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Office of Survey Methods Research
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Published Year: 2001
Survey/Program(s): Office of Prices and Living Conditions
Catalog: Economic Working Paper
WP Number: WP-337
Publication Status / Disposition: Available from the Office of Prices and Living Conditions (March 2001).
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Quality Adjusted Price Indexes for Four Year Colleges
Abstract
Since the earlier 1980's the "sticker price" of a college education in the United States has, according to estimates from the Consumer Price Index (CPI), risen significantly faster than the overall rate of inflation. For the CPI, the government collects data on the "sticker price" of college (tuition and fees) without adjusting for scholarships given or other discounts. Further, no adjustments are made for changes in the quality or characteristics of the services provided, such as attributes of the faculty, the course offerings, or the facilities. Thus, the estimated price indices reflect changes in quality and characteristics of college as well as changes in prices. In this paper, we develop and explore the construction of a quality-adjusted price index for US colleges, based on the estimation of a hedonic model of the price of college. Our analysis indicates that estimating price indexes using hedonic methods is both feasible and useful. Four particular recommendations emerge from this research. First, the price of college should be measured as the 'net' (tuition and fees net of financial aid) rather than the 'sticker' price for computing a consumer price index. Price indexes computed based upon tuition plus fees net of financial aid indicate significantly lower price rises than the price indexes computed based only upon tuition plus fees. Second, our results indicate that the 'brand' effect of individual colleges is important, so that price indexes should be computed controlling for the college-fixed effect. Third, it is important to include the attributes of colleges in constructing the price index in order to control for changes in the quality of college. And fourth, colleges that have graduate schools demonstrate different pricing than colleges that do not. While the conceptual framework for implementing a quality-adjusted price index for higher education is straightforward, practical implementation with currently available data presents empirical challenges - identifying data sources for characteristic variables with consistent definitions, and with consistently available data. Undoubtedly the Bureau of Labor Statistics could assemble a more complete data set for computing price indexes in the future.