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American Community Survey (ACS) Questions and Answers
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What is the American Community Survey (ACS)?
The ACS is a household survey developed by the Census Bureau to replace the long form of the decennial
census program. The ACS is a large demographic survey collected throughout the year using mailed questionnaires,
telephone interviews, and visits from Census Bureau field representatives to about 3.5 million household addresses
annually. Starting in 2005, the ACS produced social, housing, and economic characteristic data for demographic
groups in areas with populations of 65,000 or more. (Prior to 2005, the estimates were produced for areas with
250,000 or more population.) The ACS also accumulates sample over 5-year intervals to produce estimates for
smaller geographic areas, including census tracts and block groups.
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What estimates are produced from the ACS?
Topics covered by the ACS are virtually the same as those covered by the census long-form sample data. Estimates are
produced for demographic characteristics (sex, age, relationship, households by type, race, and Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity), social characteristics (school enrollment, educational attainment, marital status, fertility,
grandparents caring for children, veteran status, disability status, residence one year ago, place of birth, U.S.
citizenship status, year of entry, world region of birth of foreign born, language spoken at home, and ancestry),
economic characteristics (employment status, commuting to work, occupation, industry, class of worker, income and
benefits, and poverty status), and housing characteristics (housing occupancy, units in structure, year structure
was built, number of rooms, number of bedrooms, housing tenure, year householder moved into unit, vehicles available,
house heating fuel, utility costs, occupants per room, housing value, and mortgage status and costs). Data availability
for geographic areas differs by population size: 1-year estimates are available for areas of population 65,000 or more,
while 5-year estimates are available for all areas. (Three-year estimates had been produced for areas with populations
of 20,000 or more through the 2011-13 period.)
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Does the ACS develop labor force estimates?
Yes, the ACS includes questions about work and search for work so that some measures of labor force
activity are available, along with the other social and economic data collected in the survey.
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How does the ACS compare with the Current Population Survey?
The Current Population Survey (CPS), jointly sponsored by BLS and the Census Bureau, is a monthly sample
survey of about 60,000 households designed specifically to produce the current monthly employment and
unemployment data and the annual data on income and poverty for the nation. CPS monthly employment and
unemployment estimates are available within a few weeks of the end of the reference period. ACS 1-year
employment and unemployment estimates are available about nine months after the end of the reference year,
while 5-year estimates typically are issued early in December of the following year. No monthly estimates
are available from ACS.
The monthly CPS estimates are a key input to the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program conducted
by BLS, which produces the official labor force statistics for states and local areas. Employment and
unemployment estimates from the ACS and CPS can differ because the surveys use different questions, samples,
and collection methods.
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How does the ACS reference period relate to the reference period in the CPS?
The CPS reference period is typically the week including the 12th of the month, with interviews being
conducted the following week (typically the week including the 19th of the month). CPS data are produced
and published monthly. Annual average data are also developed at the end of the calendar year. The CPS uses
a fixed reference period, as compared to the ACS, where the reference period is the week prior to when a
respondent answers the survey. CPS interviews are conducted in the course of a single designated week each
month, whereas respondents answer the ACS at times that vary throughout the month and year. ACS respondents
are initially contacted by mail. If they do not return their survey within a month of receiving it, they are
then contacted by phone. Approximately 1 in 3 households that still do not provide answers is sub-sampled for
an interviewer to contact them in person in the third month.
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Are there differences in the labor force estimates from the ACS and the CPS?
Yes. In 2013, the numbers of persons the ACS classified as “employed,” “unemployed,” and “not in the labor force” for
the nation were all higher than the official CPS estimates. The ACS unemployment rate was 8.4 percent, compared to the CPS
annual average of 7.4 percent.
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Are there differences in the labor force estimates from the ACS and the LAUS program?
Yes. In 2013, the numbers of employed individuals in the ACS were higher than the LAUS estimates in 34 states and lower in 16 states
and the District of Columbia. The employment level differences ranged from +5.0 percent in Massachusetts to -3.9 percent in Vermont, with
an average difference of +0.8 percent. The ACS-based unemployment levels and rates were higher than the corresponding LAUS estimates in 47
states and the District of Columbia and lower in 3 states. The unemployment level differences ranged from +55.0 percent in Alabama to -10.5
percent in North Dakota, with an average difference of +16.7 percent. The unemployment rate differences ranged from +3.1 percentage points
in Alabama to -0.3 point each in North Dakota and Rhode Island.
