 | 54.8 | [1] | 47.5 | 52.5 | 0.5 | 79.0 | 21.0 | [1] |
Computer and mathematical occupations | 66.0 | 3.2 | 15.8 | 84.2 | 1.9 | 82.8 | 17.2 | 0.9 | 61.6 | 38.4 | 1.8 |
Web developers | 63.1 | 13.6 | - | 99.3 | 0.6 | 74.7 | - | 18.1 | 78.5 | - | 11.8 |
Architecture and engineering occupations | 69.0 | 3.7 | 41.4 | 58.6 | 2.2 | 66.2 | 33.8 | 3.4 | 69.5 | 30.5 | 3.2 |
Civil engineers | 99.7 | [1] | 77.8 | 22.2 | 7.3 | 63.9 | 36.1 | 6.9 | 59.5 | 40.5 | 6.2 |
Life, physical, and social science occupations | 53.1 | 4.1 | 52.6 | 47.4 | 4.0 | 72.1 | 27.9 | 4.3 | 70.3 | 29.7 | 2.4 |
Chemists | 80.0 | 13.8 | - | 91.3 | 4.5 | 59.5 | 40.5 | 12.5 | 70.9 | 29.1 | 8.0 |
Legal occupations | 10.1 | 1.1 | 77.9 | 22.1 | 3.1 | 56.3 | 43.7 | 5.0 | 63.4 | 36.6 | 3.8 |
Lawyers | - | - | - | - | - | 45.8 | 54.2 | 8.2 | 49.8 | 50.2 | 4.3 |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations | 45.2 | 2.6 | 36.5 | 63.5 | 3.1 | 65.1 | 34.9 | 1.9 | 67.3 | 32.7 | 4.4 |
Graphic designers | 53.3 | 12.1 | 8.1 | 91.9 | 3.0 | 78.5 | 21.5 | 7.4 | 55.3 | 44.7 | 9.0 |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations | 22.7 | 1.3 | 92.4 | 7.6 | 0.9 | 40.0 | 60.0 | 1.0 | 73.0 | 27.0 | 1.2 |
Pharmacists | 26.7 | 5.5 | 100.0 | - | [2] | 25.4 | 74.6 | 7.2 | 68.5 | 31.5 | 8.0 |
Paramedics | - | - | 100.0 | - | [2] | - | - | - | 83.4 | 16.6 | 7.2 |
Protective service occupations | 3.6 | 0.9 | 88.6 | 11.4 | 1.3 | 31.9 | 68.1 | 1.5 | 76.5 | 23.5 | 0.8 |
Firefighters | - | - | 100.0 | - | [2] | 26.6 | 73.4 | 2.5 | 48.5 | 51.5 | 4.8 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations | [1] | [1] | 39.0 | 61.0 | 1.0 | 25.0 | 75.0 | 1.2 | 95.3 | 4.7 | [1] |
Cooks, restaurant | - | - | 50.5 | 49.5 | 3.8 | 51.0 | 49.0 | 6.9 | 94.4 | 5.6 | 1.8 |
Waiters and waitresses | - | - | 36.9 | 63.1 | 2.0 | 25.2 | 74.8 | 3.9 | 97.5 | 2.5 | 0.8 |
Dishwashers | - | - | 27.4 | 72.6 | 6.9 | - | 97.8 | 1.2 | 91.0 | 9.0 | 4.5 |
Sales and related occupations | 7.3 | 0.6 | 27.8 | 72.2 | 1.4 | 32.5 | 67.5 | 1.3 | 93.6 | 6.4 | 0.6 |
Cashiers | - | - | 6.4 | 93.6 | 1.3 | 4.5 | 95.5 | 2.0 | - | - | - |
Retail salespersons | - | - | 15.6 | 84.4 | 2.3 | 15.2 | 84.8 | 1.4 | 96.2 | 3.8 | 1.4 |
Office and administrative support occupations | 5.6 | [1] | 10.8 | 89.2 | 0.5 | 59.4 | 40.6 | 1.0 | 88.4 | 11.6 | 0.6 |
Customer service representatives | 2.4 | 0.9 | 4.4 | 95.6 | 1.0 | 51.7 | 48.3 | 3.8 | 92.0 | 8.0 | 3.3 |
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks | - | - | - | - | - | 28.9 | 71.1 | 4.7 | 100.0 | - | [2] |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations | 1.4 | 0.6 | 73.4 | 26.6 | 2.2 | 67.7 | 32.3 | 1.0 | 74.9 | 25.1 | 2.1 |
Industrial machinery mechanics | - | - | 47.3 | 52.7 | 3.8 | 74.0 | 26.0 | 4.4 | 83.8 | 16.2 | 2.1 |
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5. [2] The standard error is not available for this estimate. Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable or there are no workers with the requirement. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey |
