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Update on Demographics, Earnings, and Family Characteristics of Workers in Sectors Initially Affected by COVID-19 Shutdowns

Update on "Demographics, Earnings, and Family Characteristics of Workers in Sectors Initially Affected by COVID-19 Shutdowns" (PDF)

Matthew Dey
dey.matthew@bls.gov
Matthew Dey is a research economist in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Mark A. Loewenstein
loewenstein.mark@bls.gov
Mark A. Loewenstein is a senior research economist in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

David S. Piccone Jr
piccone.david@bls.gov
David S. Piccone Jr is a statistician in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Anne E. Polivka
polivka.anne@bls.gov
Anne E. Polivka is a supervisory research economist in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

This note provides a brief update on our article, "Demographics, Earnings, and Family Characteristics of Workers in Sectors Initially Affected by COVID-19 Shutdowns" (Monthly Labor Review, June 2020). In our article we divide the economy into a sector of the economy that is particularly exposed to employment changes because of COVID-19, and one that is not. As discussed in our article, employment in the economy fell sharply between February and April 2020. This note examines what happened between April and May. Our focus for the most part is on the demographic groups that we highlighted in our article, but we also examine the employment experience of blacks between April and May.

Changes in Aggregate Employment and Unemployment Between April and May

Contrary to what a number of forecasters had been predicting, overall employment did not continue to fall between April and May 2020.[i] As can be seen in Table 1, the CPS estimate of overall employment increased by 3.1 percent between April and May. The percentage increase in employment was 2.4 percent in the less vulnerable industries and an especially large 7.9 percent in the industries that we have classified as more highly exposed.[ii] This may well have been due in part to states relaxing shelter in place orders and allowing some businesses to reopen. Increased willingness by some customers to frequent restaurants and other places of business may also have played a role. The same story emerges when one looks at unemployment rates. The overall unemployment rate fell from 14.4 percent to 13.0 percent. In the more highly exposed sector, the unemployment rate fell by 4.1 percentage points compared to 0.9 percentage points in the less exposed sector.

In spite of the partial recovery in May, employment and unemployment were still at distressed levels in May, especially in the more vulnerable sector. As shown in Table 2, the overall unemployment rate was 13.0 percent in May compared to 3.8 percent in February. In the more highly exposed sector, the unemployment rate was 30.0 percent in May compared to 4.5 percent in February. In the remainder of the economy, the comparable figures were 9.4 percent and 3.6 percent. Thus, in May, the unemployment rate was over three times as high in the more exposed sector than in the less exposed sector. In the economy as a whole, employment was 13 percent lower in May than in February. In the more highly and less highly exposed sectors, these numbers were 33 percent and 8 percent, respectively. The percentage reduction in employment between February and May was therefore over four times as large in the more highly exposed sector.

Changes in Aggregate Employment and Unemployment for Particular Demographic Groups

As we showed in our initial article, women, Hispanics and younger workers, were overrepresented in the more highly exposed sector, as well as workers in single parent families. These individuals experienced large employment losses between February and April. In this updated, we examine how these groups fared between April and May. We also highlight the recent experience of blacks who experienced a relatively smaller rebound in employment than whites between April and May.

Between April and May, overall employment of women increased by 3.2 percent and the unemployment rate of women fell 1.4 percentage points. The percentage increase in the employment of men and the change in the male unemployment rate during this time period were both very similar to that of women. However, the 15 percent fall in female employment and the 10.9 percentage point change in the female unemployment rate from February to May both exceeded the corresponding figures for males during that time period. In the more highly exposed sector, female employment increased by 10.5 percent between April and May (compared to 5.8 percent for male employment), but on net between February and May, female employment in the more highly exposed sector fell by 37 percent (compared to 30 percent for males). The unemployment rate of females in the more highly exposed sector fell by 5 percentage points between April and May, but was still a very high 33.3 percent.

Overall Hispanic employment increased by 3.1 percent between April and May and the Hispanic unemployment rate fell by 1.3 percentage points. In the more highly exposed sector, Hispanic employment increased by 2.4 percent and the Hispanic unemployment rate fell by 2 percentage points during this time period. Hispanics in the more highly exposed sector did not fare nearly as well as non-Hispanics, whose employment in the more highly exposed sector increased by 9.3 percent between April and May and whose unemployment rate fell by 4.6 percentage points. Thus, Hispanic employment in the more exposed sector was still 41 percent lower in May than in February and the Hispanic unemployment rate in the more exposed sector was still 36.1 percent.

