Department of Labor Logo United States Department of Labor
Dot gov

The .gov means it's official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

January 1988

A review of collective bargaining in 1987

George Ruben

Finding solutions to mutual problems continued to challenge employers and unions, as they sought to restrain labor costs, improve productivity, increase product quality, and save jobs. Efforts to increase productivity and improve product quality are diverse.

Download PDF »