Alternative Measures of Labor Underutilization for States, 2020 Annual Averages
The six state measures are based on the same definitions as those published for the U.S.:
- U-1, persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force;
- U-2, job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force;
- U-3, total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (this is the definition used for the official unemployment rate);
- U-4, total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers;
- U-5, total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers; and
- U-6, total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.
Alternative measures of labor underutilization by state, 2020 annual averages (percent)
| State |
Measure |
| U-1 |
U-2 |
U-3 |
U-4 |
U-5 |
U-6 |
United States |
2.8 |
6.1 |
8.1 |
8.4 |
9.2 |
13.6 |
Alabama |
1.9 |
4.3 |
6.0 |
6.2 |
6.7 |
9.5 |
Alaska |
2.5 |
5.4 |
7.7 |
8.2 |
9.6 |
13.7 |
Arizona |
2.4 |
5.2 |
7.7 |
7.9 |
8.8 |
13.0 |
Arkansas |
1.9 |
4.2 |
6.2 |
6.5 |
7.0 |
10.0 |
California |
4.1 |
8.1 |
10.2 |
10.6 |
11.5 |
17.1 |
Colorado |
2.3 |
5.5 |
7.3 |
7.5 |
7.9 |
13.7 |
Connecticut |
3.2 |
5.9 |
7.8 |
8.3 |
9.2 |
14.1 |
Delaware |
2.5 |
6.1 |
7.8 |
8.0 |
8.6 |
13.3 |
District of Columbia |
3.8 |
5.0 |
7.9 |
8.3 |
9.4 |
12.4 |
Florida |
2.8 |
6.2 |
7.9 |
8.5 |
9.4 |
14.3 |
Georgia |
2.2 |
4.6 |
6.6 |
7.0 |
7.7 |
12.5 |
Hawaii |
5.3 |
10.1 |
11.7 |
11.9 |
12.9 |
19.4 |
Idaho |
1.2 |
3.2 |
5.2 |
5.2 |
5.6 |
9.8 |
Illinois |
3.1 |
7.1 |
9.1 |
9.4 |
10.0 |
14.1 |
Indiana |
1.8 |
5.4 |
7.1 |
7.3 |
7.9 |
11.5 |
Iowa |
1.5 |
3.9 |
5.4 |
5.6 |
6.3 |
9.7 |
Kansas |
1.1 |
4.2 |
5.7 |
5.9 |
6.4 |
10.3 |
Kentucky |
2.3 |
4.8 |
6.7 |
6.9 |
7.5 |
10.3 |
Louisiana |
3.1 |
6.2 |
8.4 |
8.8 |
9.6 |
13.8 |
Maine |
1.7 |
3.9 |
5.5 |
5.7 |
6.4 |
10.5 |
Maryland |
2.5 |
4.7 |
6.7 |
7.0 |
7.7 |
11.2 |
Massachusetts |
3.4 |
7.3 |
9.3 |
9.6 |
10.6 |
14.8 |
Michigan |
2.9 |
7.6 |
9.8 |
10.1 |
11.0 |
15.3 |
Minnesota |
2.1 |
4.4 |
5.9 |
6.0 |
6.8 |
10.4 |
Mississippi |
2.7 |
5.1 |
8.1 |
8.7 |
9.5 |
13.4 |
Missouri |
1.9 |
4.3 |
6.1 |
6.4 |
7.3 |
10.9 |
Montana |
1.6 |
4.0 |
5.8 |
6.0 |
6.6 |
11.2 |
Nebraska |
1.4 |
2.9 |
4.4 |
4.6 |
5.2 |
8.2 |
Nevada |
4.4 |
10.7 |
13.0 |
13.4 |
14.3 |
19.6 |
New Hampshire |
1.8 |
4.9 |
6.6 |
6.7 |
7.4 |
10.3 |
New Jersey |
4.1 |
7.7 |
9.6 |
9.9 |
10.7 |
15.1 |
New Mexico |
3.4 |
5.7 |
8.6 |
8.9 |
9.7 |
15.1 |
New York |
4.2 |
7.7 |
9.9 |
10.4 |
11.4 |
16.0 |
North Carolina |
2.2 |
5.2 |
7.1 |
7.4 |
8.3 |
12.4 |
North Dakota |
1.4 |
3.8 |
5.0 |
5.1 |
5.6 |
8.1 |
Ohio |
2.2 |
5.9 |
8.3 |
8.6 |
9.3 |
13.0 |
Oklahoma |
1.8 |
4.9 |
6.2 |
6.4 |
7.1 |
10.5 |
Oregon |
2.5 |
5.6 |
7.8 |
8.1 |
9.0 |
13.9 |
Pennsylvania |
3.2 |
7.0 |
9.0 |
9.2 |
10.2 |
14.2 |
Rhode Island |
3.3 |
7.2 |
9.3 |
9.5 |
10.3 |
15.2 |
South Carolina |
2.0 |
4.5 |
6.2 |
6.6 |
7.3 |
11.1 |
South Dakota |
1.4 |
3.2 |
4.5 |
4.7 |
5.1 |
7.9 |
Tennessee |
2.4 |
5.9 |
7.7 |
8.0 |
8.7 |
13.0 |
Texas |
2.5 |
5.5 |
7.5 |
7.9 |
8.6 |
13.6 |
Utah |
1.1 |
3.3 |
4.9 |
5.0 |
5.3 |
8.7 |
Vermont |
1.5 |
4.5 |
5.6 |
5.9 |
6.6 |
10.2 |
Virginia |
2.4 |
4.4 |
6.3 |
6.5 |
7.2 |
11.1 |
Washington |
2.7 |
6.2 |
8.3 |
8.5 |
9.4 |
14.8 |
West Virginia |
3.2 |
6.3 |
8.1 |
8.5 |
9.0 |
13.3 |
Wisconsin |
2.0 |
5.1 |
6.4 |
6.6 |
7.1 |
11.1 |
Wyoming |
2.1 |
4.0 |
5.9 |
6.1 |
7.0 |
11.0 |
Substate areas |
|---|
Los Angeles County |
5.9 |
10.4 |
13.0 |
13.4 |
14.4 |
21.9 |
New York City |
6.0 |
9.7 |
12.4 |
13.1 |
14.2 |
19.2 |
Last Modified Date: January 29, 2021
|
United States Department of Labor
