U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Department of Labor Logo United States Department of Labor
Dot gov

The .gov means it's official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

December 1983

Most women who maintain families receive poor labor market returns

Beverly L. Johnson, Elizabeth Waldman

The majority of these women have a strong commitment to the labor force, but have lower average educational attainment and earnings, bringing them closer to poverty with each additional child.

Download PDF »