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What accounts for the differences between ACS and CPS-LAUS estimates?
A number of factors may account for the difference in the estimates, including the following: overall
questionnaire differences, differing requirements in the two surveys with regard to whether an individual
is actively looking for work, and differing reference periods, modes of collection, and population controls.
The underlying concepts and definitions of all labor force data developed from the LAUS program are consistent
with those of the Current Population Survey (CPS). Monthly estimates for all states and the District of Columbia
are produced using estimating equations based on time-series and regression techniques. These “signal-plus-noise”
models combine current and historical data from the CPS, the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, and state
unemployment insurance (UI) systems. A tiered approach to estimation is used. Model-based estimates are
produced for the nine census divisions that geographically exhaust the nation. (These models use inputs only
from the CPS.) The division estimates are benchmarked to the national levels of employment and unemployment
each month. The benchmarked division model estimate is then used as the benchmark for the states within the
division. In this manner, the sums of the state estimates of unemployment and employment equal the national
estimates for these measures.
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What are the questionnaire differences?
The ACS questions relating to labor force activity are less detailed than those in the CPS. For example,
the ACS uses seven questions in determining labor force status, while the CPS uses sixteen. There are more
detailed, probing questions in the CPS regarding employment status. In addition, the CPS information is
always collected by trained interviewers and never through mail questionnaires.
Effective 2008, changes were made to the ACS questionnaire that modified and improved existing questions for
several subject areas. In particular, revised labor force questions were introduced to better capture data on
employment status. The modifications had the impact of increasing the estimated number of employed persons from
the ACS relative to CPS and LAUS estimates.
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How do the job search questions differ?
The ACS instrument asks people if they are looking for work and available to take a job if offered one,
but does not ask about the nature of the job search. The CPS questionnaire probes to see if people are
actively looking for work (interviewing, calling contacts, etc.) versus passively looking for work (for example,
looking at want ads in the paper). In the CPS, a person is unemployed only if that person has actively searched
for work.
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How can the ACS rolling reference period affect the estimates?
ACS responses can relate to any weekly period throughout the year and reflect different economic events.
Respondents can choose to delay completion of the ACS form.
ACS data are collected over a range of time periods. In the ACS, the reference is to activity in the
“last week” whenever the respondent fills out the survey. In the CPS, the reference period is fixed
for the calendar week including the 12th of the month. A varying reference week and time of data collection
could be particularly problematic for shorter, transitory statuses or activities that could be influenced
by seasonal variation. Unemployment, for example, is a state that is subject to both seasonal and cyclical
variability.
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What is the mode-of-collection effect?
The mode of collecting data also may affect the labor force estimates. All CPS interviews are
conducted through personal visits or telephone calls by Census Bureau field representatives using laptop
computers for data entry. ACS data are collected primarily by mail using “paper and pencil”
questionnaires, with telephone and personal visit collection used as follow-up to mail nonresponse.
Data collected using paper forms do not have interviewers assisting respondents in interpreting questions.
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What population controls are used in the two surveys?
Both the ACS and CPS are sample surveys used to make estimates for a larger population. Each person
in the survey represents a larger number of similar individuals in the population. To do this, each
survey utilizes population estimates produced by the Population Estimates Program at the Census Bureau.
Each year, the Population Estimates Program publishes population estimates by demographic characteristics
(age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity) for the nation, states and counties. The reference
date for population estimates is July 1st.
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Does the LAUS program plan to utilize the ACS data in its estimating procedures?
Yes. With the implementation of the 2015 LAUS program redesign, several substate estimation inputs that historically had come from the decennial long-form
survey, most recently for Census 2000, will be updated with inputs developed from ACS 5-year estimates. Information on the 2015 LAUS program redesign is available at
www.bls.gov/lau/lauschanges2015.htm
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Where can one obtain more information about the ACS?
More information is available on the Census Bureau's American Community Survey website. ACS data are
downloadable through the American FactFinder query tool.
Last Modified Date: April 21, 2017
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