There was a large 9.5 percentage increase in the overall employment of younger workers ages 16-24 between April and May, but there was also an increase in the number unemployed as more of these workers entered the labor market, with the end result that the unemployment rate of younger workers ages 16-24 only fell by 1.5 percentage points. In the more highly exposed sector, the employment of younger workers increased by 9 percent while the unemployment rate fell by 2.3 percentage points. May employment of workers ages 16-24 in the more highly exposed sector was still 43.5 percent below the February level, and the unemployment rate of these younger workers was still 39.5 percent.

Between April and May, there was a very small increase of 0.2 percent in the estimate of overall employment of individuals aged 25 and older without a high school diploma. However, the unemployment rate of individuals aged 25 and older without a high school diploma fell by 2.4 percentage points, reflecting a substantial reduction in their labor force participation rate. The employment of individuals without a high school diploma in the more highly exposed sector actually fell by 3.5 percent between April and May. In total, the employment of individuals without a high school diploma in the more exposed sector thus fell by 37 percent between February and May. Between April and May, the unemployment rate of individuals without a high school diploma in the more highly exposed sector fell by 1.6 percentage points to 35.1 percent due to the fact that a number of workers in the more highly exposed sector without a high school diploma withdrew from the labor market.

Overall, the employment of workers in single parent families increased by 3.9 percent between April and May and the unemployment rate of workers in single parent families fell by 0.7 percentage points. In the more highly exposed sector, the employment of workers in single parent families increased by 10.4 percent between April and May. However, as a result of the large fall in their employment between February and April, the employment of workers in single parent families in the more highly exposed sector was 42 percent lower in May than in February. The unemployment rate of workers in single parent families in the more highly exposed sector fell by 1.9 percentage points between April and May, but was still 37.5 percent in May.

In the initial stage of the pandemic, the percentage reduction in black employment was only a little larger than that for white employment. Between February and April, overall black employment fell by 17 percent while white employment fell by 15 percent. During this same time period, the 10.1 percentage point increase in the black unemployment rate was actually a little lower than the 10.4 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate for whites. However, the pattern changed the following month. Between April and May, black employment increased by only 1.7 percent, which was less than half the 3.5 percent increase in white employment. As a consequence of their lower employment growth, blacks did not experience the same reduction in their unemployment rate as did whites. While the white unemployment rate fell by 1.7 percentage points, the estimated unemployment rate of blacks increased by 0.2 percentage points.

As can be seen in Table1, the lower employment growth of blacks occurred in the less highly exposed sector of the economy. While white employment in this sector increased by 2.8% between April and May, black employment only increased by 0.7 percent. The lower employment growth for blacks might have occurred for either of two reasons. Black workers might be working in industries that showed less improvement than other industries or, within industries, the share of black workers might have declined. Table 3 sheds light into this question. The first column shows the change in black employment that would have occurred had black employment in each industry grown at the same rate. As the table indicates, black employment would have increased between April and May by about 315,000 in the less highly exposed sector and 155,000 in the more highly exposed sector. Adding these two numbers yields a total increase in the number of jobs for blacks of about 470,000. This employment growth of about 2.9 percent is only slightly less than the 3.1 percent employment growth for the entire economy. The slower recovery of black employment therefore cannot be explained by a differential industry composition of black workers.

The second column in Table 3 shows the change in black employment in each sector corresponding to the change in the share of black employment in that sector. As Table 1 shows, between April and May, black employment in the more highly exposed sector actually grew a little faster than white employment. As indicated in Table 3, this corresponds to an increase in black employment in that sector of about 22,000. In contrast, blacks’ lower employment growth in the less highly exposed sector corresponds to a reduction in black employment of about 210,000. Adding these two numbers yields a job loss of about 188,000 for blacks relative to what employment would have been if black employment share within each industry had remained constant. More than 100% of these losses are accounted for by the less highly exposed sector.

