Media and Information : Spotlight on Statistics: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

January 2013

Media and Information

Media is a word that means many things, but generally refers to methods of storing and communicating information to large audiences. The media has been transformed significantly in recent decades as technological innovations have enabled more people in more places to obtain and share ever-increasing amounts of information easily and rapidly. At the same time, methods of communication that were common as recently as a decade or two ago have declined sharply. This edition of Spotlight on Statistics features a broad array of information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics on various aspects of the media, defined either as an industry sector or a set of occupations involving communication.

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Employment in the information industry, 1990–2011
Industry	Year
Information	2,688,000	2,677,000	2,641,000	2,668,000	2,738,000	2,843,000	2,940,000	3,084,000	3,218,000	3,419,000	3,630,000
Publishing industries, except Internet	870,600	863,400	854,200	873,100	891,000	910,700	927,200	955,500	982,300	1,004,800	1,035,000
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers	772,500	755,200	740,400	747,200	754,200	753,500	752,400	760,300	767,400	769,800	774,400
Newspaper publishers	455,700	440,800	433,500	432,800	430,500	429,700	423,400	423,600	425,400	424,500	422,600
Periodical publishers	148,400	147,200	143,400	148,500	153,300	151,200	152,700	156,100	160,600	166,000	170,500
Book publishers	85,600	83,500	82,000	82,400	84,000	85,700	87,600	89,200	88,600	87,200	88,300
Directory and mailing list publishers	50,300	49,800	48,600	49,700	51,600	52,900	54,400	55,900	56,700	56,900	58,200
Other publishers	32,400	33,900	32,900	33,700	34,900	34,100	34,300	35,500	36,100	35,100	34,800
Software publishers	98,200	108,200	113,800	125,900	136,800	157,200	174,800	195,200	214,900	235,000	260,600
Motion picture and sound recording industries	254,600	258,900	254,300	259,600	278,400	311,100	334,700	353,000	369,500	384,400	382,600
Motion picture and video production	99,500	103,100	100,200	102,800	114,200	135,200	149,800	159,600	172,000	182,500	182,100
Motion picture and video exhibition	110,600	110,500	108,700	109,100	111,900	117,100	122,200	131,200	135,000	138,600	136,900
Broadcasting, except Internet	283,800	281,200	279,700	284,000	290,100	298,100	309,100	313,000	321,200	329,400	343,500
Radio and television broadcasting	232,200	228,700	226,100	228,100	230,800	234,300	239,300	241,600	245,700	247,600	252,800
Radio broadcasting	118,200	115,900	112,300	112,700	112,900	112,400	112,700	113,300	115,000	115,700	116,600
Television broadcasting	113,900	112,800	113,800	115,400	117,900	121,800	126,600	128,200	130,700	131,900	136,200
Cable and other subscription programming	51,700	52,500	53,600	55,900	59,300	63,800	69,800	71,500	75,500	81,800	90,700
Telecommunications	1,008,500	999,900	972,900	969,500	989,500	1,009,300	1,038,100	1,108,000	1,167,400	1,270,800	1,396,600
Wired telecommunications carriers	759,500	749,900	725,800	716,500	719,200	717,600	722,200	755,700	789,800	853,200	921,800
Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite)	35,800	41,800	47,800	56,300	71,700	90,300	110,100	132,100	144,200	159,900	185,600
Telecommunications resellers	179,500	178,100	172,600	170,500	171,800	171,200	171,600	181,300	188,700	200,200	213,600
Other telecommunications	213,200	208,300	199,300	196,700	198,600	201,400	205,800	220,200	233,400	257,600	289,300
Data processing, hosting and related services	211,400	212,800	219,600	223,400	226,900	242,600	252,000	268,400	282,800	307,100	315,700
Other information services	59,300	61,200	60,500	58,100	62,500	71,800	79,000	85,500	95,300	121,900	157,100
Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals	29,400	28,300	28,200	28,700	29,700	33,700	39,600	45,400	53,900	78,100	110,800
All other information services	29,900	32,900	32,300	29,400	32,800	38,200	39,400	40,100	41,400	43,800	46,200

