Occupational Requirements in the United States News Release

For release 10:00 A.M. (ET) Thursday, November 18, 2021					              USDL-21-2018

Technical information: 	(202) 691-6199   orsinfo@bls.gov  	www.bls.gov/ors
Media contact:	  	(202) 691-5902   pressoffice@bls.gov

			     OCCUPATIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2021

The flexibility to pause work and take short, unscheduled breaks throughout the workday was available 
to 55.6 percent of civilian workers in 2021, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The 
choice of sitting or standing was available to 43.2 percent of civilian workers. Significant discretion 
over when tasks were worked on, or self-paced work, was available to 16.5 percent of workers, and 9.6 
percent were able to complete critical job functions while teleworking. Only permanent, and not temporary 
or ad hoc telework arrangements, such as those made in response to the Coronavirus pandemic, are included 
in telework estimates.

The ability to pause work was available to 95.3 percent of workers in computer and mathematical occupations, 
and 47.6 percent of these workers were able to telework. (See table 1.)

The ability to pause work was available to 97.3 percent of workers in management occupations, and 29.6 
percent of these workers were able to telework. (See table 1.) 

The ability to pause work was available to 42.4 percent of production workers and telework was not available 
to 99.8 percent of these workers. (See table 1.)

The ability to pause work was available to 69.5 percent of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance 
workers. None of these workers were able to telework. (See table 1.)

Environmental exposures and low postures 

Seven percent of civilian workers were exposed to loud noise, 7.5 percent were exposed to hazardous 
contaminants, 9.5 percent were exposed to heights, and 11.3 percent worked in proximity to moving mechanical 
parts. Low postures were required for 58.7 percent of civilian workers. (See table 2.)

Low postures indicate the percentage of workers required to complete critical tasks while crawling, crouching, 
kneeling, or stooping. The duration of low posture work is also provided where possible. When performing 
critical tasks in low postures is required, the use of certain low postures is measured. If the work does not 
dictate the use of a certain low posture, the worker’s choice of low posture is published. 

Thirty-six percent of carpenters were exposed to loud noise, and all carpenters were required to perform work 
in low postures. (See table 2.)

Loud noise exposure was present for 39.1 percent of highway maintenance workers. Low postures were required for 
98.6 percent of these workers. (See table 2.)

Thirty-five percent of bus and truck mechanics were exposed to loud noise, and 96.5 percent of these workers 
were required to perform work in low postures. (See table 2.) 

Stooping was required for 18.8 percent of civilian workers when completing critical tasks. Ten percent of 
workers were required to crouch, 7.3 percent were required to kneel, and 3.7 percent of workers were required 
to crawl. 

For civilian workers, the choice to perform critical tasks in the stooping posture was available to 39.0 percent 
of workers. The choice to crouch was available to 38.2 percent of civilian workers, kneeling was available to 
33.3 percent, and crawling was available to 5.1 percent.

Cognitive and mental requirements 
	*Interaction with the general public was required for 78.1 percent of workers. (See table 3.)
	*Work was checked by a supervisor more than once per day for 34.5 percent of workers.
	*More than basic people skills were required for 61.1 percent of workers.
	*A supervisor was present for 64.8 percent of workers.
Education, training, and experience
	*Thirty percent of workers had no minimum education requirement, and a high school diploma was required 
	 for 39.8 percent.
	*On-the-job training was required for 78.7 percent of workers.  
	*Prior work experience was required for 47.0 percent of workers. 
	*Credentials were required for 46.1 percent of workers. Licenses, a type of credential, were required 
	 for 19.4 percent of workers.  
Environmental conditions 
	*Thirty-three percent of workers were exposed to the outdoors. (See table 4.)
	*Constant outdoor exposure, more than 2/3 of the workday, was required for 4.3 percent of workers. 
	*Exposure to wetness was present for 34.1 percent of workers.
	*Personal protective equipment to mitigate noise was used by 10.7 percent of workers. 
Physical demands
	*On average, civilian workers spent 56.8 percent of the workday standing and 43.2 percent of the workday 
	 sitting.
	*Reaching overhead was required for 45.1 percent of workers. 
	*Keyboarding was required for 66.1 percent of workers, and frequent keyboarding, between 1/3 and up to 
	 2/3 of the workday, was required for 25.4 percent of workers.
	*A sedentary strength level was required for 28.5 percent of civilian workers. An additional 33.3 percent 
	 had a light strength level, and 28.2 percent had a medium strength level requirement. 

