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Import/Export Price Indexes
Bureau of Labor Statistics > Import/Export Price Indexes > Home
Table 3. Variances for U.S. import price indexes for industries: January 2024–December 2024
Description NAICS 1-month median absolute percent change 1-month median standard error 3-month median absolute percent change 3-month median standard error 12-month median absolute percent change 12-month median standard error Percent Non-Sampled Trade Value(1)

Nonmanufacturing

 ZNONMANU 2.6 0.97 4.4 1.59 7.7 2.74 69%

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting

 Z11 1.4 3.19 5.4 5.67 10.9 9.02 0%

Crop production

 Z111 1.8 3.52 5.6 6.33 11.8 8.89 0%

Vegetable and melon farming (Dec. 2017=100)(2)

 Z1112 11.1 10.06 . . . . 0%

Vegetable and melon farming, 5 digit(2)

 Z11121 11.1 10.06 . . . . 0%

Other vegetable (except potato) and melon farming(2)

 Z111219 11.2 10.19 . . . . 0%

Fruit and tree nut farming

 Z1113 4.3 3.12 4.9 5.70 12.5 10.22 0%

Noncitrus fruit and tree nut farming

 Z11133 4.2 3.21 4.9 6.02 12.6 10.68 0%

Other noncitrus fruit farming

 Z111339 1.7 2.53 2.9 3.78 8.7 7.70 0%

Animal production

 Z112 2.2 6.00 4.4 6.59 9.5 27.32 0%

Mining

 Z21 2.5 0.37 6.6 0.57 7.5 1.14 88%

Oil and gas extraction

 Z211 2.6 0.35 6.8 0.42 8.2 0.68 91%

Oil and gas extraction, 4 digit(2)

 Z2111 2.6 0.35 . . . . 91%

Crude petroleum extraction

 Z21112 1.9 0.00 9.2 0.00 10.4 0.00 100%

Crude petroleum extraction, 6 digit(2)

 Z211120 1.9 0.00 . . . . 100%

Natural gas extraction

 Z21113 8.4 7.04 19.8 6.97 32.0 10.08 0%

Natural gas extraction, 6 digit(2)

 Z211130 8.4 7.04 . . . . 0%

Mining (except oil and gas)

 Z212 2.3 1.81 4.7 4.36 9.3 14.42 0%

Manufacturing

 ZMANU 0.1 0.11 0.3 0.15 0.8 0.30 4%

Manufacturing, part 1

 Z31 0.5 0.32 0.8 0.42 1.6 0.62 0%

Food manufacturing

 Z311 1.0 0.87 1.6 1.18 4.7 1.71 0%

Grain and oilseed milling

 Z3112 1.5 1.64 3.7 2.98 7.1 5.59 0%

Starch and vegetable fats and oils manufacturing

 Z31122 1.8 1.80 2.3 3.27 2.0 6.45 0%

Soybean and other oilseed processing

 Z311224 1.9 1.90 3.0 3.46 2.2 6.51 0%

Sugar and confectionery product manufacturing

 Z3113 3.6 1.39 11.2 3.05 38.6 9.07 0%

Chocolate and confectionery manufacturing(2)

 Z31135 4.9 1.94 . . . . 0%

Chocolate and confectionery manufacturing from cacao beans(2)

 Z311351 4.9 1.94 . . . . 0%

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing(2)

 Z3114 1.4 3.72 . . . . 0%

Fruit and vegetable canning, pickling, and drying(2)

 Z31142 0.3 0.64 . . . . 0%

Fruit and vegetable canning(2)

 Z311421 0.3 0.66 . . . . 0%

Animal slaughtering and processing

 Z3116 1.3 0.84 1.3 1.61 7.6 2.71 0%

Animal slaughtering and processing, 5 digit(2)