Employment in the information industry, 1990–2011 (continued)
Industry	Year
Information	3,629,000	3,395,000	3,188,000	3,118,000	3,061,000	3,038,000	3,032,000	2,984,000	2,804,000	2,707,000	2,659,000
Publishing industries, except Internet	1,020,700	964,100	924,800	909,100	904,100	902,400	901,200	880,400	796,400	759,000	749,000
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers	751,800	710,900	685,900	673,300	666,200	658,400	646,000	616,800	538,700	498,200	479,200
Newspaper publishers	406,700	388,900	381,300	375,600	370,000	359,800	346,800	324,200	276,700	253,600	240,900
Periodical publishers	167,700	154,800	147,900	141,000	141,600	144,000	144,200	141,400	124,000	116,200	113,100
Book publishers	87,500	83,400	78,800	81,800	82,400	82,600	81,500	80,900	76,700	72,900	73,100
Directory and mailing list publishers	56,500	52,500	48,000	46,800	44,300	44,900	46,400	45,000	38,900	34,700	33,300
Other publishers	33,500	31,300	29,900	28,000	28,000	27,100	27,000	25,400	22,400	20,800	18,900
Software publishers	268,900	253,300	238,900	235,900	237,900	244,000	255,300	263,600	257,700	260,900	269,700
Motion picture and sound recording industries	376,800	387,900	376,200	385,000	377,500	375,700	380,600	371,300	357,600	370,200	361,300
Motion picture and video production	180,900	191,700	183,100	196,500	195,600	192,200	196,600	192,900	182,800	198,500	199,200
Motion picture and video exhibition	133,200	138,400	139,200	137,400	133,200	133,700	134,700	131,000	132,300	129,000	120,700
Broadcasting, except Internet	344,600	334,100	324,300	325,000	327,700	328,300	325,200	318,700	300,500	290,300	281,500
Radio and television broadcasting	249,100	241,200	238,300	239,500	238,800	238,300	236,700	233,100	215,200	209,900	207,900
Radio broadcasting	114,500	111,100	110,600	111,500	111,200	111,700	110,300	107,400	96,900	92,600	92,300
Television broadcasting	134,600	130,100	127,700	128,000	127,500	126,600	126,400	125,700	118,400	117,300	115,600
Cable and other subscription programming	95,600	92,900	85,900	85,500	88,900	90,000	88,500	85,600	85,300	80,400	73,600
Telecommunications	1,423,900	1,280,900	1,166,800	1,115,100	1,071,300	1,047,600	1,030,600	1,019,400	965,700	902,900	865,300
Wired telecommunications carriers	933,800	837,100	761,800	720,400	689,600	669,200	664,500	666,400	635,000	602,900	577,200
Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite)	201,400	197,300	189,900	189,700	191,300	200,200	203,400	200,500	186,900	170,200	163,900
Telecommunications resellers	214,100	179,500	154,900	147,300	135,100	125,600	117,200	108,600	100,700	91,500	88,200
Other telecommunications	288,800	246,600	215,100	205,100	190,500	178,100	162,700	152,600	143,800	129,800	124,200
Data processing, hosting and related services	316,800	303,900	280,000	267,100	262,500	263,200	267,800	260,300	248,500	243,000	243,000
Other information services	146,500	123,600	115,900	116,900	117,700	120,800	126,300	133,500	135,000	141,700	158,700
Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals	100,400	76,300	67,200	66,100	67,200	69,100	72,900	80,600	83,300	92,000	108,000
All other information services	46,100	47,300	48,700	50,800	50,600	51,700	53,400	52,900	51,700	49,700	50,700

Employment in Information

After growing for several years, employment in the information industry peaked in 2000 and 2001 and has declined every year since then. The two largest components of the information industry—publishing industries (except Internet) and telecommunications—have both followed the same pattern.

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Location quotient, information, private industry, by state, 2011 annual average
State	Location quotient
Washington	1.80
District of Columbia	1.62
Colorado	1.58
New York	1.46
California	1.40
Georgia	1.27
Massachusetts	1.23
Utah	1.18
Kansas	1.07
Alaska	1.05
Rhode Island	1.05
Missouri	1.04
Virginia	1.04
Minnesota	0.97
New Jersey	0.97
Oregon	0.96
Iowa	0.93
Nebraska	0.93
Connecticut	0.92
North Dakota	0.92
New Mexico	0.91
Texas	0.91
Florida	0.88
North Carolina	0.88
New Hampshire	0.87
Montana	0.86
Illinois	0.85
Maryland	0.85
Wisconsin	0.83
Oklahoma	0.82
Vermont	0.82
South Dakota	0.80
Tennessee	0.80
Idaho	0.77
Kentucky	0.76
Pennsylvania	0.76
West Virginia	0.75
Arizona	0.74
Wyoming	0.74
Hawaii	0.73
Ohio	0.72
South Carolina	0.72
Maine	0.69
Delaware	0.67
Michigan	0.65
Alabama	0.64
Arkansas	0.64
Louisiana	0.63
Indiana	0.59
Mississippi	0.57
Nevada	0.52

Where the Workers Are: Location Quotient by State

Washington (state), the District of Columbia, Colorado, New York, and California have the highest percentages of workers in information. The location quotient in these areas range from 1.8 to 1.4. By definition, the location quotient of the nation as a whole is 1.0. In any area with a location quotient greater than 1.0, the percentage of workers employed in the information industry is greater than that of the nation as a whole.