  __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 |                                                                                                          |
 |          Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on the 2021 Occupational Requirements Survey   	    |
 | Response rates for 2021 were comparable with prior releases and no changes in estimation procedures were |
 | necessary. Additional information is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/home.htm.			    |
 |__________________________________________________________________________________________________________|
 
 
 
 
 Table 1. Percentage of workers with selected flexibilities, 2021  
 
Occupation and occupational group
Ability to pause work
Choice of sitting or standing
Workload is self-paced
Telework
Yes
No
Standard error
Yes
No
Standard error
Yes
Standard error
Yes
No
Standard error
 
All workers
55.6
44.4
0.5
43.2
56.8
[1]
16.5
[1]
9.6
90.4
[1]
Management occupations
97.3
2.7
[1]
88.9
11.1
1.4
60.0
1.4
29.6
70.4
2.1
General and operations managers
97.6
2.4
0.8
90.2
9.8
1.6
61.8
3.1
27.9
72.1
3.5
Business and financial operations occupations
97.3
2.7
[1]
95.9
4.1
[1]
49.8
2.4
40.8
59.2
3.3
Computer and mathematical occupations
95.3
4.7
1.0
90.8
9.2
1.1
38.3
2.7
47.6
52.4
4.2
Computer user support specialists
83.1
16.9
3.8
71.5
28.5
5.8
2.9
1.2
28.0
72.0
6.2
Architecture and engineering occupations
93.8
6.2
2.6
85.5
14.5
3.7
51.1
5.0
29.3
70.7
2.8
Life, physical, and social science occupations
81.9
18.1
6.0
75.5
24.5
4.3
53.1
5.7
16.7
83.3
3.1
Community and social service occupations
82.0
18.0
2.9
82.7
17.3
2.2
21.8
2.4
12.5
87.5
3.5
Legal occupations
94.6
5.4
2.6
90.7
9.3
1.8
45.3
4.5
50.1
49.9
6.6
Educational instruction and library occupations
40.6
59.4
1.3
71.6
28.4
1.6
30.5
1.2
4.0
96.0
[1]
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
74.2
25.8
4.1
72.2
27.8
3.0
27.8
3.4
27.3
72.7
2.3
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
42.1
57.9
1.5
33.3
66.7
1.4
3.9
0.8
1.7
98.3
0.6
Healthcare support occupations
37.6
62.4
2.8
20.2
79.8
3.6
-
-
0.8
99.2
[1]
Protective service occupations
13.7
86.3
1.5
9.9
90.1
1.5
4.8
1.2
-
-
-
Food preparation and serving related occupations
21.1
78.9
0.9
1.3
98.7
[1]
0.5
[1]
-
-
-
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
69.5
30.5
2.8
10.1
89.9
1.9
16.1
2.2
-
100.0
[2]
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers
62.6
37.4
9.4
5.6
94.4
2.2
8.9
1.8
-
100.0
[2]
Personal care and service occupations
38.2
61.8
3.6
23.9
76.1
3.7
4.0
0.8
-
99.6
[1]
Sales and related occupations
42.3
57.7
2.8
32.2
67.8
1.8
7.8
1.1
10.2
89.8
1.1
Office and administrative support occupations
72.4
27.6
0.9
81.3
18.7
0.9
10.4
0.6
9.3
90.7
1.2
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
71.8
28.2
13.0
35.4
64.6
8.5
-
-
-
-
-
Construction and extraction occupations
59.0
41.0
2.4
11.2
88.8
1.2
14.2
1.0
-
99.7
[1]
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
69.7
30.3
2.4
20.5
79.5
2.9
11.8
2.4
-
99.2
[1]
Production occupations
42.4
57.6
1.7
16.1
83.9
0.8
6.2
0.8
-
99.8
[1]
Team assemblers
30.0
70.0
4.7
5.1
94.9
2.3
0.5
[1]
-
100.0
[2]
Transportation and material moving occupations
30.9
69.1
2.8
5.9
94.1
0.8
3.6
0.6
-
-
-
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5.
[2] The standard error is not available for this estimate.
Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable or there are no workers with the requirement. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey
 
