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News Release Information

17-656-PHI
Thursday, May 18, 2017

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Minimum Wage Workers in Virginia — 2016

Of the 1,957,000 workers paid hourly rates in Virginia in 2016, 26,000 earned exactly the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour, while 57,000 earned less, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Regional Commissioner Sheila Watkins noted that the 83,000 workers earning the federal minimum wage or less made up 4.3 percent of all hourly paid workers in the state. (See chart 1.) Nationwide, those earning the federal minimum or less accounted for 2.7 percent of the hourly paid workforce. (See table 1. The Virginia minimum wage is equal to the prevailing federal minimum wage.)

In 2007, 46,000 hourly paid workers earned the prevailing federal minimum wage or less in Virginia, the lowest level in the past decade. The 46,000 workers in this category accounted for 2.4 percent of all hourly paid workers in the state. In 2007, the federal minimum wage began increasing after holding steady for nearly a decade. Two additional increases in the federal minimum wage followed, resulting in more Virginia workers falling into this category, peaking at 136,000 in 2010. That number has declined in 4 of the past 6 years.

From 2015 to 2016, the proportion of hourly paid workers in Virginia who earned at or below the federal minimum wage decreased from 6.2 to 4.3 percent. The percentage of workers earning less than the federal minimum decreased 0.7 percentage point in 2016 to 2.9 percent, and the share earning exactly the minimum wage declined 1.2 percentage points to 1.4 percent.

Among workers earning the federal minimum wage or less in Virginia in 2016, 44,000 were women. These women represented 4.4 percent of all women paid hourly rates in the state. There were 40,000 men earning the minimum wage or less in Virginia, accounting for 4.2 percent of all men paid hourly rates in the state (See table 2.)

In 2016, the states with the highest percentages of hourly paid workers earning at or below the federal minimum wage were Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina (all were at or about 5 percent). The states with the lowest percentages of hourly paid workers earning at or below the federal minimum wage were in the West: Alaska, California, and Oregon (all were 1 percent or less). It should be noted that many states have minimum wage laws establishing standards that exceed the federal minimum wage. As of January 1, 2017, 29 states and the District of Columbia had minimum wage rates that exceeded the federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. (See table 1 and chart 2.)


Technical Note

The estimates in this release were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey also provides data on earnings, which are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, are excluded from these earnings estimates.

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, respondents may round their hourly earnings to whole dollars when answering survey questions.

Minimum wage worker data, particularly levels, for each year are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years because of the introduction of revised population controls used in the CPS. For technical documentation and related information, including reliability of the CPS estimates, see www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Some workers reported as earning at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not, in fact, be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the FLSA or state statutes in cases where such standards apply.

Estimates of the number of minimum wage workers in this release pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the federal minimum wage. Consequently, the estimates presented in this release likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage.

The prevailing federal minimum wage was $2.90 in 1979, $3.10 in 1980, and $3.35 in 1981-89. The minimum wage rose to $3.80 in April 1990, $4.25 in April 1991, $4.75 in October 1996, and $5.15 in September 1997. On July 24, 2007, the federal minimum wage increased to $5.85 per hour; on July 24, 2008, to $6.55 per hour; and on July 24, 2009, to $7.25 per hour.

The principal definitions for the main concepts presented in this report are below.

Wage and salary workers. Workers age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the private and public sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Workers paid at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded.

Hourly earnings. Hourly earnings data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and refer to a person’s sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.

Median hourly earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The median is less sensitive to extreme wages than the mean; this makes it a better measure for highly skewed distributions.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by state, 2016 annual averages
StateNumber of workers (in thousands)Percent distributionPercentage of workers paid hourly rates
Total paid hourly ratesAt or below minimum wageTotal paid hourly ratesAt or below minimum wageAt or below minimum wage
TotalAt minimum wageBelow minimum wageTotalAt minimum wageBelow minimum wageTotalAt minimum wageBelow minimum wage