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Employment, establishments, and average employment per establishment, information, 2001-2011
industry	Year
Internet publishing
Employment							71,768	82,019	82,111	90,986	104,892
Number of establishments							5,836	6,909	7,618	8,207	9,089
Average employment per establishment							12.3	11.9	10.8	11.1	11.5
Television broadcasting
Employment	135,033	131,026	128,652	127,282	127,127	125,687	126,380	126,716	118,799	117,333	118,702
Number of establishments	2,349	2,344	2,334	2,339	2,400	2,461	2,489	2,590	2,572	2,564	2,552
Average employment per establishment	57.5	55.9	55.1	54.4	53.0	51.1	50.8	48.9	46.2	45.8	46.5
Motion picture and video production
Employment	172,722	187,443	176,455	192,856	189,880	190,634	194,012	202,318	184,921	197,627	200,020
Number of establishments	16,019	15,455	14,875	14,539	14,617	15,211	15,438	15,605	15,559	15,359	15,341
Average employment per establishment	10.8	12.1	11.9	13.3	13.0	12.5	12.6	13.0	11.9	12.9	13.0
Motion picture and video exhibition
Employment	131,761	138,789	136,649	136,376	133,802	133,039	134,542	130,655	132,073	128,821	123,572	/tr>
Number of establishments	5,153	5,009	4,922	4,841	4,811	4,877	4,848	4,778	4,713	4,643	4,589
Average employment per establishment	25.6	27.7	27.8	28.2	27.8	27.3	27.8	27.3	28.0	27.7	26.9
Radio broadcasting
Employment	113,090	111,543	109,661	110,971	111,092	111,497	110,162	106,342	96,642	92,727	93,205
Number of establishments	5,892	5,798	5,758	5,818	5,774	5,795	5,898	5,875	5,682	5,638	5,619
Average employment per establishment	19.2	19.2	19.0	19.1	19.2	19.2	18.7	18.1	17.0	16.4	16.6
Newspaper publishing
Employment	404,072	387,333	382,608	375,099	370,065	360,491	348,247	323,601	276,044	252,629	239,375
Number of establishments	9,300	9,287	9,259	9,329	9,288	9,342	9,262	9,138	8,795	8,502	8,280
Average employment per establishment	43.4	41.7	41.3	40.2	39.8	38.6	37.6	35.4	31.4	29.7	28.9
Sound recording industries
Employment	29,246	27,100	24,969	21,429	21,250	20,928	21,664	18,696	16,940	16,584	16,679
Number of establishments	4,395	4,256	4,075	3,916	3,897	3,907	3,871	3,751	3,648	3,558	3,540
Average employment per establishment	6.7	6.4	6.1	5.5	5.5	5.4	5.6	5.0	4.6	4.7	4.7
Book, periodical, and music stores
Employment	240,104	228,873	214,938	207,497	201,694	190,643	183,531	171,889	154,479	141,940	106,611
Number of establishments	21,728	20,791	19,906	18,705	17,933	17,236	16,286	15,474	14,623	13,643	9,817
Average employment per establishment	11.1	11.0	10.8	11.1	11.2	11.1	11.3	11.1	10.6	10.4	10.9

Employment and Establishments: Internet publishing

In recent years, the Internet publishing industry has seen increases in both the number of people employed and the number of establishments (places of employment, such as a stores, offices, or factories.) In television broadcasting, the number of establishments has increased over the past decade, while employment has declined. Motion picture and video production has experienced a decrease in the number of establishments, but an increase in employment. In other information industries—motion picture and video exhibition; radio broadcasting; newspaper publishing; sound recording; and book, periodical, and music stores—both the number of establishments and employment have decreased. During this period, the average number of employees per establishment has declined or changed little in all of these industries.

See charts for these information industries.

Internet publishing
Television broadcasting
Motion picture and video production
Motion picture and video exhibition
Radio broadcasting
Newspaper publishing
Sound recording industries
Book, periodical, and music stores

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Employment and Establishments: Television broadcasting

Television broadcasting

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Employment and Establishments: Motion picture and video production

Motion picture and video production

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Employment and Establishments: Motion picture and video exhibition

Motion picture and video exhibition

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Employment and Establishments: Radio broadcasting

Radio broadcasting

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Employment and Establishments: Newspaper publishing

Newspaper publishing

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Employment and Establishments: Sound recording industries

Sound recording industries

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Employment and Establishments: Book, periodical, and music stores