 
 Table 2. Percentage of workers with environmental exposures and low postures, 2021  
 
Occupation and occupational group
Loud noise
Exposed to hazardous contaminants
Exposed to heights
In proximity to moving mechanical parts
Low postures required
Yes
Standard error
Yes
No
Standard error
Yes
No
Standard error
Yes
No
Standard error
Yes
No
Standard error
 
All workers
7.0
[1]
7.5
92.5
[1]
9.5
[1]
[1]
11.3
88.7
[1]
58.7
41.3
0.5
Management occupations
1.9
[1]
2.4
97.6
[1]
3.5
0.8
0.8
3.4
96.6
0.6
19.3
80.7
1.0
Business and financial operations occupations
0.5
[1]
0.6
99.4
[1]
1.6
0.5
0.5
0.7
99.3
[1]
12.0
88.0
1.4
Computer and mathematical occupations
-
-
-
100.0
[1]
0.8
[1]
[1]
-
99.9
[1]
22.8
77.2
1.6
Architecture and engineering occupations
2.9
1.0
8.0
92.0
1.9
11.1
2.0
2.0
13.1
86.9
3.5
27.6
72.4
4.1
Life, physical, and social science occupations
1.3
0.5
27.6
72.4
5.2
8.7
1.5
1.5
7.7
92.3
2.5
48.3
51.7
3.3
Community and social service occupations
-
-
-
99.0
0.5
-
[1]
[1]
-
100.0
[1]
30.4
69.6
2.9
Legal occupations
-
-
-
100.0
[2]
-
[2]
[2]
-
100.0
[2]
11.4
88.6
2.9
Educational instruction and library occupations
1.8
0.6
1.8
98.2
0.5
0.7
[1]
[1]
1.0
99.0
[1]
53.8
46.2
2.0
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
8.3
2.4
-
98.9
0.8
5.3
1.5
1.5
-
98.1
1.0
37.1
62.9
4.3
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
0.7
[1]
7.4
92.6
0.8
-
[1]
[1]
1.4
98.6
[1]
75.0
25.0
1.8
Healthcare support occupations
-
-
2.9
97.1
0.6
-
[2]
[2]
1.0
99.0
[1]
82.9
17.1
2.0
Protective service occupations
14.6
1.4
25.8
74.2
2.0
28.5
2.0
2.0
9.7
90.3
1.9
82.3
17.7
2.2
Food preparation and serving related occupations
9.4
1.5
1.4
98.6
[1]
1.5
[1]
[1]
7.7
92.3
0.9
80.6
19.4
1.8
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
8.1
1.5
20.5
79.5
1.8
21.2
1.3
1.3
27.8
72.2
1.5
97.3
2.7
0.5
Personal care and service occupations
11.4
1.5
10.4
89.6
1.8
2.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
99.2
[1]
73.7
26.3
3.8
Sales and related occupations
0.5
[1]
1.1
98.9
[1]
5.1
[1]
[1]
1.1
98.9
[1]
62.2
37.8
1.5
Office and administrative support occupations
0.9
[1]
-
99.6
[1]
0.7
[1]
[1]
0.7
99.3
[1]
23.4
76.6
0.9
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
35.3
9.8
-
92.0
4.9
28.7
7.8
7.8
30.6
69.4
7.5
89.1
-
7.8
Construction and extraction occupations
21.3
2.2
30.9
69.1
1.7
65.8
2.0
2.0
49.3
50.7
2.1
93.3
6.7
2.2
Carpenters
36.0
7.2
28.1
71.9
6.7
86.5
4.8
4.8
84.4
15.6
6.0
100.0
-
[1]
Highway maintenance workers
39.1
7.2
45.9
54.1
7.0
46.2
6.0
6.0
76.3
23.7
4.5
98.6
-
1.1
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
16.3
1.4
34.2
65.8
1.3
52.1
2.8
2.8
50.4
49.6
2.2
95.8
4.2
0.8
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
35.0
8.9
61.5
38.5
8.7
50.6
10.8
10.8
62.5
37.5
6.0
96.5
-
2.8
Production occupations
22.5
1.3
18.7
81.3
2.0
10.7
1.2
1.2
48.6
51.4
1.8
69.5
30.5
1.0
Transportation and material moving occupations
18.7
1.8
6.5
93.5
0.9
10.7
1.6
1.6
13.8
86.2
1.1
84.8
15.2
1.2
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5.
[2] The standard error is not available for this estimate.
Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable or there are no workers with the requirement. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey
 