Summary

Between April and May employment in the U.S. started to rebound from its precipitous fall between February and May. Employment growth was especially strong in the industries that had been most severely affected at the start of the pandemic. However, employment in May was still far less than employment in February, especially in the more highly exposed sector. The May employment level in the highly exposed sector was 33 percent below the February level, while the May employment level in the less vulnerable sector was 8 percent below the February level.

What was true for the workforce as a whole, was also the case for women, Hispanics and younger workers, demographic groups that are overrepresented in the more highly exposed sector, as well as for workers in single parent families. Between April and May employment of workers in these groups increased in both the more highly exposed sector and the economy as a whole, but employment in May was still far below employment in February. In contrast, there was little rebound in the overall employment of less educated workers without a high school diploma and the employment level of workers without a high school diploma in the more highly exposed sector actually fell by 3.5 percent between April and May. Relative to white workers, black workers fared worse in the period between April and May than in the period between February and April. However, the slower rebound in the employment of blacks occurred in the less highly exposed sector of the economy, where black employment increased by 0.7 percent between April and May compared to 2.8 percent for white employment.

Tables

Table 1. May vs. April CPS Statistics for exposed and non-exposed workers by key demographics
Worker information			Employment				Unemployment Rate
Worker Type	Demographic	Category	Apr	May	Difference	Percent Difference	Apr	May	Difference	Percent Difference
All Workers	None	All workers	133,325,808	137,461,048	4,135,240	3.1%	14.4%	13.0%	-1.5 percentage points	-10.1%
	Gender	Male	71,810,038	74,004,144	2,194,106	3.1%	13.3	11.9	-1.4	-10.8%
	Gender	Female	61,515,770	63,456,904	1,941,134	3.2%	15.7	14.3	-1.5	-9.4%
	Race	White only	104,082,574	107,760,726	3,678,151	3.5%	13.8	12.1	-1.8	-12.8%
		Black only	16,248,270	16,529,972	281,702	1.7%	16.4	16.6	0.2	1.4%
		Asian only	8,475,618	8,461,947	-13,672	-0.2%	14.3	14.8	0.5	3.3%
		All other	4,519,345	4,708,404	189,058	4.2%	20.9	17.0	-3.9	-18.6%
	Age	16 to 24 years old	13,112,044	14,351,721	1,239,677	9.5%	26.9	25.3	-1.5	-5.7%
		25 to 54 years old	87,909,549	90,146,764	2,237,215	2.5%	12.6	11.2	-1.4	-11.3%
		55 to 64 years old	23,609,245	24,195,754	586,508	2.5%	12.5	10.9	-1.7	-13.2%