Book, periodical, and music stores

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Employment and annual wages, selected media-related occupations, May 2011
Occupation	Employment	Annual wages
Editors	98,990	$38,640	$52,380	$72,340
Producers and directors	82,880	45,400	70,660	116,020
Photographers	54,410	20,270	28,860	44,340
Audio and video equipment technicians	49,180	31,150	41,630	57,400
Reporters and correspondents	45,270	25,720	34,870	51,050
Technical writers	45,120	48,920	64,610	82,530
Writers and authors	40,930	39,580	55,870	79,050
Radio and television announcers	31,680	19,360	27,280	42,150
Broadcast technicians	30,360	23,170	36,570	54,620
Multimedia artists and animators	28,400	45,750	60,830	82,860
Film and video editors	20,730	36,030	52,940	81,210
Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture	16,270	27,590	40,170	59,430

Occupations in Information: Employment and Wages

In terms of employment (these numbers do not include the unincorporated self-employed), the largest media-related occupations are editors (with employment of 98,990), producers and directors (82,880), photographers (54,410), and audio and video equipment technicians (49,180). Producers and directors have the highest annual wages among these occupations, $70,660 at the median, followed by technical writers ($64,610) and multimedia artists and animators ($60,830).

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Occupations in Information: Employment and Wages

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Numeric and percent change in projected employment for selected media-related occupations, 2010–2020
Occupation	Projected employment in 2020	Change, 2010-2020
Photographers	156,900	12.5	17,500
Writers and authors	155,400	6.5	9,500
Producers and directors	136,000	11.0	13,500
Editors	128,000	0.6	800
Multimedia artists and animators	72,000	8.3	5,500
Audio and video equipment technicians	69,400	13.4	8,200
Technical writers	58,000	17.2	8,500
Radio and television announcers	53,600	6.9	3,500
Reporters and correspondents	48,000	-7.5	-3,900
Broadcast technicians	40,000	9.0	3,300
Film and video editors	33,200	5.2	1,600
Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture	27,300	2.1	600

Occupational Employment Growth and Decline, Projected 2010–2020

Photographers, producers and directors, writers and authors, and editors are expected to be the largest media-related occupations in 2020. Over the 2010–2020 period, the number of photographers is projected to increase by 17,500, the largest increase among media-related occupations. The number of producers and directors is projected to increase by 13,500 over the same period, while the number of writers and authors is expected to increase by 9,500, and the number of editors should remain little changed. It is expected that there will be 3,900 fewer reporters and correspondents in 2020 than there were in 2010.

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Union members, percent of employed, selected media industries, 2000–2011
Year	Industry
2000	14.7		17.1		23.8
2001	14.1		12.2		23.7
2002	14.6		14.3		23.1
2003	13.6	7.4	12.0	9.2	21.0
2004	14.2	6.7	15.7	9.3	22.4
2005	13.6	8.8	15.0	8.6	21.4
2006	12.0	7.0	10.3	5.9	20.7
2007	12.1	7.3	11.5	8.7	19.7
2008	12.7	7.2	11.4	9.5	19.3
2009	10.0	5.3	12.8	4.7	16.0
2010	9.6	5.0	9.3	5.1	15.8
2011	10.1	4.5	13.8	5.9	15.6
2012	9.7	3.7	11.4	6.7	15.6

Union Membership

While the percentage of workers in the information industry who are members of unions is higher than the percentage of union members in private industry as a whole, the number has trended down in recent years. In 2000, 14.7 percent of workers in information were members of unions (compared with 9.0 percent of all private sector workers). In 2012, 9.7 percent of information workers were union members (compared with 6.6 percent of private sector workers).

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Percent of 23- to 29-year-olds employed in 2008–2009 by selected methods used to find current job, use of Internet, race, ethnicity, and sex
Demographic characteristic and internet use	Method used to find job
Total	36	50	35
Did not use Internet	29	33	13
Used Internet	7	18	22
Men	38	48	29
Did not use Internet	32	33	11
Used Internet	6	15	18
Women	34	53	41
Did not use Internet	26	32	15
Used Internet	8	21	26
White	35	51	36
Did not use Internet	28	32	13
Used Internet	7	19	23
Black or African American	36	49	34
Did not use Internet	31	34	14
Used Internet	5	15	20
Hispanic or Latino	39	46	30
Did not use Internet	33	34	14
Used Internet	6	13	16

Seeking Employment via the Internet

The Internet has transformed the ways in which employers and potential employees find one another. Information about job openings used to make its way from employers to jobseekers by word of mouth, a help-wanted sign posted on a bulletin board or store window, or an ad in a newspaper. Those channels of job information are still used today, but the Internet is used increasingly by employers to announce job openings to a wider pool of candidates. Employers and jobseekers also use the Internet to find information about one another and about the broader labor market. Job candidates may use the Internet to apply for positions. For some employers today, the Internet may be the only way they advertise vacancies or accept applications, but the Internet is still a long way from being the universal means of matching employers with jobseekers.