 
 Table 3. Percentage of workers required to interact with the general public, 2021  
 
Occupation and occupational group
Required
Not required
Standard error
 
All workers
78.1
21.9
0.5
Management occupations
88.6
11.4
1.0
General and operations managers
89.2
10.8
2.2
Business and financial operations occupations
79.2
20.8
2.6
Human resources specialists
87.0
13.0
5.1
Computer and mathematical occupations
51.3
48.7
3.8
Web developers
53.6
46.4
10.0
Architecture and engineering occupations
62.9
37.1
2.9
Civil engineers
77.9
22.1
7.7
Life, physical, and social science occupations
69.8
30.2
5.2
Chemists
56.9
43.1
8.1
Legal occupations
98.4
1.6
0.6
Educational instruction and library occupations
97.5
2.5
[2]
Instructional coordinators
85.7
14.3
5.9
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
82.9
17.1
1.8
Graphic designers
66.1
33.9
7.6
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
96.9
3.1
0.5
Nurse practitioners
100.0
-
[3]
Healthcare support occupations
96.4
3.6
0.6
Personal care aides
95.3
4.7
1.4
Protective service occupations
98.0
2.0
0.7
Correctional officers and jailers
93.4
6.6
2.0
Food preparation and serving related occupations
86.2
13.8
0.6
Chefs and head cooks
84.7
15.3
3.4
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
55.5
44.5
3.3
Maids and housekeeping cleaners
79.4
20.6
3.4
Personal care and service occupations
98.4
1.6
0.7
Childcare workers
100.0
-
[3]
Sales and related occupations
99.8
[1]
[2]
Cashiers
100.0
-
[3]
Office and administrative support occupations
89.4
10.6
1.0
Office clerks, general
86.6
13.4
2.0
Construction and extraction occupations
43.7
56.3
1.4
Construction laborers
22.4
77.6
5.1
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
65.1
34.9
1.7
Automotive service technicians and mechanics
76.6
23.4
4.9
Production occupations
15.3
84.7
1.4
Machinists
11.6
88.4
2.8
Transportation and material moving occupations
61.1
38.9
1.4
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers
82.8
17.2
5.6
[1] Estimate is less than 0.5 percent. 
[2] Standard error is less than 0.5.
[3] The standard error is not available for this estimate.
Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable or there are no workers with the requirement. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey
 