		65+ years old	8,694,971	8,766,810	71,839	0.8%	15.6	13.2	-2.5	-15.7%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Hispanic	22,625,491	23,321,236	695,745	3.1%	18.5	17.2	-1.3	-6.8%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Non-Hispanic	110,700,317	114,139,812	3,439,495	3.1%	13.6	12.1	-1.5	-11.1%
	Marritial status (25+ year olds)	Married	74,819,947	76,931,747	2,111,800	2.8%	10.9	9.4	-1.5	-13.5%
		Never married	27,839,427	28,391,325	551,897	2.0%	16.6	15.0	-1.5	-9.3%
		Other marital status	17,554,390	17,786,255	231,865	1.3%	14.8	13.0	-1.8	-12.3%
	Educational attainment (25+ year olds)	Less than a high school diploma	6,872,495	6,886,794	14,299	0.2%	20.9	18.5	-2.4	-11.5%
		High school diploma, no college	27,556,750	28,708,418	1,151,668	4.2%	17.0	15.0	-2.1	-12.1%
		Some college or associate's degree	30,633,663	31,581,430	947,767	3.1%	14.8	12.9	-1.8	-12.2%
		Bachelor's degree only	33,549,993	33,777,531	227,538	0.7%	9.4	8.4	-1.0	-10.9%
		Advanced degree	21,600,863	22,155,154	554,291	2.6%	6.2	5.3	-0.9	-14.8%
	Family type	Not a family member	30,179,966	30,335,359	155,393	0.5%	14.4	13.4	-0.9	-6.6%
		No children family	53,220,784	55,792,148	2,571,363	4.8%	15.1	13.1	-2.0	-13.5%
		Single parent family	9,591,655	9,965,818	374,163	3.9%	19.8	19.2	-0.7	-3.3%
		Married with children family	40,333,402	41,367,723	1,034,321	2.6%	12.2	10.9	-1.3	-10.6%
Highly Exposed Workers	None	All exposed workers	17,982,024	19,400,082	1,418,058	7.9%	34.1	30.0	-4.1	-12.1%
	Gender	Male	9,942,024	10,517,056	575,033	5.8%	30.3	26.8	-3.4	-11.3%
	Gender	Female	8,040,000	8,883,026	843,026	10.5%	38.3	33.3	-4.9	-12.8%
	Race	White only	14,010,204	15,144,304	1,134,100	8.1%	32.6	28.3	-4.3	-13.2%
		Black only	2,094,194	2,270,654	176,460	8.4%	38.3	34.9	-3.4	-8.8%
		Asian only	1,231,265	1,248,885	17,620	1.4%	35.6	37.4	1.8	5.0%
		All other	646,361	736,240	89,878	13.9%	45.5	32.9	-12.6	-27.7%
	Age	16 to 24 years old	3,537,243	3,857,188	319,946	9.0%	41.8	39.5	-2.3	-5.5%
		25 to 54 years old	10,637,505	11,357,112	719,606	6.8%	32.2	27.7	-4.5	-13.9%
		55 to 64 years old	2,613,718	2,936,038	322,319	12.3%	32.2	25.3	-7.0	-21.6%
		65+ years old	1,193,558	1,249,745	56,187	4.7%	27.7	25.7	-2.0	-7.2%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Hispanic	3,588,418	3,673,217	84,799	2.4%	38.1	36.1	-2.0	-5.3%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Non-Hispanic	14,393,605	15,726,865	1,333,260	9.3%	33.0	28.4	-4.6	-14.0%
	Marritial status (25+ year olds)	Married	8,193,025	8,902,062	709,037	8.7%	28.5	24.1	-4.4	-15.5%
		Never married	4,011,576	4,217,063	205,486	5.1%	36.7	32.5	-4.1	-11.3%
		Other marital status	2,240,180	2,423,769	183,589	8.2%	34.1	27.5	-6.6	-19.4%
	Educational attainment (25+ year olds)	Less than a high school diploma	1,113,106	1,073,857	-39,250	-3.5%	36.7	35.1	-1.6	-4.3%
		High school diploma, no college	4,371,212	4,793,590	422,378	9.7%	35.0	30.8	-4.2	-12.0%