The chart shows three common methods people born in the years 1980 to 1984 used to search for their current job and whether they used the Internet. In a sense, this generation and the Internet grew up together, even if members of the generation did not always have easy access to the Internet at home, at school, or on a job. A BLS survey that represents people in this generation found that the three most common methods they used to find their current job (as of 2008–2009) were contacting the employer directly, contacting friends or relatives, and sending out résumés or submitting applications. The survey also asked whether participants used the Internet for any of these job-search methods.

Among those who contacted the employer directly, most did so by some means other than the Internet. Among those who contacted friends or relatives, means other than the Internet also were more common. Only among those who sent out résumés or submitted applications was the Internet the most common means, but a large share used means other than the Internet. Among all three job-search methods, women were more likely than men to use the Internet. Non-Hispanic Whites generally were more likely to use the Internet for job search than were non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics and Latinos.

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Extended mass layoff events and separations, selected media-related industries, 1996–2011
Year	Motion picture and sound recording industries	Broadcasting, except Internet	Telecommunications	Data processing, hosting and related services
1996	48	30,585			33	6,612	6	5,118
1997	59	48,687	9	1,356	18	3,237	5	678
1998	75	31,320	9	1,818	28	4,512	11	1,677
1999	35	13,517	3	715	18	3,930	6	1,411
2000	11	3,180			27	4,375	21	4,263
2001	11	2,530	15	1,822	141	30,607	67	11,281
2002	27	12,525	12	2,364	179	32,073	31	3,553
2003	45	28,107	25	4,222	113	21,773	31	5,769
2004	38	10,691	6	1,014	80	17,189	20	3,965
2005	28	8,719	4	326	46	7,604	11	1,788
2006	34	6,511	12	2,902	36	5,119	9	1,959
2007	27	5,359	14	1,675	22	2,638	5	996
2008	27	12,246	16	2,020	65	10,836	9	1,375
2009	48	11,444	28	4,101	96	17,452	15	2,087
2010	82	31,006	14	1,687	63	12,770	5	1,978
2011	170	52,496	19	2,312	38	13,432	12	1,472

Extended Mass Layoffs in Information: Mass layoff events

In recent years, the number of extended mass layoff events and related separations of workers from their jobs (each of which involves 50 or more workers separated from their jobs for at least 31 days) has been notably higher in telecommunications (circa 2002) and motion picture and sound recording industries (circa 1997–1998 and 2011) than other information industries.

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Extended mass layoff events and separations, selected media-related industries, 1996–2011
Year	Motion picture and sound recording industries	Broadcasting, except Internet	Telecommunications	Data processing, hosting and related services
1996	48	30,585			33	6,612	6	5,118
1997	59	48,687	9	1,356	18	3,237	5	678
1998	75	31,320	9	1,818	28	4,512	11	1,677
1999	35	13,517	3	715	18	3,930	6	1,411
2000	11	3,180			27	4,375	21	4,263
2001	11	2,530	15	1,822	141	30,607	67	11,281
2002	27	12,525	12	2,364	179	32,073	31	3,553
2003	45	28,107	25	4,222	113	21,773	31	5,769
2004	38	10,691	6	1,014	80	17,189	20	3,965
2005	28	8,719	4	326	46	7,604	11	1,788
2006	34	6,511	12	2,902	36	5,119	9	1,959
2007	27	5,359	14	1,675	22	2,638	5	996
2008	27	12,246	16	2,020	65	10,836	9	1,375
2009	48	11,444	28	4,101	96	17,452	15	2,087
2010	82	31,006	14	1,687	63	12,770	5	1,978
2011	170	52,496	19	2,312	38	13,432	12	1,472

Extended Mass Layoffs in Information: Mass layoff separations

Mass layoff separations

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Media-related Producer Price Indexes, 2004–2012
Year	Cable and other subscription programming	Newspaper, book, and directory publishers	Radio and television broadcasting	Software publishers
2004	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
2005	102.9	103.3	99.1	100.0
2006	105.2	106.1	98.3	100.3
2007	102.2	109.5	98.5	99.8
2008	110.4	112.7	98.9	100.9
2009	113.6	115.2	90.0	99.1
2010	118.8	116.8	93.0	94.3
2011	123.8	118.2	92.5	94.2
2012(p)	128.5	120.1	96.7	92.7
Footnotes: (p) Preliminary
NOTE: 2004 = 100.0

Producer Prices

Since 2004, producer price indexes (which measure the average change over time in the selling prices received by domestic producers for their output) have increased by about 20 percent for cable and other subscription programming and newspaper, book, and directory publishers, while they have declined for radio and television broadcasting and software publishers.