 Z31161 1.3 0.84 . . . . 0%

Animal (except poultry) slaughtering

 Z311611 1.6 0.92 0.8 1.70 10.2 2.72 0%

Seafood product preparation and packaging

 Z3117 0.9 1.32 2.3 2.59 5.9 2.98 0%

Seafood product preparation and packaging, 5 digit(2)

 Z31171 0.9 1.32 . . . . 0%

Seafood product preparation and packaging, 6 digit(2)

 Z311710 0.9 1.32 . . . . 0%

Other food manufacturing

 Z3119 0.8 0.67 1.9 1.33 1.7 3.38 0%

All other food manufacturing

 Z31199 0.2 0.45 1.2 1.47 4.9 6.37 0%

All other miscellaneous food manufacturing

 Z311999 0.2 0.45 . . . . 0%

Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing

 Z312 0.2 0.16 0.4 0.43 1.6 1.14 0%

Beverage manufacturing

 Z3121 0.2 0.15 0.4 0.42 1.4 1.04 0%

Breweries (Dec. 2006=100)

 Z31212 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.11 4.5 0.55 0%

Breweries, 6 digit(2)

 Z312120 0.0 0.02 . . . . 0%

Wineries

 Z31213 0.4 0.24 0.5 0.46 0.4 1.13 0%

Wineries, 6 digit(2)

 Z312130 0.4 0.24 . . . . 0%

Distilleries

 Z31214 0.1 0.12 0.3 0.56 0.6 1.64 0%

Distilleries, 6 digit(2)

 Z312140 0.1 0.12 . . . . 0%

Textile mills(2)

 Z313 0.3 0.32 . . . . 0%

Fabric mills(2)

 Z3132 0.3 0.28 . . . . 0%

Textile product mills(2)

 Z314 0.1 0.20 . . . . 0%

Textile furnishings mills(2)

 Z3141 0.1 0.20 . . . . 0%

Curtain and linen mills(2)

 Z31412 0.1 0.19 . . . . 0%

Curtain and linen mills, 6 digit(2)

 Z314120 0.1 0.19 . . . . 0%

Other textile product mills (Dec. 2006=100)(2)

 Z3149 0.1 0.19 . . . . 0%

Apparel manufacturing

 Z315 0.1 0.11 0.1 0.23 0.2 0.70 0%

Cut and sew apparel manufacturing (Dec. 2009=100)

 Z3152 0.1 0.11 0.2 0.25 0.1 0.68 0%

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing

 Z3159 0.0 0.02 0.1 0.06 3.2 1.38 0%

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z31599 0.0 0.02 . . . . 0%

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z315990 0.0 0.02 . . . . 0%

Footwear manufacturing

 Z3162 0.1 0.24 0.2 0.54 0.5 0.85 0%

Manufacturing, part 2

 Z32 0.7 0.36 0.7 0.49 0.9 0.78 3%

Paper manufacturing

 Z322 0.5 0.39 1.5 0.85 1.5 1.53 0%

Converted paper product manufacturing

 Z3222 0.1 0.19 0.8 0.82 2.4 2.16 0%

Printing and related support activities(2)

 Z323 0.0 0.04 . . . . 0%

Printing and related support activities, 4 digit(2)

 Z3231 0.0 0.04 . . . . 0%

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing

 Z324 3.8 2.75 5.7 2.33 4.6 3.77 21%

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing, 4 digit(2)

 Z3241 3.8 2.75 . . . . 21%

Petroleum refineries(2)

 Z32411 3.9 2.75 . . . . 21%

Petroleum refineries, 6 digit(2)

 Z324110 3.9 2.75 . . . . 21%

Chemical manufacturing

 Z325 0.2 0.19 0.3 0.49 1.1 1.25 0%

Basic chemical manufacturing

 Z3251 0.6 0.55 1.0 1.27 7.4 2.47 0%

Other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing

 Z32518 1.0 0.88 1.8 1.77 14.4 4.92 0%

Other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z325180 1.0 0.88 . . . . 0%

