Workers in the Visalia-Porterville Metropolitan Statistical Area had an average (mean) hourly wage of $18.12 in May 2014, about 20 percent below the nationwide average of $22.71, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Regional Commissioner Richard J. Holden noted that, after testing for statistical significance, wages in the local area were higher than their respective national averages in 1 of the 22 major occupational groups: building and grounds cleaning and maintenance. Fourteen groups had significantly lower wages than their respective national averages, including management; legal; and computer and mathematical.

When compared to the nationwide distribution, local employment was more highly concentrated in 3 of the 22 occupational groups, including education, training, and library; and community and social service. Conversely, 14 groups had employment shares significantly below their national representation, including office and administrative support; business and financial operations; and computer and mathematical. (See table A and box note at end of release.)

One occupational group—education, training, and library—was chosen to illustrate the diversity of data available for any of the 22 major occupational categories. Visalia-Porterville had 11,770 jobs in education, training, and library, accounting for 8.6 percent of local area employment, significantly higher than the 6.2-percent share nationally. The average hourly wage for this occupational group locally was $23.99, compared to the national wage of $25.10.

Some of the largest detailed occupations within the education, training, and library group included elementary school teachers, except special education (2,350), substitute teachers (2,050), and teacher assistants (1,830). Among the higher paying jobs were instructional coordinators and librarians, with mean hourly wages of $33.74 and $32.81, respectively. At the lower end of the wage scale were adult basic and secondary education and literacy teachers and instructors ($12.69) and preschool teachers, except special education ($13.95). (Detailed occupational data for education, training, and library are presented in table 1; for a complete listing of detailed occupations available go to www.bls.gov/oes/2014/may/oes_47300.htm .)

Location quotients allow us to explore the occupational make-up of a metropolitan area by comparing the composition of jobs in an area relative to the national average. (See table 1.) For example, a location quotient of 2.0 indicates that an occupation accounts for twice the share of employment in the area than it does nationally. In the Visalia-Porterville Metropolitan Statistical Area, above-average concentrations of employment were found in many of the occupations within the education, training, and library group. For instance, adult basic and secondary education and literacy teachers and instructors were employed at 9.9 times the national rate in Visalia, and substitute teachers, at 3.3 times the U.S. average. On the other hand, secondary school teachers, except special and career/technical education had a location quotient of 1.2 in Visalia, indicating that this particular occupation’s local and national employment shares were similar.

These statistics are from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey, a federal-state cooperative program between BLS and State Workforce Agencies, in this case, the California Employment Development Department.

Technical Note

The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is a semiannual mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments in the United States. Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands are also surveyed, but their data are not included in the national estimates. OES estimates are constructed from a sample of about 1.2 million establishments. Forms are mailed to approximately 200,000 sampled establishments in May and November each year. May 2014 estimates are based on responses from six semiannual panels collected over a 3-year period: May 2014, November 2013, May 2013, November 2012, May 2012, and November 2011. The overall national response rate for the six panels is 74.3 percent based on establishments and 70.5 percent based on weighted sampled employment. The unweighted employment of sampled establishments across all six semiannual panels represents approximately 57.1 percent of total national employment. (Response rates are slightly lower for these estimates due to the federal shutdown in October 2013.) The sample in the Visalia-Porterville Metropolitan Statistical Area included 1,428 establishments with a response rate of 77 percent. For more information about OES concepts and methodology, go to www.bls.gov/news.release/ocwage.tn.htm.

The OES survey provides estimates of employment and hourly and annual wages for wage and salary workers in 22 major occupational groups and 821 detailed occupations for the nation, states, metropolitan statistical areas, metropolitan divisions, and nonmetropolitan areas. In addition, employment and wage estimates for 94 minor groups and 458 broad occupations are available in the national data. OES data by state and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area are available from www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrcst.htm and www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrcma.htm, respectively.

The May 2014 OES estimates are based on the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system and the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Information about the 2010 SOC is available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/soc and information about the 2012 NAICS is available at www.bls.gov/bls/naics.htm.

Area definitions

The substate area data published in this release reflect the standards and definitions established by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.

The Visalia-Porterville, Calif. Metropolitan Statistical Area  includes Tulare County.

Additional information

OES data are available on our regional web page at www.bls.gov/regions/west. Answers to frequently asked questions about the OES data are available at www.bls.gov/oes/oes_ques.htm. Detailed technical information about the OES survey is available in our Survey Methods and Reliability Statement on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/oes/2014/may/methods_statement.pdf.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request . Voice phone: 202-691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 800-877-8339.

Table 1. Employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey, by occupation, Visalia-Porterville Metropolitan Statistical Area, May 2014

Occupation (1)	Employment		Mean wages
	Level (2)	Location quotient (3)	Hourly	Annual (4)
Education, Training, and Library Occupations	11,770	1.4	$23.99	$49,910
Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary	(5)	(5)	(5)	91,980
Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary	330	2.7	26.61	55,350
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	360	1.0	13.95	29,020
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	490	3.1	(5)	66,980
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	2,350	1.7	(5)	68,210
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	(5)	(5)	(5)	59,990
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	1,190	1.2	(5)	72,620
Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten and Elementary School	120	0.6	(5)	71,320
Special Education Teachers, Secondary School	(5)	(5)	(5)	68,480
Adult Basic and Secondary Education and Literacy Teachers and Instructors	660	9.9	12.69	26,400
Self-Enrichment Education Teachers	120	0.6	17.60	36,620
Teachers and Instructors, All Other, Except Substitute Teachers	300	1.1	(5)	39,690
Substitute Teachers	2,050	3.3	16.32	33,940
Librarians	30	0.2	32.81	68,240
Library Technicians	70	0.8	18.29	38,040
Instructional Coordinators	150	1.1	33.74	70,180
Teacher Assistants	1,830	1.5	(5)	25,260
Education, Training, and Library Workers, All Other	630	5.6	14.58	30,320
Footnotes: (1) For a complete listing of all detailed occupations in Visalia-Porterville, CA, see www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_47300.htm. (2) Estimates for detailed occupations do not sum to the totals because the totals include occupations not shown separately. Estimates do not include self-employed workers. (3) The location quotient is the ratio of the area concentration of occupational employment to the national average concentration. A location quotient greater than one indicates the occupation has a higher share of employment than average, and a location quotient less than one indicates the occupation is less prevalent in the area than average. (4) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a ‘year-round, full-time’ hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. (5) Estimate not released.