View Chart Data

Media-related Consumer Price Indexes, 1998–2012
Year	All items	Personal computers and peripheral equipment	Computer software and accessories	Internet services and electronic information providers	Televisions	Audio equipment
1998	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
1999	102.2	68.4	92.6	90.0	92.7	95.9
2000	105.6	52.6	89.4	94.0	84.3	94.1
2001	108.7	37.7	82.8	95.7	75.7	90.6
2002	110.4	28.4	77.5	96.5	67.7	86.2
2003	112.9	22.5	70.6	97.4	59.0	81.6
2004	115.9	19.6	65.3	95.0	50.7	77.5
2005	119.8	16.4	61.7	93.4	44.9	71.1
2006	123.7	13.8	58.0	90.0	37.7	67.3
2007	127.2	12.4	55.0	71.5	28.6	63.5
2008	132.1	10.8	53.0	72.1	23.6	60.5
2009	131.6	9.4	52.3	74.7	17.9	57.4
2010	133.8	8.7	48.6	75.1	13.5	55.6
2011	138.0	7.9	45.1	74.4	11.2	53.0
2012	140.9	7.1	42.9	74.6	9.2	49.3
NOTE: 1998 = 100.0

Media-related Consumer Price Indexes, 1998–2012
Year	Cable and satellite television and radio service	Video discs and other media, including rental of video and audio	Audio discs, tapes and other media	Newspapers and magazines	Recreational books	Admission to movies, theaters, and concerts
1998	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
1999	103.8	95.7	101.5	102.4	98.5	105.3
2000	108.8	92.1	102.3	104.2	98.3	112.1
2001	113.5	88.4	106.8	106.3	99.5	116.2
2002	120.3	85.0	105.9	108.2	102.5	119.9
2003	126.2	81.4	108.5	110.4	101.7	126.1
2004	131.5	80.7	108.9	113.6	101.9	130.1
2005	135.4	79.7	109.9	116.6	101.5	134.3
2006	140.7	79.6	107.8	118.4	100.9	139.0
2007	143.3	79.1	105.7	119.6	101.7	144.5
2008	146.8	80.6	103.7	122.8	103.4	147.8
2009	149.9	80.8	99.1	130.7	104.4	150.1
2010	151.9	79.2	94.3	132.2	103.3	152.4
2011	154.6	81.6	91.9	133.7	100.9	153.9
2012	161.4	82.6	89.0	140.7	98.9	156.9
NOTE: 1998 = 100.0

Consumer Prices

Over the 1998–2012 period, the consumer price indexes for cable and satellite television and radio service and admission to movies, theaters, and concerts both increased by over 50 percent (a greater increase than that for all items).

In contrast, several other media-related consumer price indexes increased less than the index for all items, and some—such as personal computers and peripheral equipment, televisions, computer software and accessories, and audio equipment—decreased over the period.

View Chart Data

Labor productivity index, selected media industries, 1990–2010
Year	Wireless tele-communications carriers (except satellite)	Software publishers	Cable and other subscription programming	Wired tele-communications carriers	Radio and television broadcasting	Motion picture and video exhibition	Newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers
1990	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
1991	94.0	108.1	94.7	102.5	101.7	100.6	101.3
1992	105.7	151.2	96.0	108.3	106.8	95.3	100.6
1993	119.1	183.0	93.6	114.2	105.3	96.2	99.1
1994	127.3	228.3	92.0	121.2	110.5	94.4	96.5
1995	127.9	257.3	92.5	127.7	107.4	91.0	96.4
1996	144.4	310.3	92.6	138.2	106.2	90.6	96.2
1997	142.1	350.7	99.7	143.3	102.5	91.6	104.8
1998	157.0	472.9	135.7	151.0	93.7	91.4	108.9
1999	206.3	453.2	138.6	158.0	94.8	93.3	109.1
2000	217.0	418.2	140.7	160.8	94.5	97.5	112.8
2001	272.6	411.8	127.7	155.9	91.8	93.0	110.9
2002	309.7	428.2	129.4	169.5	97.4	89.7	109.6
2003	345.5	484.4	141.8	180.5	96.9	90.4	115.2
2004	417.5	563.3	153.2	189.9	99.7	93.2	109.6
2005	545.1	585.2	167.3	196.4	102.5	99.7	106.6
2006	585.8	595.4	175.8	203.1	110.7	106.4	110.7
2007	620.1	606.9	204.8	205.9	112.3	112.1	111.7
2008	738.8	629.2	218.7	209.8	112.7	107.9	108.7
2009	919.8	623.4	223.9	213.8	111.2	115.2	106.9
2010	1066.6	660.3	243.0	223.5	127.8	115.5	111.0
NOTE: 1990 = 100.0

Labor Productivity

Labor productivity, which is the ratio of the output of goods and services to the labor hours devoted to the production of that output, has increased by a factor of 10 in wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite) and by a factor of 6 in software publishers over the past two decades, and has also more than doubled in wired telecommunications carriers and cable and other subscription programming. Labor productivity has changed relatively little in newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers and radio and television broadcasting over this period.