Other basic organic chemical manufacturing

 Z32519 0.7 0.65 1.0 1.47 5.5 2.87 0%

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing

 Z325199 0.8 0.73 1.6 1.52 6.3 3.04 0%

Resin, synthetic rubber, and synthetic fibers and filaments manufacturing

 Z3252 1.2 1.00 2.1 1.65 6.5 3.29 0%

Resin and synthetic rubber manufacturing

 Z32521 1.1 1.12 2.1 1.87 7.2 3.67 0%

Plastics material and resin manufacturing

 Z325211 1.4 1.32 2.2 2.06 5.5 4.04 0%

Pesticide, fertilizer, other agricult. chemical manufacturing (Dec. 2007=100)

 Z3253 1.1 1.34 3.3 2.65 7.4 17.92 0%

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

 Z3254 0.2 0.15 0.5 0.57 4.4 1.30 0%

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z32541 0.2 0.15 . . . . 0%

Medicinal and botanical manufacturing

 Z325411 0.1 0.07 0.7 0.47 2.9 2.78 0%

Pharmaceutical preparation manufacturing

 Z325412 0.2 0.17 1.2 0.89 2.0 1.91 0%

In-vitro diagnostic substance manufacturing

 Z325413 0.2 0.36 0.8 1.56 3.4 4.73 0%

Biological product (except diagnostic) manufacturing

 Z325414 0.1 0.10 1.4 0.74 13.0 1.99 0%

Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing (Dec. 2006=100)

 Z3259 0.2 0.24 0.6 0.51 4.3 2.27 0%

All other miscellaneous chemical product and preparation manufacturing

 Z325998 0.2 0.39 0.8 0.86 3.5 4.27 0%

Plastics and rubber products manufacturing

 Z326 0.2 0.20 0.3 0.37 1.3 1.26 0%

Other plastics product manufacturing

 Z32619 0.1 0.18 0.2 0.56 0.3 1.12 1%

Rubber product manufacturing

 Z3262 0.4 0.25 0.8 0.48 1.0 1.54 0%

Tire manufacturing

 Z32621 0.3 0.19 0.5 0.41 0.9 1.07 0%

Tire manufacturing (except retreading)(2)

 Z326211 0.3 0.19 . . . . 0%

Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing

 Z327 0.1 0.21 0.3 0.49 1.0 1.02 0%

Glass and glass product manufacturing(2)

 Z3272 0.2 0.25 . . . . 0%

Glass and glass product manufacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z32721 0.2 0.25 . . . . 0%

Other nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing

 Z3279 0.2 0.34 0.5 0.57 0.6 1.71 0%

All other nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing

 Z32799 0.2 0.36 0.4 0.63 1.8 1.99 0%

Manufacturing, part 3

 Z33 0.2 0.08 0.5 0.14 0.8 0.34 5%

Primary metal manufacturing

 Z331 1.4 0.37 3.3 0.56 7.3 1.47 35%

Alumina and aluminum production and processing

 Z3313 1.6 0.75 2.9 1.32 7.4 2.99 56%

Alumina and aluminum production and processing, 5 digit(2)

 Z33131 1.6 0.75 . . . . 56%

Alumina refining and primary aluminum production

 Z331313 2.3 0.00 3.0 0.00 10.2 0.03 95%

Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil manufacturing(2)

 Z331315 3.2 1.86 . . . . 0%

Nonferrous metal (except aluminum) production and processing

 Z3314 2.1 0.32 5.7 0.71 12.9 1.14 54%

Nonferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining

 Z33141 2.8 0.37 7.4 0.48 9.0 0.76 68%

Nonferrous metal products manufacturing, not made from copper or aluminum

 Z33149 2.1 0.35 6.0 0.79 14.4 1.27 58%

Nonferrous metal (except copper and aluminum) rolling, and drawing(2)