		Some college or associate's degree	4,365,846	4,857,803	491,957	11.3%	33.1	25.4	-7.6	-23.1%
		Bachelor's degree only	3,401,036	3,496,871	95,835	2.8%	27.7	24.2	-3.5	-12.5%
		Advanced degree	1,193,581	1,320,773	127,192	10.7%	20.2	18.4	-1.9	-9.2%
	Family type	Not a family member	4,140,208	4,237,642	97,433	2.4%	34.7	31.4	-3.3	-9.5%
		No children family	7,360,872	7,916,367	555,495	7.5%	34.4	30.3	-4.1	-11.8%
		Single parent family	1,554,376	1,715,746	161,371	10.4%	39.4	37.5	-1.9	-4.9%
		Married with children family	4,926,567	5,530,327	603,760	12.3%	31.2	25.5	-5.7	-18.2%
Not Highly Exposed Workers	None	All exposed workers	115,343,785	118,060,966	2,717,181	2.4%	10.3	9.4	-0.9	-8.8%
	Gender	Male	61,868,015	63,487,088	1,619,073	2.6%	9.8	8.8	-1.0	-10.2%
	Gender	Female	53,475,770	54,573,878	1,098,108	2.1%	10.9	10.1	-0.8	-7.2%
	Race	White only	90,072,371	92,616,422	2,544,051	2.8%	9.9	8.7	-1.2	-12.5%
		Black only	14,154,076	14,259,318	105,242	0.7%	11.7	12.7	0.9	8.0%
		Asian only	7,244,354	7,213,062	-31,292	-0.4%	9.2	9.1	-0.1	-1.2%
		All other	3,872,984	3,972,164	99,180	2.6%	14.5	13.3	-1.3	-8.7%
	Age	16 to 24 years old	9,574,801	10,494,533	919,731	9.6%	19.2	18.3	-0.9	-4.7%
		25 to 54 years old	77,272,043	78,789,652	1,517,609	2.0%	9.0	8.2	-0.8	-9.3%
		55 to 64 years old	20,995,527	21,259,716	264,189	1.3%	9.2	8.4	-0.8	-8.7%
		65+ years old	7,501,413	7,517,065	15,652	0.2%	13.3	10.7	-2.7	-20.0%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Hispanic	19,037,073	19,648,019	610,946	3.2%	13.3	12.4	-0.9	-6.8%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Non-Hispanic	96,306,712	98,412,947	2,106,235	2.2%	9.7	8.8	-0.9	-9.4%
	Marritial status (25+ year olds)	Married	66,626,922	68,029,685	1,402,763	2.1%	8.1	7.0	-1.0	-12.7%
		Never married	23,827,851	24,174,262	346,411	1.5%	11.8	11.0	-0.9	-7.3%
		Other marital status	15,314,210	15,362,486	48,276	0.3%	11.0	10.2	-0.9	-7.7%
	Educational attainment (25+ year olds)	Less than a high school diploma	5,759,389	5,812,938	53,549	0.9%	16.9	14.4	-2.4	-14.4%
		High school diploma, no college	23,185,538	23,914,828	729,290	3.1%	12.5	10.9	-1.6	-12.6%
		Some college or associate's degree	26,267,817	26,723,627	455,810	1.7%	10.7	10.2	-0.5	-4.5%
		Bachelor's degree only	30,148,957	30,280,660	131,702	0.4%	6.8	6.1	-0.6	-9.4%
		Advanced degree	20,407,282	20,834,381	427,099	2.1%	5.2	4.3	-0.9	-17.5%
	Family type	Not a family member	26,039,758	26,097,718	57,960	0.2%	9.9	9.6	-0.3	-3.4%
		No children family	45,859,912	47,875,780	2,015,868	4.4%	10.9	9.4	-1.5	-14.2%
		Single parent family	8,037,279	8,250,072	212,792	2.6%	14.5	13.9	-0.6	-3.9%
		Married with children family	35,406,835	35,837,396	430,561	1.2%	8.7	8.1	-0.6	-6.4%
Note: Estimates are not seasonally adjusted.