 
 Table 4. Percentage of workers exposed to the outdoors, 2021  
 
Occupation and occupational group
Exposed
Not exposed
Standard error
 
All workers
33.0
67.0
0.5
Management occupations
24.0
76.0
1.2
General and operations managers
28.5
71.5
2.3
Business and financial operations occupations
8.9
91.1
1.1
Human resources specialists
2.0
98.0
0.8
Computer and mathematical occupations
1.4
98.6
0.5
Computer network support specialists
2.7
97.3
0.9
Architecture and engineering occupations
32.7
67.3
2.7
Civil engineers
83.1
16.9
6.1
Life, physical, and social science occupations
38.7
61.3
4.9
Physicists
-
100.0
[1]
Community and social service occupations
24.3
75.7
2.6
Community health workers
39.0
61.0
10.4
Educational instruction and library occupations
42.6
57.4
2.0
Instructional coordinators
4.6
95.4
2.0
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
30.5
69.5
2.9
News analysts, reporters, and journalists
94.1
5.9
1.7
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
7.8
92.2
0.7
Nurse practitioners
-
100.0
[1]
Healthcare support occupations
31.1
68.9
1.3
Personal care aides
49.8
50.2
5.3
Protective service occupations
89.1
10.9
1.1
Correctional officers and jailers
85.7
14.3
3.3
Food preparation and serving related occupations
33.5
66.5
1.2
Chefs and head cooks
10.0
90.0
3.3
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
73.7
26.3
3.4
Maids and housekeeping cleaners
40.1
59.9
5.3
Personal care and service occupations
52.5
47.5
5.1
Childcare workers
84.9
15.1
5.0
Sales and related occupations
26.6
73.4
1.7
Cashiers
24.4
75.6
1.6
Office and administrative support occupations
5.2
94.8
0.5
Office clerks, general
5.5
94.5
2.2
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
85.0
15.0
6.2
Construction and extraction occupations
94.0
6.0
0.7
Electricians
94.4
5.6
1.8
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
82.4
17.6
1.8
Automotive service technicians and mechanics
79.4
20.6
5.3
Production occupations
11.8
88.2
1.0
Machinists
7.1
92.9
2.5
Transportation and material moving occupations
58.3
41.7
1.5
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers
93.6
6.4
3.0
[1] The standard error is not available for this estimate.
Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable or there are no workers with the requirement. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey
 
 
 Table 5. Percentage of workers with specific vocational preparation requirements, 2021  
 
Occupation and occupational group
SVP level 1
SVP level 2
SVP level 3
Short demonstration only
Beyond short demonstration, up to and including 1 month
Over 1 month, up to and including 3 months
Estimate
Standard error
Estimate
Standard error
Estimate
Standard error
 