View Chart Data

Percent of population who engaged in primary media-related activities and hours spent in media-related activity, on an average day, 2011
Activity	Average hours per day for persons who engaged in activity	Percent who engaged in activity
Attending movies and film	2.43	1.10
Listening to radio	1.18	1.60
Household and personal emails and messages	0.64	6.30
Telephone calls	0.75	12.90
Computer use for leisure	1.60	13.70
Reading for personal interest	1.48	20.00
Watching TV	3.51	78.30
NOTE: Data refer to persons in the civilian noninstitutional population, age 15 years and older. A primary activity is a person's main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included in these data. Some activities frequently are done at the same time and secondary to other activities, for example, someone might be driving as a primary activity while also listening to the radio.

Media-Related Time Use

Watching television and attending movies and films were the two media-related activities that took the most time in 2011, 3.5 and 2.4 hours, respectively, among the people (in the civilian noninstitutional population, age 15 years and older) who engaged in those activities on an average day. On average, 78 percent of the population watched television on a typical day, while an average of just 1 percent of the population attended a movie or film. Listening to the radio took 1.2 hours for the 2 percent of the population that listened to radio as a primary activity on an average day, while the 20 percent of the population that engaged in reading for personal interest spent 1.5 hours doing so. (These estimates pertain only to primary activities. Some activities frequently are done at the same time and secondary to other activities, for example, someone might be driving as a primary activity while also listening to the radio.)

View Chart Data

Average annual spending per consumer unit, internet access and newspapers and magazines, 1999–2011
Year	Newspapers and magazines	Internet access
1999	$97	$49
2000	88	61
2001	84	90
2002	81	107
2003	73	124
2004	74	139
2005	68	158
2006	63	178
2007	62	197
2008	60	222
2009	58	256
2010	53	286
2011	52	321

Household Expenditures

2001 was the first year in which average annual spending by consumer units (e.g., households) for Internet access was greater than spending for newspapers and magazines. Average spending for Internet access has continued to increase since that time, while spending on newspapers and magazines has declined. (These estimates include consumer units that do not purchase internet access or newspapers and magazines. Thus, they do not imply that Internet access cost $61 per year, on average, in 2000.)

View Chart Data

Average annual media-related expenditures, by age, 2011
Age and item	Reading	Entertainment fees and admissions	Entertainment audio and visual equipment and services
Under 25 years
Average annual expenditures	$45	$264	$608
Percent of total income before taxes	0.2	1.0	2.2
25-34 years
Average annual expenditures	74	501	948
Percent of total income before taxes	0.1	0.9	1.6
35-44 years
Average annual expenditures	100	810	1101
Percent of total income before taxes	0.1	1.0	1.4
45-54 years
Average annual expenditures	113	808	1111
Percent of total income before taxes	0.1	1.0	1.4
55-64 years
Average annual expenditures	149	571	1055
Percent of total income before taxes	0.2	0.8	1.4
65-74 years
Average annual expenditures	163	548	902
Percent of total income before taxes	0.3	1.0	1.7
75 years and older
Average annual expenditures	148	224	697
Percent of total income before taxes	0.5	0.7	2.2

Household Expenditures

People age 65 and older spent more money on reading than people in other age categories in 2011. Older people spent less on entertainment fees and admissions and entertainment audio and visual equipment and services.

View Chart Data

Incidence rate (per 10,000 full-time workers) for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work, information and private industry, by major event or exposure, 2011
Event or exposure	Information	All private industry
Inicidence rate, total	60.3	105.2
Overexertion and bodily reaction	22.9	38.2
Contact with object equipment	10.2	26.7
Falls , slips, trips	18.6	26.1
Transportation incidents	5.1	4.7
Exposure to harmful substances or environments	1.8	4.5
Violence and other injuries by persons or animal	1.4	3.8
Fires and explosions		0.2
All other events	0.2	1.0

Work-Related Injuries

The incidence rate for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work was 60 per 10,000 full-time workers in the information industry in 2011, compared to 105 per 10,000 full-time workers for private industry as a whole. There were 14,030 days-away-from-work cases reported in 2011 for the information industry and 908,310 cases reported for all private industry.