Table 2. May vs. February CPS Statistics for Exposed and Non-Exposed Workers by Key Demographics
Worker information			Employment				Unemployment Rate
Worker Type	Demographic	Category	Feb	May	Difference	Percent Difference	Feb	May	Difference	Percent Difference
All Workers	None	All workers	158,017,404	137,461,048	-20,556,356	-13.0%	3.8%	13.0%	9.2 percentage points	243.0%
	Gender	Male	83,047,264	74,004,144	-9,043,120	-10.9%	4.1	11.9	7.8	189.4%
	Gender	Female	74,970,140	63,456,904	-11,513,236	-15.4%	3.4	14.3	10.8	315.0%
	Race	White only	122,668,581	107,760,726	-14,907,855	-12.2%	3.4	12.1	8.7	257.6%
		Black only	19,529,751	16,529,972	-2,999,779	-15.4%	6.3	16.6	10.3	165.1%
		Asian only	10,327,393	8,461,947	-1,865,446	-18.1%	2.5	14.8	12.3	484.0%
		All other	5,491,680	4,708,404	-783,276	-14.3%	6.2	17.0	10.9	176.3%
	Age	16 to 24 years old	19,081,546	14,351,721	-4,729,825	-24.8%	8.0	25.3	17.4	217.5%
		25 to 54 years old	101,151,803	90,146,764	-11,005,040	-10.9%	3.3	11.2	7.9	237.5%
		55 to 64 years old	26,939,383	24,195,754	-2,743,630	-10.2%	2.6	10.9	8.2	311.2%
		65+ years old	10,844,671	8,766,810	-2,077,862	-19.2%	3.2	13.2	9.9	308.6%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Hispanic	28,311,217	23,321,236	-4,989,981	-17.6%	4.8	17.2	12.4	256.2%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Non-Hispanic	129,706,187	114,139,812	-15,566,375	-12.0%	3.6	12.1	8.5	239.5%
	Marritial status (25+ year olds)	Married	83,815,233	76,931,747	-6,883,486	-8.2%	2.2	9.4	7.1	317.6%
		Never married	33,986,850	28,391,325	-5,595,525	-16.5%	4.8	15.0	10.2	210.2%
		Other marital status	21,133,775	17,786,255	-3,347,520	-15.8%	4.1	13.0	8.9	216.0%
	Educational attainment (25+ year olds)	Less than a high school diploma	8,670,067	6,886,794	-1,783,273	-20.6%	7.2	18.5	11.3	157.6%
		High school diploma, no college	34,793,442	28,708,418	-6,085,024	-17.5%	4.1	15.0	10.9	265.5%
		Some college or associate's degree	36,061,032	31,581,430	-4,479,602	-12.4%	3.3	12.9	9.6	292.4%
		Bachelor's degree only	36,792,009	33,777,531	-3,014,478	-8.2%	2.2	8.4	6.2	287.8%
		Advanced degree	22,619,308	22,155,154	-464,154	-2.1%	1.6	5.3	3.7	235.2%
	Family type	Not a family member	37,390,088	30,335,359	-7,054,729	-18.9%	3.8	13.4	9.6	248.5%
		No children family	62,524,760	55,792,148	-6,732,613	-10.8%	3.8	13.1	9.3	246.3%
		Single parent family	12,676,955	9,965,818	-2,711,137	-21.4%	6.4	19.2	12.8	200.6%
		Married with children family	45,425,601	41,367,723	-4,057,878	-8.9%	3.0	10.9	7.9	263.3%
Highly Exposed Workers	None	All exposed workers	29,113,690	19,400,082	-9,713,608	-33.4%	4.5	30.0	25.4	560.4%
	Gender	Male	14,927,838	10,517,056	-4,410,782	-29.5%	4.2	26.8	22.6	536.7%
	Gender	Female	14,185,851	8,883,026	-5,302,825	-37.4%	4.9	33.3	28.5	584.0%
	Race	White only	22,154,774	15,144,304	-7,010,470	-31.6%	3.9	28.3	24.4	618.3%
		Black only	3,568,795	2,270,654	-1,298,141	-36.4%	8.9	34.9	26.0	290.3%
		Asian only	2,121,172	1,248,885	-872,287	-41.1%	1.8	37.4	35.6	2016.8%
		All other	1,268,949	736,240	-532,709	-42.0%	6.4	32.9	26.5	414.8%
	Age	16 to 24 years old	6,821,739	3,857,188	-2,964,551	-43.5%	7.2	39.5	32.3	445.4%
		25 to 54 years old	16,630,771	11,357,112	-5,273,660	-31.7%	4.0	27.7	23.7	596.6%
		55 to 64 years old	4,016,878	2,936,038	-1,080,840	-26.9%	2.9	25.3	22.4	785.3%
		65+ years old	1,644,301	1,249,745	-394,556	-24.0%	2.6	25.7	23.1	894.6%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Hispanic	6,210,105	3,673,217	-2,536,888	-40.9%	4.8	36.1	31.3	655.4%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Non-Hispanic	22,903,584	15,726,865	-7,176,719	-31.3%	4.5	28.4	23.9	534.2%
	Marritial status (25+ year olds)	Married	12,119,940	8,902,062	-3,217,878	-26.6%	2.4	24.1	21.8	922.3%
		Never married	6,694,549	4,217,063	-2,477,486	-37.0%	5.7	32.5	26.9	475.8%
		Other marital status	3,477,462	2,423,769	-1,053,693	-30.3%	4.3	27.5	23.1	535.3%