All workers
2.8
[1]
31.0
0.5
4.6
[1]
Healthcare support occupations
7.0
1.4
45.6
3.8
8.4
0.7
Personal care aides
16.4
6.5
62.1
8.6
6.3
3.1
Protective service occupations
2.8
0.5
29.6
1.9
8.3
0.9
Correctional officers and jailers
3.5
1.4
8.0
2.5
27.9
4.1
Security guards
1.1
[1]
59.1
4.7
5.6
1.3
Food preparation and serving related occupations
3.7
0.6
70.8
1.1
1.8
[1]
Cooks, fast food
-
-
86.0
4.8
-
-
Fast food and counter workers
5.3
0.9
86.8
2.2
-
-
Dishwashers
19.8
5.3
79.7
5.3
-
-
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
-
-
94.1
1.3
-
-
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
4.7
1.1
68.6
1.3
4.5
1.4
Janitors and cleaners
9.6
2.1
69.8
2.3
1.9
0.6
Maids and housekeeping cleaners
-
-
91.7
2.7
-
-
Personal care and service occupations
5.7
1.0
51.8
4.5
5.4
1.4
Animal caretakers
-
-
84.3
3.5
-
-
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
-
-
86.4
6.1
-
-
Amusement and recreation attendants
5.2
2.4
92.5
2.8
-
-
Recreation workers
-
-
75.7
14.0
-
-
Sales and related occupations
2.0
0.6
59.9
2.0
4.3
[1]
Cashiers
-
-
96.6
0.7
0.6
[1]
Counter and rental clerks
-
-
75.9
9.2
-
-
Retail salespersons
5.4
1.9
76.1
1.6
3.2
0.5
Office and administrative support occupations
2.0
0.5
27.9
1.0
7.3
0.7
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks
-
-
67.2
10.1
14.1
6.9
Receptionists and information clerks
2.6
0.9
57.3
3.4
5.3
1.6
Office clerks, general
2.7
0.9
28.4
3.2
6.5
1.2
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
-
-
42.5
8.7
-
-
Construction and extraction occupations
3.5
0.8
22.3
1.7
7.6
1.4
Construction laborers
14.8
4.6
44.6
8.0
8.6
2.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
1.5
0.7
10.3
1.6
4.6
0.8
Tire repairers and changers
-
-
75.8
10.1
-
-
Production occupations
2.2
0.6
34.2
1.5
11.3
1.6
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers
-
-
91.1
5.1
-
-
Helpers--production workers
-
-
87.1
5.4
-
-
Transportation and material moving occupations
7.7
0.9
55.4
2.1
7.1
0.7
Driver/sales workers
-
-
80.9
5.1
-
-
Bus drivers, school
8.6
1.9
78.8
4.3
6.8
3.0
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment
12.5
5.8
78.8
6.8
-
-
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
15.8
1.8
67.5
2.4
4.9
1.0
Packers and packagers, hand
14.2
5.1
77.1
3.7
-
-
Stockers and order fillers
3.7
1.6
81.7
4.3
4.2
1.0
[1] Standard error is less than 0.5.
Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable or there are no workers with the requirement. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

					       Technical Note
									
The Occupational Requirements Survey (ORS) provides job-related information about the physical demands; 
environmental conditions; education, training, and experience; as well as cognitive and mental requirements
in the U.S. economy. 

Additional job requirement estimates are available at www.bls.gov/ors/data.htm. For information on estimation
concepts and methods see the ORS website at www.bls.gov/ors and the Handbook of Methods at 
www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ors/home.htm.

Sample size: The ORS is a nationally representative establishment-based survey. Estimates are produced from 
a probability sample of 28,900 establishments. There were 14,500 private industry and 3,000 state and local 
government responding establishments that provided approximately 84,800 occupational observations. The 2021 
estimates represent 135,979,200 civilian workers.  

These estimates are from three of five samples and are considered preliminary. Data from all five samples 
collected between September 2018 and July 2023 will be aggregated to produce the final estimates with an 
expected reference year of 2023. 

Standard errors: Standard errors provide users a measure of the precision of an estimate to ensure that it 
is within an acceptable range for their intended purpose. 

Collected and imputed data are included in the standard error calculation. For further information and how 
to use the standard errors see www.bls.gov/ors/se.htm. 

Major terms: 

Critical job function - This is the main purpose and the primary pay factor for the job. It consists of 
critical tasks that are integral to the job.

Critical tasks - Activities workers must perform to carry out their critical job function(s).

Choice of low posture – Ability to select low posture to perform critical tasks. Workers may be required 
to perform some critical tasks in a specific low posture and other critical tasks may allow for choice in 
low postures.

Choice of sitting or standing – The ability to alternate between positions. Three conditions must exist: 
(1) workers typically have the flexibility to choose between sitting and standing throughout the workday; 
(2) there are no assigned periods during the workday to sit or stand; and (3) no external factors determine 
whether workers must sit or stand. 

Hazardous contaminants – Exposure to substances that have a negative impact on the respiratory system, eyes, 
skin, or other living tissue. Biohazards such as blood or other bodily fluids are not considered hazardous 
contaminants. 

Telework – Ability to perform the critical job function off work premises, typically from home. Workers must 
have a formal arrangement with the employer and telework must be available to all workers in the job. 
Temporary or ad hoc telework arrangements, such as those made in response to the Coronavirus pandemic, are 
not included.