For both the information industry and all private industry, the most common event or exposure leading to injuries and illnesses is overexertion and bodily reaction. In the information industry, overexertion and bodily reaction events or exposures occurred at a rate of 23 cases per 10,000 full-time workers—compared to an incidence rate of 38 for all private industry. About one-quarter (1,410 cases out of 5,330) of the overexertion and bodily reaction cases in information can be attributed to overexertion in lifting or lowering. The second leading event or exposure for the information industry is falls, slips, or trips with an incidence rate of 19 cases per 10,000 full-time workers, while for private industry the incidence rate was 26. About one-half (2,330 cases out of 4,330) of the slip, trips, or falls in the information industry can be attributed to falls on the same level.

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Occupation	Employment	Annual wages
Occupation	Employment	25th percentile	50th percentile (median)	75th percentile
Editors	98,990	$38,640	$52,380	$72,340
Producers and directors	82,880	45,400	70,660	116,020
Photographers	54,410	20,270	28,860	44,340
Audio and video equipment technicians	49,180	31,150	41,630	57,400
Reporters and correspondents	45,270	25,720	34,870	51,050
Technical writers	45,120	48,920	64,610	82,530
Writers and authors	40,930	39,580	55,870	79,050
Radio and television announcers	31,680	19,360	27,280	42,150
Broadcast technicians	30,360	23,170	36,570	54,620
Multimedia artists and animators	28,400	45,750	60,830	82,860
Film and video editors	20,730	36,030	52,940	81,210
Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture	16,270	27,590	40,170	59,430

Occupation	Projected employment in 2020	Change, 2010-2020
Occupation	Projected employment in 2020	Percent change	Numeric change
Photographers	156,900	12.5	17,500
Writers and authors	155,400	6.5	9,500
Producers and directors	136,000	11.0	13,500
Editors	128,000	0.6	800
Multimedia artists and animators	72,000	8.3	5,500
Audio and video equipment technicians	69,400	13.4	8,200
Technical writers	58,000	17.2	8,500
Radio and television announcers	53,600	6.9	3,500
Reporters and correspondents	48,000	-7.5	-3,900
Broadcast technicians	40,000	9.0	3,300
Film and video editors	33,200	5.2	1,600
Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture	27,300	2.1	600

Year	Industry
Year	Information (total)	Publishing, except Internet	Motion pictures and sound recording	Broadcasting, except Internet	Telecommunications
2000	14.7		17.1		23.8
2001	14.1		12.2		23.7
2002	14.6		14.3		23.1
2003	13.6	7.4	12.0	9.2	21.0
2004	14.2	6.7	15.7	9.3	22.4
2005	13.6	8.8	15.0	8.6	21.4
2006	12.0	7.0	10.3	5.9	20.7
2007	12.1	7.3	11.5	8.7	19.7
2008	12.7	7.2	11.4	9.5	19.3
2009	10.0	5.3	12.8	4.7	16.0
2010	9.6	5.0	9.3	5.1	15.8
2011	10.1	4.5	13.8	5.9	15.6
2012	9.7	3.7	11.4	6.7	15.6

Demographic characteristic and internet use	Method used to find job
Demographic characteristic and internet use	Contacted friends or relatives	Contacted employer directly	Sent resumes or submitted applications
Total	36	50	35
Did not use Internet	29	33	13
Used Internet	7	18	22
Men	38	48	29
Did not use Internet	32	33	11
Used Internet	6	15	18
Women	34	53	41
Did not use Internet	26	32	15
Used Internet	8	21	26
White	35	51	36
Did not use Internet	28	32	13
Used Internet	7	19	23
Black or African American	36	49	34
Did not use Internet	31	34	14
Used Internet	5	15	20
Hispanic or Latino	39	46	30
Did not use Internet	33	34	14
Used Internet	6	13	16

Year	Motion picture and sound recording industries		Broadcasting, except Internet		Telecommunications		Data processing, hosting and related services
Year	Layoff events	Separations	Layoff events	Separations	Layoff events	Separations	Layoff events	Separations
1996	48	30,585			33	6,612	6	5,118
1997	59	48,687	9	1,356	18	3,237	5	678
1998	75	31,320	9	1,818	28	4,512	11	1,677
1999	35	13,517	3	715	18	3,930	6	1,411
2000	11	3,180			27	4,375	21	4,263
2001	11	2,530	15	1,822	141	30,607	67	11,281
2002	27	12,525	12	2,364	179	32,073	31	3,553
2003	45	28,107	25	4,222	113	21,773	31	5,769
2004	38	10,691	6	1,014	80	17,189	20	3,965
2005	28	8,719	4	326	46	7,604	11	1,788
2006	34	6,511	12	2,902	36	5,119	9	1,959
2007	27	5,359	14	1,675	22	2,638	5	996
2008	27	12,246	16	2,020	65	10,836	9	1,375
2009	48	11,444	28	4,101	96	17,452	15	2,087
2010	82	31,006	14	1,687	63	12,770	5	1,978
2011	170	52,496	19	2,312	38	13,432	12	1,472