	Educational attainment (25+ year olds)	Less than a high school diploma	1,716,042	1,073,857	-642,186	-37.4%	4.8	35.1	30.3	628.6%
		High school diploma, no college	7,331,270	4,793,590	-2,537,680	-34.6%	4.2	30.8	26.6	637.0%
		Some college or associate's degree	6,794,829	4,857,803	-1,937,027	-28.5%	3.5	25.4	21.9	621.1%
		Bachelor's degree only	4,916,510	3,496,871	-1,419,639	-28.9%	3.0	24.2	21.2	703.8%
		Advanced degree	1,533,299	1,320,773	-212,526	-13.9%	2.8	18.4	15.6	561.9%
	Family type	Not a family member	7,238,650	4,237,642	-3,001,008	-41.5%	4.1	31.4	27.3	668.2%
		No children family	11,285,791	7,916,367	-3,369,424	-29.9%	4.8	30.3	25.5	536.8%
		Single parent family	2,954,695	1,715,746	-1,238,948	-41.9%	7.2	37.5	30.3	421.1%
		Married with children family	7,634,554	5,530,327	-2,104,227	-27.6%	3.6	25.5	21.9	614.1%
Not Highly Exposed Workers	None	All exposed workers	128,903,714	118,060,966	-10,842,749	-8.4%	3.6	9.4	5.8	159.4%
	Gender	Male	68,119,426	63,487,088	-4,632,338	-6.8%	4.1	8.8	4.7	115.3%
	Gender	Female	60,784,288	54,573,878	-6,210,410	-10.2%	3.1	10.1	7.0	225.4%
	Race	White only	100,513,807	92,616,422	-7,897,385	-7.9%	3.3	8.7	5.4	167.4%
		Black only	15,960,955	14,259,318	-1,701,637	-10.7%	5.6	12.7	7.0	124.8%
		Asian only	8,206,221	7,213,062	-993,159	-12.1%	2.7	9.1	6.4	234.2%
		All other	4,222,731	3,972,164	-250,567	-5.9%	6.1	13.3	7.2	117.1%
	Age	16 to 24 years old	12,259,806	10,494,533	-1,765,274	-14.4%	8.4	18.3	9.9	118.3%
		25 to 54 years old	84,521,032	78,789,652	-5,731,380	-6.8%	3.2	8.2	5.0	156.3%
		55 to 64 years old	22,922,506	21,259,716	-1,662,790	-7.3%	2.6	8.4	5.8	223.7%
		65+ years old	9,200,370	7,517,065	-1,683,305	-18.3%	3.3	10.7	7.3	219.7%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Hispanic	22,101,112	19,648,019	-2,453,093	-11.1%	4.9	12.4	7.5	155.3%
	Hispanic ethnicity	Non-Hispanic	106,802,603	98,412,947	-8,389,656	-7.9%	3.4	8.8	5.4	160.9%
	Marritial status (25+ year olds)	Married	71,695,294	68,029,685	-3,665,609	-5.1%	2.2	7.0	4.8	215.2%
		Never married	27,292,301	24,174,262	-3,118,039	-11.4%	4.6	11.0	6.3	136.7%
		Other marital status	17,656,313	15,362,486	-2,293,827	-13.0%	4.1	10.2	6.1	149.7%
	Educational attainment (25+ year olds)	Less than a high school diploma	6,954,025	5,812,938	-1,141,087	-16.4%	7.7	14.4	6.7	86.4%
		High school diploma, no college	27,462,172	23,914,828	-3,547,344	-12.9%	4.1	10.9	6.8	167.3%
		Some college or associate's degree	29,266,203	26,723,627	-2,542,575	-8.7%	3.2	10.2	7.0	214.7%
		Bachelor's degree only	31,875,499	30,280,660	-1,594,839	-5.0%	2.0	6.1	4.1	201.9%
		Advanced degree	21,086,009	20,834,381	-251,629	-1.2%	1.5	4.3	2.8	189.7%
	Family type	Not a family member	30,151,439	26,097,718	-4,053,721	-13.4%	3.8	9.6	5.8	152.4%
		No children family	51,238,969	47,875,780	-3,363,189	-6.6%	3.6	9.4	5.8	163.7%
		Single parent family	9,722,260	8,250,072	-1,472,189	-15.1%	6.1	13.9	7.8	127.4%
		Married with children family	37,791,047	35,837,396	-1,953,651	-5.2%	2.9	8.1	5.2	181.4%
Note: Estimates are not seasonally adjusted.

Table 3. Decomposition of the change in black employment from April to May 2020
Sector	Change due to industry growth (holding black share of industry employment fixed at April levels and allowing industry employment to change from April to May)	Change due to industry composition (holding employment fixed at May levels and allowing black share of industry employment to change from April to May)
Not highly exposed	315,299	-210,057
Highly exposed	154,663	21,797
Total	469,962	-188,260
Note: Estimates are not seasonally adjusted.

[i] In this note, April employment refers to employment during the CPS reference week containing April 12^th. A similar comment applies to February and May employment.

[ii] All of the employment and unemployment figures cited in this note are not seasonally adjusted.