 Z331491 2.4 0.74 . . . . 12%

Secondary smelting, refining, and alloying of nonferrous metal

 Z331492 2.7 0.06 6.0 0.11 15.4 0.33 87%

Fabricated metal product manufacturing

 Z332 0.3 0.36 0.5 0.92 1.9 2.10 2%

Cutlery and handtool manufacturing

 Z3322 0.3 0.27 0.5 0.59 1.7 1.52 0%

Metal kitchen cookware, utensil, cutlery and flatware manufacturing

 Z332215 0.4 0.40 0.5 0.81 2.0 2.48 0%

Saw blade and hand tool manufacturing

 Z332216 0.3 0.21 0.6 0.54 1.2 1.17 0%

Hardware manufacturing

 Z3325 0.2 0.13 0.7 0.37 4.8 1.61 0%

Hardware manufacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z33251 0.2 0.13 . . . . 0%

Hardware manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z332510 0.2 0.13 . . . . 0%

Spring and wire product manufacturing(2)

 Z3326 0.2 0.19 . . . . 0%

Spring and wire product manuafacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z33261 0.2 0.19 . . . . 0%

Machine shops; and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing (Dec. 2012=100)

 Z3327 1.1 0.87 2.8 2.12 6.6 5.15 0%

Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing(2)

 Z33272 1.1 0.87 . . . . 0%

Bolt, nut, screw, rivet, and washer manufacturing(2)

 Z332722 1.1 0.87 . . . . 0%

Other fabricated metal product manufacturing

 Z3329 0.5 0.31 0.9 0.61 1.0 2.02 0%

Metal valve manufacturing

 Z33291 0.3 0.27 0.8 0.67 1.8 1.70 0%

Industrial valve manufacturing

 Z332911 0.3 0.29 1.2 0.88 1.3 1.53 0%

All other fabricated metal product manufacturing

 Z33299 0.4 0.43 1.1 0.88 0.7 3.51 0%

Machinery manufacturing

 Z333 0.1 0.09 0.2 0.18 0.4 0.49 1%

Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery manufacturing

 Z3331 0.1 0.11 0.3 0.26 0.6 0.68 0%

Agricultural implement manufacturing (Dec. 2016=100)

 Z33311 0.3 0.24 0.7 0.49 0.3 1.06 0%

Farm machinery and equipment manufacturing

 Z333111 0.3 0.27 0.7 0.58 0.3 1.24 0%

Construction machinery manufacturing

 Z33312 0.1 0.06 0.2 0.15 0.7 0.75 0%

Construction machinery manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z333120 0.1 0.06 . . . . 0%

Industrial machinery manufacturing

 Z3332 0.5 0.21 0.7 0.45 1.5 1.05 0%

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing

 Z3333 0.3 0.40 0.7 0.70 1.4 1.53 0%

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z33331 0.3 0.40 . . . . 0%

Air-conditioning, heating, & industrial refrigeration equipment manufacturing

 Z333415 0.1 0.32 0.6 0.68 0.8 0.94 0%

Metalworking machinery manufacturing

 Z3335 0.2 0.22 1.0 0.70 1.0 1.26 17%

Metalworking machinery manufacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z33351 0.2 0.22 . . . . 17%

Machine tool manufacturing

 Z333517 0.4 0.30 1.2 1.01 1.1 1.83 0%

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing

 Z3336 0.3 0.23 0.7 0.64 1.0 1.29 0%

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z33361 0.3 0.23 . . . . 0%

Speed changer, industrial high-speed drive, and gear manufacturing(2)

 Z333612 0.2 0.24 . . . . 0%

Other engine equipment manufacturing

 Z333618 0.2 0.20 0.7 0.80 1.0 1.99 0%

Other general purpose machinery manufacturing

 Z3339 0.1 0.19 0.2 0.30 0.4 0.96 0%

Pump and compressor manufacturing (Dec. 2013=100)