Total, 16 years and older

79,8832,1537011,451100.0100.0100.0100.02.70.91.8

Alabama

1,2224320231.52.02.91.63.51.71.9

Alaska

1991110.20.10.10.10.70.30.4

Arizona

1,653396342.11.80.92.32.40.42.0

Arkansas

724196130.90.90.80.92.60.81.8

California

9,66999247512.14.63.45.11.00.20.8

Colorado

1,318304261.71.40.51.82.30.32.0

Connecticut

915183151.10.80.41.01.90.31.7

Delaware

2325140.30.20.20.32.30.51.8

District of Columbia

1113020.10.10.00.22.40.12.2

Florida

4,502132201135.66.22.87.82.90.42.5

Georgia

2,3189039512.94.25.53.53.91.72.2

Hawaii

3635140.50.20.10.31.30.31.1

Idaho

4582110110.61.01.40.84.62.12.5

Illinois

3,1077619573.93.52.73.92.40.61.8

Indiana

1,8996932372.43.24.62.63.71.72.0

Iowa

9812410131.21.11.50.92.41.01.4

Kansas

8153614221.01.72.01.54.41.72.7

Kentucky

1,0685123281.32.43.32.04.82.22.7

Louisiana

1,0955827311.42.73.82.15.32.42.8

Maine

36310280.50.40.30.52.70.52.2

Maryland

1,449306251.81.40.81.72.10.41.7

Massachusetts

1,650295242.11.40.71.71.80.31.5

Michigan

2,800568493.52.61.13.42.00.31.7

Minnesota

1,547186121.90.90.90.81.20.40.8

Mississippi

7103415200.91.62.11.44.82.12.8

Missouri

1,708466402.12.10.92.82.70.42.3

Montana

2944130.40.20.10.21.20.31.0

Nebraska

53710190.70.50.20.61.90.21.7

Nevada

80710651.00.50.80.31.30.70.6

New Hampshire

398153120.50.70.50.83.80.83.0

New Jersey

1,855489382.32.21.32.62.60.52.1

New Mexico

512142120.60.70.20.92.70.32.4

New York

4,1808215665.23.82.24.62.00.41.6

North Carolina

2,5229138523.24.25.53.63.61.52.1

North Dakota

2414130.30.20.10.21.60.31.3

Ohio

3,3277515604.23.52.24.12.30.51.8

Oklahoma

8942713141.11.31.81.03.11.41.6

Oregon

1,059100101.30.50.00.71.00.01.0

Pennsylvania

3,51614473714.46.710.44.94.12.12.0

Rhode Island

3128170.40.40.20.52.70.42.3

South Carolina

1,1515719381.42.72.72.75.01.63.3

South Dakota

2564130.30.20.10.21.60.41.2

Tennessee

1,7246731362.23.14.42.53.91.82.1

Texas

6,1882421001417.711.214.39.73.91.62.3

Utah

8402310131.11.11.40.92.71.11.6

Vermont

1845140.20.20.10.32.50.52.0

Virginia

1,9578326572.43.93.83.94.31.42.9

Washington

1,853258182.31.21.11.21.40.41.0

West Virginia

43310270.50.40.30.52.20.61.7

Wisconsin

1,8024618282.32.12.51.92.61.01.6

Wyoming

1634130.20.20.20.22.50.71.8

Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons, whether or not their businesses are incorporated. These data are based on a sample and therefore are subject to sampling error; the degree of error may be quite large for less populous states. Unrounded data were used in all calculations.

Table 2. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage and median earnings of hourly paid workers in Virginia, by gender, annual averages, 2006–2016
YearNumber of workers (in thousands)Percent of workers paid hourly ratesMedian earnings (in dollars)
Total paid hourly ratesAt or below minimum wageAt or below minimum wage
TotalAt minimum wageBelow minimum wageTotalAt minimum wageBelow minimum wage

Men

 

2006

903194152.10.41.7$13.12

2007

854(1)(1)13(1)(1)1.513.14

2008

867263233.00.32.713.20

2009

826378294.51.03.513.71

2010

8314815335.81.84.013.58

2011

8395428266.43.33.113.36

2012

8935622346.32.53.813.80

2013

8864623235.22.62.614.73

2014

933309213.21.02.314.85

2015

9214821275.22.32.914.76

2016

9634010304.21.03.114.63

Women

 

2006

937326263.40.62.8$10.31

2007

907335283.60.63.110.88

2008

943453424.80.34.511.17

2009

8756425397.32.94.511.07

2010

88088385010.04.35.711.18

2011

8586629377.73.44.311.48

2012

9106826427.52.94.611.96

2013

9206635317.23.83.412.22

2014

9466127346.42.93.612.05

2015

9977229437.22.94.312.05

2016

9954417274.41.72.712.73

Footnotes:
(1) Data not available.

Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Data for 2007-2009 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.

 

Last Modified Date: Thursday, May 18, 2017