Occupation and occupational group | Reaching overhead | Low postures | Speaking | Fine manipulation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | No | Standard error | Yes | Standard error | Yes | Standard error | |
All workers | 44.7 | 55.3 | 0.5 | 57.6 | 42.4 | [1] | 94.8 | [1] | 98.7 | [1] |
Computer and mathematical occupations | 11.5 | 88.5 | 0.8 | 20.9 | 79.1 | 1.5 | 99.9 | [1] | 98.3 | 0.6 |
Web developers | - | 98.0 | 1.0 | - | 97.8 | 1.0 | 100.0 | [2] | 99.5 | [1] |
Architecture and engineering occupations | 18.4 | 81.6 | 3.0 | 25.6 | 74.4 | 2.6 | 99.9 | [1] | 100.0 | [2] |
Civil engineers | 7.4 | 92.6 | 2.2 | 26.3 | 73.7 | 4.4 | 100.0 | [2] | 100.0 | [2] |
Life, physical, and social science occupations | 36.2 | 63.8 | 3.7 | 46.9 | 53.1 | 2.5 | 98.9 | [1] | 99.6 | [1] |
Chemists | 50.0 | 50.0 | 10.9 | 36.7 | 63.3 | 11.0 | 100.0 | [2] | 100.0 | [2] |
Legal occupations | 5.8 | 94.2 | 2.6 | 7.8 | 92.2 | 2.1 | 100.0 | [2] | 100.0 | [1] |
Lawyers | 5.5 | 94.5 | 2.4 | - | 94.7 | 3.0 | 100.0 | [2] | 100.0 | [2] |
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations | 28.6 | 71.4 | 3.1 | 37.4 | 62.6 | 4.2 | 99.2 | 0.5 | 98.9 | [1] |
Graphic designers | 1.8 | 98.2 | 0.7 | - | 98.2 | 1.0 | 100.0 | [2] | 99.1 | 0.9 |
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations | 63.3 | 36.7 | 1.7 | 75.4 | 24.6 | 1.1 | 99.9 | [1] | 99.9 | [1] |
Pharmacists | 73.6 | 26.4 | 6.2 | 79.3 | 20.7 | 4.6 | 100.0 | [2] | 97.2 | 2.8 |
Paramedics | 88.1 | - | 11.0 | 100.0 | - | [2] | 100.0 | [2] | 100.0 | [2] |
Protective service occupations | 54.3 | 45.7 | 2.6 | 73.8 | 26.2 | 2.2 | 99.1 | 0.6 | 98.3 | 0.5 |
Firefighters | 98.9 | 1.1 | [1] | 98.3 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 100.0 | [2] | 100.0 | [2] |
Food preparation and serving related occupations | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.9 | 79.5 | 20.5 | 1.3 | 95.0 | 0.7 | 98.9 | [1] |
Cooks, restaurant | 77.7 | 22.3 | 4.5 | 84.5 | 15.5 | 4.5 | 91.6 | 2.8 | 98.4 | 1.1 |
Waiters and waitresses | 47.9 | 52.1 | 1.7 | 64.4 | 35.6 | 2.5 | 99.6 | [1] | 98.4 | 0.7 |
Dishwashers | 72.7 | 27.3 | 2.7 | 74.2 | 25.8 | 4.1 | 51.4 | 5.3 | 89.6 | 2.4 |
Sales and related occupations | 46.1 | 53.9 | 1.5 | 60.7 | 39.3 | 1.0 | 100.0 | [1] | 99.9 | [1] |
Cashiers | 38.0 | 62.0 | 2.3 | 74.7 | 25.3 | 1.7 | 100.0 | [1] | 99.7 | [1] |
Retail salespersons | 78.3 | 21.7 | 3.0 | 85.1 | 14.9 | 1.0 | 100.0 | [1] | 100.0 | [2] |
Office and administrative support occupations | 14.3 | 85.7 | 0.7 | 22.2 | 77.8 | 0.6 | 98.6 | 0.6 | 99.3 | [1] |
Customer service representatives | 4.6 | 95.4 | 1.1 | 11.1 | 88.9 | 1.6 | 99.9 | [1] | 96.7 | 1.9 |
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks | 17.6 | 82.4 | 4.6 | 36.2 | 63.8 | 4.6 | 100.0 | [2] | 100.0 | [2] |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations | 89.6 | 10.4 | 1.1 | 95.5 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 95.7 | 0.7 | 100.0 | [1] |
Industrial machinery mechanics | 86.3 | 13.7 | 2.5 | 95.0 | - | 3.3 | 97.4 | 0.8 | 100.0 | [2] |
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5. [2] The standard error is not available for this estimate. Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable or there are no workers with the requirement. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey |
Technical Note The Occupational Requirements Survey (ORS) provides job-related information about the physical demands; environmental conditions; education, training, and experience; as well as cognitive and mental requirements in the U.S. economy. Additional job requirement estimates are available at www.bls.gov/web/ors/ors-complete-dataset.xlsx and www.bls.gov/ors/data.htm. For information on estimation concepts and methods see the Handbook of Methods at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ors/home.htm, the collection manual at www.bls.gov/ors/information-for-survey- participants/pdf/occupational-requirements-survey-collection-manual-082019.pdf, and www.bls.gov/ors/questions -and-answers.htm. Sample size: The ORS is a nationally representative establishment-based survey. Estimates are produced from a probability sample of 42,700 establishments. There were 20,000 private industry and 4,000 state and local government responding establishments that provided approximately 117,700 occupational observations. The 2022 estimates represent 142,774,500 civilian workers. These estimates are from four of five samples and are considered preliminary. Data from all five samples collected between September 2018 and July 2023 will be aggregated to produce the final estimates with an expected reference year of 2023. Standard errors: To assist users in ascertaining the reliability of ORS estimates, standard errors are made available with the release. Standard errors provide users a measure of the precision of an estimate to ensure that it is within an acceptable range for their intended purpose. Collected and imputed data are included in the standard error calculation. For further information and how to use the standard errors see www.bls.gov/ors/se.htm. Major terms: Credentials – Credentials include training time required as a condition of hiring, which often results in certifications, licenses, or educational certificates. Critical job function – This is the main purpose and the primary pay factor for the job. It consists of critical tasks that are integral to the job. Critical tasks – Activities workers must perform to carry out their critical job function(s). Fine manipulation – Picking, pinching, touching, or otherwise working primarily with fingers rather than the whole hand or arm. Low postures – The requirement for workers to perform critical tasks while crawling, crouching, kneeling, or stooping. Pause control – Ability to choose how and when short, unscheduled breaks are taken. People skills – Ability to listen, communicate, and relate to others. Telework – Ability to perform the critical job function off work premises, typically from home. Workers must have a formal arrangement with the employer and telework must be available to all workers in the job. Temporary or ad hoc telework arrangements, such as those made in response to the Coronavirus pandemic, are not included in telework. If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.