 Z33391 0.2 0.15 0.3 0.29 3.4 1.51 0%

Measuring, dispensing, and other pumping equipment manufacturing

 Z333914 0.2 0.23 0.3 0.37 3.9 2.56 0%

All other general purpose machinery manufacturing

 Z33399 0.1 0.18 0.2 0.43 0.1 1.37 0%

Computer and electronic product manufacturing

 Z334 0.1 0.13 0.1 0.30 0.7 0.74 0%

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing

 Z3341 0.1 0.25 0.2 0.65 0.7 1.51 0%

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z33411 0.1 0.25 . . . . 0%

Computer terminal and other computer peripheral equipment manufacturing

 Z334118 0.1 0.12 0.1 0.31 0.5 0.64 0%

Communications equipment manufacturing

 Z3342 0.0 0.05 0.3 0.18 1.0 0.32 0%

Audio and video equipment manufacturing

 Z3343 0.2 0.26 0.6 0.68 4.1 2.88 0%

Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing

 Z3344 0.2 0.26 0.6 0.64 1.8 1.23 0%

Printed circuit assembly (electronic assembly) manufacturing

 Z334418 0.2 0.56 1.6 2.02 6.4 4.83 0%

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments

 Z3345 0.4 0.27 0.8 0.54 3.0 0.80 0%

Electromedical and electrotherapeutic apparatus manufacturing

 Z334510 0.4 0.42 0.7 1.01 2.5 2.29 0%

Analytical laboratory instrument manufacturing

 Z334516 0.4 0.49 0.8 0.91 2.7 3.55 0%

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media

 Z3346 0.3 0.31 2.4 2.08 4.6 6.33 0%

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media, 5 digit(2)

 Z33461 0.3 0.31 . . . . 0%

Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing

 Z335 0.2 0.22 0.3 0.57 1.7 1.07 0%

Electric lighting equipment manufacturing

 Z3351 0.3 0.30 0.9 0.97 0.8 1.97 0%

Household appliance manufacturing

 Z3352 0.2 0.20 0.5 0.52 1.6 0.83 0%

Small electrical appliance manufacturing

 Z33521 0.1 0.15 0.3 0.45 1.8 0.83 0%

Small electrical appliance manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z335210 0.1 0.15 . . . . 0%

Major household appliance manufacturing

 Z33522 0.3 0.31 0.7 0.86 2.6 1.13 0%

Major household appliance manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z335220 0.3 0.31 . . . . 0%

Motor and generator manufacturing

 Z335312 0.1 0.20 0.3 0.41 1.3 1.26 0%

Wiring device manufacturing(2)

 Z33593 1.0 0.66 . . . . 0%

Current-carrying wiring device manufacturing

 Z335931 1.0 0.71 2.8 1.52 2.8 6.24 0%

Transportation equipment manufacturing

 Z336 0.2 0.11 0.5 0.19 2.5 0.43 0%

Motor vehicle manufacturing

 Z3361 0.0 0.04 0.6 0.26 2.8 0.50 0%

Automobile and light duty motor vehicle manufacturing

 Z33611 0.0 0.05 0.6 0.28 2.7 0.54 0%

Motor vehicle parts manufacturing

 Z3363 0.3 0.17 0.8 0.36 2.2 0.90 0%

Motor vehicle gasoline engine and engine parts manufacturing

 Z33631 0.2 0.20 0.7 0.57 4.4 2.33 0%

Motor vehicle gasoline engine and engine parts manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z336310 0.2 0.20 . . . . 0%

Motor vehicle electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing

 Z33632 0.6 0.39 2.1 0.90 6.6 1.81 0%

Motor vehicle steering and suspension components manufacturing(2)

 Z33633 0.0 0.28 . . . . 0%

Motor vehicle steering and suspension components manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z336330 0.0 0.28 . . . . 0%

Motor vehicle brake system manufacturing

 Z33634 0.6 0.57 1.8 1.16 1.1 1.90 0%

Motor vehicle brake system manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z336340 0.6 0.57 . . . . 0%

Motor vehicle transmission and power train parts manufacturing

 Z33635 0.1 0.11 0.2 0.30 1.0 0.75 0%

Motor vehicle transmission and power train parts manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z336350 0.1 0.11 . . . . 0%

Motor vehicle seating and interior trim manufacturing

 Z33636 0.1 0.14 0.5 0.77 1.4 1.24 0%

Motor vehicle seating and interior trim manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z336360 0.1 0.14 . . . . 0%

Other motor vehicle parts manufacturing

 Z33639 0.3 0.41 0.4 0.98 1.2 1.70 0%

Other motor vehicle parts manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z336390 0.3 0.41 . . . . 0%

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

 Z3364 0.6 0.24 1.7 0.58 3.6 0.85 0%

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z33641 0.6 0.24 . . . . 0%

Aircraft manufacturing

 Z336411 0.2 0.03 0.7 0.14 2.8 0.52 0%

Aircraft engine and engine parts manufacturing

 Z336412 1.7 0.41 3.4 1.00 3.8 1.64 0%

Other transportation equipment manufacturing

 Z3369 0.2 0.31 0.9 0.75 1.2 1.38 0%

Other transportation equipment manufacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z33699 0.2 0.31 . . . . 0%

Motorcycle, bicycle, and parts manufacturing

 Z336991 0.3 0.27 1.2 0.83 1.8 1.43 0%

Furniture and related product manufacturing

 Z337 0.1 0.13 0.4 0.39 0.7 0.76 0%

Household and institutional furniture and kitchen cabinet manufacturing

 Z3371 0.1 0.17 0.4 0.51 1.5 1.01 0%

Household and institutional furniture manufacturing

 Z33712 0.1 0.17 0.4 0.52 1.5 1.02 0%

Upholstered household furniture manufacturing

 Z337121 0.2 0.19 0.5 0.34 0.6 0.61 0%

Nonupholstered wood household furniture manufacturing

 Z337122 0.2 0.16 0.5 0.57 2.4 1.98 0%

Institutional furniture manufacturing

 Z337127 0.2 0.26 0.6 0.58 1.4 1.38 0%

Miscellaneous manufacturing

 Z339 0.3 0.22 0.8 0.51 1.7 0.91 13%

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing

 Z3391 0.4 0.35 1.5 0.87 4.3 1.45 0%

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing, 5 digit(2)

 Z33911 0.4 0.35 . . . . 0%

Surgical and medical instrument manufacturing

 Z339112 0.9 0.58 3.4 1.95 9.3 2.93 0%

Surgical appliance and supplies manufacturing

 Z339113 0.2 0.42 0.8 0.97 0.9 2.11 0%

Ophthalmic goods manufacturing

 Z339115 0.0 0.26 0.2 0.53 0.1 1.90 0%

Other miscellaneous manufacturing

 Z3399 0.4 0.26 0.5 0.57 0.7 0.96 19%

Jewelry and silverware manufacturing

 Z33991 0.6 0.53 0.7 1.35 1.1 1.89 47%

Jewelry and silverware manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z339910 0.6 0.53 . . . . 47%

Sporting and athletic goods manufacturing

 Z33992 0.1 0.15 0.4 0.31 3.5 0.95 0%

Sporting and athletic goods manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z339920 0.1 0.15 . . . . 0%

Doll, toy, and game manufacturing

 Z33993 0.1 0.13 0.3 0.26 0.4 1.37 0%

Doll, toy, and game manufacturing, 6 digit(2)

 Z339930 0.1 0.13 . . . . 0%

All other miscellaneous manufacturing

 Z339999 0.1 0.09 0.3 0.67 2.2 1.63 0%

Footnotes:
(1) Indexes calculated using 100% non-sampled price data from one or more alternative data sources will not have variance due to sampling and have standard errors coded as not applicable (n.a.). Indexes calculated using a mix of directly collected price data and price data from one or more alternative data sources will have lower standard error values as the proportion of non-sampled trade value increases.
(2) Index was not published the previous year. Estimates using prior year index values are excluded.